INSTITUTE OF AVIONICS & AERONAUTICS (IAA)

AV-831
Advanced Wireless Communications

Lecture No 01
Instructor: Dr. Hasan A, ahasan-cae@nust.edu.pk

Welcome!!!

Introduction

COURSE INFORMATION

Course Project

The project, valued at 40% of your grade, is the most

important aspect of this course. The goal is to begin
an original work that will ultimately result in a
conference (or even journal!) paper.
It is very likely, the project from this course wound up
forming the basis of M.S. and Ph.D. thesis.
Term project on anything related to wireless
Analysis, simulation and/or experiment
Must contain some original research
No collaboration is allowed

Project Details

Questions!!!

Modeling Wireless
Channels?

Capacity
Capacity limits of Wireless Channels?
Capacity limits dictate max data rates that can be
transmitted (over wireless channels) with asymptotically
small error probability, assuming no constraint
on delay or complexity of encoder & decoder
Shannon defined capacity as mutual information maximized
over all possible input distributions.
The significance of this mathematical construct was
Shannons coding theorem and converse,
A code did exist that could achieve a data rate close to capacity with
negligible probability of error
Any data rate higher than capacity could not be achieved without an
error probability bounded away from zero.
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Capacity of a time-invariant
AWGN channel

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Capacity in AWGN
Consider a discrete-time AWGN channel with channel
input/output relationship y[i] = x[i] + n[i],
where x[i] is the channel input at time i, y[i] is the corresponding
where
the capacity
bits/second
(bps).process
channel
output,
and n[i] is units
a whiteare
Gaussian
noise random

Assume a channel bandwidth B and transmit power P.

Shannons coding theorem proves that a code exists that
The channel SNR, the power in x[i] divided by the power in
achieves data rates arbitrarily close to capacity with
n[i], is constant and given by = P/(N0B), where N0 is the
arbitrarily small probability of bit error.
power spectral density of the noise.
The
The converse
capacity of
this channel
given
bycode
Shannons
theorem
showsisthat
any
w/ rate wellR>C
known
hasformula
a probability of error bounded away from zero

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Capacity in AWGN

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Flat-Fading Channels
Unlike AWGN case, capacity of a flat-fading channel is not
given by a single formula, since capacity depends on what is
known about the time-varying channel at the Tx and/or Rx.
Under different channel information assumptions, there are
different definitions of channel capacity, depending whether
capacity characterizes the maximum rate averaged over all
fading states or the maximum constant rate that can be
maintained in all fading states (with or without some
probability of outage).

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Capacity of Flat-Fading Channels

Assume a discrete-time channel with stationary and ergodic

time-varying gain g[i], 0 g[i], and AWGN n[i]
Channel power gain g[i] follows a given distribution p(g), e.g.
for Rayleigh fading p(g) is exponential.
Assume that g[i] is independent of the channel input
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 I/p message w is sent from Tx to Rx. Message is encoded into codeword x,

which is transmitted over time-varying channel as x[i] at time i.
Channel gain g[i], also called channel side information (CSI), changes
during the transmission of the codeword.
Capacity of this channel depends on what is known about g[i] at the
transmitter and receiver. 3 cases we will consider:
Channel Distribution Information (CDI): The distribution of g[i] is
known to the transmitter and receiver.
Receiver CSI: The value of g[i] is known at the receiver at time i, and
both the transmitter and receiver know the distribution of g[i]
Transmitter and Receiver CSI: The value of g[i] is known at the
transmitter and receiver at time i, and both the transmitter and receiver
know the distribution of g[i]
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Channel Side Information at Receiver

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Channel Side Information at Receiver

Shannon capacity, also called ergodic capacity
In Shannon capacity, constant rate transmission is done: Tx cannot
adapt its transmission strategy relative to the CSI.
Thus, poor channel states typically reduce Shannon capacity since
the transmission strategy must incorporate the effect of these poor
states

Capacity with outage

Defined as the maximum rate that can be transmitted over a channel
with some outage probability corresponding to the probability that the
transmission cannot be decoded with negligible error probability.
A high data rate can be sent over the channel and decoded correctly
except when the channel is in deep fading.
Allowing system to lose some data in the event of deep fades, a
higher data rate can be maintained than if all data must be recd
correctly regardless of the fading state, as in for Shannon capacity
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Shannon (Ergodic) Capacity

Shannon capacity of a fading channel with receiver CSI
for an average power constraint P

Note that this formula is a probabilistic average, i.e.

Shannon capacity is equal to Shannon capacity for an
AWGN channel with SNR , given by
B log2(1 + ), averaged over the distribution of

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Example : CSI at Rx

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Shannon (Ergodic) Capacity

where is the average SNR on the channel.
Thus we see that Shannon capacity of a fading channel with Rx CSI
only is less than the Shannon capacity of an AWGN channel with the
same average SNR.
Fading reduces Shannon capacity when only Rx has CSI

Moreover, w/o Tx CSI, code design must incorporate channel correlation

statistics, & complexity of maximum likelihood decoder will be proportional
to the channel decorrelation time.
In addition, if Rx CSI is not perfect, capacity can be significantly decreased
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Capacity with Outage

Capacity with outage applies to slowly-varying channels, where the
instantaneous SNR is constant over a large number of transmissions
(a transmission burst) and then changes to a new value based on the
fading distribution.
With this model, if the channel has received SNR during a burst then
data can be sent over the channel at rate B log2(1 + ) with negligible
probability of error
Since the transmitter does not know the SNR value , it must fix a
transmission rate independent of the instantaneous received SNR.

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Capacity with Outage

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