©*

FRAC Code List : Fungicides sorted by mode of action

(including FRAC Code numbering)

INTRODUCTION
The following table lists commercial fungicides according to their mode of action and resistance
risk. The most important bactericides are also included.

The Table headings are defined as:

MOA Code
Different letters (A to I, with added numbers) were used to distinguish fungicide groups according
to their biochemical mode of action (MOA) in the biosynthetic pathways of plant pathogens. The
grouping was made according to processes in the metabolism starting from nucleic acids synthesis
(A) to secondary metabolism, e.g. melanin synthesis (I) at the end of the list, followed by host
plant defence inducers (P), recent molecules with an unknown mode of action and unknown
resistance risk (U, transient status, mostly not longer than 8 years, until information about mode of
action and mechanism of resistance becomes available), and multi-site inhibitors (M).

Target Site and Code

If available the biochemical mode of action is given. In many cases the precise target site is not
known. However, a grouping can be made due to cross resistance profiles within a group or in
relation to other groups.

Group Name
The Group Names listed are based on chemical relatedness of structures which are accepted in
literature (e.g. The Pesticide Manual). They are based on different sources (chemical structure, site
of action, first important representative in group).

Chemical Group
Grouping is based on chemical considerations. Nomenclature according to IUPAC and Chemical
Abstract Name

FRAC Code List 2007

Common name
BSI/ISO accepted (or proposed) common name for an individual active ingredient expected to
appear on the product label as definition of the product.

Comments on Resistance
Details are given for the (molecular) mechanism of resistance and the resistance risk. If field
resistance is known to one member of the Group, it is most likely but not exclusively valid that
cross resistance to other group members will be present. There is increasing evidence that the
degree of cross resistance can differ between group members and pathogen species or even within
species. For the latest information on resistance and cross resistance status of a particular pathogen
/ fungicide combination, it is advised to contact local FRAC representatives, product
manufacturer’s representatives or crop protection advisors. The intrinsic risk for resistance
evolution to a given fungicide group is estimated to be low, medium or high according to the
principles described in FRAC Monographs 1, 2 and 3. Resistance management is driven by
intrinsic risk of fungicide, pathogen risk and agronomic risk (see FRAC pathogen risk list).

Similar classification lists of fungicides have been published by T. Locke on behalf of FRAG –
UK (Fungicide Resistance, August 2001), and by P. Leroux (Classification des fongicides
agricoles et résistance, Phytoma, La Défense des Végétaux, No. 554, 43-51, November 2002).

FRAC Code
Numbers and letters are used to distinguish the fungicide groups according to their cross resistance
behaviour. The numbers were assigned primarily according to the time of product introduction to
the market (numbers 1 to 43, status 2007). The letters refer to P = host plant defence inducers, M =
multi-site inhibitors, and U = unknown mode of action and unknown resistance risk.

Last update: December 2007

Next update: December 2008

* Copyright disclaimer

The FRAC Code List is the property of FRAC and protected by copyright laws. The FRAC Code
List may be used for educational purposes without permission from FRAC. Commercial use of this
material may only be made with the express, prior and written permission of FRAC.

FRAC Code List 2007

 TARGET SITE CHEMICAL FRAC
MOA GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS
AND CODE GROUP CODE

benalaxyl
furalaxyl Resistance and cross
acylalanines metalaxyl resistance well known in
A1: metalaxyl-M various Oomycetes but
PA – fungicides (=mefenoxam) mechanism unknown. 4
RNA (PhenylAmides)
polymerase I oxazolidinones oxadixyl High risk. See FRAC
A: nucleic acids synthesis

Phenylamide Guidelines
butyrolactones ofurace for resistance management

Medium risk Resistance and

A2:
hydroxy- hydroxy- bupirimate cross resistance known in
(2-amino-) (2-amino-) dimethirimol powdery mildews. 8
adenosin- pyrimidines pyrimidines ethirimol Resistance management
deaminase required.
A3:
isoxazoles hymexazole
DNA/RNA heteroaromatics Resistance not known 32
synthesis isothiazolones octhilinone
(proposed)
A4: Bactericide. Resistance
known. Risk unknown.
DNA carboxylic acids carboxylic acids oxolinic acid
Resistance management 31
topoisomerase required.
type II (gyrase)
Resistance common in many
benomyl fungal species. Several target
carbendazim site mutations, mostly
benzimidazoles
fuberidazole E198A/G/K, F200Y in β-tubulin
thiabendazole gene
B1: MBC -
1
fungicides
Positive cross resistance
ß-tubuline (Methyl
between the group members.
assembly in Benzimidazole
Negative cross resistance to
mitosis Carbamates)
thiophanate N-Phenylcarbamates
thiophanates
thiophanate-methyl
B: mitosis and cell division

