Dr. Nirav Vyas Legendres Function PDF

Legendres Polynomials
Examples of Legendres Polynomials

Generating Function for Pn (x)
Rodrigues Formula
Recurrence Relations for Pn (x)
Legendres Function
N. B. Vyas
Department of Mathematics
Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science
Department of Mathematics
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
The differential equation
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula

2 00
0
(1 x )y 2xy + n(n + 1)y = 0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula

2 00
0
(1 x )y 2xy + n(n + 1)y = 0

is called Legendres differential equation,
n is real constant
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Legendres Polynomials:
P0 (x) = 1
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
P0 (x) = 1
P1 (x) = x
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
P0 (x) = 1
P1 (x) = x
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
P0 (x) = 1
P1 (x) = x
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
1
P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
P0 (x) = 1
P1 (x) = x
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
1
P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2
1
P4 (x) = (35x3 30x2 + 3)
8
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
P0 (x) = 1
P1 (x) = x
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
1
P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2
1
P4 (x) = (35x3 30x2 + 3)
8
1
P5 (x) = (63x5 70x3 + 15x)
8
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Ex.1 Express f (x) in terms of

Legendres polynomials where
f (x) = x3 + 2x2 x 3.
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
P0 (x) = 1
1 = P0 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
P0 (x) = 1
1 = P0 (x)
P1 (x) = x
x = P1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
P0 (x) = 1
1 = P0 (x)
P1 (x) = x
x = P1 (x)
1
P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
P0 (x) = 1
1 = P0 (x)
P1 (x) = x
x = P1 (x)
1
P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2
2P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
P0 (x) = 1
1 = P0 (x)
P1 (x) = x
x = P1 (x)
1
P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2
2P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2P3 (x) + 3x = 5x3
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
P0 (x) = 1
1 = P0 (x)
P1 (x) = x
x = P1 (x)
1
P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2
2P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2P3 (x) + 3x = 5x3
2P3 (x) + 3P1 (x) = 5x3
{ x = P1 (x)}
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
P0 (x) = 1
1 = P0 (x)
P1 (x) = x
x = P1 (x)
1
P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2
2P3 (x) = (5x3 3x)
2P3 (x) + 3x = 5x3
2P3 (x) + 3P1 (x) = 5x3
2
3
x3 = P3 (x) + P1 (x)
5
5
{ x = P1 (x)}
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
2P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
2P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2P2 (x) + 1 = 3x2
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
2P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2P2 (x) + 1 = 3x2
2P2 (x) + P0 (x) = 3x2
{ 1 = P0 (x)}
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
2P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2P2 (x) + 1 = 3x2
2P2 (x) + P0 (x) = 3x2 { 1 = P0 (x)}
1
2
x2 = P2 (x) + P0 (x)
3
3
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
2P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2P2 (x) + 1 = 3x2
2P2 (x) + P0 (x) = 3x2 { 1 = P0 (x)}
1
2
x2 = P2 (x) + P0 (x)
3
3
Now, f (x) = x3 + 2x2 x 3
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
1
P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2
2P2 (x) = (3x2 1)
2P2 (x) + 1 = 3x2
2P2 (x) + P0 (x) = 3x2 { 1 = P0 (x)}
1
2
x2 = P2 (x) + P0 (x)
3
3
Now, f (x) = x3 + 2x2 x 3
f (x) = x3 + 2x2 x 3
2
3
4
2
= P3 (x) + P1 (x) + P2 (x) + P0 (x) P1 (x) 3P0 (x)
5
5
3
3
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Ex.2 Express x3 5x2 + 6x + 1 in

terms of Legendres polynomial.
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Ex.3 Express 4x3 2x2 3x + 8 in

terms of Legendres polynomial.
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Generating Function for Pn(x)
X
n=0
1
1 2xt + t2
1
= (1 2xt + t2) 2
Pn(x)tn =
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
The function (1 2xt + t2) 2 is

