QJ

fs"

LIFE

OF

MARCUS

WILLIAM

BY
AUTHOR

OF

'

'NAPOLEON
'

HISTORY

AT

OF

TRIAL

FELLOW

OF

TWO

VOLUMES."

LATE

IN

M.A., Q.C.,

FORSYTH,

HORTENSIUS,'

AND

CICERO,

TULLIUS

WITH

HELENA

ST.

SIR

HUDSON

JURY.' ETC.,

BY

TRINITY

AND

COLLEGE,

CAMBRIDGE.

VOL.

II.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

LONDON:

JOHN

MURRAY,

ALBEMARLE

I864"
The

right of Translation

is reserved.

STREET

LOWE,'

T"0

LONDON

PRINTED

BY

W.
AND

CIX)WES
CHARrNO

AND

SONS,
CROSS.

STAMFORD

STREET,

CONTENTS

OF

II.

VOL.

PAGE

CHAP.

XVI.
XVII.

XVIII.
XIX.

Clodius
The
Civil

and

Proconsulate

26-64

War

65-107
Troubles

Domestic

of Tullia"

XX.
XXI.

Death

Vacillation

Quarrel

The

XXIV.

The

Divorce

Second

from

Terentia

"

Death

Marriage

108-141
,

"

142-166

Italy'and sudden

from

Departure

with

Antony
of

Embassy
Siege

Return

Rome

Movements

XXIII.

"

of Csesar

to
XXII.

1-25

Milo

to

and

The

"

Antony

and

167-187

Second

Philippic

"

Octavian

188-209

Antony
Battles

210-235
of

Mutina,

and

Treachery

of

Octavian
XXV.

The

Proscription

236-268
and

Death

of Cicero"

His

character

269-288

APPENDIX.

Cicero's
Roman

Orations
Consuls

289-290

during

Cicero's

Life

291-292

INDEX

293-299
.

The

Tomb

The

Appian

of

II.

VOL.

TO

ILLUSTKATIONS

Cicero

to

Way

Eegina

Viarum

Title-page

face

to

face

8
p.

"

Pompey

the

Great

112
,

Julius

142

Csesar
,,

Temple

Jupiter

of

Capitolinus

restored

by

Cav.

246

Canina

:
,

Fonnise,

where

275

murdered

Cicero
was

LIFE

THE

OF

CICEKO.

TULLIUS

MAECUS

XVI.

CHAPTER

JEt.

of

succession

of officers

according

to

this

there

year
chosen

were

by

by

tribunes,,who

opposed
the

attempts
failed.

VOL.

to

At
of

or

last

period of

five

of their

of the

In

of

body, and

own

the

rally
gene-

the

meantime,

ever,
how-

turbulent

confusion.

All

election

the usual

device

riots which

of consuls
of

"

broke

ing
watchup

the

tribunes, Q. Pompeius Bums,

thrown
to

must

why

reason

for the

interrupted by
of the

that

days,so

always plebeians,
were

stopped by

Lucceius

time

thirty-sixinterreges. They

comitia

courage

old

explains the

state

Sylla,was

when

this state

months, during which

the

creation.

one

And

as

as

out

were

their

were

summoned

II.

course

the

sky,"

And

least

Senate

hold

to

grandson

which

at

in

meeting.
a

were

city was

They

the

custom

or

office for

of

consuls.

no

who,
appointed,called interreges,

was

held

the

53-52.

for six

which
patricians,

be

law

law

each

monarchy,

with

lasted

interregnum

B.C.

54-55.

opened

year

new

MILO.

AND

CLODIUS

into

perform

Hirrus

prison by
this

one

proposed

the

Senate,

ness.
act of firm-

that

dictator

AND

CLODIUS

MILO.