High risk. See FRAC

Benzimidazole Guidelines
for resistance management.
Resistance known. Target site
B2: mutation E198K. Negative
N-phenyl
N-phenyl cross resistance 10
ß-tubulin carbamates diethofencarb
carbamates to benzimidazoles.
assembly in High risk. Resistance
mitosis management required.
B3:
Low to medium risk.
ß-tubulin benzamides toluamides zoxamide Resistance management 22
assembly in required.
mitosis
B4:
phenylureas phenylureas pencycuron Resistance not known
cell division 20
(proposed)
B5:
pyridinylmethyl-
delocalisation benzamides
benzamides
fluopicolide Resistance not known 43
of spectrin-like
proteins

FRAC Code List 2007

 MOA TARGET SITE CHEMICAL FRAC
GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS
AND CODE GROUP CODE

C1:
complex I pyrimidinamines pyrimidinamines diflumetorim Resistance not known
39
NADH Oxido-
reductase
benodanil
phenyl-
flutolanil
benzamides
mepronil Resistance known for several
furan- fungal species in field 7
C2: fenfuram
carboxamides populations and lab mutants.
complex II: oxathiin- carboxin Target site mutations in sdh
succinate- carboxamides carboxamides oxycarboxin gene, e.g. H/Y (or H/L) at 257,
dehydro- thiazole- 267, 272 or P225L.
thifluzamide Medium risk. Resistance
genase carboxamides
pyrazole- furametpyr management required.
carboxamides penthiopyrad
pyridine-
boscalid
carboxamides
azoxystrobin
methoxy-
enestrobin
acrylates Resistance known in various
picoxystrobin
methoxy- fungal species. Target site
pyraclostrobin mutations in cyt b gene
C3: carbamates
oximino kresoxim-methyl (G143A, F129L) and additional
complex III: mechanisms.
cytochrome acetates trifloxystrobin
bc1 dimoxystrobin
QoI-fungicides oximino-
metominostrobin
C. respiration

(ubiquinol (Quinone outside acetamides Cross resistance shown 11

oxidase) orysastrobin
Inhibitors) between all members of the
at Qo site oxazolidine- QoI group.
famoxadone
(cyt b gene) diones
dihydro- High risk. See FRAC QoI
fluoxastrobin
dioxazines Guidelines
imidazolinones fenamidone for resistance management.
benzyl-
pyribencarb
carbamates
C4: cyano- Resistance risk unknown but
cyazofamid assumed to be medium to high
complex III: QiI - fungicides imidazole
cytochrome (Quinone inside (mutations at target site known 21
bc1(ubiquino- in model organisms).
Inhibitors) sulfamoyl-
ne reductase) amisulbrom Resistance management
triazole required.
at Qi site
binapacryl
dinitrophenyl Resistance not known. Also
C5: meptyldinocap
crotonates acaricidal activity
dinocap
uncouplers of 2,6-dinitro- Low risk. However, resistance
29
oxidative phos- fluazinam
anilines claimed in Botrytis in Japan.
phorylation pyrimidinone-
ferimzone Resistance not known
hydrazones
C6:
inhibitors of fentin acetate
organo tin tri phenyl tin Some resistance cases
oxidative phos- compounds compounds
fentin chloride
known. Low to medium risk. 30
phorylation, fentin hydroxide
ATP synthase
C7:
thiophene- thiophene- 38
silthiofam Resistance reported. Risk low
ATP produc- carboxamides carboxamides
tion (proposed)

FRAC Code List 2007

 MOA TARGET SITE CHEMICAL FRAC
GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS
AND CODE GROUP CODE

Resistance known in Botrytis

D1: and Venturia, sporadically in
Oculimacula .
AP - fungicides anilino- cyprodinil
methionine (Anilino- pyrimidines mepanipyrim
Medium risk. See FRAC
9
biosynthesis Pyrimidines) pyrimethanil
D: amino acids and protein synthesis

(proposed) Anilinopyrimidine
(cgs gene) Guidelines
for resistance management.
D2: Low to medium risk.
enopyranuronic enopyranuronic
blasticidin-S Resistance management
protein acid antibiotic acid antibiotic 23
required.
synthesis
Resistance known in fungal
D3: and bacterial (P. glumae)
hexopyranosyl hexopyranosyl
kasugamycin pathogens. Medium risk.
protein antibiotic antibiotic
Resistance management
24
synthesis required.
D4: Bactericide. Resistance
glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl known. High risk.
streptomycin
protein antibiotic antibiotic Resistance management 25
synthesis required.
D5:
Bactericide. Resistance
tetracycline tetracycline known. High risk.
protein oxytetracycline 41
antibiotic antibiotic Resistance management
synthesis
required.

