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Class XII- Physics, Board Paper 2011, Set- 3

General Instructions:
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) There are 30 questions in total. Question Nos. 1 to 8 are very short answer type questions and carry one
mark each.
(iii) Question Nos. 9 to 18 carry two marks each, question 19 to 27 carry three marks each and question 28 to
30 carry five marks each.
(iii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks;
one question of three marks and all three questions of five marks each. You have to attempt only one of the
choice in such questions.
(iv) Use of calculators is not permitted.
Question 1

Questions

Q1
A hollow metal sphere of radius 10 cm is charged such that the potential on its surface
is 5 V. What is the potential at the centre of the sphere?
Solution:
We know
and for hollow shell electric field at center = 0

Hence Vc = 5V

Q2
How are X-rays produced?
Solution:
X-rays are produced when inside a vacuum tube high energy electrons emitted by the
cathode collides with the anode (usually made of tungsten, copper, etc.)

Q3
Define electric dipole moment. Write its S.I. unit.
Solution:

Electric dipole moment is the product of the magnitude of the either charge and the
distance between the charges (this distance is also called the displacement vector). It is

a vector quantity with direction pointing from pointing from the negative charge to the
positive charge.SI unit of electric dipole moment is coulomb meter (Cm).

Q4
Where on the surface of Earth is the angle of dip zero?
Solution:
At equator the angle of dip of a magnetic compass is zero.

Q5
Define the term stopping potential in relation to photo-electric effect.
Solution:
If we increase the negative potential of the collector, the photoelectric current decreases
rapidly. At a certain critical value of the negative potential of the collector, the
photoelectric current becomes zero. This potential is called stopping potential or cut-off
potential and it depends on the frequency of the incident radiation, but independent of
its intensity.

Q6
Two bar magnets are quickly moved towards a metallic loop connected across a
capacitor C as shown in the figure. Predict the polarity of the capacitor.

Solution:

Red lines represent the magnetic lines due to the magnets. Blue line represents the
magnetic line due to the current induced in the loop.
Polarity of the capacitor: lower plate is positive; upper plate is negative.

Q7
Write any two characteristic properties of nuclear force.
Solution:
Characteristic properties of nuclear force are
(i) It does not depend on the electric charge.
(ii) It is the strongest force in nature.
(iii) It is a very short range force.

(iv) The nuclear force is only felt among hadrons. At much smaller separations between
nucleons the force is very powerfully repulsive, which keeps the nucleons at a certain
average separation. Beyond about 1.7 femtometer (fm) separation, the force drops to
negligibly small values.
[Note: Writing any two properties will be sufficient]

Q8
What happens to the width of depletion player of a p-n junction when it is (i) forward
biased, (ii) reverse biased?
Solution:
(i) In forward bias, the width of the depletion layer decreases.
(ii) In reverse bias, the width of the depletion layer increases.

Q9
(i) Net capacitance of three identical capacitors in series is 2 F. What will be their net
capacitance if connected in parallel?
(ii) Find the ratio of energy stored in the two configurations if they are both connected to
the same source.
Solution:
(i) When connected in series, the net capacitance is 2 F.

When connected in parallel,


Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 = 6 F + 6 F + 6 F = 18 F.
(ii) Energy for series combination

Energy for parallel combination

As both are connected to the same source

Hence,

Q10
In the meter bridge experiment, balance point was observed at J with AJ = l.
(i) The values of R and X were doubled and then interchanged. What would be the new
position of balance point?
(ii) If the galvanometer and battery are interchanged at the balance position, how will
the alance point get affected?

Solution:
(i) As the ratio of

is now interchanged by

, the new balance point will be =

100 l = 100 AJ
(ii)

At the balance position there is no current flowing through the galvanometer. Hence,
interchanging the battery and the galvanometer will have no effect on the balance point.

