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n
\
f 1 (0)
i=1
which is closed by the continuity of fi . However they may not be compact. For example, we
can let f1 fn 0.
Problem 5. Show that the function f (x) = x on [0, 1] for 0 < 1 satisfies a Holder
condition of order for 0 < but not for >
Solution. Apparently it suffices if we can show
(x + h) x
h
is bounded for x, x + h [0, 1], h > 0, for 0 < . Now since we know that
h h . Therefore we reduce the problem to estimating the following fraction
(x + h) x
h
Now, if h x, then we have
(x + h) x
(h + h)
2 2
h
h
Consequently, if h < x, then we have, by mean value theorem
(x + h) x
h1
h
(x + h0 )1
in which h < x. Now it is easy to see it is bounded by
h1
1
x1
Therefore the function is of Holder condition with constant M = 2. For < case, just let
x = 0, and h 0.
Problem 7. Give an example of a continuous function with domain R1 such that the
inverse image of a compact set is not compact
Solution. f (x) 0
Problem 8. Give an example of a continuous function with Domain R1 such that the
image of a closed set is not closed.
Solution. f (x) = tan1 (x)
Therefore we know that f (I) =]a, b[, here the special term ][ means an interval, could be
open, closed, or half-open-half-closed.
Problem 4. If a continuous function on an interval takes only a finite set of values, show
that the function is constant.
Solution. This is a direct corollary of the previous problem, corresponding to the case when
a = b.
Problem 5. Suppose f and g both satisfy a Lipschitz condition on an interval. Show that
f + g also satisfy a Lipschitz condition.
Solution. This is trivial by triangular inequality, say |f (x) + g(x) f (y) g(y)| |f (x)
f (y)| + |g(x) g(y)|. However, for an arbitrary function, let us say, h(x), to satisfy Lipschitz
condition, we mean there exists an M , such that |h(x) h(y)| < M |x y|. What is
important is that this M varies among different functions, and even different region where
x, y are. Therefore you should use M1 for f , and M2 for g in this question. And the final
bound will be
|f (x) + g(x) f (y) g(y)| |f (x) f (y)| + |g(x) g(y)| (M1 + M2 )|x y|.
Problem 7. Let f be a monotone function on an interval. Show that if the image of f is
an interval, then f is continuous. Give an example of a non-monotone funcion on an interval
whose image is an interval but that is not continuous.
Solution. If f fails to be continuous, then by Theorem 4.2.6, there must be a point x0 in
the domain of f such that limxx0 f (x) < limxx+0 f (x). By the monotonicity of f , there
must be a hole in the range of f , which contradicates with initial assumption. So f is
continuous.
Now for the example, consider
(
x + 1, x [1, 0]
f (x) =
x + 2, x [0, 1]
Problem 8.
If f = p + g where p is a polynomial of odd degree and g is a bounded
ocntinuous function on the line. Show that there is at least one solution of f (x) = 0.
Solution. Since p is a polynomial of odd degree, we know p() = , and p() = ,
therefore so is true for p + g as g is a bounded function. Now the proof follows if one recalls
the intermediat value theorem.
Problem 15. Give an example of a function on R1 that assumes its sup and inf on every
compact interval and yet is not continuous.
Solution.
(
1,
f (x) =
0,
x is ratioanl
x is irrational
3