called Generating function of
Legendres polynomial Pn(x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Ex Show that
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Ex Show that
(i)Pn(1) = 1
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Ex Show that
(i)Pn(1) = 1
(ii)Pn(1) = (1)n
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Ex Show that
(i)Pn(1) = 1
(ii)Pn(1) = (1)n
(iii)Pn(x) = (1)nPn(x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
(i) We have
Pn (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2
n=0
Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
(i) We have
Pn (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2
n=0
X
1
Pn (1)tn = (1 2t + t2 ) 2 = (1 t)1
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
(i) We have
Pn (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2
n=0
X
1
Pn (1)tn = (1 2t + t2 ) 2 = (1 t)1
n=0
X
n=0
Pn (1)tn =
1
= 1 + t + t2 + t3 + ...
1t
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
(i) We have
Pn (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2
n=0
X
1
Pn (1)tn = (1 2t + t2 ) 2 = (1 t)1
n=0
X
n=0
X
n=0
Pn (1)tn =
n
Pn (1)t =
1
= 1 + t + t2 + t3 + ...
1t
tn
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
(i) We have
Pn (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2
n=0
X
1
Pn (1)tn = (1 2t + t2 ) 2 = (1 t)1
n=0
X
n=0
X
n=0
Pn (1)tn =
n
Pn (1)t =
1
= 1 + t + t2 + t3 + ...
1t
tn
n=0
Comparing the coefficient of tn both the sides, we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Solution:
(i) We have
Pn (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2
n=0
X
1
Pn (1)tn = (1 2t + t2 ) 2 = (1 t)1
n=0
X
n=0
Pn (1)tn =
n
Pn (1)t =
n=0
1
= 1 + t + t2 + t3 + ...
1t
tn
n=0
Comparing the coefficient of tn both the sides, we get

Pn (1) = 1
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(ii) Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (1)tn = (1 + 2t + t2 ) 2 = (1 + t)1
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (1)tn = (1 + 2t + t2 ) 2 = (1 + t)1
n=0
X
n=0
Pn (1)tn =
1
= 1 t + t2 t3 + ...
1+t
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (1)tn = (1 + 2t + t2 ) 2 = (1 + t)1
n=0
X
n=0
X
n=0
Pn (1)tn =
Pn (1)tn =
1
= 1 t + t2 t3 + ...
1+t
(1)n tn
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (1)tn = (1 + 2t + t2 ) 2 = (1 + t)1
n=0
X
n=0
X
n=0
Pn (1)tn =
Pn (1)tn =
1
= 1 t + t2 t3 + ...
1+t
(1)n tn
n=0
Comparing coefficients of tn , we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (1)tn = (1 + 2t + t2 ) 2 = (1 + t)1
n=0
X
n=0
Pn (1)tn =
Pn (1)tn =
n=0
1
= 1 t + t2 t3 + ...
1+t
(1)n tn
n=0
Comparing coefficients of tn , we get

Pn (1) = (1)n
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(iii) Now replacing x by x in eq(1), we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (x)tn = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (a)
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (x)tn = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (a)
n=0
Now, replacing t by t in eq(1), we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (x)tn = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (a)
n=0
X
1
Pn (x)(t)n = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (b)
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (x)tn = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (a)
n=0
X
1
Pn (x)(t)n = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (b)
n=0
from equation (a) and (b)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (x)tn = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (a)
n=0
X
1
Pn (x)(t)n = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (b)
n=0
X
X
n
Pn (x)(t) =
Pn (x)(1)n (t)n
n=0
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (x)tn = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (a)
n=0
X
1
Pn (x)(t)n = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (b)
n=0
X
X
n
Pn (x)(t) =
Pn (x)(1)n (t)n
n=0
n=0
Comparing the coefficients of tn , both sides, we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
1
Pn (x)tn = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (a)
n=0
X
1
Pn (x)(t)n = (1 + 2xt + t2 ) 2 (b)
n=0
X
X
n
Pn (x)(t) =
Pn (x)(1)n (t)n
n=0
n=0
Comparing the coefficients of tn , both sides, we get