Q11
Write the expression for Lorentz magnetic force on a particle of charge q moving with
velocity in a magnetic field . Show that no work is done by this force on the charged
particle.
OR
A steady current (I1) flows through a long straight wire. Another wire carrying steady
current (I2) in the same direction is kept close and parallel to the first wire. Show with the
help of a diagram how the magnetic field due to the current I1 exerts a magnetic force
on the second wire. Write the expression for this force.
Solution:
Lorentz magnetic force,
Work done due to Lorentz force

Hence, work done by the force on the charged particle will be zero.
OR

Magnetic field , will be moving into the page and I2 is moving upward on the plane of
the page.
Hence,

For a length L of the wire carrying the current I2,


The force can be expressed as

Where, d is the separation of the two wires. This force F21 will be directed towards the
wire I1 from the wire I2.

Q12
State the principle of working of a transformer. Can a transformer be used to step up or
step down a d.c. voltage? Justify your answer.
Solution:
The working principle of the transformer is the mutual induction. The magnetic flux
linked with the primary winding of the transformer must change, to produce an induced
emf in the secondary coil.

Transformers cannot work on DC voltages. If a DC supply is given to the primary coil of


a transformer, it produces a steady magnetic flux. So, no emf will be induced in the
secondary coil.

Q13
Using the curve for the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A,
state clearly how the release in energy in the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion can be explained.
Solution:

The rising of the binding energy curve at low mass numbers, indicates that energy will
be released if two nuclides of small mass number combine to form a single middle-mass
nuclide. This process is called nuclear fusion.
Highest peak (Fe) represents the most stable nucleus and all the other nuclei tend to
achieve this state by undergoing nuclear reaction.
The eventual dropping of the binding energy curve at high mass numbers indicates that
nucleons are more tightly bound when they are assembled into two middle-mass
nuclides rather than into a single high-mass nuclide. Hence energy can be released by
the nuclear fission, or splitting, of a single massive nucleus into two smaller fragments.

Q14
In the given circuit, assuming point A to be at zero potential, use Kirchhoffs rules to
determine the potential at point B.

Solution:

According to Kirchhoffs Junction Law, when applied at junction D:


Incoming current = outgoing current
So, 3A = 1A + current through 2.
Hence, current through 2 is 2A from D to C. Applying Kirchhoffs law to the loop
containing R1, 2 and 4V.
3A is the current through R1 as the current coming out from the 4V battery is 3A.
4 = 3 R1 + 2 2
R1 = 0
So, no potential drop between B and C.
Now lets analyse the bigger loop containing 4V, R and 2V (R 1 can be omitted now); here
the 4V and 2V are connected in series with B as a point between the two batteries. So
we finally have the potential at B to be 2V.

Q15
Plot a graph showing the variation of coulomb force (F) versus
, where r is the
distance between the two charges of each pair of charges: (1 C, 2 C) and (2 C,
3 C). Interpret the graphs obtained.
Solution:
I am answering it as Graph between F vs

for (1 C, 2 C)

For (2 C 3 C)

Interpretation
Graphs show that
Slope gives a constant value and depends only on nature of charges and
medium.
o
Ist graph is for repulsive force in Ist quadrant and IInd graph is for attractive
force in IVth quadrant i.e., F > 0 and F < 0 respectively.
o
o

Q16
A parallel plate capacitor is being charged by a time varying current. Explain briefly how
Amperes circuital law is generalized to incorporate the effect due to the displacement
current.
Solution:

When a capacitor is connected to an alternating current, it offers a resistance


and allows the current to pass through.
As the current is moving from plate (1) to plate (2) there should be a magnetic field
associated with this current as explained by Ampere circuital law, but as there cant be
movement of actual electrons from plate (2) to plate (1), there will be no physical
current, and still there will be a magnetic field.
To solve this paradox Maxwell altered the form of Amperes law as followed.
Original form

By introducing displacement current, Maxwell argued that due to change in electric field
associated with alternating voltage, there will be a time dependent electric flux. This flux
will cause a displacement current and hence there will be a magnetic field.

Q17
What is ground wave communication? On what factors does the maximum range of
propagation in this mode depend?
Solution:
When the radio waves from the transmitting antenna propagate along the surface of the
earth to reach the receiving antenna, it is called ground wave communication. For this
type of communication, the frequency range is less than a few MHz. The maximum
range depends on the absorption of energy by the earth and also on the initial
transmitting power.