JET. 54-55.

they,with Cato at their head,steadily

appointed,
opposed it until Pompey himself returned. Dio Cassius
then actually
offered to him,
was
says that the dictatorship
but seeing how
unpopular the office was, he declined it,
should be

and

his

exerted

result

the

be

the votes

secured

month

in the

would

bribery.
During this

to

get

consuls

Calvinus

that Domitius

was

chosen

were

influence

of

and

July,as

of the electors

by

The

Yalerius Messala
Cicero

had

before

; for

six months

case

elected.

phesied
pro-

they
profligate

the most

and the

followingyear we have very few of

Cicero's letters,
which is explained
by the fact that Atticus,
his chief correspondent,
then at Kome.
Atticus had
was
made
a
journeyinto Greece and Asia Minor in the previous
but returned

summer,

togetherfor

were

is not

he
may

the

in

next

two

November, and
And

years.

the friends
as

this work

of Kome, but a biography

of Cicero,
and
history
took during the periodlittle part in publicaffairs,
we
events with which he was
mediately
not impass rapidlyover
a

concerned.

He
"

kept

learned

liked

friend

nothing

amusing correspondencewith
in Gaul, and seems
to
Trebatius,

an

up
"

better than

to

his
have

fire off

legaljokes at this
But
soldier-lawyer.
unfortunately
they will not bear
translation.
Even
the legalwit of Westminster
Hall is
caviare to the general
and it is hopeless
to attemptto
;
make
all the technical puns
in which
Cicero
intelligible
"

"

ran

riot when
in

an

Caesar if he

he wrote

to Trebatius.

explanation.He

The

advised him

fun would

porate
eva-

to remain

with

doingwell,but if not, to return to Eome ;

for if he stayedmuch
longer away he would run the risk
of figuring
in one
of Labienus's farces,
who
would
desire
no

better

was

character for the

lawyer. He joked him

for

stage than

becoming an

that

of

British

Epicurean;

and

asked him

how,

the

as

he could defend the

good

of all?

of such
disciple

selfishphilosophy,
for the

common

law which

was

however,
afraid,

He

CORRESPONDENCE.

AMUSING

B.C. 53-52.

was

common

that the learned

goodsto the wrong market ; for the

there was
of settling
mode
by drawing the sword
disputes
his surprise
at
instead of drawing a plea. He expressed
and
from him
two copiesof the same
letter,
receiving
too!
"However," he said,"as to
written on palimpsest
But I wonder
I applaudyour economy.
the palimpsest,
what there was written on the paper which you preferred
civilian had carried his

to efface and

take
For

fresh

use

the sheet for another

piece
"

it

was

letter rather than

legalformulae ?
writingto put

of your

some

believe that you rub out my

it." In another letter which
over

I cannot
own

your

he

wrote

passingthe night at the villa of a friend in the

Pomptine Marshes, he told Trebatius that he heard the
croakingloudly
noisywelcome of the frogswhich were
while

Ulubrae,a small miserable

at

Trebatius

which

lawyer.
He began

this year

in
qusestor

then

was

and

prefect
;

was

of young

nobles who

he

Asia

marshes

called them

by

of
the

the absent

with Curio,who
correspondence
the
Minor
girl" Curio as he
"

"

called him, when

contemptuously

had

the

in

been recommended

he had

clients to whom

town

did their utmost

he headed the band

to induce the

Clodius upon
the bill for putting
reject
of his violation of
select juryon account

people

his trial before

to

the

mysteriesof

"

girl had a terrible

To understand its full meaning it is necessary
significance.
where Cicero charges
to read the second Philippic,
Bona

the

It

seems

into Britain.

Dea.2

And

clear therefore
It is

the

word

"

that Trebatius, after all,had

to

how

the idea

amusing
England provoked merriment at Rome.
the growth of the race since Cicero's time.

into
for
2

Ad

see

of

It has

crossed

over

lawyer imported
proved a kindlysoil
a

Alt. i. 14,
B

CLODIUS

Antony,

the

Curio.