Resistance known. Medium

risk. Resistance management
E1: required. Cross resistance to
13
proquinazid in Erysiphe
G-proteins in (Uncinula) necator but not in
quinolines quinolines quinoxyfen
early cell Blumeria graminis. As
signalling precaution, proquinazin and
(proposed) quinoxyfen should be
managed together for
resistance management
E: signal transduction

E2:
Resistance found sporadically,
MAP/Histidine- PP-fungicides mechanism speculative.
fenpiclonil 12
Kinase in phenylpyrroles Low to medium risk.
(PhenylPyrroles) fludioxonil
osmotic signal Resistance management
transduction required.
(os-2, HOG1)
Resistance common in Botrytis
and some other pathogens.
Several mutations in OS-1,
E3: mostly I365S
chlozolinate
MAP/Histidine- iprodione Cross resistance common 2
Kinase in dicarboximides dicarboximides
procymidone between the group members.
osmotic signal vinclozolin
transduction Medium to high risk. See
(os-1, Daf1) FRAC Dicarboximide
Guidelines
for resistance management.

FRAC Code List 2007

 MOA TARGET SITE CHEMICAL
GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE GROUP
CODE
formerly
F1 dicarboximides
F2: phosphoro- phosphoro-
edifenphos
Resistance known for specific
iprobenfos (IBP)
thiolates thiolates fungi. Low to medium risk.
phospholipid pyrazophos
Resistance management 6
biosynthesis, required if used for risky
methyltrans- dithiolanes dithiolanes isoprothiolane pathogens.
F: lipids and membrane synthesis

ferase
biphenyl
AH-fungicides
chloroneb
(Aromatic aromatic
F3: Hydrocarbons) hydrocarbons
dicloran Resistance known to some
quintozene (PCNB) fungi. Low to medium risk.
(chlorophenyls,
lipid tecnazene (TCNB) Cross resistance patterns
nitroanilines)
peroxidation tolclofos-methyl complex due to different 14
(proposed) activity spectra.
1,2,4-
heteroaromatics etridiazole
thiadiazoles

F4:
iodocarb Low to medium risk.
cell membrane carbamates carbamates propamocarb Resistance management 28
permeability, prothiocarb required.
fatty acids
(proposed)
cinnamic acid dimethomorph Resistance known in
F5: amides flumorph Plasmopara viticola but not in
benthiavalicarb Phytophthora infestans.
phospholipid CAA-fungicides valinamide Cross resistance between all 40
biosynthesis (Carboxylic Acid iprovalicarb
carbamates members of the CAA group.
and cell wall Amides) valiphenal
Low to medium risk. See
deposition mandelic acid
mandipropamid FRAC CAA Guidelines for
(proposed) amides resistance management

FRAC Code List 2007

 MOA TARGET SITE CHEMICAL
GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE GROUP
CODE
piperazines triforine
pyridines pyrifenox
fenarimol
pyrimidines
nuarimol
imazalil There are big differences in
oxpoconazole the activity spectra of DMI
imidazoles pefurazoate fungicides.
prochloraz
triflumizole Resistance is known in various
azaconazole fungal species. Several
bitertanol resistance mechanisms are
bromuconazole known incl. target site
cyproconazole mutations in cyp51 (erg 11)
difenoconazole gene, e.g. V136A, Y137F,
G1: diniconazole A379G, I381V; cyp51
DMI-fungicides epoxiconazole promotor; ABC transporters
C14- (DeMethylation etaconazole and others.
demethylase in Inhibitors) 3
fenbuconazole
sterol fluquinconazole Generally wise to accept that
biosynthesis (SBI: Class I) flusilazole cross resistance is present
(erg11/cyp51) between DMI fungicides active
G: sterol biosynthesis in membranes

flutriafol
hexaconazole against the same fungus.
triazoles
imibenconazole
ipconazole DMI fungicides are Sterol
metconazole Biosynthesis Inhibitors (SBIs),
myclobutanil but show no cross resistance
penconazole to other SBI classes.
propiconazole
prothioconazole Medium risk. See FRAC SBI
simeconazole Guidelines
tebuconazole for resistance management.
tetraconazole
triadimefon
triadimenol
triticonazole
aldimorph Decreased sensitivity for
G2: dodemorph powdery mildews.
morpholines
fenpropimorph Cross resistance within the
Δ14-reductase Amines tridemorph group generally found but not
and (“Morpholines”) to other
Δ8→Δ7- fenpropidin 5
piperidines SBI classes.
isomerase piperalin
(SBI: Class II)
in sterol Low to medium risk. See
biosynthesis spiroketal- FRAC SBI Guidelines
spiroxamine
(erg24, erg2) amines for resistance management.
G3:
Low to medium risk.
3-keto reduc- hydroxyanilides
hydroxyanilides fenhexamid Resistance management 17
tase, C4- de- (SBI: Class III)
required.
methylation
(erg27)
G4: Resistance not known,
thiocarbamates pyributicarb fungicidal and herbicidal
squalene- activity 18
epoxidase in (SBI class IV)
sterol naftifine
biosynthesis allylamines Medical fungicides only
terbinafine
(erg1)

