qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi

institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII, gv., 175-181

Tamar mamardaSvili

brunebadi metyvelebis nawilebi

anton I-is qarTul gramatikaSi

anton I-ma gramatikis pirveli varianti 1753 wels dawera, romelSic

cnebaTa gansazRvrebebi laTinur-somxur tradicias misdevda. meore
redaqciaSi (1767 w.) ki damatebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli berZnuli,
laTinuri, franguli, italiuri, germanuli da rusuli enis monacemebi,
razedac Tavad miuTiTebs avtori.
cnobilia, rom Zvel qarTul gramatikebSi dRevandeli metyvelebis
nawilebi gagebuli iyo, rogorc sityvis nawilebi, amitom antonis
gramatikaSic metyvelebis nawilTa Sesaxeb moZRvreba swored sityvis
saxeobaTa CamoTvla-gansazRvras mosdevs. miRebuli tradiciisdagvarad
antonic 8 metyvelebis nawils gamoyofs: saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, zmna,
mimReoba, Tandebuli, zmnizeda, kavSiri, Sorisdebuli.
saxelis ganmarteba antons organ aqvs mocemuli: `hniSvnen niadag
raobasa anu viTarebasa nivTisasa erTi nawevroani oxvriTa. magaliTebr:
cxoveli, kaci, sxeuli, TeTri, didi... xolo leqsni ese gvarni iwodebian
saxelad" (anton I, 1881, gv. 120) da meore: saxeli ars nawili sityvisa
gamrCevi wodebiT TviToisa myofTa arsebisa. amisaTvis viTarmed saxeli
myofisa raimesa, romelisaca ars saxeli, arsebasa missa ara gansazRvrebiT
da Sinagan sacnaurobiT ganarCevs, aramed wodebiT anu zedwodebiT" (iqve,
gv. 124).
maSasadame, saxeli gadmogvcems ara nivTis arss, mis Sinagan
Sedgenilobas, rac qmnis cnebis Sinaarss, aramed aris misi dasaxeleba
ganusazRvrelad. aq xazgasmulia, rom sityva sagnis pirobiTi niSania da
ara misi arsis damaxasiaTebeli. pirvel gansazRvraSi yuradRebas iqcevs
miTiTeba imaze, rom is aris `erTi nawevrobiTi oxvris" Sedegi.
sayuradReboa, rom es gansazRvra antonTan yvela metyvelebis nawils
axlavs. vfiqrobT, aq miniSnebaa imaze, rom sityva sametyvelo sunTqvis
erTi rgolia, fonetikurad erT mTlian odenobas warmoadgens im
struqturul erTeulSi, romelsac winadadeba ewodeba.
sayuradReboa, rom avtori xedavs sxvaobas sagnis raobasa da mis
Tvisebas Soris: `saxeli ukue iwvalebis orad, e.i. arsebisa mimarT da
zedSesrulisa. arsebiTi ars TaviT TvisiT mdgomare saubarsa Sina da
werilsa, xolo zedSesruli ars ara TaviT TvisiT mdgomare, aramed
mosruli arsebasa zeda da hniSvnen raodenobasa anu viTarebasa arsebisasa"
(iqve). am gansazRvridan sworad Cans urTierToba arsebiTsa da zedsarTavs
Soris da zustadaa daxasiaTebuli saxelis es ori jgufi, romelTagan
mogvianebiT ori metyvelebis nawili miviReT. saxelis gansazRvris Semdeg
mocemulia misi jgufebi:`saxeli arsebiTi iwvalebis samTa mimarT saqmeTa,
e.i. mxoloobiTisad, sazogadoisad da SemkreblobiTisad". mxoloobiTSi
(romelic saTviToodac iwodeba), avtori sakuTar saxelebs gulisxmobs:
farnavaz, mirian, mcxeTa, mtkvari... miuTiTebs, rom isini dahniSnaven erTsa
oden ganukveTelsa arsebasa". sazogado saxelebTan dakavSirebiT avtori
aRniSnavs, rom igi `ars mniSvneli nivTisa arsebisa sazogadod". yuradRebas
amaxvilebs krebiT saxelebzec: `SemkreblobiT ars mniSvneli nivTTa
mravalTa erTobasa Sina raimesa SeerTebulTa _ eri, gundi" (anton I,
1881, gv. 125).
antonma pirvelad gaakeTa miTiTeba zedsarTavi saxelis xarisxis
formebze. igi gamoyofs sam saxes: "dadebiTisa mimarT, SemsgavsebiTisa da