He

at

had

in

Mr.

of

he had

of

career

of

account

on

Cicero's earnest

profligacyand
had

Antony

had
intercession,

to

the

himself
we

of
ringleader

who, he
would

had

guished
distin-

opposition
; and
by Yettius of being the
an

"

to condole

with

him

tion
accusa-

of Yettius
his father's

on

says in his usual

with

if he
good fortune,

He

become

gifted
genius for

he

the

Cicero wrote

pay.

chiefs of the

accused

was

curity
se-

was

plotto assassinate Pompey

recoiled so fatally
the head
upon

which

death ;

first triumvirate
of the

one

remember

may

himself.

as

to

Cicero,and

respectsa changed character. He

remarkable
talents,and had a natural

oratory. During

travagance,
ex-

father,

his

undertaken

himself

attached

to

become

amount, which

enormous

54-55.

married

many

with

as

run

debt

Since then

MILO.

triumvir,with, having been

and
for

AND

such

son

could have

advised him

not

compliment,
styleof exaggerated
have surpassed
all men
in
bed.
only seen him at his death-

to incur

needless expense

in the

it was
funeral games
and shows which
usual to give on
such occasions,
adding that everybodyhad had enough of

these

and he ought to trust rather to his talents

displays,
and other advantagesto gain the popularity
necessary for
This well-meant
advice however
success.
political
was

thrown

Curio

away.

exhibited funeral

shows

of almost

unexampledgrandeur; and had two immense theatres built

of wood
close togetherwhich swung
on
hinges,carrying
the whole
body of spectatorsround, as Pliny describes
amazement.3
The conthem, in terms of almost stupified
sequence
was
soon

afterwards

Caesar's most
are

that he became

very

expectthem

desertinghis

devoted

few,and

overwhelmed

not

adherents.

party
Cicero's

interesting
; as

to be when
3

old

we

indeed

find him

Plin. Hist. Nat. xxxvi.

with
became

one

of

letters to him
we

could

sayingthat
15.

debt ; and

hardly

he should

B.C.

DEATH

53-52.

; for he

personalinterest to Curio
who would do that ;
plentyof correspondents

not write
had
times
in

CRASSUS.

OF

of

matters

on

too full of trouble to make

were

Nothing
jocularity.

then

it decent to
left but

was

the

and

indulge

write

to

on

topics."But on what topiccould Cicero write

And
?
to politics
to Curio excepton politics
as
seriously
he did not like to write what he thought; and certainly
A correspondence
such a
not what he did not think."
on
basis could not fail to be insipid.

serious

"

"

the

At
there

came

on.

the

the Partliiaiis.
not

findingin

which

elected

were

fellEke

bolt,
thunder-

greatpart of his army had

banks of the Euphrates in a conflict with
That greedyand incompetentcommander,
the government of Syriaenough for his
Crassus

Borne.

consuls

new

the East

from

news

on
perished

that the

time

same

and

had without any pretextfor war, and without any

rapacity,
his troops into Mesopotamia,
from the Senate,marched
authority
of Orodes,the Parthian
and invaded the territory
and ravagedthe country
king. At firsthe was successful,
to
Orodes sent ambassadors
almost without opposition.

him

ask

to

that he would

answered
will grow

on

his
striking
than

left hand

all his

with

generalafterwards
and

attendants.
says, the

with the

attack

then

The

on

of
fingers

Seleucia.

the

his

crossed

He

and

enemy

fell upon

him

and

rest of the army

poured molten
whose
proconsul,

avarice the Parthians

"

officers,

right, sooner
the Euphrates

his

son

was

Publius

surrounded

killed him

took to

Hair

"

cavalrycut to pieces. The

invited Crassus
treacherously

greater part escaped. In

of the unfortunate

Crassus

war.

of the Parthian

one

discouraging
omens,

rash

of

cause

givehis replyin

palm,"cried

this

the most

havingmade
and

the

was

will be in Seleucia."

you

amidst

what

him

Parthian
to

with

ference,
con-

his

flight
; and Dio
bitter mockery of his
golddown the throat
wealth and profusion

CLODIUS

AND

MILO.

to

express

had been such that he used

own

privatemeans.

was

to succeed

of

We

him.

an

those who

out of their

army

at the

and

Caesar,
Pompey,

beginningof

Crassus,had

offer which

only bait they could

that he

rememher

may

this office; and

long coveted

cost of

pityfor

54-55.

