Dr. Nirav Vyas Numerical Method 2 PDF

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Department of Mathematics,
Atmiya Institute of Tech. and Science,
Rajkot (Guj.)
niravbvyas@gmail.com
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Forward difference
Suppose that a function y = f (x) is tabulated for the equally
spaced arguments x0 , x0 + h, x0 + 2h, ..., x0 + nh giving the
functional values y0 , y1 , y2 , ..., yn .
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Forward difference
The constant difference between two consecutive values of x is
called the interval of differences and is denoted by h.
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Forward difference
The operator defined by
y0 = y1 y0
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Forward difference
y0 = y1 y0
y1 = y2 y1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Forward difference
y0 = y1 y0
y1 = y2 y1
.......
.......
yn1 = yn yn1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Forward difference
y0 = y1 y0
y1 = y2 y1
.......
.......
yn1 = yn yn1
is called Forward difference operator.
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
The first forward difference is yn = yn+1 yn
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
The first forward difference is yn = yn+1 yn

The second forward difference are defined as the difference of
the first differences.
2 y0 = (y0 ) = (y1 y0 ) = y1 y0
= y2 y1 (y1 y0 ) = y2 2y1 + y0
2 y1 = y2 y1
2 yi = yi+1 yi
In general nth forward difference of f is defined by
n yi = n1 yi+1 n1 yi
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Forward Difference Table:
x y
x0 y0
2 y
3 y
4 y
5 y
y0
2 y0
x1 y1
3 y0
y1
2 y1
x2 y2
4 y0
3 y1
y2
2 y2
x3 y3
5 y0
4 y1
3 y2
y3
2 y3
x4 y4
y4
x5 y5
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
The operator satisfies the following properties:

1 [f (x) g(x)] = f (x) g(x)
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 [f (x) g(x)] = f (x) g(x)
2 [cf (x)] = cf (x)
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 [f (x) g(x)] = f (x) g(x)
2 [cf (x)] = cf (x)
3 m n f (x) = m+n f (x), m, n are positive integers
4 Since n yn is a constant, n+1 yn = 0 , n+2 yn = 0, . . .
i.e. (n + 1)th and higher differences are zero.
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Backward difference
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Backward difference
y1 = y1 y0
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Backward difference
y1 = y1 y0
y2 = y2 y1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Backward difference
y1 = y1 y0
y2 = y2 y1
.......
.......
yn = yn yn1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Backward difference
y1 = y1 y0
y2 = y2 y1
.......
.......
yn = yn yn1
is called Backward difference operator.
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
The first backward difference is yn = yn yn1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

The second backward difference are obtain by the difference
of the first differences.
2 y2
2 y3
2 yn
= (y2 ) = (y2 y1 ) = y2 y1
= y2 y1 (y1 y0 ) = y2 2y1 + y0
= y3 y2
= yn yn1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

The second backward difference are obtain by the difference
of the first differences.
2 y2
2 y3
2 yn
= (y2 ) = (y2 y1 ) = y2 y1
= y2 y1 (y1 y0 ) = y2 2y1 + y0
= y3 y2
= yn yn1
In general nth backward difference of f is defined by

n yi = n1 yi n1 yi1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Backward Difference Table:
x y
x0 y0
2 y
3 y
4 y
5 y
y1
2 y2
x1 y1
3 y3
y2
2 y3
x2 y2
4 y4
3 y4
y3
2 y4
x3 y3
5 y5
4 y5
3 y5
y4
2 y5
x4 y4
y5
x5 y5
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Central difference
y 1 = y1 y0
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Central difference
y 1 = y1 y0
2
y 3 = y2 y1
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Central difference
y 1 = y1 y0
2
y 3 = y2 y1
2
.......
.......
yn 1 = yn yn1
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Central difference
y 1 = y1 y0
2
y 3 = y2 y1
2
.......
.......
yn 1 = yn yn1
2
is called Central difference operator.

Similarly, higher order central differences are defined as
2 y1 = y 3 y 1
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Central difference
y 1 = y1 y0
2
y 3 = y2 y1
2
.......
.......
yn 1 = yn yn1
2

2 y1 = y 3 y 1
2
2
2 y2 = y 5 y 3
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Central difference
y 1 = y1 y0
2
y 3 = y2 y1
2
.......
.......
yn 1 = yn yn1
2

2 y1 = y 3 y 1
2
2
2 y2 = y 5 y 3
2
2
.......
3 y 3 = 2 y2 2 y1
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Central difference
y 1 = y1 y0
2
y 3 = y2 y1
2
.......
.......
yn 1 = yn yn1
2

