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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY (CBE 541)


NAME
MATRIC NO
GROUP
LAB NO./TITLE OF EXPERIMENT

:
:
:
:

MOHAMAD YUSOF BIN MOHD SALLEHUDDIN


2014411548
EH2422A
LAB 1 / MICROSCOPE

DATE PERFORMED
SEMESTER
PROGRAMME
LECTURER

:
:
:
:

11 MARCH 2015
2
EH242
MADAM NURUL ASYIKIN BINTI MD ZAKI

No.
1. Abstract

Content

Allocated Marks
5

2. Introduction

3. Objectives

4. Theory

5. Procedures

10

6. Apparatus

7. Results and Calculations (if any)

20

8. Discussions

20

9. Conclusions

10

10. Recommendations

11. References

12. Appendices

TOTAL

100

Marks Obtained

Remarks:
Checked by:

Date:

............
(MADAM NURUL ASYIKIN BINTI MD ZAKI)

Title
1.0 ABSTRACT
2.0 INTRODUCTION
3.0 OBJECTIVES
4.0 THEORY
5.0 PROCEDURES
6.0 APPARATUS
7.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS
8.0 DISCUSSIONS
9.0 CONCLUSIONS
10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
11.0 REFERENCES
12.0 APPENDICES
Table of Contents

Page
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34
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78
8
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10
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11
12 - 13

1.0 ABSTRACT
2

Plant cells and animal cells are eukaryotic cells as both have a nucleus. All plant cell consists
of a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and large vacuole. Animal cells are similar
to plant cells. However, they lack cell wall and large vacuole. In this experiment 1, we are
using optical microscope to observe onion skin cells and human cheek cells. We want to
examine, to know the characteristic and to differentiate human cheek cells and onion skin
cells. In this experiment, a small bit of an onion was cut off. The outermost and the thinnest
layer of the onion was peeled. This layer is the onion skin cells. To obtain the cheek cells, the
inside lining of the cheek was gently scraped with a sterile cotton swabs. Both onion skin
cells and human cheek cells are placed on a glass slide respectively. Then, the glass slide was
dropped with a few drops of safranin. The slides were observe under optical microscope with
magnification of 100x, 400x, and 1000x. During observation, the onion skin cells have a
fixed shape due to the presence of the cell wall. While animal cells have irregular shape due
to absent of any cell wall. With the presence of cell wall, onion skin cells is classified as plant
cells. Since human cheek cells lack any cell wall, they are classified as animal cells.

2.0 INTRODUCTION
Anton van Leeuwenhoek is regarded as the father of Microbiology. His vast contribution in
Microbiology allows him to receive that title. In 1673, Leeuwenhoek discovered the existence
of microorganism. He used a simple microscope consist of a single biconcave lens to aid in
his discovery. This discovery sparks a new beginning of Microbiology. Microscope has
undergoes drastic changes throughout the time. Starting with the simple microscope created
by Leeuwenhoek with magnification of 300x, to the powerful electron microscope with
magnification of more than 250000x. This shows how important microscope in Microbiology
to observe the microorganism (Cappuccino & Sherman, 2008).
In this experiment, optical microscope was used to observe the onion skin cells and human
cheek cells. Onion and cheek cells were observed under optical microscope at a
magnification of 100x, 400x and 1000x. We also want to observe the cell shape and several
organelles of the cells. When observed under the optical microscope, the cell shape and
organelles of onion and cheek cell should be slightly different. These characteristics may
classify them either as plant cell or animal cell.
To obtain the onion skin cells, a small bit of the onion was cut off. Onion skin was ripped
carefully from the onion bit until the smooth and thin white layer was peeled off. Then, the
3

white layer was carefully spread out on the glass slide. A few drops of distilled water were
dropped on the slide. Then, a few drops of safranin were dropped on the slide. Cover slip is
carefully placed on the glass slide to avoid formation of air bubbles. A piece of tissue is used
to remove excess solution on the glass slide. Then, the slide was placed on the stage of the
microscope to prepare for observation. The observation is started with magnification of 100x.
Then, the magnification is changed to 400x and 1000x. The focus knob was adjusted to
obtain the clearest image possible. The structures, organelles and shape of the cell were
observed.
Meanwhile, the human cheek cells were obtained by scrapping the inside of the cheek with
sterile cotton swab. It should be scrapped gently so to avoid hurting the cheek. Then, a few
drops of distilled water were dropped on the glass slide. The sterile cotton swab was gently
rolled on the glass slide. Then, a few drops of safranin were dropped on the slide to stain the
cheek cell. Cover slip is carefully placed on the glass slide to avoid formation of air bubbles.
A piece of tissue is used to remove excess solution on the glass slide. Then, the slide was
placed on the stage of the microscope to prepare for observation. The observation is started
with magnification of 100x. Then, the magnification is changed to 400x and 1000x. The
focus knob was adjusted to obtain the clearest image possible. The structures, organelles and
shape of the cell were observed.

3.0 OBJECTIVES
1. To examine human cheek cells and onion skin cells.
2. To know the characteristic of plant cells and animal cells.
3. To differentiate between plant cells and animal cells.

