Beta & Gamma functions

Nirav B. Vyas
Department of Mathematics
Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science
Yogidham, Kalavad road
Rajkot - 360005 . Gujarat

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Introduction

The Gamma function and Beta functions belong to the

category of the special transcendental functions and are
defined in terms of improper definite integrals.

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Introduction

The Gamma function and Beta functions belong to the

category of the special transcendental functions and are
defined in terms of improper definite integrals.
These functions are very useful in many areas like asymptotic
series, Riemann-zeta function, number theory, etc. and also
have many applications in engineering and physics.

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Introduction

The Gamma function and Beta functions belong to the

category of the special transcendental functions and are
defined in terms of improper definite integrals.
These functions are very useful in many areas like asymptotic
series, Riemann-zeta function, number theory, etc. and also
have many applications in engineering and physics.
The Gamma function was first introduced by Swiss
mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783).

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Gamma function

Definition:
Let n be any positive number. Then the definite integral
Z

ex xn1 dx is called gamma function of n which is

denoted by n and it is defined as

Z
(n) =
ex xn1 dx, n > 0
0

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Properties of Gamma function

(1) (n + 1) = nn

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Properties of Gamma function

(1) (n + 1) = nn
(2) (n + 1) = n!, where n is a positive integer

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Properties of Gamma function

(1) (n + 1) = nn
(2) (n + 1) = n!, where n is a positive integer
Z
2
(3) (n) = 2
ex x2n1 dx
0

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Properties of Gamma function

(1) (n + 1) = nn
(2) (n + 1) = n!, where n is a positive integer
Z
2
(3) (n) = 2
ex x2n1 dx
Z 0
n
(4) n =
etx xn1 dx
t
0

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Properties of Gamma function

(1) (n + 1) = nn
(2) (n + 1) = n!, where n is a positive integer
Z
2
(3) (n) = 2
ex x2n1 dx
Z 0
n
(4) n =
etx xn1 dx
t
 0

1
(5)
=
2

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Exercise

(1)

ek

2 x2

dx

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Exercise

(1)
Z

(2)

ek

2 x2

dx

ex dx

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Exercise

(1)
Z

ek

2 x2

dx

ex dx
0


Z 1
1 n
m
(3)
x
log
dx
x
0
(2)

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Exercise

(1)
Z

ek

2 x2

dx

ex dx
0


Z 1
1 n
m
(3)
x
log
dx
x
0
(2)

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Beta Function

Definition:
The Beta function denoted by (m, n) or B(m, n) is defined as
Z 1
B(m, n) =
xm1 (1 x)n1 dx, (m > 0, n > 0)
0

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Beta & Gamma functions

Properties of Beta Function

(1) B(m, n) = B(n, m)

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Beta & Gamma functions

Properties of Beta Function

(1) B(m, n) = B(n, m)

Z
2
sin2m1 cos2n1 d
(2) B(m, n) = 2
0

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Beta & Gamma functions

Properties of Beta Function

(1) B(m, n) = B(n, m)

Z
2
sin2m1 cos2n1 d
(2) B(m, n) = 2
0
Z
xm1
(3) B(m, n) =
dx
(1 + x)m+n
0

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Beta & Gamma functions

Properties of Beta Function

(1) B(m, n) = B(n, m)

Z
2
sin2m1 cos2n1 d
(2) B(m, n) = 2
0
Z
xm1
(3) B(m, n) =
dx
(1 + x)m+n
0
Z 1 m1
x
+ xn1
(4) B(m, n) =
dx
(1 + x)m+n
0

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Beta & Gamma functions

Exercise

Z
Ex. Prove that
0

1
sin cos d =
2
p

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p+1 q+1
,
2
2

Beta & Gamma functions

Exercise

Z
Ex. Prove that
0

(m, n)
xm1
dx = n m
m+n
(a + bx)
a b

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Beta & Gamma functions

Relation between Beta and Gamma functions

(m, n) =

(m)(n)
(m + n)

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Beta & Gamma functions

Exercise

Z
Ex. Prove that
0

p+1
q+1
1 ( 2 )( 2 )
sin cos d =
2 ( p+q+2
2 )
p

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions

Exercise

p+1
q+1
1 ( 2 )( 2 )
sin cos d =
Ex. Prove that
2 ( p+q+2
0
2 )
Ex. Prove that: B(m, n) = B(m, n + 1) + B(m + 1, n)

N. B. Vyas

Beta & Gamma functions