2 y1 = y 3 y 1
2
2
2 y2 = y 5 y 3
2
2
.......
3 y 3 = 2 y2 2 y1
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Central Difference Table:
x y
x0 y0
2y
3y
4y
5y
y 1
2
x1 y1
2 y1
3y 3
y 3
2
x2 y2
3y
y 5
2
x3 y3
2 y3
x4 y4
5
2
4 y2
5y 5
4 y3
3y 7
y 7
2
2 y2
2 y4
y 9
2
x5 y5
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
NOTE:
From all three difference tables, we can see that only the
notations changes not the differences.
y1 y0 = y0 = y1 = y 1
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
NOTE:
y1 y0 = y0 = y1 = y 1
2
Alternative notations for the function y = f (x).
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
NOTE:
y1 y0 = y0 = y1 = y 1
2

For two consecutive values of x differing by h.
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
NOTE:
y1 y0 = y0 = y1 = y 1
2

yx = yx+h yx = f (x + h) f (x)
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
NOTE:
y1 y0 = y0 = y1 = y 1
2

yx = yx yxh = f (x) f (x h)
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
NOTE:
y1 y0 = y0 = y1 = y 1
2

yx = yx yxh = f (x) f (x h)
yx = yx+ h yx h = f (x + h2 ) f (x h2 )
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Evaluate the following. The interval of difference being h.

1 n ex
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 n ex
2 logf (x)
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 n ex
2 logf (x)
3 (tan1 x)
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 n ex
2 logf (x)
3 (tan1 x)
4 2 cos2x
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Other Difference Operator
1. Shift Operator E:
E does the operation of increasing the argument x by h so that
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
E 3 f (x) = f (x + 3h);
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
E 3 f (x) = f (x + 3h);
E n f (x) = f (x + nh);
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
E 3 f (x) = f (x + 3h);
E n f (x) = f (x + nh);
The inverse operator E 1 is defined as
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
E 3 f (x) = f (x + 3h);
E n f (x) = f (x + nh);
E 1 f (x) = f (x h);
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
E 3 f (x) = f (x + 3h);
E n f (x) = f (x + nh);
E 1 f (x) = f (x h);
E n f (x) = f (x nh);
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
E 3 f (x) = f (x + 3h);
E n f (x) = f (x + nh);
E 1 f (x) = f (x h);
E n f (x) = f (x nh);
If yx is the function f (x), then
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
E 3 f (x) = f (x + 3h);
E n f (x) = f (x + nh);
E 1 f (x) = f (x h);
E n f (x) = f (x nh);
Eyx = yx+h ;
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
E 3 f (x) = f (x + 3h);
E n f (x) = f (x + nh);
E 1 f (x) = f (x h);
E n f (x) = f (x nh);
Eyx = yx+h ;
E 1 yx = yxh ;
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
E 3 f (x) = f (x + 3h);
E n f (x) = f (x + nh);
E 1 f (x) = f (x h);
E n f (x) = f (x nh);
Eyx = yx+h ;
E 1 yx = yxh ;
E n yx = yx+nh ;
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Ef (x) = f (x + h);
E 2 f (x) = E(Ef (x)) = Ef (x + h) = f (x + 2h);
E 3 f (x) = f (x + 3h);
E n f (x) = f (x + nh);
E 1 f (x) = f (x h);
E n f (x) = f (x nh);
Eyx = yx+h ;
E 1 yx = yxh ;
E n yx = yx+nh ;
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
2. Averaging Operator :
It is defined as

1
h
h
f (x) =
f x+
+f x
;
2
2
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
It is defined as

1
h
h
f (x) =
f x+
+f x
;
2
2
2
i
1h
i.e. yx =
yx+ h + yx h ;
2
2
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
It is defined as

1
h
h
f (x) =
f x+
+f x
;
2
2
2
i
1h
i.e. yx =
yx+ h + yx h ;
2
2
2
3. Differential Operator D:
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
It is defined as

1
h
h
f (x) =
f x+
+f x
;
2
2
2
i
1h
i.e. yx =
yx+ h + yx h ;
2
2
2
It is defined as
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
It is defined as

1
h
h
f (x) =
f x+
+f x
;
2
2
2
i
1h
i.e. yx =
yx+ h + yx h ;
2
2
2
It is defined as
d
f (x) = f 0 (x);
Df (x) =
dx
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
Relation between the operators

1 =E1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 =E1
2 = 1 E 1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 =E1
2 = 1 E 1
1
3 = E 2 E 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 =E1
2 = 1 E 1
1
3 = E 2 E 2
1
1
1
4 = {E 2 + E 2 }
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 =E1
2 = 1 E 1
1
3 = E 2 E 2
1
1
1
4 = {E 2 + E 2 }
2
1
5 = E = E = E 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 =E1
2 = 1 E 1
1
3 = E 2 E 2
1
1
1
4 = {E 2 + E 2 }
2
1
5 = E = E = E 2
6 E = ehD
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 =E1
2 = 1 E 1
1
3 = E 2 E 2
1
1
1
4 = {E 2 + E 2 }
2
1
5 = E = E = E 2
6 E = ehD
7 (1 + )(1 ) = 1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 =E1
2 = 1 E 1
1
3 = E 2 E 2
1
1
1
4 = {E 2 + E 2 }
2
1
5 = E = E = E 2
6 E = ehD
7 (1 + )(1 ) = 1
8 = = 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
9 1+
2 2