udadebiTesisad". aqve ganmartavs: `dadebiTi ars mniSvneli nivTisa
martivad viTarebisa anu raodenobisa: keTili, boroti, grZeli...
SemsgavsebiTi ars mniSvneli nivTisa viTarebisa SemsgavsebiTa meorisa
nivTisaTa: keTilebri, borotebri, grZelebri... da udadebiTesi ars
aRmatebiTad mniSvneli viTarebisa erTisa nivTisa sxvaTagan nivTTa aRrad
anu dared: ukeTilesi anu yovlad keTili, ugrZesi anu yovlad grZeli da
sxuani". aqve SeniSnavs: `xolo Tu sadame saxeli igi iyosmca mniSvneli
nivTisa dare yofisa zedkidebulni igi marcvalni u-esi amcireben mas, mag.:
umecari, uumecresi _ yovlad umecari, friad umecari" (iqve, gv. 126).
erTi SexedviT avtoris SeniSvna marTebulia da radganac yoveli xarisxi
izomeba neitraluri formis sapirispirod, igulisxmeba, rom umecresi
aris mcireze aRmatebuli da amitomac u-esi am magaliTSi aRmatebiT
(udadebiTes) xarisxs awarmoebs.
saxels aqvs xuTi "mdevari" (rac niSnavs kategorias, erT adgilas mas
"Senardgeni" enacvleba). pirvel redaqciaSi miTiTebulia eqvsi da meeqvsed
CaTvlilia bruneba, esenia: naTesavi (sqesi), nakveTi (fuZe), saxe (warmoqmna),
ricxvi da brunva. iqve mocemulia maTi daxasiaTeba: saxeli sqesis mixedviT
aris mamrobiTi (mama, Zma), mdedrobiTi (deda, dai), umeSveobiTi (cecxli,
wyali), sazogado (Svili, lekvi); nakveTi saxels aqvs martivi (marTali) an
rTuli (marTlmadidebeli). saxis anu pirvelwarmoebis gansazRvra da
ilustrireba TiTqmis unaklodaa mocemuli, yovel saxels aqvs "pirvelsaxe
da Ziri" (ca, arseba) an "sxmiTgardasvliTi" (cieri, arsebiTi). Semdeg
CamoTvlis "marcvlebs" (afiqsebs), "romelnica saxelTa zeda pirvel saxeTa
daisxmian da Tvisisgan mniSvnelobisa gardaiyvanen, arian aqa moxsenebulni:
sa, u, uu, esi, ali, iani, ovani, evni, eli, eTi, iv, ieri, euli, are, mo,
osani, ed, me, eba, oba, na, ia, ve, ca, o". rogorc vxedavT, mxolod
garkveuli wilia sworad SemCneuli da gamoyofili.
ricxvi aris mxoloobiTi (erTobiTi) an mravlobiTi, mawarmoeblad
gamoiyofa: ebi, ani (naTesavebi, bunebani). zogjer mravlobiTis forma
mraval sagans ar gulisxmobs, mag.: mTiebi, xorcni... iqve motanilia nimuSi,
rom yovel saxels (arsebiTsac da zedsarTavsac) aqvs xuTi mdevari:
"qalwuli _ naTesavisamebr ars sazogado, nakveTisamebr _ hrTuli,
saxisamebr _ pirvelsaxe, ricxvisamebr _ mxoloobiTi da brunvisamebr _
wrfelobiTi".
 brunva saxelis mdevarTagan erT-erTi ZiriTadia. antonis mixedviT,
bruneba aris "cEaleba mimoxriTi sxAsa da sxAsa mdgomobisa erTisa da
misive saxelisa..." antoni brunebis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs terminebs:
"brunva~"da "brunveba~", xolo brunebis tips "sqess" uwodebs (II
redaqciaSi sqesi Secvala kankledobiT). avtori sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom
qarTulSi bruneba aris erTi da saxelebi erTnairad ibrunvian; mas
zogierTi enis msgavsad ar axasiaTebs wesi, romlis mixedviTac zogi saxeli
Tavis brunvas miiRebs da sxva saxels aRar SeuZlia misi miReba: `xolo
saTanado ukve ars Tqmad viTarmed mebr romelTame enaTa ara ars
qarTulebr rame TviToman saxelman ganiTvisosmca sakuTrad brunvai da igi
sxvaman arRara miiRosmca" (gv. 6). brunvaTa rigi iwyeba wrfelobiTiT, amas
mohyveba brunvaTa CamoTvla Semdegi rigiT: naTesaobiTi, micemiTi,
SemasmenlobiTi, dawyebiTi, moTxrobiTi, moqmedebiTi, wodebiTi. "qarTuli
enis saxelis brunebis paradigmas dRevandeli gagebiT aklia mxolod
