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notes to chapter six

45. In Bruce Ackerman, Social Justice in the Liberal State (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1980), the core analytic device is dialogue: every assertion of power is met with a demand
for justification.
46. William J. Mitchell, City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn (Cambridge, Mass.:
MIT Press, 1996), 112.
47. David Brin, The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose Between Privacy and Freedom? (Boulder: Perseus, 1999), 324.
48. Though the plan remains uncertain. In June 2006, Google co-founder Sergey Brin
expressed some doubts about Googles plans. See Thomas Crampton, Google Is Voicing Some
Doubt Over China, International Herald Tribune, June 7, 2006.

CHAPTER SIX

1. Mike Godwin, Cyber Rights: Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age (New York: Times
Books, 1998), 15. See also Esther Dyson, Release 2.0: A Design for Living in the Digital Age
(New York: Broadway Books, 1997), who asserts: Used right, the Internet can be a powerful
enabling technology fostering the development of communities because it supports the very
thing that creates a communityhuman interaction (32); see also Stephen Doheny-Farina,
The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996), 12137. For an
important collection examining community in cyberspace, see Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, Communities in Cyberspace (New York: Routledge, 1999). The collection ranges across the
social issues of community, including social order and control, collective action, community structure and dynamics, and identity. The same relationship between architecture and
norms assumed in this chapter guides much of the analysis in Smith and Kollocks collection.
2. As I explored in Code v1, the newest communitarian on the Net might be business. A
number of influential works have argued that the key to success with online businesses is the
development of virtual communities; see, for example, Larry Downes and Chunka Mui,
Unleashing the Killer App: Digital Strategies for Market Dominance (Boston: Harvard Business
School Press, 1998), 1019; John Hagel and Arthur G. Armstrong, Net Gain: Expanding Markets Through Virtual Communities (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997). The explosion of essentially community based entities, such as Wikipedia and MySpace, in the time
since confirms the insight of these authors.
3. For a detailed study of Internet demographics, see E-Consultancy, Internet Statistics
Compendium, April 12, 2006, available at link #36.
4. For a great sense of how it was, see the articles by Rheingold, Barlow, Bruckman, and
Ramo in part 4 of Richard Holeton, Composing Cyberspace: Identity, Community, and Knowledge in the Electronic Age (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998). Howard Rheingolds book (the first
chapter of which is excerpted in Holetons book) is also an early classic; see The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993). Stacy
Horns book is a brilliant text taken more directly from the interchange (and more) online; see
Cyberville: Clicks, Culture, and the Creation of an Online Town (New York: Warner Books,
1998).
5. For an excellent description, see Jonathan Zittrain, The Rise and Fall of Sysopdom,
Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 10 (1997): 495.
6. As Steven Johnson puts it: In theory, these are examples of architecture and urban
planning, but in practice they are bound up in broader issues: each design decision echoes and
amplifies a set of values, an assumption about the larger society that frames it; Interface Culture: How New Technology Transforms the Way We Create and Communicate (San Francisco:
Harper, 1997), 44. See also Nelson Goodman, How Buildings Mean, in Reconceptions in Phi-