1 2 2
= 1+
2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 2 2
9 1+
= 1+
2
1
10 2 = 1 + 2
4
2 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences

1 2 2
9 1+
= 1+
2
1
10 2 = 1 + 2
4
1
1
11 E 2 = +
2
2 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
9
10
11
12

1 2 2
1+
= 1+
2
1
2 = 1 + 2
4
1
1
E2 = +
2
1
1
E 2 =
2
2 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
9
10
11
12
13

1 2 2
1+
= 1+
2
1
2 = 1 + 2
4
1
1
E2 = +
2
1
1
E 2 =
2r
1 2
2
= + 1+
2
4
2 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
9
10
11
12
13
14

1 2 2
1+
= 1+
2
1
2 = 1 + 2
4
1
1
E2 = +
2
1
1
E 2 =
2r
1 2
2
= + 1+
2
4
1
1
= E 1 +
2
2
2 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Finite Differences
9
10
11
12
13
14

1 2 2
1+
= 1+
2
1
2 = 1 + 2
4
1
1
E2 = +
2
1
1
E 2 =
2r
1 2
2
= + 1+
2
4
1
1
= E 1 +
2
2
2 2
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Gregory - Newton Forward Interpolation Formula
To estimate the value of a function near the beginning a table,

the forward difference interpolation formula in used.
Dr. N. B. Vyas

Let yx = f (x) be a function which takes the values
yx0 , yx0 +h , yx0 +2h , . . . corresponding to the values
x0 , x0 + h, x0 + 2h, . . . of x.
Dr. N. B. Vyas

x0 , x0 + h, x0 + 2h, . . . of x.
Suppose we want to evaluate yx when x = x0 + ph, where p is
any real number.
Dr. N. B. Vyas

x0 , x0 + h, x0 + 2h, . . . of x.
Suppose we want to evaluate yx when x = x0 + ph, where p is
any real number.
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Let it be yp . For any real number n, we have defined operator E

such that E n f (x) = f (x + nh).
yx = yx0 +ph = f (x0 + ph) = E p yx0 = (1 + )p y0
Dr. N. B. Vyas


p(p 1) 2 p(p 1)(p 2) 3
+
+ ... y0
= 1 + p +
2!
3!

Dr. N. B. Vyas


p(p 1) 2 p(p 1)(p 2) 3
+
+ ... y0
= 1 + p +
2!
3!

p(p 1) 2
p(p 1)(p 2) 3
y0 +
y0 + ...
2!
3!
is called Newtons forward interpolation formula.
yx = y0 + py0 +
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Example
Ex. For the data construct the forward difference formula. Hence,
find f (0.5).
x
f(x)
-2
15
-1
5
Dr. N. B. Vyas
0
1
1
3
2
11
3
25
Example
Ex. The population of the town in decennial census was as given

below estimate the population for the year 1895.
Year:
Population(in thousand):
1891
46
Dr. N. B. Vyas
1901
66
1911
81
1921
93
1931
101
Example
Ex. Estimate the value of production for the year 1984 using
Newtons forward method for the following data:
Year:
Production:
1976
20
Dr. N. B. Vyas
1978
27
1980
38
1982
50
Gregory - Newton Backward Interpolation Formula
To estimate the value of a function near the end of a table, the

backward difference interpolation formula in used.
Dr. N. B. Vyas

x0 , x0 + h, x0 + 2h, . . . of x.
Dr. N. B. Vyas

x0 , x0 + h, x0 + 2h, . . . of x.
Suppose we want to evaluate yx when x = xn + ph, where p is
any real number.
Dr. N. B. Vyas

yx = yxn +ph = f (xn + ph) = E p yxn = (1 )p yn
Dr. N. B. Vyas


p(p + 1) 2 p(p + 1)(p + 2) 3
= 1 + p +
+
+ ... yn
2!
3!
Dr. N. B. Vyas


p(p + 1) 2 p(p + 1)(p + 2) 3
= 1 + p +
+
+ ... yn
2!
3!
p(p + 1) 2
p(p + 1)(p + 2) 3
yn +
yn + ...
2!
3!
is called Newtons backward interpolation formula
yx = yn + pyn +
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Example
Ex. Using Newtons backward difference interpolation, interpolate at