viTarebiTi brunvis calke gamoyofa (micemiTis saxeliT is mainc aris
paradigmaSi), amitom SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom antonis mier Sedgenili
saxelTa brunebis paradigmiT arsebiTad sworad xdeba qarTuli enis
saxelTa bruneba" (T. uTurgaiZe, 1999, gv. 154). mocemulia brunebis nimuSi
da brunvis niSnebi. sayuradReboa, rom naTesaobiTi brunvisTvis
gamoyofilia Svidi niSani: -isi, -isa, -sa, -s, -is, -si. antoni mravlobiTis
orive formas icnobs, Tumca paradigmaSi ratomRac ar gvxvdeba Taniani
formebis nimuSebi.
brunvis paradigmaTa ganmartebisas antoni erTmaneTisgan asxvavebs
sazogado da sakuTar saxelebs. sakutar saxelTa brunebis paradigma
gansxvavebulia I da II redaqciebis mixedviT, mag.: I redaqciaSi mariami
wodebiT brunvaSi (mx. r.) warmodgenilia mariam formiT, xolo II
redaqciaSi gvaqvs mariam-o forma. mariam-o sametyvelo enis forma Cans,
xolo mariam - wignuri forma. aseve gansxvavebulia mariam saxelis bruneba
mr. ricxvSi: I-II redaqciebSi wrfelobiTsa da wodebiTSi wignuri
formebia warmodgenili (mariam-n-i, mariam-n-o), xolo danarCen brunvebSi -
xalxuri sametyvelo (-eb sufiqsiani) formebi: I redaqcia: mariamebisa
(naT.), mariamebTa (mic.), mariamebni (Semasm.), mariamTagan (dawy.)... Sdr. II
redaqcia: mariamebisa, mariamebs, mariamni, mariamebisagan... (T. uTurgaiZe,
1999, gv. 165-166). brunvaTa Taviseburebebze msjelobisas yuradRebis gareSe
ar darCenia kumSvac: `rameTu saxelsa raivesaca ekidurebis xmovani i, amas
odesme, Tu sadme aqvs sazogadosa saxelsa saSual xmovani raive mimRe ars
igi brunvaTa Sina meryeobisa. mag.: naTeli, naTlisa, naTlisagan, naTliTa."
sxvagan igi asaxelebs samive xmovnis (a, e, o) kumSvis magaliTebs: naTeli,
taZari, godoli, naTlisa, taZrisa, godlisa.
antonisTvis dRes saxelobiTi brunvis niSnad gagebuli -i xmovani
fuZiseulia. igi sagangebod Cerdeba -i fuZian saxelTa brunebaze da
aRniSnavs, rom Tu wrfelobiTis i-s CamovaSorebT saxels, igi mainc
miuTiTebs saganze, rasac adre aRniSnavda. aSkaradaa naTqvami, rom i-
xmovnis miuxedavad wrfelobiTis forma miuTiTebs saganze, fuZea da
amitom. erTi sityviT, SemCneulia metad mniSvnelovani faqti: sityvis
sagnobrivi mniSvneloba dakavSirebulia fuZesTan. sworad aqvs
warmodgenili mas -o da -u fuZian saxelTa bruneba, romlebic arc
ikumSeba da arc ikveceba. Tu naTqvams SevajerebT, saxelTa bruneba Semdeg
jgufebs iZleva: 1. TanxmovanfuZianebi (kumSvadebi da ukumSvelebi); 2.
xmovanfuZianebi (kvecadebi - a da e xmovanze daboloebulni da ukvecelebi
- o da u xmovanze daboloebulebi).
gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloSi calkea gamoyofili `kerZoobiT" saxelTa
(gamonaklisTa) bruneba, romelTac wodebiTi ar ewarmoeba: romeli-me, vin-
me, rai-me... antoni axdens kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis dajgufebas. misi
azriT, kiTxva ra? ixmareba usulo sagnebis mimarT, xolo vin? romelime?
_ sulierebis mimarT. iqve dasaxelebuli magaliTebi zustad warmogvidgens
saqmis viTarebas. vin naxmaria adamianTan, romeli _ lomTan da raime _
qvasTan, e.i. adamiani gaTiSulia danarCenebisagan.
ricxviT saxelTagan antoni abrunebs `erTs" da brunvaTa paradigmis
mocemis Semdeg ganmartavs: `iqmnebis ukve saxelebr brunva ricxvTaca" (gv.
15). momdevno paragrafSi ganxilulia `brunva sakiTxavTa saxelTa" da
magaliTad dasaxelebulia vin, romeli. saqme isaa, rom es sityvebi adre