Q18
A thin straight infinitely long conducting wire having charge density is enclosed by a
cylindrical surface of radius r and length l, its axis coinciding with the length of the wire.
Find the expression for the electric flux through the surface of the cylinder.

Solution:

The thin infinitely long straight line has a linear charge density .
Since the electric field for this kind of configuration will be radial and perpendicular to
the wire, there will be no flux through the flat surfaces of the cylinder. Also, the electric
field (E) will be constant at every point on the curved surface of the cylinder (as all
points on it are equidistant from the wire) and perpendicular to it.
We shall us Gauss's law to find the electric flux through the cylinder. The charge
enclosed by the cylinder is l, as l is the length of the cylinder and it is also the length
of the charged wire within the cylinder.
We know,

Q19
A compound microscope uses an objective lens of focal length 4 cm and eyepiece lens
of focal length 10 cm. An object is placed at 6 cm from the objective lens. Calculate the
magnifying power of the compound microscope. Also calculate the length of the
microscope.
OR
A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length 15 m.
If an eyepiece lens of focal length 1.0 cm is used, find the angular magnification of the
telescope. If this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the diameter of the image
of the moon formed by the objective lens? The diameter of the moon is 3.42 10 6 m
and the radius of the lunar orbit is 3.8 10 8 m.
Solution:

First we shall find the image distance for the objective

Magnification of the microscope is,

= 7, negative sign indicates that the image is inverted.


The length of the microscope is vo+ u, u=|ue| is the object distance for the eyepiece.
And ue can be found using,
; as D is the image distance for the eyepiece.

Hence, u = |ue| = 7.14 cm.


Length of the microscope vo+ u= 19.14 cm
Length of the microscope is given as

OR

Negative sign indicates that the image is inverted.

Diameter of the image of the moon formed by the objective lens = d (say)

Q20
(a) Using de Broglies hypothesis, explain with the help of a suitable diagram, Bohrs
second postulate of quantization of energy levels in a hydrogen atom.
(b) The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and
potential energies of the electron in this state?
Solution:
(a) De Broglies Explanation of Bohrs Second Postulate of Quantisation
De-Broglies hypothesis that electron has a wavelength = h/mv gave an explanation
for Bohrs quantised orbits by bringing in the wave particle duality.
Orbits correspond to circular standing waves in which the circumference of the orbits
equal whole number of wavelength.
According to de Broglies hypothesis
also for Bohrs model

It states,

(b) Potential energy of electron in ground state of H-atom

Kinetic energy of electron in this state

Q21
You are given a circuit below. Write its truth table. Hence, identify the logic operation
carried out by this circuit. Draw the logic symbol of the gate it corresponds to.

Solution:
A
B
Z
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
Hence, the gate is an OR gate.
The output is 1 when either of the input or both the inputs are 1.
Symbol:

Q22
A convex lens made up of glass of refractive index 1.5 is dipped, in turn, in (i) a medium
of refractive index 1.6, (ii) a medium of refractive index 1.3.
(a) Will it behave as a converging or a diverging lens in the two cases?
(b) How will its focal length change in the two media?

Solution:
Given Refractive index of glass, a = 1.5
Refractive index of Ist medium, 1 = 1.6
Refractive index of IInd medium, 2 = 1.3
(a) For Ist medium

Hence, f > 0; concave lens or diverging lens


(ii) For IInd medium

Hence, f < 0; convex lens or converging lens


(b)
(i) For first medium,

Original focal length

Hence, focal length will be 5 times the original focal length and its nature will become
diverging.
(ii) For second medium

Hence, focal length will be twice the original focal length and its nature (Converging
nature) will remain same.

