SYNOPSIS

STUDENT NAME : BHARTI SETHI

NAME OF GUIDE : UMAR FAROOQ

INTRODUCTION

Malaria even today remains one of the major killers of human race in majority

of the tropical and subtropical countries of the word including India. The infection is

caused by species of genus Plasmodium. Malaria is caused by the four species of

genus plasmodium i.e. P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. Malarae. Of the four

species that are pathogenic to man, P falciparum causes most severe form of

disease which is potentially fatal. Despite the impressive initial results of the WHO

sponsored malaria eradication and control programmes initiated in 1950s, Technical,

operational and socioeconomic difficulties led to its failure resulting in resurgence in

many parts of world including India in late 1960s and early 1970s.

The disease is often linked to the movement of refugees of population seeking

work and to environmental changes including forestry, mining and water

development projects (WHO 1996, New ref also). More than two billion people are at

high risk of malaria throughout the world, and it is estimated that 300-500 million

people get infected world-wide annually (WHO 1996, New ref here). It is estimated

that 1.5-2.7 million people die of malaria every year, which include one million

children under the age of five years. Sub-Saharan Africa and countries in tropical

Africa account for more than 90% of total malaria incidence and a great majority of
malaria deaths. In India the incidence of malaria has been fluctuating between 2 and

3 millions during the last two decades (WHO 1996, Sharma 1997). The most

alarming feature of malaria in India since resurgence in 1970s increase in the cases

of P. falciparum infection. In 1972, Plasmodium falciparum infection was 9.3%

(Sharma 1983) which increased to 43.4% in 1990 (WHO 1994) while in 1992, 1993

and 1994 the percentage of P. falciparum infection in India was 41.2, 38.6 and 38%

respectively (WHO 1996, WHO 1997). As most malarious countries are developing

nations which can ill-afford the expense of these drugs.

Note: Add one paragraph about drug resistance and insecticide resistance

The main obstacle in the development of most effective malaria vaccine is the

presence of antigenic polymorphism and genetic diversity in plasmodial species.In

recent years there has been great progress in characterizing antigens of the different

life cycle stages of P. falciparum and the molecular basis for most of the antigenic

diversity among different parasitic populations is now known. Extensive genetic

diversity amongst isolates of P. falciparum, P vivax and other plasmodial species has

been reported for a number of markers including drug resistance, enzymes and

antigens (Walliker et, al, 1989).

REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

Studies on cDNA clones derived from asexual blood stages of the human malaria

parasite Plasmodium falciparum. encoded antigen associated with the membrane of

erythrocytes newly infected with immature [ring]forms of the parasite and the antigen

was therefore designated the ring infected erythrocyte surface antigen [resa].Resa is

a polypeptide of Mr 155,000 which appears to acccumlate first micronemes of

mature parasites and then to be transferred during or shortly after invasion to the

membrane of the newly infected erythrocyte. The RESA is a 155 kDa polypeptide
present in merozoites add proper text here..,perhaps it interacts with a component of

the red cell membrane skeleton(6).Resa contains regions of tandemly sequence. A

series of related eight,four three amino acid repeats is located at the c terminus of

resa and a second block of repeats based on an 11 amino acid sequence is located

near the middle of the polypeptide chain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

ISOLATION OF PARASITE DNA{PHENOL CHOLROFORM METHOD}

SAPONIN LYSIS OF PARASITED RBCS

1.Parasite were freed from their host cells by saponin and concentrated by

centrifugation.

2.blood samples were placed in sterile screw capped centrifugation tubes and spun

at 500g for one minute.Plasma and buffy coat were discarded.

3.The packed cells were incubated for 25 minutes at room temperature {rt}with 0.1%

{saponin in a ratio 1:5 the volume of saponin to 1 volum