Certification

This is to certify that this project which was done by Quadri Qudus Oladapo
has been read and approved for the partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
University of Lagos.

______________________
_________________
Quadri Qudus Oladapo
Date
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(Student)
_____________________

_________________

Engr. P.O. Oluseyi

Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering
(Supervisor).

Date

______________________
_________________
Dr. A. A. Ayorinde
Date
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(Project Coordinator)
______________________
_________________
Dr. F.N. Okafor
Date
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(Head of Department)

DEDICATION
This Project is dedicated to the Almighty God who has given me a purpose
for existence which is to serve Him and the world he has created me in.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With the help of my caring and dedicated supervisor, Engr. P. O.
Oluseyi whose drills and helps propelled me into going the extra mile,
the completion of the project has come to fruition. I have to admit my
lack of wisdom to do this on my own. Dr. Okafor also has been the
guide that ensured that this project did not fail with the help of his
great lecturing in the form the course EEG 510 (Energy Resource &
Management). Sirs, I am very grateful.
I also thank those who have made the completion of this project a
success, from the head of the department of power, University of
Lagos department of works, Mr. Adeleke, the Engineers in charge of the
Laboratories in the faculty of Engineering and Science.
Finally, I thank my dear sister who helped me take care of my home
chores during the period when the project was under work as well as
my parents who have done their great part in building me up till this
point.

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Abstract
The need for electrical energy has been on the increase as electricity has
found a very important place in the growth of any community. Hence, to
satisfy the very large demand for electrical energy a large amount of the
energy would be required to be generated. As a result of this, electrical
energy efficiency has been a key point of discussion over the last decade as
it has been observed that low efficiency in the generation-distributionconsumption chain means low output as compared to the high input,
meaning that a lot more of energy would have to be generated to serve a
much lower demand when compared to the amount generated.
With respect to improving electrical energy efficiency, efforts are being
taking to ensure that the energy supplied to every consumer point is
maximized so that only the required energy by consumers is catered for
rather generating a lot of energy only for it to end up being wasted by the
less aware or in most cases care-free consumers. This problems is carefully
handled to a great extent by the process of electrical energy audit which
attempts to keep the consumer aware of his/her level of consumption and
from its result(s), tries to help consumers reduce energy consumption where
it applies. This project focuses on this process with the aim of improving

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electrical energy efficiency in the Academic and Administrative blocks of the

University of Lagos.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERS
PAGES
Certification
i
Dedication

ii

Acknowledgement
iii
Abstract

iv

List of Figures
vii
List of Tables
viii
Chapter 1:Introduction
1
Chapter 2:Literature Review
11
2.1

Problem Statement
11

2.2

Towards Achieving an Improved Electrical Energy Supply

13

2.3

Energy Management (a deeper look)

21

2.3.1 Electrical Energy Audit

21

2.3.2 Energy Conservation and Power saving

27

vi

2.3.3 Alternate Energy

33

2.3.4 Distributed Power Generation

34

2.3.5 Smart or Computerized Energy

48
2.3.5.1

Advanced Metering
50

2.3.5.2

Load Control Technology

51

2.4

Relevance of Project

52

Chapter 3:Methodology
54
3.1

The Preliminary Energy Audit

55

3.2

The Detailed Energy Audit

56

3.3

Gathering of Information
57

Chapter 4:Results
60
Chapter 5:Recommendations and Conclusion
69
Chapter 6:References
71

vii

Appendix

73

viii

List of Figures
Figure 1:

Temperature Variation over the Past 400,000 Years

(from the Vostok Ice Core)

Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Figure 6:
Figure 7:
Figure 8:

CO2 Concentration in the Atmosphere over the Past

400,000 Years (from the Vostok Ice Core)
A view of the city of Austin PV-300 flat-plate
grid-connected photovoltaic system. (Courtesy
of the city of Austin electric utility department.)
Vector Diagram of the Power Components
Load Curve of the Academic and Administrative
Blocks of the University Of Lagos
Load Duration Curve of the Academic and
Administrative Blocks of the University Of Lagos
Percentage of Electrical Energy Use in the Academic
& Administrative Blocks of the University of Lagos
Renewable Energy Knowledge and Use in the
Academic & Administrative Blocks of the University of Lagos

ix

10
40
60
64
65
66
68

List of Tables
Table 1:

Nigerian Government (NEPA) Electric Power Generating plants

Table 2:
Table 3:
Table 4:

Details of energy consumption as used in the Senate Building

Details of energy consumption as used in the Library
Details of energy consumption as used in the faculty Blocks

61
62
63