Q23
Write briefly any two factors which demonstrate the need for modulating a signal. Draw
a suitable diagram to show amplitude modulation using a sinusoidal signal as the
modulating signal.
Solution:
The need for modulation can be summarized as follows:
(1) The antenna needed for transmitting signals should have size at least /4, where,
is the wavelength. The information signal, also known as baseband signal is of low
frequency (and therefore the wavelength is high). If we need to transmit such a signal
directly, the size of the antenna will be very large and impossible to build. Hence direct
transmission is not practical.
(2) The radiated power by an antenna is inversely proportional to the square of the
wavelength. So, if we use high frequency signals, the power radiated will be increased.
(3) If we transmit the baseband signals directly, the signals from different transmitters
will get mixed up and the information will be lost. Because of these reasons, we use the
technology of modulation, for transmitting message signals effectively for long
distances.

Q24
Draw a labeled diagram of a full wave rectifier circuit. State its working principle. Show
the input-output waveforms.
Solution:
To get an output voltage for both half cycles of the input signal, we use full wave
rectifiers. The commonly used full wave rectifier circuits are center-tap rectifier and
bridge rectifier. The figure below shows the center-tap rectifier circuit.

Now consider the circuit. The P-side of the diodes D 1 and D2 are connected to the
secondary terminals of the transformer. The N-sides of the diodes are connected
together. The load is connected between this point and the midpoint of the transformer.
When the input signal to diode D1 is positive, it conducts and load current flows. During
this time, the input to diode D2 is negative with respect to the midpoint. During the
negative half cycle of the input signal, the voltage at D 1 is negative and that at D2 is
positive. So D2 conducts during this time period. Thus we get output voltage during both
the half cycles. As the full wave rectifier rectifies both the half cycles, it is more efficient
than the half wave rectifier. The waveforms are given below:

Q25

Two heating elements of resistances R1 and R2 when operated at a constant supply of


voltage, V, consume powers P1 and P2 respectively. Deduce the expressions for the
power of their combination whey they are, in turn, connected in (i) series and (ii) parallel
across the same voltage supply.
Solution:
Given

(i) Power when they are connected in series

(ii) Power when they are connected in parallel

Q26
Use the mirror equation to show that
(a) an object placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror produces a real image
beyond 2f.
(b) a convex mirror always produces a virtual image independent of the location of the
object.
(c) an object placed between the pole and focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual
and enlarged image.
Solution:
(a) For concave mirror
f < 0 and u < 0 (always)
Given |2f| > |u| > |f| (object placed between f and 2f)
According to mirror equation,

Hence, real image


(b) A convex mirror
f > 0; u < 0 (always)
Case I |u| > |f|

We know,

Hence, at all the positions convex mirror will form a virtual image.
(c) Given |u| > |f| and u < 0
f < 0 concave mirror
According to mirror equation,

Also, | fu| > 0 and | fu | > | u f|


Product of two Real numbers > the difference of same two numbers

Hence,

Q27

; Enlarged image.

Draw a plot showing the variation of photoelectric current with collector plate potential
for two different frequencies, v1 > v2, of incident radiation having the same intensity. In
which case will the stopping potential be higher? Justify your answer.
Solution:
Effect of frequency of the incident radiation:
Taking radiations of different frequencies but of same intensity, the variation between
photoelectric current and potential of plate A is obtained and shown in graph given
below:

From the graph, we note:


(i) The value of stopping potential is different for radiation of different frequency.
(ii) The value of stopping potential is more negative for radiation of higher incident
frequency.
(iii) The value of saturation current depends on the intensity of incident radiation, but is
independent of the frequency of the incident radiation.

Q28
State the working of a.c. generator with the help of a labeled diagram.
The coil of an a.c. generator having N turns, each of area A, is rotated with a constant
angular velocity . Deduce the expression for the alternating e.m.f. generated in the
coil.
What is the source of energy generation in this device?
OR
(a) Show that in an a.c. circuit containing a pure inductor, the voltage is ahead of current
by /2 in phase.
(b) A horizontal straight wire of length L extending from east to west is falling with speed
v at right angles to the horizontal component of Earths magnetic field B.
(i) Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the e.m.f. induced in the wire.
(ii) What is the direction of the e.m.f.?
(iii) Which end of the wire is at the higher potential?
Solution:
AC Generator:
Principle Based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
Construction:

Main parts of an ac generator:


Armature Rectangular coil ABCD
Filed Magnets Two pole pieces of a strong electromagnet
Slip Rings The ends of coil ABCD are connected to two hollow metallic rings R 1 and
R2.
Brushes B1 and B2 are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods. They are fixed and
are kept in tight contact with R1 and R2 respectively.
Theory and Working As the armature coil is rotated in the magnetic field,
angle between the field and normal to the coil changes continuously. Therefore,
magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. Anemf is induced in the coil. According to
Flemings right hand rule, current induced in AB is from A to B and it is from C to D in
CD. In the external circuit, current flows from B2 to B1.
To calculate the magnitude of emf induced:
Suppose
A Area of each turn of the coil
N Number of turns in the coil
Strength of magnetic field
Angle which normal to the coil makes with at any instant t

Magnetic flux linked with the coil in this position:


= NBA cos = NBA cos t (i)
Where, is angular velocity of the coil
As the coil rotates, angle changes. Therefore, magnetic flux linked with the coil
changes and hence, an emf is induced in the coil. At this instant t, if e is the emf induced
in the coil, then

e = NAB sin t
The generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The mechanical
energy may be obtained from the rotation of the turbine associated with the generator.
The turbine in turn, may be working by the kinetic energy of running water, wind or
steam.
OR
(a) AC voltage applied to an inductor

Source, v = vm sin t
Using Kirchhoffs loop rule,

Integrating di/dt with respect to time,

Where,
is the amplitude of current
(b) Given
Length of wire = v
Velocity with which it is falling = v
Magnetic field = BH = B Cos
Angle between v & B, = 90
(i) As the wire fall downwards due to this motion e within the wire also moves
downwards and feels a force due to Earths magnetic field towards west

As electrons moves towards west end of wire they apply opposite or repelling force to
new incoming charge. As more and more electrons come, eventually we achieve an
equilibrium situation where no more electrons can come towards west side end. At this
particular situation.
eE = evB
E = vB
V = EL
V = + vBL e.m.f. setup within in the wire.
(ii) The direction of the e.m.f. will be the polarity of the rod, which is positive at the east
end and negative at the west end.
(iii) As the electrons get accumulated at the west end it would mean that the west end is
at negative potential. Which implies east end is at high potential (non zero potential).

Q29
State the importance of coherent sources in the phenomenon of interference.
In Youngs double slit experiment to produce interference pattern, obtain the conditions
for constructive and destructive interference. Hence deduce the expression for the
fringe width.
How does the fringe width get affected, if the entire experimental apparatus of Young is
immersed in water?
OR
(a) State Huygens principle. Using this principle explain how a diffraction pattern is
obtained on a screen due to a narrow slit on which a narrow beam coming from
a
monochromatic source of light is incident normally.
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half of that of the central
fringe.
(c) If a monochromatic source of light is replaced by white light, what change would you
observe in the diffraction pattern?
Solution:
Two sources are called coherent sources, if the phase difference between them is either
zero or constant. And this is essential for interference of light.
For any other incoherent source of light a steady interference pattern can never be
obtained, even if the sources emit waves of equal wavelengths and equal amplitudes.
This is because the waves emitted by a source undergo rapid and irregular changes of
phase, so that the intensity at any point is never constant. Naturally the phase
difference between the waves emitted by the two sources cannot remain constant.

The two waves interfering at P have different distances S 1P = x and S2P = x + x.


So, for the two sources S1 and S2we can respectively write,

The resultant can be written as,

The condition for constructive (bright fringe) and destructive (dark fringe) interference
are as follows;
= 2n for bright fringes
= (2n + 1) for dark fringes
Where n is an integer.
Now to find the fringe width,
The path difference is

nearly equal to d

Hence we can write,


is an integer.
Fringe width is the distance between two consecutive dark or bright fringes,
so we have fringe width
.
If the whole apparatus is immersed in water and refractive index of water is n then,

Hence

This shows fringe width will be reduced by the factor of the refractive index of water.
OR
(a) Huygens Principle
It states that
(i) Rays (light rays) are perpendicular to wave fronts.
Where wave fronts are defined as a surface of constant phase.
(ii) The time taken for light to travel from one wave front to another is same along any
ray.
Diffraction Pattern:
Explanation of diffraction phenomena along with the following diagrams.