Pn (x) = (1)n Pn (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Rodrigues Formula
1 dn
2
n
Pn(x) = n
[(x
1)
]
2 n! dxn
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Proof:
Let y = (x2 1)n
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Proof:
Let y = (x2 1)n
Differentiating wit respect to x
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Proof:
Let y = (x2 1)n
y1 = n(x2 1)n1 (2x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Proof:
Let y = (x2 1)n
y1 = n(x2 1)n1 (2x)
2nxy
2nx(x2 1)n
= 2
y1 =
(x2 1)
x 1
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Proof:
Let y = (x2 1)n
y1 = n(x2 1)n1 (2x)
2nxy
2nx(x2 1)n
= 2
y1 =
(x2 1)
x 1
(x2 1)y1 = 2nxy
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Proof:
Let y = (x2 1)n
y1 = n(x2 1)n1 (2x)
2nxy
2nx(x2 1)n
= 2
y1 =
(x2 1)
x 1
(x2 1)y1 = 2nxy
Differentiating with respect to x,
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Proof:
Let y = (x2 1)n
y1 = n(x2 1)n1 (2x)
2nxy
2nx(x2 1)n
= 2
y1 =
(x2 1)
x 1
(x2 1)y1 = 2nxy
Differentiating with respect to x,
(x2 1)y2 +2xy1 = 2nxy1 + 2ny
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
dn
(U V ) = nC0 U Vn + nC1 U1 Vn1 + ... + nCn Un V
dxn
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula

dn
dxn
dn
((x2 1)y2 ) = nC0 (x2 1)yn+2 +nC1 (2x)yn+1 +nC2 (2)yn

dxn

N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula

dn
dxn
dn

dxn
dn
(2xy1 ) = nC0 (2x)yn+1 + nC1 (2)yn

dxn

N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula

dn
dxn
dn

dxn
dn
(2xy1 ) = nC0 (2x)yn+1 + nC1 (2)yn

dxn
dn
(2nxy1 ) = nC0 (2nx)yn+1 + nC1 (2n)yn

dxn

N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula

dn
dxn
dn
dxn
dn
(2xy1 ) = nC0 (2x)yn+1 + nC1 (2)yn
dxn
dn
(2nxy1 ) = nC0 (2nx)yn+1 + nC1 (2n)yn
dxn
n
d
(2ny) = 2nyn
dxn
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula

dn
dxn
dn
dxn
dn
(2xy1 ) = nC0 (2x)yn+1 + nC1 (2)yn
dxn
dn
(2nxy1 ) = nC0 (2nx)yn+1 + nC1 (2n)yn
dxn
n
d
(2ny) = 2nyn
dxn
n(n 1)
Also nC0 = 1, nC1 = n, nC2 =
2!

N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

+2xyn+1 + 2nyn = 2nxyn+1 + n(2n)yn + 2nyn
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 + (n2 n + 2n 2n2 2n)yn = 0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 + (n2 n + 2n 2n2 2n)yn = 0
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 n(n + 1)yn = 0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 + (n2 n + 2n 2n2 2n)yn = 0
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 n(n + 1)yn = 0
(1 x2 )yn+2 2xyn+1 + n(n + 1)yn = 0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 + (n2 n + 2n 2n2 2n)yn = 0
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 n(n + 1)yn = 0
(1 x2 )yn+2 2xyn+1 + n(n + 1)yn = 0
dn y
Let v = yn = n
dx
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 + (n2 n + 2n 2n2 2n)yn = 0
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 n(n + 1)yn = 0
(1 x2 )yn+2 2xyn+1 + n(n + 1)yn = 0
dn y
Let v = yn = n
dx
(1 x2 )v2 2xv1 + n(n + 1)v = 0 (2)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 + (n2 n + 2n 2n2 2n)yn = 0
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 n(n + 1)yn = 0
(1 x2 )yn+2 2xyn+1 + n(n + 1)yn = 0
dn y
Let v = yn = n
dx
(1 x2 )v2 2xv1 + n(n + 1)v = 0 (2)
Equation (2) is a Legendres equation in variables v and x
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 + (n2 n + 2n 2n2 2n)yn = 0
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 n(n + 1)yn = 0
(1 x2 )yn+2 2xyn+1 + n(n + 1)yn = 0
dn y
Let v = yn = n
dx
(1 x2 )v2 2xv1 + n(n + 1)v = 0 (2)
Pn (x) is a solution of equation (2)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 + (n2 n + 2n 2n2 2n)yn = 0
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 n(n + 1)yn = 0
(1 x2 )yn+2 2xyn+1 + n(n + 1)yn = 0
dn y
Let v = yn = n
dx
(1 x2 )v2 2xv1 + n(n + 1)v = 0 (2)
Also, v = f (x) is a solution of equation (2)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 + (n2 n + 2n 2n2 2n)yn = 0
(x2 1)yn+2 + 2xyn+1 n(n + 1)yn = 0
(1 x2 )yn+2 2xyn+1 + n(n + 1)yn = 0
dn y
Let v = yn = n
dx
(1 x2 )v2 2xv1 + n(n + 1)v = 0 (2)
Also, v = f (x) is a solution of equation (2)
Pn = cv where c is constant
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Pn (x) = c
dn y
dn 2
=
c
(x 1)n (3)
dxn
dxn
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
dn y
dn 2
=
c
(x 1)n (3)
dxn
dxn
Now y = (x2 1)n
Pn (x) = c
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
dn y
dn 2
=
c
(x 1)n (3)
dxn
dxn
Now y = (x2 1)n
Pn (x) = c
= (x + 1)n (x 1)n
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
dn y
dn 2
=
c
(x 1)n (3)
dxn
dxn
Now y = (x2 1)n
Pn (x) = c
= (x + 1)n (x 1)n
n
dn y
n d ((x 1)n )
=
(x
+
1)
dxn
dxn
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
dn y
dn 2
=
c
(x 1)n (3)
dxn
dxn
Now y = (x2 1)n
Pn (x) = c
= (x + 1)n (x 1)n
n
dn y
n d ((x 1)n )
=
(x
+
1)
dxn
dxn
dn1
+n(x + 1)n1 n1 ((x 1)n )
dx
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
dn y
dn 2
=
c
(x 1)n (3)
dxn
dxn
Now y = (x2 1)n
Pn (x) = c
= (x + 1)n (x 1)n
n
dn y
n d ((x 1)n )
=
(x
+
1)
dxn
dxn
dn1
+n(x + 1)n1 n1 ((x 1)n )
dx
+...
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
dn y
dn 2
=
c
(x 1)n (3)
dxn
dxn
Now y = (x2 1)n
Pn (x) = c
= (x + 1)n (x 1)n
n
dn y
n d ((x 1)n )
=
(x
+
1)
dxn
dxn
dn1
+n(x + 1)n1 n1 ((x 1)n )
dx
+...
dn ((x + 1)n )
+
(x 1)n
dxn
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
Recurrence Relations for Pn(x) :
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(1) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(1) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)