ratomRac arsebiT saxelTa jgufSi aqvs Setanili. wesiT isini unda
moxvedriliyo paragrafSi, sadac nacvalsaxelTa brunebaa mocemuli.
aRniSnulis garda, antoni nacvalsaxelTa brunebas sakmaod kargad aSuqebs
da ganixilavs Semdeg nacvalsaxelebs: me, Sen, Tqven, igi, igini, es, eseni, ege,
egeni, imas, imaT, Cemi, Cueni, misi, maTi, Tvisi, TavianTi... rogorc vxedavT,
ZiriTadad sami jgufia: piris, CvenebiTi da kuTvnilebiTi, magram swored
es jgufebi qmnis sirTules nacvalsaxelTa brunebaSi, raSic avtori
swored gaerkva. SeniSnulia, rom me nacvalsaxeli fuZemonacvlea da mas
naTesaobiTSi Cem Seesatyviseba.
sworadaa miniSneba gakeTebuli mesame piris nacvalsaxelebisa da
CvenebiTebis monacvleobaze, Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom naTesaobiTi
brunvis forma mas yvelgan arasworad aqvs mocemuli. kerZod, urevs
pirisa da CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis formebs kuTvnilebiTSi da
amitomacaa, rom naTesaobiTma masTan aseTi saxe miiRo: Cemi, Seni, Tqueni,
misi, maTgani da sxva. aseTia antonis mosazreba qarTuli enis gramatikis
pirvel nawilSi. rogorc vxedavT, aq ricxvze sagangebod laparaki araa,
samagierod, am sakiTxs sagangebo Tavs uZRvnis meore nawilSi, sadac
laparakia saxelTa ricxvze zogadad. SemCneuli aqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic,
roca forma mravlobiTia, magram gageba mxolobiTisaa: daviTni, xorcni...
sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom zog enas, msgavsad qarTulisa, ara aqvs orobiTi
ricxvi.
sainteresoa antonis mosazrebebi brunvaTa funqciebis Sesaxeb. am
nawils igi brunvis gansazRvriTa da brunvaTa raodenobis dadgeniT iwyebs:
`brunva ars cvaleba mimoxriTi sxvisa da sxvisa mimarT mdgmoebisa da
erTisa da misive saxelisa" (gv. 134). e.i. brunva aris saxelis erTi da imave
fuZis sxvadasxvanairad mimoxriTi cvla. antoni yuradRebas amaxvilebs
naTesaobiTi brunvis funqciebze da aRniSnavs, rom naTesaobiT brunvaSi
mdgari saxeli gvxvdeba msazRvrelad ise, rom igi Tavis formasac ar
kargavs da SeeTanxmeba kidec sityvas mravlobiTSi, mag.: Zeni levisni. aqve
mocemulia msjeloba Sebrulebuli wyobis Sesaxeb.
naTesaobiTis Semdeg ganxiluli aqvs micemiTi brunva, romelic
agreTve ar niSnavs `arsisa arsebasa, aramed misTa mimarTebasda raimesa,
eseigi sawadsa, anu saxedvels, anu misacemelsa, romlisa ZliT iTqmis
micemiTad" (gv. 138). micemiTis niSnebia: -s, -sa, -d, -ad, -da, -dad, -mi,
-mimarT, -mde. miuxedavad aseTi simravlisa, antonma SesaniSnavad icis, rom
micemiTi brunvis niSnad mxolod pirveli oTxi gamoiyeneba. ra Tqma unda,
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT isic, rom masTan micemiTSi gaerTianebulia
Tanamedrove viTarebiTic. miTiTebulia isic, rom micemiTSi saxeli arc
ikveceba da arc ikumSeba.
sainteresodaa warmodgenili SemasmenlobiTi brunvis gansazRvra-
daxasiaTeba. rogorc cnobilia, antons yvelaze did Secdomad am brunvis
Semotanas uTvlidnen. Tumca miuTiTebs, rom SemasmenlobiTi brunva
qarTulisTvis bunebrivi araa: `ara ars CvenTa Sina povnil brunva ese
romela SemasmenlobiTi da arc ipovebis gvari raime... viTar igi vcaniT
italianTa da francisTamebr enisa da odesme laTinurisamebrca".
moqmedebiTis funqciaze ki miuTiTebs, rom igi gadmogvcems ara `arsisa
arsebasa, aramed saSualo raimes erTisa risTvisme dasasrulisasa da misi
niSnebia -iTa, -Ta, -T, -mier".
Semdegia moTxrobiTi, romelic qvemdebaris brunvaa (es SeniSvna metad