x = 1 from the following data.
x
f(x)
0.1
1.699
0.2
1.073
0.3
0.375
Dr. N. B. Vyas
0.4
0.443
0.5
1.429
0.6
2.631
Example
Ex. The table gives the distance in nautical miles of the visible
horizon for the given heights in feet above the earths surface.
Find the value of y when x=390 ft.
Height(x):
Distance(y):
100
10.63
150
13.03
200
15.04
Dr. N. B. Vyas
250
16.81
300
18.42
350
19.90
400
21.47
Stirlings Interpolation Formula
To estimate the value of a function near the middle a table, the

central difference interpolation formula in used.
Let yx = f (x) be a functional relation between x and y.
If x takes the values x0 2h, x0 h, x0 , x0 + h, x0 + 2h, . . . and
the corresponding values of y are y2 , y1 , y0 , y1 , y2 . . . then we
can form a central difference table as follows:
Dr. N. B. Vyas
1st
dif f erence
2nd
dif f erence
3rd
dif f erence
x0 2h y2
y2 (= y3/2 )
x0 h
2 y2 (= 2 y1 )
y1
3 y2 (= 3 y1/2 )
y1 (= y1/2 )
x0
2 y1 (= 2 y0 )
y0
x0 + h
y1
x0 + 2h
y2
3 y1 (= 3 y1/2 )
y0 (= y1/2 )
2 y0 (= 2 y1 )
y1 (= y3/2 )
Dr. N. B. Vyas
The Stirlings formula in forward difference notation is
Dr. N. B. Vyas

y0 + y1
p2
yp = y0 + p
+ 2 y1
2
2!
Dr. N. B. Vyas

y0 + y1
p2
yp = y0 + p
+ 2 y1
2
2!
3

2
2
3
p(p 1 ) y1 + y2
p2 (p2 12 ) 4
+
+
y2 + . . .
3!
2
4!
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Example
Ex.
Using Stirlings formula find y35
x:
y:
10
600
20
512
Dr. N. B. Vyas
30
439
40
346
50
243
Example
Ex. The function y is given in the table below:

Find y for x=0.0341
x:
y:
0.01
98.4342
0.02
48.4392
Dr. N. B. Vyas
0.03
31.7775
0.04
23.4492
0.05
18.4542
Central Difference
Gausss Forward interpolation formula:
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Central Difference
Pn (x) = y0 + py0 +
(p + 1)p(p 1) 3
p(p 1) 2
y1 +
y1 +
2!
3!
(p + 1)p(p 1)(p 2) 4
y2 + ...
4!
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Central Difference
Pn (x) = y0 + py0 +
(p + 1)p(p 1) 3
p(p 1) 2
y1 +
y1 +
2!
3!
(p + 1)p(p 1)(p 2) 4
y2 + ...
4!
Gausss Backward interpolation formula:
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Central Difference
Pn (x) = y0 + py0 +
(p + 1)p(p 1) 3
p(p 1) 2
y1 +
y1 +
2!
3!
(p + 1)p(p 1)(p 2) 4
y2 + ...
4!
Gausss Backward interpolation formula:
Pn (x) = y0 + py1 +
p(p + 1) 2
(p + 1)p(p 1) 3
y1 +
y2 +
2!
3!
(p + 2)(p + 1)p(p 1) 4
y2 + ...
4!
Dr. N. B. Vyas
Example
Ex. Estimate the value of y(2.5) using Gausss forward formula given
that:
x:
y:
1
1
Dr. N. B. Vyas
2
4
3
9
4
16
Example
Ex. Interpolate by means of Gausss backward formula the

population for the year 1936 given the following table:
Year :
Population(in 1000s):
1901
12
Dr. N. B. Vyas
1911
15
1921
20
1931
27
1941
39
1951
52

Dr. Nirav Vyas Numerical Method 2 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Dr. Nirav Vyas Numerical Method 2 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

The first forward difference is yn = yn+1 yn

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

The first forward difference is yn = yn+1 yn

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

The operator satisfies the following properties:

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

The operator satisfies the following properties:

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

The operator satisfies the following properties:

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

The first backward difference is yn = yn yn1

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

The first backward difference is yn = yn yn1

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

The first backward difference is yn = yn yn1

In general nth backward difference of f is defined by

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

is called Central difference operator.

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

is called Central difference operator.

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

is called Central difference operator.

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

is called Central difference operator.

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Alternative notations for the function y = f (x).

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Alternative notations for the function y = f (x).

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Alternative notations for the function y = f (x).

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Alternative notations for the function y = f (x).

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Alternative notations for the function y = f (x).

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Evaluate the following. The interval of difference being h.

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Evaluate the following. The interval of difference being h.

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Evaluate the following. The interval of difference being h.

Numerical Methods - Finite Differences

Evaluate the following. The interval of difference being h.