Proof: We have
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(1) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)

Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(1) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)

Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0
Differentiating equation (i) partially with respect to t, we

get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(1) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)

Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0

get
X
3
1
nPn (x)tn1 = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2x + 2t)
2
n=1
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(1) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)

Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0

get
X
3
1
nPn (x)tn1 = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2x + 2t)
2
n=1
= (1 2xt + t2 )1 (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (x t)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(1) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)

Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0

get
X
3
1
nPn (x)tn1 = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2x + 2t)
2
n=1
= (1 2xt + t2 )1 (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (x t)
1
(1 2xt + t2 ) 2
=
(x t)
(1 2xt + t2 )
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(1) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)

Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0

get
X
3
1
nPn (x)tn1 = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2x + 2t)
2
n=1
= (1 2xt + t2 )1 (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (x t)
1
(1 2xt + t2 ) 2
=
(x t)
(1 2xt + t2 )
from (i)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(1) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)

Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0

get
X
3
1
nPn (x)tn1 = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2x + 2t)
2
n=1
= (1 2xt + t2 )1 (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (x t)
1
(1 2xt + t2 ) 2
=
(x t)
(1 2xt + t2 )
from (i)
(1 2xt +
t2 )
nPn (x)t
n1
n=1
N. B. Vyas
= (x t)
Pn (x)tn
n=0
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
nPn (x)tn1 2x
n=1
n=0
Pn (x)tn
nPn (x)tn +
n=1
nPn (x)tn+1 =
n=1
Pn (x)tn+1
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
nPn (x)tn1 2x
n=1
n=0
Pn (x)tn
nPn (x)tn +
n=1
nPn (x)tn+1 =
n=1
Pn (x)tn+1
n=0
replacing n by n+1 in 1st term, n by n-1 in 3rd term in

L.H.S.
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
nPn (x)tn1 2x
n=1
n=0
Pn (x)tn
nPn (x)tn +
n=1
nPn (x)tn+1 =
n=1
Pn (x)tn+1
n=0

L.H.S.
replacing n by n-1 in 2nd term in R.H.S
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
nPn (x)tn1 2x
n=1
n=0
Pn (x)tn
nPn (x)tn +
n=1
nPn (x)tn+1 =
n=1
Pn (x)tn+1
n=0