4.0 THEORY
Optical microscope contains ocular lens in the eyepiece and objective lens in the nosepiece.
The specimen is illuminated by light from the condenser. Since it is difficult to distinguish
between the specimen and the surrounding, the specimen is usually stained. The calculation
for magnification of optical microscope:
4

Total magnification=Objective lenses Ocular lenses


Magnification
Objective lenses
Scanning 4x
Low-power 10x
High-power 40x
Oil-immersion

Total Magnification
Ocular lenses
10x
10x
10x
10x

40x
100x
400x
1000x

Table of Magnification of Optical Microscope

Onion Cell
An onion is a multicellular plant organism. The onion epidermis contain plant cells which is
present in all plants. All plant cells consist of a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
and vacuole. A cell membrane is semi-permeable and surrounds the cytoplasm. The nucleus
controls the metabolic rate of the cell, is located near the vacuole in the cytoplasm. The
vacuole has the largest size in the cytoplasm and usually located at the centre of the cell. Both
nucleus and vacuole is surrounded by cytoplasm. The presence of a cell wall and a large
vacuole are key points that help recognise plant cells, such as in the onion epidermis.
Plant cells are similar to animal cells in that they are both eukaryotic cells and have similar
organelles. Plant cells are generally larger than animal cells. While animal cells come in
various sizes and tend to have irregular shapes, plant cells are more similar in size and are
typically rectangular or cube shaped. A plant cell also contains structures not found in an
animal cell. Some of these include a cell wall, a large vacuole, and plastids. Plastids, such as
chloroplasts, assist in storing and harvesting needed substances for the plant (Bailey, 2015).

Human Cheek Cell


The human cheek cell is an animal cell. All animal cells consist of a cell membrane,
cytoplasm, and nucleus. A cell membrane is semi-permeable and surrounds the cytoplasm. At
the centre of the cytoplasm the nucleus is usually located. Unlike plant cell, animal cell does
not have a cell wall, it only have a cell membrane. Compare to the plant cell, the vacuole in
an animal cell is smaller in size and sometimes it may be absent. The absence of cell wall are
indicators that helps to differentiate between animal cells and plant cells, such as cells seen in
the human cheek.
5

Animal cells are similar to plant cells in that they are both eukaryotic cells and have similar
organelles except chloroplast. Animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells. Animal
cells come in various sizes and tend to have irregular shapes, while plant cells are more
similar in size and are typically rectangular or cube shaped. Animal cells also contain
structures such as centrioles, lysosomes, and cilia and flagella that are not typically found in
plant cells (Bailey, 2015).
Cell Wall
The presence of a cell wall is the most important key to differentiate between plant and
animal cells. This is because it is only present in plant cells. Animal cell lack cell wall. The
cell wall enclosed the cell membrane of the plant cell. It is rigid and is composed of cellulose
fibre, polysaccharides, and proteins. This rigidity also helps plant cell to obtain a fixed shape,
usually rectangular shape. Despite the rigidity of the cell wall, chemical signals and cellular
excretions are allowed to pass between cells.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is found in both plants and animals cell. It is the outer most layer in the
cell that separates the cytoplasm of the cell from the outside substances. It consists of both
lipids and proteins and is selectively permeable. This means it permits only some molecules
to pass through it.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like material that is eighty percent water and is usually colourless. It is
also called cytosol. Cytoplasm contains all the organelles and it is enclosed by cell
membrane. It also contains dissolved nutrients and helps break down waste products by using
enzymes.
Nucleus
The nucleus and acts as the control centre of the cell. It is responsible to regulate all the
activities inside the cell. Usually, it is the largest organelle in the cell. However, for most
plant cell, nucleus is the second largest organelle after vacuole. The nucleus also contains the
DNA of the cell. DNA contains all the information that helps cells live, perform their
functions and reproduce. The nucleus has a double layered membrane called nuclear
membrane.

Vacuoles
A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle that contains solid or liquid contents. Vacuoles are
found in both animal and plant cells, but are much larger in plant cells. In fact, for most plant
cell, it is the largest organelle. In animal cell, vacuole is small and sometimes it may be
absent. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are just larger
forms of these vesicles. It has no basic shape or size; its structure varies according to the
needs of the cell (Saxena & Saxena, 2010).

5.0 PROCEDURES
PLANT CELL
1. A small bit of an onion was cut off. The outermost and the thinnest layer of the onion was
peeled. This layer should be thin enough to be translucent.
2. The specimen, which is the thin onion skin was placed on the glass slide and a few drops
of distilled water were dropped.
3. A few drops of safranin were dropped on the glass slide and the glass slide was covered
by cover slip carefully to ensure no air bubbles were formed.
4. The glass slide was placed on the stage of microscope and clipped to stay in place.
5. The observation of the specimen was started with magnification of 100x, 400x and
1000x.
6. The focus knob was adjusted to obtain clearer image.
7. The specimen was observed and drew.
ANIMAL CELL
1. The inside lining of the cheek was gently scraped with a sterile cotton swabs.
2. A few drops of distilled water were dropped on the glass slide and the sterile cotton swabs
was gently tapped on the glass slide.
3. A few drops of safranin were dropped on the glass slide and it was covered carefully with
cover slip to prevent air bubbles.
4. The glass slide was placed on the stage of microscope and clipped to stay in place.
5. The observation of the specimen was started with magnification of 100x, 400x and
1000x.
6. The focus knob was adjusted to obtain clearer image.
7. The specimen was observed and drew.

