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ENGINEERING MECHANICS
INTRODUCTION
Homework Tasks
Review Vectors
Dot Product
Cross Product
Homework Tasks
Based on what you know from Physics how would you design the cables A and B
required to support this weight of 100 kN? (i
(i.e.
e what is the required cross
crosssectional area for the cables? The Cables are made from steel and the maximum
stress these can take is 300 MPa)
Cable A
FA
FAj
45o
FBj
FB
45o
FAi
FBi
100 kN
Cable B
FA = FB = 50/(cos 45o)
FA = FB = 70.7 [kN]
x
Stress = Force/Area
Area = Force/Stress
Area = 70.7
70 7 x 103/300
= 235.7 [mm2]
Introduction
Designing & constructing devices/structures:
Understand
U d
d the
h physics
h i underlying
d l i the
h designs.
d i
Use mathematical models to predict their
behaviour.
y &p
predict the behaviors of
Learn how to analyse
physical systems by studying mechanics.
Dynamics:
y
motion equations
q
Analyze responses of buildings to earthquakes
(civil)
Determine trajectories of satellites (aerospace)
1. The subject
j
of mechanics deals with what
happens to a body when ______ is / are applied
to it.
A) magnetic
ti fi
field
ld
B) heat
C) forces
D) neutrons
E) lasers
WHAT IS MECHANICS??
Study of what happens to a thing (the technical
name is body)
body ) when FORCES are applied to it.
it
Either
BRANCHES OF MECHANICS
Mechanics
Rigid
g Bodies
(Things that do not change shape)
Statics
Dynamics
Deformable Bodies
(Things that do change shape)
Incompressible
Fluids
Compressible
SYSTEMS OF UNITS
Four
F
ffundamental
d
t l physical
h i l quantities.
titi
Length,
Length mass,
mass time,
time force.
force
One equation
q
relates them,, F = m x a
We use this equation to develop systems of
units
Units
U it are arbitrary
bit
names we give
i to
t the
th
physical quantities.
UNIT SYSTEMS
Define
D fi
3 off th
the units
it and
d call
ll them
th
the base units.
Derive the 4th unit (called the
g F = m x a.
derived unit)) using
We
W will
ill work
k with
i h one unit
i system in
i
statics: SI.
NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS
Must have dimensional homogeneity.
Dimensions have to be the same on both sides
of the equal sign,
(e.g. distance = speed time.)
Use an appropriate number of significant figures
(3 for answer, at least 4 for intermediate
) Why?
y
calculations).
Be consistent when rounding
g off.
- greater than 5, round up (3528 3530)
- smaller than 5, round down (0.03521 0.0352)
- equal to 5, see your textbook.
CONCEPT QUIZ
CONCEPT QUIZ
2. Give the most appropriate reason for using three
significant
g
figures
g
in reporting
p
g results of typical
yp
engineering calculations.
A) Historically slide rules could not handle
more than three significant figures.
B) Three significant figures gives better than onepercent accuracy.
C) Telephone systems designed by engineers have
area codes consisting of three figures.
D) Most of the original data used in engineering
calculations do not have accuracy better than one
percent
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. For a statics problem your calculations show the
final answer as 12345.6 N. What will y
you write as
your final answer?
A) 12345.6 N
B) 12.3456
12 3456 kN
C) 12 kN
D) 12.3 kN
E) 123 kN
VECTORS
2D
VECTORS
2D VECTOR ADDITION
Todays Objective:
St d t will
Students
ill be
b able
bl to
t :
a) Resolve a 2-D vector into components
b) Add 2-D vectors using Cartesian vector notations.
READING QUIZ
1. Which one of the following is a scalar quantity?
A) Force
B) Position C) Mass D) Velocity
Addition rule:
Special Notation:
mass, volume
Vectors
force, velocity
It has a magnitude
It has a magnitude
( iti or negative)
(positive
ti )
and
d direction
di ti
Simple arithmetic
None
Parallelogram law
VECTOR OPERATIONS
Scalar Multiplication
and Division
Triangle method
(always tip to tail):
How d
H
do you subtract
b
a vector?