L.H.S.
X
X
X
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x)tn 2x
nPn (x)tn +
(n
n=0
1)Pn1 (x)tn = x
n=1
Pn (x)tn
n=0
N. B. Vyas
n=2
Pn1 (x)tn
n=1
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
nPn (x)tn1 2x
n=1
n=0
Pn (x)tn
nPn (x)tn +
n=1
nPn (x)tn+1 =
n=1
Pn (x)tn+1
n=0

L.H.S.
X
X
X
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x)tn 2x
nPn (x)tn +
(n
n=0
1)Pn1 (x)tn = x
n=1
Pn (x)tn
n=0
n=2
Pn1 (x)tn
n=1
comparing the coefficients of tn on both the sides

N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) 2xnPn (x) + (n 1)Pn1 (x) =

xPn (x) Pn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) 2xnPn (x) + (n 1)Pn1 (x) =

xPn (x) Pn1 (x)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) (n 1 + 1)Pn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) 2xnPn (x) + (n 1)Pn1 (x) =

xPn (x) Pn1 (x)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) (n 1 + 1)Pn1 (x)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
(x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
(x)
Proof: We have
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
(x)
Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
(x)
Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0
Differentiating equation (i) partially with respect to x, we

get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
(x)
Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0

get
X
3
1
Pn0 (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2t)
2
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
(x)
Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0

get
X
3
1
Pn0 (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2t)
2
n=0
1
X
t(1 2xt + t2 ) 2
0
n
Pn (x)t =
-(ii)
(1 2xt + t2 )
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
(x)
Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0

get
X
3
1
Pn0 (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2t)
2
n=0
1
X
t(1 2xt + t2 ) 2
0
n
Pn (x)t =
-(ii)
(1 2xt + t2 )
n=0
get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
(x)
Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0

get
X
3
1
Pn0 (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2t)
2
n=0
1
X
t(1 2xt + t2 ) 2
0
n
Pn (x)t =
-(ii)
(1 2xt + t2 )
n=0
get
X
3
1
nPn (x)tn1 = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2x + 2t)
2
n=1
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
(x)
Proof: We have
1
n
2
Pn (x)t = (1 2xt + t ) 2 (i)
n=0

get
X
3
1
Pn0 (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2t)
2
n=0
1
X
t(1 2xt + t2 ) 2
0
n
Pn (x)t =
-(ii)
(1 2xt + t2 )
n=0
get
X
3
1
nPn (x)tn1 = (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 (2x + 2t)
2
n=1
1
X
(x t)(1 2xt + t2 ) 2
n1
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
X
n=1
n1
nPn (x)t
(x t) X 0
Pn (x)tn {by eq. (ii)
=
t
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
n1
nPn (x)t
n=1
(x t) X 0
=
t
n=0
nPn (x)tn1 = (x t)
n=1
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
n1
nPn (x)t
n=1
(x t) X 0
=
t
n=0
nPn (x)tn1 = (x t)
n=1
X
n=1
nPn (x)tn = x
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
N. B. Vyas
Pn0 (x)tn+1
n=0
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
n1
nPn (x)t
n=1
(x t) X 0
=
t
n=0
nPn (x)tn1 = (x t)
n=1
X
n=1
nPn (x)tn = x
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
Replacing n by n-1 in
Pn0 (x)tn+1
n=0
2nd
N. B. Vyas
term in R.H.S.
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
n1
nPn (x)t
n=1
(x t) X 0
=
t
n=0
nPn (x)tn1 = (x t)
n=1
X
n=1
nPn (x)tn = x
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
Pn0 (x)tn+1
n=0
2nd
term in R.H.S.
X
X
X
n
0
n
0
nPn (x)t = x
Pn (x)t
(x)tn
Pn1
n=1
n=0
N. B. Vyas
n=1
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
n1
nPn (x)t
n=1
(x t) X 0
=
t
n=0
nPn (x)tn1 = (x t)
n=1
X
n=1
nPn (x)tn = x
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
Pn0 (x)tn+1
n=0
2nd
term in R.H.S.
X
X
X
n
0
n
0
nPn (x)t = x
Pn (x)t
(x)tn
Pn1
n=1
n=0
n=1
comparing the coefficients of tn on both sides, we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
n1
nPn (x)t
n=1
(x t) X 0
=
t
n=0
nPn (x)tn1 = (x t)
n=1
X
n=1
nPn (x)tn = x
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
Pn0 (x)tn
n=0
Pn0 (x)tn+1
n=0
2nd
term in R.H.S.
X
X
X
n
0
n
0
nPn (x)t = x
Pn (x)t
(x)tn
Pn1
n=1
n=0
n=1
comparing the coefficients of tn on both sides, we get