6.0 APPARATUS
7

Apparatus
Optical microscope

Function
To observe the specimen with various

Onion skin

magnification.
The specimen which contain plant cells
that will be used to be observed under

Cheek cell
Glass slide

the microscope.
The specimen that will be used to be

observed under the microscope.


Small slide which allow specimen to be

Cover slip

placed on it.
A thin and transparent plastic slip to

Safranin

cover the specimen on the glass slide


Used to stain the cells to be observed

better under the microscope.


To wet the specimen on the glass slide
Sharp knife to cut the onion.
Swabbed inside the cheeks to obtain

Distilled water
Razor knife
Sterile cotton swabs

cheek cells
7.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Magnification

Plant cell

100x

Animal cell

400x

1000x

8.0 DISCUSSION
In this experiment, only nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall, and vacuole were visible under optical
microscope. This however, is enough to know the characteristic of onion skin cells and
human cheek cells. Smaller organelles such as mitochondria can only be seen under electron
microscope.
Next, I have found that the cheek cells have irregular shape. This is due to the lack of cell
wall that can maintain a fixed shape. They also seem to be circular or oval in shape. Since
they lack of cell wall, this means that cheek cells are animal cells, not plant cells. Inside the
cytoplasm, there is a nucleus at the centre of the cheek cells. The cheek cells are scattered
randomly on the slide surface. Also, the size varies slightly between each cells. Next, the

cheek cells are also lack of visible vacuole. Hence, I have determined that cheek cells are
animal cells.
For the onion skin cells, I have found that it have a fixed shape and it closely resembles a
rectangle. The shape occurs due to the presence of the cell wall. This characteristic prove that
onion cheek cells are plant cells due to the presence of cell wall. Unlike animal cells, the
onion skin cells are positioned next to each other. Perhaps the fixed shape allows them to
form such arrangement. Inside the cytoplasm, there is a nucleus at the centre of onion skin
cell. I have noticed that the onion skin cell lack chloroplast. This shows that onion skin cell is
an epidermal cell. Hence, I have determined that onion skin cells are plant cells (St.
Rosemary Educational Institution, 2011).
In this experiment, I have found some differences between human cheek cells and onion skin
cells. Onion skin cells have cell wall while the cheek cell doesnt. Next, onion skin cells have
a fixed shape, while the cheek cells have an irregular shape. Also, the arrangement for onion
skin cells are next to each other. While for human cheek cells, they are randomly placed.
Besides that, I have also found similarities for both onion skin cells and human cheek cells.
Both are eukaryotic cells as shown by the presence of nucleus. Both have cytoplasm and cell
membrane.

10

9.0 CONCLUSIONS
Onion skin cells are plant cells since they have a cell wall. Onion skin cells also have a fixed
shape due to the presence of cell wall. They seem to be rectangular in shape. They are also
arranged closely next to each other. For human cheek cells, they are animal cells because they
lack cell wall. Human cheek cells have irregular shape. They seem to be circular or oval in
shape. They are also randomly scattered. Both plant and animal cell are eukaryotic cells as
shown by the presence of nucleus. Besides that, both of them have cell membrane, and
cytoplasm. Only onion cheek cell have the cell wall.
10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
At the end of this experiment, I have found that the results are similar with the theory. For
plant cells, I managed to observe cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and vacuole clearly
under optical microscope. For animal cells, I managed to observe cell membrane, and
cytoplasm clearly under optical microscope. When preparing the slides, I have noticed that
there are presence of some air bubbles. To avoid unwanted air bubbles, one end of the cover
slip should be placed on the slide. Then, slowly lower the other end using the end of a
toothpick. This will help to prevent air bubbles from getting trapped under the cover slip.

11.0 REFERENCES
1. St. Rosemary Educational Institution. (2011). Plant & Animal Cells Staining Lab
Answers.

Retrieved

from

the

St.

Rosemary Educational

Institution

website:

http://schoolworkhelper.net/plant-animal-cells-staining-lab-answers/
2. Bailey, R. (2015). Plant Cell. Retrieved from the About Education Website:
http://biology.about.com/od/cellbiology/ss/plant-cell.htm
3. Bailey, R. (2015). All about Animal Cells. Retrieved from the About Education website:
http://biology.about.com/od/cellbiology/ss/animal_cells.htm
4. Saxena, S. P., & Saxena, D. (2010). Comprehensive Practical Science. New Delhi:
Laxmi Publications P.Ltd
5. Cappuccino J., & Sherman N. (2008). Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual. San
Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc., publishing.

12.0 APPENDICES

11

Animal
Plant Cell
cell

12

Optical Microscope

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