Special Functions

N. B. Vyas
Department of Mathematics,
Atmiya Institute of Tech. and Science,
Rajkot-360005 (Guj.), INDIA.
niravbvyas@gmail.com

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Special Functions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Beta & Gamma functions

Bessel function
Error function & Complementary error function
Heavisides Unit Step Function
Pulse Unit Height & Duration
Sinusoidal pulse
Rectangle function
Gate function
Dirac Delta function
Signum function
Saw tooth wave function
Triangular wave function
Half-wave Rectified Sinusoidal function
Full-wave Rectified Sinusoidal function
Square wave function
N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Error function & Complementary error function

The error function

is defined by the integral
Z z
2
2
erf (z) =
et dt , z may be real or complex variable.
0

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Error function & Complementary error function

The error function

is defined by the integral
Z z
2
2
erf (z) =
et dt , z may be real or complex variable.
0
This function appears in probability theory, heat conduction theory
and mathematical physics.
When z = 0 erf (0) = 0 and
Z
( 1 )
2
2
et = 2 = 1
erf () =
0

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Error function & Complementary error function

The complementary
error function is defined by the integral
Z
2
t2
erf c(z) =
e dt , z may be real or complex variable.
z

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Error function & Complementary error function

The complementary
error function is defined by the integral
Z
2
t2
erf c(z) =
e dt , z may be real or complex variable.
z
Using the properties of integral , we note that
erf c(z) =

Rz
2
2
et dt 2 et dt
0 
0


erf (z)
2

= 1 erf (z)

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Heavisides Unit Step Function

The Heavisides Unit Step function (also known as delayed unit

step function) is defined by

1 ,t > a
H(t a) =
0 ,t < a

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Heavisides Unit Step Function

The Heavisides Unit Step function (also known as delayed unit

step function) is defined by

1 ,t > a
H(t a) =
0 ,t < a
It delays output until t = a and then assumes a constant value of 1
unit.
If a = 0 then

1 ,t > 0
H(t) =
0 ,t < 0
which is generally called as unit step function.

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Pulse Unit Height & Duration T

The pulse of unit height and duration T is defined by


1 ,0 < t < T
f (t) =
0 ,T < t

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Sinusoidal Pulse

The sinusoidal pulse is defined by


sinat , 0 < t <
f (t) =
0
, a < t

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Rectangle Function

The rectangle function is defined by


1 ,a < t < b
f (t) =
0 , otherwise

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Rectangle Function

The rectangle function is defined by


1 ,a < t < b
f (t) =
0 , otherwise
In term of Heaviside unit step function, we have
f (t) = H(t a) H(t b)
If a = 0 , then rectangle reduces to pulse of unit height and duration b

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Gate Function

The gate function is defined as


1 , |t| < a
fa (t) =
0 , |t| > a

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Dirac Delta Function

Consider the function f (t) defined by

 1
,0 t
f (t) =
0 ,t >
where > 0.

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Dirac Delta Function

Consider the function f (t) defined by

 1
,0 t
f (t) =
0 ,t >
where > 0.
we note that as 0, the height of the rectangle increases
indefinitely and width decreases in such a way that its area is always
equal to 1.

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Signum Function

The signum function , denoted by sgn(t) , is defined by


1
,t > 0
sgn(t) =
1 , t < 0

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Signum Function

The signum function , denoted by sgn(t) , is defined by


1
,t > 0
sgn(t) =
1 , t < 0
If H(t) is unit step function, then
1
H(t) = [1 + sgn(t)]
2
and so
sgn(t) = 2H(t) 1

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Saw Tooth Wave Function

The saw tooth function f with period a is defined by


t ,0 t < a
f (t) =
0 ,t 0
f (t + a) = f (t)

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Saw Tooth Wave Function

The saw tooth function f with period a is defined by


t ,0 t < a
f (t) =
0 ,t 0
f (t + a) = f (t)
The saw tooth function with period 2 is defined as

t , < t <
f (t) =
0 , otherwise

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Triangular Wave Function

The triangular wave function f with period 2a is defined by


t
,0 t < a
f (t) =
2a t , a t < 2a
f (t + 2a) = f (t)

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Half-Wave Rectified Sinusoidal Function

The half-wave rectified sinusoidal function f with period 2 is

defined by

sint , 0 < t <
f (t) =
0
, < t < 2
f (t + 2) = f (t)

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Full Rectified Sine Wave Function

The full rectified sine wave function f with period is defined by


sint
,0 < t <
f (t) =
sint , < t < 2
f (t + ) = f (t) or by

f (t) = |sint| with period

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

Square Wave Function

The square wave function f with period 2a is defined by


1
,0 < t < a
f (t) =
1 , a < t < 2a
f (t + 2a) = f (t)

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions

N. B. Vyas, AITS - Rajkot

Special Functions