0
(x)
nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
0
(3) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)n
Proof: We have ( from relation (1) )
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
0
(3) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)n
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
0
(3) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)n
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
(2n + 1)xPn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x) (a)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
0
(3) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)n
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
(2n + 1)xPn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x) (a)
differentiating equation (a) partially with respect to x, We
get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
0
(3) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)n
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
(2n + 1)xPn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x) (a)
get
0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)xPn0 (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1
(x) + nPn1
(x)
(b)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
0
(3) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)n
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
(2n + 1)xPn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x) (a)
get
0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)xPn0 (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1
(x) + nPn1
(x)
(b)
Also from relation (2)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
0
(3) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)n
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
(2n + 1)xPn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x) (a)
get
0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)xPn0 (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1
(x) + nPn1
(x)
(b)
0
(x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
0
(3) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)n
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
(2n + 1)xPn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x) (a)
get
0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)xPn0 (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1
(x) + nPn1
(x)
(b)
0
(x)
0
0
xPn (x) = nPn (x) + Pn1 (x) (c)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
0
(3) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)n
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
(2n + 1)xPn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x) (a)
get
0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)xPn0 (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1
(x) + nPn1
(x)
(b)
0
(x)
0
0
xPn (x) = nPn (x) + Pn1 (x) (c)
Substituting the value of (c) in equation (b), we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
0
(3) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)n
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
(2n + 1)xPn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x) (a)
get
0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)xPn0 (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1
(x) + nPn1
(x)
(b)
0
(x)
0
0
xPn (x) = nPn (x) + Pn1 (x) (c)
Substituting the value of (c) in equation (b), we get
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)[nPn (x) + Pn1
(x)] =
0
0
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2n + 1)(n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)Pn1
(x) =
0
0
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2n + 1)(n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)Pn1
(x) =
0
0
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x)
0
0
(2n + 1)(n + 1)Pn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1
(x) (n + 1)Pn1
(x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2n + 1)(n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)Pn1
(x) =
0
0
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x)
0
0
(2n + 1)(n + 1)Pn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1
(x) (n + 1)Pn1
(x)
dividing by (n + 1), we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
0
(2n + 1)(n + 1)Pn (x) + (2n + 1)Pn1
(x) =
0
0
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) + nPn1 (x)
0
0
(2n + 1)(n + 1)Pn (x) = (n + 1)Pn+1
(x) (n + 1)Pn1
(x)
dividing by (n + 1), we get

0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(4) Pn0 (x) = xPn1 (x) + nPn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(4) Pn0 (x) = xPn1 (x) + nPn1 (x)

Proof: We have (from relation (3) ),
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(4) Pn0 (x) = xPn1 (x) + nPn1 (x)

0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x) (a)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(4) Pn0 (x) = xPn1 (x) + nPn1 (x)

0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x) (a)
Also we have (from relation (2) ),
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(4) Pn0 (x) = xPn1 (x) + nPn1 (x)

0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x) (a)

0
(x) (b)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(4) Pn0 (x) = xPn1 (x) + nPn1 (x)

0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x) (a)

0
(x) (b)
Taking (a) - (b), we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(4) Pn0 (x) = xPn1 (x) + nPn1 (x)

0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x) (a)

0
(x) (b)

0
(n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) xPn0 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(4) Pn0 (x) = xPn1 (x) + nPn1 (x)

0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x) (a)

0
(x) (b)

0
(n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) xPn0 (x)
replacing n by n 1, we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(4) Pn0 (x) = xPn1 (x) + nPn1 (x)

0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x) (a)

0
(x) (b)

0
(n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) xPn0 (x)
0
nPn1 (x) = Pn0 (x) xPn1
(x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(4) Pn0 (x) = xPn1 (x) + nPn1 (x)

0
0
(2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x) (a)

0
(x) (b)

0
(n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) xPn0 (x)
0
nPn1 (x) = Pn0 (x) xPn1
(x)
0
Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x) + nPn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(5) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(5) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]

