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I. INTRODUCTION
A boiler or a steam generating unit is an integral part
of any electric utility plant. It requires a source of heat at a
sufficient temperature level to produce steam. In generating
electric power with a turbo generator, it is much more efficient
to use steam that has been superheated and reheated as is done
in the typical electric utility plant. The general practice with
the industrial boiler is to use saturated steam or only a small
amount of superheat unless the electric power is being
generated in the industrial plant. A turbine generally
transforms the heat of superheat into work without forming
moisture. The heat of superheat is all recoverable in the
turbine. A variation in the steam temperature, pressure, etc.,
may cause unequal expansion and contraction in the turbine
parts. Rapid and excessive changes in temperature can result
in damage to the turbine. Steam temperatures that are
significantly higher than the design temperature can shorten
the life of the turbine metal parts. Such temperature variations
also cause a change in the unit electrical generation.
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IJSART - Volume 1
Let
Cp (
Where
h
)p
T
Cv (
h h T
t T t
u
)v
T
(1)
d
( sVshp ) q s q sh
dT
(2)
saturated temperature.
Energy balance equation :
d
( sVs hs mC p T ) Qc q s (hs hshp )
dt
(3)
d s
dh
d
(ma C p Ta ) hsVs
sVs s Qc q s (hs hshp )
dt
dt
dt
(4)
dh h dT
dT
Cp
dt T dt
dt
(5)
A. SUPERHEATER MODEL
d s
dT
d
(ma C p Ta ) hsVs
sVs C p out Qc q s C p (Tin To
dt
dt
dt
(6)
d
(ma C p Ta ) f (min )
dt
(7)
Volume( m )
Specific Density( kg / m )
Specific enthalpy(KJ/kg)
Temperature
(deg Celsius)
Q
Mass(Kg)
Calorific value
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f (min ) k a min
dTout
k
1
1
Q
min (Tin Tout a ) k 0
dt
sV s C p
sV s
Cp
k2
1
sV s
k1
H
Cp
B1
ka
Cp
B2 k o s V s
(8)
Q Hm f u e l
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dTout
k 2 (k1 m fuel min (Tin Tout B1 ) B2 )
Cp
(9)
1.3882
s 0.0526
(10)
B. DESUPERHEATER MODEL
Membership function for error, derivative error , Kp and Ki : 5
The response of outlet temperature to the changes in
spray water is instantaneous. Hence, there is no dynamics
involved the coefficient connecting the spray change to
change in outlet temperature at 100% load has been derived.
The overall steady state coefficient for control valve and
desuperheater is found to be 0.556 relating the change at the
superheated outlet temperature to the change in the controller
design. Therefore the transfer function for spray valve
coefficient is obtained as,
0.556
1
(11)
III.CONTROLLER DESIGN
A. PID CONTROLLER:
The PID controller is commonly used to control any
parameters in process industries. The PID controller consists
of proportional, integral and derivative term. The proportional
term changes the controller output proportional to the current
error value. Large values of proportional term make the
system unstable. The Integral term changes the controller
output based on the past values of error. So, the controller
attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the controller
output. .The derivative term is used in slow processes. So, the
controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the
controller output. The PID gain values are calculated by using
the Ziegler-Nichols first tuning algorithm.
B. FUZZY ADAPTIVE PI
The controller works on the basics of PI tunning. As
mentioned earlier the fuzzy adaptive is used to tune the Kp
and Ki values of the PI controller. The controller fis file
include the number of inputs and number of outputs and the
fuzzy inference engine to be used. Depending on the input
values of different values the output values are decided based
on the rules framed.
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2.
IJSART - Volume 1
3.
6000
5000
4000
temp(degc)
IV.RESULTS
3000
2000
2000
1800
1000
1600
1400
0
0
temp(degC)
1200
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Time(sec)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
V. CONCLUSION
3000
x 10
2
1.5
temp(degC)
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Time(sec)
600
500
temp(degc)
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Time(sec)
600
REFERENCES
500
temp(deg)
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Time(sec)
5000
temp(degC)
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Time(sec)
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