(b) Derivation to show

for interference central fringe and


For diffraction first fringe.
(c) Following changes will be observed
(i) Central fringe will be bright but subsequent bright fringes will be coloured instead of
just being bright.
(ii) Fringe width, angular fringe width will not be constant.

Q30
(a) State the principle of the working of a moving coil galvanometer, giving its labeled
diagram.
(b) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its
voltage sensitivity. Justify this statement.
(c) Outline the necessary steps to convert a galvanometer of resistance RG into an
ammeter of a given range.
OR
(a) Using Amperes circuital law, obtain the expression for the magnetic field due to a
long solenoid at a point inside the solenoid on its axis.
(b) In what respect is a toroid different from a solenoid? Draw and compare the pattern
of the magnetic field lines in the two cases.
(c) How is the magnetic field inside a given solenoid made strong?
Solution:
(a) Moving coil Galvanometer
Principle:
Its working is based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a torque.

Working:

Suppose the coil PQRS is suspended freely in the magnetic field.


Let
l = Length PQ or RS of the coil
b = Breadth QR or SP of the coil
n = Number of turns in the coil
Area of each turn of the coil, A = l b
Let B = Strength of the magnetic field in which coil is suspended
I = Current passing through the coil in the direction PQRS
Let, at any instant, be the angle which the normal drawn on the plane of the coil
makes with the direction of magnetic field.
The rectangular coil carrying current when placed in the magnetic field experiences a
torque whose magnitude is given by,
= nIBA sin
(b) Increasing the current sensitivity of a galvanometer may not necessarily increase its
voltage sensitivity.
Due to deflecting torque, the coil rotates and suspension wire gets twisted. A restoring
torque is set up in the suspension wire.
Let be the twist produced in the phosphor bronze strip due to rotation of the coil
and K be the restoring torque per unit twist of the phosphor bronze strip. Then,
Total restoring torque produced = k
In equilibrium position of the coil,
Deflecting torque = Restoring torque
NIBA = k

Or,
Where,
[constant for a galvanometer]
It is known as galvanometer constant.
Current sensitivity of the galvanometer is the deflection per unit current.

Voltage sensitivity is the deflection per unit voltage.

(c) Conversion of a galvanometer to ammeter

A shunt (low resistance) is connected in parallel with the galvanometer.

Where,
I Total current in circuit
G Resistance of the galvanometer
S Resistance of the shunt
Ig Current through galvanometer
OR
(a) Solenoid
It consists of an insulating long wire closely wound in the form of helix.
Its length is large as compared to its diameter.

Magnetic field due to RQ and SP path is zero because they are perpendicular to the
axis of solenoid. Since SR is outside the solenoid, the magnetic field is zero.
The line integral of magnetic field induction

over the closed path PQRS is

From Amperes circuital law,


Total current through rectangle PQRS
BL = 0 Number of turns in rectangle Current
BL = 0nLI
B= 0nI
(b) Toroid
It is a hollow circular ring on which a large number of turns of a wire are closely
wound.

Three Amperian loops (1, 2, and 3) are shown by dotted lines.


Magnetic field along loop 1 is zero because the loop encloses no current.
Magnetic field along loop 3 is zero because the current coming out of the paper is
cancelled exactly by the current going out of it.
Magnetic field at S (along loop 2):
From Amperes law,
B (2r) = 0NI
Where,
B Magnetic field
r Radius
I Current
N Number of turns of toroidal coil

(b) Magnetic field diagrams are as followed

(c) The magnetic field lines inside a solenoid can be made strong by
(i) Inserting a ferromagnetic core
(ii) Increasing the number of turns of the solenoid
(iii) Increasing the current passing through the solenoid.

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