Proof: We have (from relation (4) )
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(5) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]

0
Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x) + nPn1 (x) - (a)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(5) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]

0
Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x) + nPn1 (x) - (a)
also we have (from relation (2) )
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(5) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]

0
Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x) + nPn1 (x) - (a)

0
(x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(5) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]

0
Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x) + nPn1 (x) - (a)

0
(x)
0
xPn0 (x) = nPn (x) + Pn1
(x) (b)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(5) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]

0
Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x) + nPn1 (x) - (a)

0
(x)
0
(x) (b)
taking (a) - x X (b), we get
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(5) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]

0
Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x) + nPn1 (x) - (a)

0
(x)
0
(x) (b)

0
0
(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x) + nPn1 (x) nxPn (x) xPn1
(x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(5) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]

0
Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x) + nPn1 (x) - (a)

0
(x)
0
(x) (b)

0
0
(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x)
(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(5) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]

0
Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x) + nPn1 (x) - (a)

0
(x)
0
(x) (b)

0
0
(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = xPn1
(x)
(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)]
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]

N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]

(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)] (a)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]

(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)] (a)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]

(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)] (a)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]

(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)] (a)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (n + 1)xPn (x) + nxPn (x) nPn1 (x)
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]

(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)] (a)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (n + 1)xPn (x) + n[xPn (x) Pn1 (x)]
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]

(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)] (a)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
n(Pn1 (x) xPn (x)) = (n + 1)(xPn (x) Pn+1 (x))
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]

(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)] (a)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
from equation (a),
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]

(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)] (a)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
from equation (a),
(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function
Rodrigues Formula
(6) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]

(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n[Pn1 (x) xPn (x)] (a)
(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
from equation (a),
(1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = (n + 1)[xPn (x) Pn+1 (x)]
N. B. Vyas
Legendres Function

Dr. Nirav Vyas Legendres Function PDF

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Legendres Polynomials

Examples of Legendres Polynomials

The differential equation

The differential equation

(1 x )y 2xy + n(n + 1)y = 0

The differential equation

(1 x )y 2xy + n(n + 1)y = 0

Ex.1 Express f (x) in terms of

Ex.2 Express x3 5x2 + 6x + 1 in

Ex.3 Express 4x3 2x2 3x + 8 in

Generating Function for Pn(x)

The function (1 2xt + t2) 2 is

Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

Comparing the coefficient of tn both the sides, we get

Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

Comparing the coefficient of tn both the sides, we get

(ii) Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

(ii) Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

(ii) Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

(ii) Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

(ii) Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

Comparing coefficients of tn , we get

(ii) Putting x = 1 in eq(1), we get

Comparing coefficients of tn , we get

(iii) Now replacing x by x in eq(1), we get

(iii) Now replacing x by x in eq(1), we get

(iii) Now replacing x by x in eq(1), we get

Now, replacing t by t in eq(1), we get

(iii) Now replacing x by x in eq(1), we get

Now, replacing t by t in eq(1), we get

(iii) Now replacing x by x in eq(1), we get

Now, replacing t by t in eq(1), we get

from equation (a) and (b)

(iii) Now replacing x by x in eq(1), we get

Now, replacing t by t in eq(1), we get

from equation (a) and (b)

(iii) Now replacing x by x in eq(1), we get

Now, replacing t by t in eq(1), we get

from equation (a) and (b)

Comparing the coefficients of tn , both sides, we get

(iii) Now replacing x by x in eq(1), we get

Now, replacing t by t in eq(1), we get

from equation (a) and (b)

Comparing the coefficients of tn , both sides, we get

((x2 1)y2 ) = nC0 (x2 1)yn+2 +nC1 (2x)yn+1 +nC2 (2)yn

((x2 1)y2 ) = nC0 (x2 1)yn+2 +nC1 (2x)yn+1 +nC2 (2)yn

(2xy1 ) = nC0 (2x)yn+1 + nC1 (2)yn

((x2 1)y2 ) = nC0 (x2 1)yn+2 +nC1 (2x)yn+1 +nC2 (2)yn

(2xy1 ) = nC0 (2x)yn+1 + nC1 (2)yn

(2nxy1 ) = nC0 (2nx)yn+1 + nC1 (2n)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn

(x2 1)yn+2 + 2nxyn+1 + n(n 1)yn