?H
How can you add
dd
more than two concurrent vectors graphically ?
RESOLUTION OF A VECTOR
For example,
F = Fx i + Fy j
or F
F' = F
F'x i + F'
Fy j
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
FR
CONCEPT QUIZ
1. Can you resolve a 2-D vector along two
directions,
d
ect o s, which
c are
a e not
ot at 90
90 to each
eac
other?
A) Yes, but not uniquely.
B) No.
No
C) Yes, uniquely.
2. Can you resolve a 2-D vector along three
directions ((say
y at 0, 60, and 120)?
)
A) Yes, but not uniquely.
B) No.
C) Y
Yes, uniquely.
i
l
FR
QUIZ
1. Resolve F along x and y axes and write it in vector
form. F = { ___________ } N
y
A) 80 cos (30) i - 80 sin (30) j
x
B) 80 sin (30
(30)) i + 80 cos (30
(30)) j
C) 80 sin (30) i - 80 cos (30) j
30
F = 80 N
B) 40 N
D) 60 N
E) 70 N
C) 50 N
3D
VECTORS
Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to :
a) Represent a 3-D vector in a Cartesian coordinate
system.
b) Find the magnitude and coordinate angles of a 3-D
vector
t
c) Add vectors (forces) in 3-D space
READING QUIZ
1. Vector algebra, as we are going to use it, is based
on a ___________ coordinate system.
A)) Euclidean
B)) left-handed
C) Greek
D) right-handed
E) Egyptian
C) Greek societies
D) x,
x y and z components
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Given the forces in the cables, how will you determine
the
h resultant
l
force
f
acting
i
at D
D, the
h top off the
h tower?
?
A UNIT VECTOR
For a vector A with a magnitude
of A,, an unit vector is defined as
UA = A / A .
Characteristics
Ch
i i off a unit
i vector:
a) Its magnitude is 1.
b) It is dimensionless.
c) It points in the same direction as the
original
i i l vector
t (A).
)
The unit vectors in the Cartesian
axis system are i, j, and k. They
are unit vectors along the positive
x, y, and z axes respectively.
TERMS
The direction or orientation of vector A is defined by
the angles , , and .
These angles are measured between the vector and
the positive X, Y and Z axes, respectively. Their
range of values are from 0 to 180
Using trigonometry, direction cosines are found using the formulas
These angles are not independent. They must satisfy the following equation.
cos + cos + cos = 1
This result can be derived from the definition of a coordinate direction
angles and the unit vector.
vector Recall,
Recall the formula for finding the unit
vector of any position vector:
ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
Once individual vectors are written in Cartesian form, it is
easy to add or subtract them
them. The process is essentially the
same as when 2-D vectors are added.
F example,
For
l if
A = AX i + AY j + AZ k
and
B = BX i + BY j + BZ k ,
then
IMPORTANT NOTES
Sometimes 3-D vector information is given as:
a) Magnitude and the coordinate direction angles, or
b) Magnitude and projection angles.
You should be able to use both these types of
information to change the representation of the
vector into the Cartesian form, i.e.,
F = {10 i 20 j + 30 k} N .
EXAMPLE
Solution :
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
1. If you know just UA, you can determine the ________
of A uniquely.
uniquely
A) magnitude
B) angles (, and )
Plan:
1)Using the geometry and trigonometry,
write F1 and F2 in the Cartesian vector form.
2) Add F1 and F2 to get FR .
3) Determine the magnitude and , , .
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. What is not true about an unit vector, UA ?
A) It is dimensionless.
B) Its magnitude is one.
C) It always points in the direction of positive X- axis.
axis
D) It always points in the direction of vector A.
2. If F = {10 i + 10 j + 10 k} N and