FRAC Code List 2007

 MOA TARGET SITE CHEMICAL FRAC
GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS
AND CODE GROUP CODE

H3:
H: glucan synthesis

trehalase and
glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl
validamycin Resistance not known 26
antibiotic antibiotic
inositol-
biosynthesis

Resistance known. Medium

H4: peptidyl
risk.
polyoxins pyrimidine polyoxin
chitin synthase nucleoside
Resistance management 19
required.
isobenzo-
I1: MBI-R fthalide
I: melanin synthesis in

furanone 16.1
(Melanin
pyrrolo- Resistance not known
reductase in Biosynthesis pyroquilon
quinolinone
melanin Inhibitors –
triazolobenzo-
cell wall

biosynthesis Reductase) tricyclazole

thiazole
cyclopropane-
I2: MBI-D carboxamide
carpropamid
Resistance known. Medium
(Melanin
risk.
dehydratase in Biosynthesis carboxamide diclocymet
Inhibitors –
Resistance management 16.2
melanin required.
biosynthesis Dehydratase) propionamide fenoxanil

P1: benzo-
benzo-thiadiazole
thiadiazole acibenzolar-S-methyl Resistance not known
BTH
P: host plant defence

salicylic acid BTH

pathway
probenazole P
induction

P2 benzisothiazole benzisothiazole (also antibacterial and Resistance not known

antifungal activity)

thiadiazole- thiadiazole- tiadinil

P3 carboxamide carboxamide isotianil
Resistance unknown

P4
natural compound laminarin Resistance unknown
(proposed)

FRAC Code List 2007

 MOA TARGET SITE CHEMICAL
GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE GROUP
CODE
Resistance claims described.
cyanoacetamide- cyanoacetamide Low to medium risk. 27
unknown cymoxanil
oxime -oxime Resistance management
required.
ethyl Few resistance cases
fosetyl-Al
phosphonates reported in few
unknown phosphonates
phophorous acid and pathogens. Low risk 33
salts
(U numbers not appearing in the list derive from reclassified fungicides)

phthalamic teclofthalam
unknown phthalamic acids Resistance not known
acids (Bactericide) 34

unknown benzotriazines benzotriazines triazoxide Resistance not known

35
benzene- benzene-
unknown flusulfamide Resistance not known
sulfonamides sulfonamides 36
unknown mode of action

unknown pyridazinones pyridazinones diclomezine Resistance not known

37

unknown thiocarbamate thiocarbamate methasulfocarb Resistance not known 42

microtubule ethylamino-
thiazole
disruption
carboxamide
thiazole ethaboxam Resistance not known U5
(proposed) carboxamide
Resistance in Sphaerotheca.
phenyl-
unknown phenyl-acetamide
acetamide
cyflufenamid Resistance management U6
required
Resistance known. Medium
risk. Resistance management U7
required. Cross resistance to
quinoxyfen in Erysiphe
(Uncinula) necator but not in
unknown quinazolinone quinazolinone proquinazid
Blumeria graminis. As
precaution, proquinazid and
quinoxyfen should be
managed together for
resistance management

actin disruption
(proposed)
benzophenone benzophenone metrafenone Resistance not known U8
not classified

mineral oils, organic oils, NC

potassium bicarbonate,
unknown diverse diverse Resistance not known
material of biological
origin

FRAC Code List 2007

 MOA TARGET SITE CHEMICAL
GROUP NAME COMMON NAME COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE GROUP
CODE
copper
inorganic inorganic
(different salts) M1

inorganic inorganic sulphur M2

ferbam
mancozeb
maneb
dithio-
dithiocarbamates metiram M3
carbamates
and relatives propineb
and relatives
thiram
zineb Generally considered as a low
Multi-site contact activity

ziram risk group without any signs of

resistance developing to the
captan fungicides
phthalimides phthalimides captafol M4
folpet * For dodine, resistance was
multi-site
reported in Venturia inaequalis
contact chloronitriles chloronitriles
chlorothalonil suggesting that dodine may M5
activity (phthalonitriles) (phthalonitriles)
not be a multi-site inhibitor.
dichlofluanid Resistance management
sulfamides sulfamides
tolylfluanid recommended M6
dodine* No cross resistance between
guanidines guanidines guazatine group members M1 to M9 M7
iminoctadine

triazines triazines anilazine M8

quinones
quinones
(anthraquinones)
(anthra- dithianon M9
quinones)

FRAC Code List 2007