zustia da faseuli), mas niSnad aqvs nacvalsaxeli -man. moTxrobiTi
brunvis mravlobiT ricxvs orive formiT icnobs avtori: `hsTqviT
qarTvelTa, kacebman". qarTuli enis pirvel gramatikaSi moTxrobiTi
brunvis Semotana, misi formisa da funqciis dadgena udides mignebad unda
CaiTvalos. gansakuTrebiT didia es aRmoCena im pirobebisaTvis, romelSic
antons uxdeboda moRvaweoba. igi xelmZRvanelobda im enaTa gramatikuli
literaturiT, romelTac es brunva ar gaaCndaT. sainteresoa, rom
mogvianebiT akad. mari brosem, romelmac qarTuli enis gramatika dawera
frangulad, brunvaTa rigidan amoiRo moTxrobiTi, ZiriTadad evropul
enaTa gramatikebis gavleniT. amave brunvis Semotanis winaaRmdegi iyo d.
CubinaSvilic. merve brunvad antons dasaxelebuli aqvs wodebiTi, romlis
niSania -o.
nacvalsaxelebze antoni Tavis pirvel gramatikaSi zogadad msjelobs.
sxvagan ki, sadac metyvelebis nawilTa funqciebs exeba, farTod ganixilavs
maT: `arian igini, romelnica erTiTa nawevrovani oxvriTa dahniSvnen
pirobiTadre ganrCeulad arsebasa: me, Sen, igi, ese, eg, isi da sxvani. xolo
eseni iwodebian nacvalsaxelad" (gv. 120). meoregan nacvalsaxeli asea
ganmartebuli: `nacvalsaxeli nacvlad saxelisaca miiRebis" (gv. 148). am
gansazRvrebebidan yvelaferi naTelia: nacvalsaxeli arsebis pirebis
mixedviT ganirCeva da mas es saxeli hqvia imitom, rom ixmareba nacvlad
saxelisa, romelic aris saxeldeba-niSani (garCeva) yoveli arsebisa. roca
vambobT _ me, Sen, igi, pirebis mixedviT gamovxatavT arsebas da gasagebs
vxdiT arsebis (anu sagnis, movlenis) samobiT myofobas, imas, rom sagani
SeiZleba warmovadginoT sam sxvadasxva pirSi.
 antoni gamoyofs nacvalsaxelTa Semdeg jgufebs: 1. nacvalsaxeli
arsebiTi _ me, Sen, igi, Cven, Tqven, igini. 2. mogebiTi _ Cemi, Seni, misi,
Tqveni, maTi. 3. CvenebiTi _ es, eg, is, anu, ese, ege, isi. 4. kvlamoRebiTi _
romeli. `mdevarni vieTnime nacvalsaxelTani ricxvTa Sina arian eqvs:
nakveTi (martivi, rTuli, zerTuli), saxe (pirvelsaxe, sxmiTgardasvliTi),
piri, ricxvi (mxoloobiTi da mravlobiTi), naTesavi (sazogado,
umeSveobiTi da mdedrobiTi), brunva" (gv. 150). amaTgan xuTi nacvalsaxels
saerTo aqvs saxelebTan, gansxvavebaa meeqvseSi, esaa piri. unda aRiniSnos,
rom nacvalsaxelis piris mixedviT cvalebad metyvelebis nawilad
warmodgena dionise Trakielidan modis da mas imeorebs yvela Semdgomi
drois gramatikosi. antonTan xSirad aRreulia nacvalsaxelTa jgufebi
mniSvnelobis mixedviT (gansakuTrebiT piris da CvenebiTi), aseve xarvezebia
nacvalsaxelTa brunebis drosac, magram, miuxedavad amisa, man met-naklebad
gaarTva Tavi saxelTa Soris am yvelaze rTul metyvelebis nawilis
daxasiaTebas da misi formacvalebis sakiTxi ZiriTadad sworad
warmogvidgina. nacvalsaxelebis brunebasTan erTad ganixilavs antoni
ricxviTi saxelis brunebasac da nimuSad moaqvs raodenobiTi ricxviTi
saxeli erTi, romelsac abrunebs rogorc mxolobiT, ise mravlobiT
ricxvSi.
amdenad, anton bagrationis qarTul gramatikaSi mocemulia friad
sayuradRebo da Rirebuli cnobebi brunebadi metyvelebis nawilebis
Sesaxeb. marTalia, arsebiTi, zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi
gaerTianebulia saxelis cnebis qveS da moiazreba erT metyvelebis
nawilad, xolo nacvalsaxeli damoukidebladaa gamoyofili, magram udaod
faseulia is faqti, rom gramatikaSi dawvrilebiTaa ganxiluli saxelis
kategoriebi da maTi formacvalebis wesebi.

