LESSONI,PARTA

Lesson1
TheBasicsofArc
Welding

dependingonthematerialbeingtested,theshapeoftheindenterandtheloadapplied,the

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conversiontablesmaydiffer.Forexample,amateriallistedashavingahardnessofRbor

Lesson2
CommonElectric
ArcWelding
Processes
Lesson3
CoveredElectrodes
forWelding
MildSteels

RcmeansitshardnesshasbeendeterminedfromtheRockwell"B"scaleortheRockwell
"C"scale.
1.6.11

CoefficientofExpansionAllmetalsexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhen

cooled.Thisdimensionalchangeisrelatedtothecrystallinestructureandwillvarywith

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differentmaterials.Thedifferentexpansionandcontractionratesareexpressednumeri
callybyacoefficientofthermalexpansion.Whentwodifferentmetalsareheatedtothe

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sametemperatureandcooledatthesamerate,theonewiththehighernumericalcoeffi
cientwillexpandandcontractmorethantheonewiththelessercoefficient.

Lesson4
CoveredElectrodes
forWeldingLowAlloy
Steels

1.6.12

ThermalConductivitySomemetalswillabsorbandtransmitheatmorereadily

Glossary

thanothers.Theyarecategorizedashavinghighthermalconductivity.Thischaracteristic
contributestothefactthatsomemetalswillmeltorundergotransformationsatmuchlower
temperaturesthanothers.

Lesson5
WeldingFillerMetals
forStainlessSteels

1.7

EFFECTSOFTHEALLOYINGELEMENTS

Alloyingistheprocessofaddingametaloranonmetaltopuremetalssuchascopper,

Lesson6
Carbon&LowAlloy
SteelFillerMetals
GMAW,GTAW,SAW

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aluminumoriron.Fromthetimeitwasdiscoveredthatthepropertiesofpuremetalscould
beimprovedbyaddingotherelements,alloysteelhasincreasedbypopularity.Infact,
metalsthatareweldedarerarelyintheirpurestate.Themajorpropertiesthatcanbe
improvedbyaddingsmallamountsofalloyingelementsarehardness,tensilestrength,

Lesson7
FluxCoredArc
ElectrodesCarbon
LowAlloySteels

ductilityandcorrosionresistance.Commonalloyingelementsandtheireffectonthe
propertiesofmetalsareasfollows:
1.7.1

CarbonCarbonisthemosteffective,mostwidelyusedandlowestincost

alloyingelementavailableforincreasingthehardnessandstrengthofmetal.Analloy

Lesson8
Hardsurfacing
Electrodes

containingupto1.7%carbonincombinationwithironisknownassteel,whereasthe
combinationabove1.7%carbonisknownascastiron.Althoughcarbonisadesirable
alloyingelement,highlevelsofitcancauseproblemstherefore,specialcareisrequired
whenweldinghighcarbonsteelsandcastiron.

Lesson9
Estimating&
ComparingWeld
MetalCosts

1.7.2

SulphurSulphurisnormallyanundesirableelementinsteelbecauseitcauses

brittleness.Itmaybedeliberatelyaddedtoimprovethemachinabilityofthesteel.The
sulphurcausesthe
machinechipstobreakratherthanformlongcurlsandclogthemachine.Normally,every

Lesson10
ReliabilityofWelding
FillerMetals

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effortismadetoreducethesulphurcontenttothelowestpossiblelevelbecauseitcan

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