damowmebuli literatura

anton I, 1881 - anton I, qarTuli Rrammatika, tf., 1881.

e. babunaSvili, 1970 - e. babunaSvili, anton pirveli da qarTuli
gramatikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1970.
T. uTurgaiZe, 1999 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis Seswavlis istoria,
Tb., 1999.
a. focxiSvili, 1979 - a. focxiSvili, qarTuli gramatikuli azris
istoriidan, Tb., 1979.

TAMAR MAMARDASHVILI

PARTS OF SPEECH WITH DECLENSIONS IN ANTON I’S

THE GRAMMAR OF GEORGIAN LANGUAGE
 Anton Bagrationi is the author of the first fundamental linguistic work of the
Georgian language. In this context he is founder of the Georgian thought concerning the
grammar of the language. His work gives account of the parts of speech that are declined
through case forms. Anton’s grammar does not distinguish between noun, adjective and
numerals; those are unified into one term as ‘nominal parts’ and only pronouns are
ascribed independent existence. However, Anton carries out invaluable work by
identifying them and giving meticulous descriptions of nominal categories and observing
rules of their inflexion.
The author clearly points out that as different from some other languages Georgian
has only one form of declension and nominal parts of speech change according to a single
case pattern.
Among many of his observations the introduction of the narrative case i.e. ergative
and determination of its form and function should be regarded as his great finding.
The author also distinguishes five properties (mdevari) of the nominal parts: gender
(natesavi), stem (nakveTi), derivation (sakhe), number and case.
Anton was the first to indicate degrees of comparison of Georgian adjectives. With
more or less precision he coped with the description of pronouns that is particularly
difficult among nominal parts of speech. In fact he chiefly managed to provide pronoun
inflexion correctly.