By the death of young Crassus there

the Collegeof Augurs,and Cicero was

in

vacancy

chosen

the

to maintain

too poor

were

JET.

would

virate
the trium-

said it

be

had

the

was

likelyto tempt

him.

Appius Claudius
He

was

of the

one

Domitius

and

then

Cicero

he had

said it

and

the

his character

made

was

proconsulof Cilicia.
infamous
bargainwith

no

worse

by

character to lose.4 As

no

active

this time

to
parties

Memmius,

in fact

given his

at

was

that

such

was

the disclosure :
had

he
praetor

Clodius

duringthe disastrous
of which Cicero was
the
year of his brother's tribuneship,
victim,and it was only to pleasePompey, whose son had
that he had agreedto a reconmarried Appius'sdaughter,
ciliation
And
with him.
yet we now find him writingto
and
Appius in the most friendly
complimentaryterms.
He wished to recommend
rate
modeValerius,
a lawyerof very
but an
intimate
friend of his own, to his
abilities,
and said, You may be assured that you are most
notice,
supportto

"

dear to me,

both

and
disposition

of the

account

on

your

kindness,and

greatsweetness of
also

because

from your letters and hear from many

that you
and grateful
for all I have done for you."
The

same

consular

an

stillcontinued

; and

there seemed

the
the

littleprospect

election takingplacefor the

having been adoptedby

4

pleased

playedwith regardto
precedingyear and first half of

three candidates in the

were

I learn

that had been

comitia in the

was
present,

of

game

are

your

Hie

Appius

erat idem.

followingyear. There
P. Cornelius Scipio(who,
field,

took the
Metellus^Tius,
Nihil

sane

jacturse."Ad

name

Att. iv. 18.

of

B.C.

CANDIDATES

53-52.

FOR

THE

CONSULSHIP.
,

Q. Cecilius Metellus

Pius); P. Plautus Hypsaeus,wlio

had been Pompey's quaestor
the Mithridatic war, and
in
was
now
supportedby him in his canvass
; and T_ Annius
Cicero was
Milo.
for many
reasons
extremelydesirous
He

that Milo

should

readyand

able to cope with Clodius with his own

weapons.
that he took a gang
into his
of gladiators
seen

We

have

pay, and
Clodius

with

succeed.

such

was

bold determined

man,

set his enemy

at defiance.
body-guard
candidate for the praetorship
was
a
; and it was
to say what mischief he might do if elected to
impossible
that high office,
unless he were
held in check by some
paramount authority.Cicero well knew that he had
therefore almost
to fear from him, and he was
everything
that one at least of the consuls should be
nervous
anxiously
he could rely. Besides he owed him
whom
a
on
man
a
for his active exertions as tribune in
deep debt of gratitude
find him for
We
procuringhis recal "from banishment.
these reasons
writingto Curio,who was then on his way
back from Asia Minor, in the most
urgent terms, and
him to come
and throw all Ins influence into the
entreating
Ah1 they wanted, he said,was
scale in favor of Milo.
a
leader ; and there was
who could be compared as
no
one
I have,"he added, set my whole
a leader with Curio.
in
heart, and fixed all my
thoughts,zeal,and energies,
There is
Milo's consulship."
soul on
short my
whole
perhapsno letter in the whole of Cicero's correspondence
which
more
bears the
stamp of genuine earnestness
stronglythan this. Milo had made himself popularby
the peoplewith costly
of entertaining
the usual expedient
resorted to by ah1 the candidates on
shows ; and bribery
was
scale. But the rival parties
came
enormous
an
frequently
a

"

"

to

blows,and the
riots. In

Milo

and

streets of Kome
one

Hypsseus were

of

were

the

scene

graceful
of dis-

these,where

the followers of

fightingin

the

Yia

Sacra,

CLODIUS

had

Calvinus,the consul,who

put a stopto

to

the

year ended

The

againwithout
his
interposed

the

climax,and

the tribune
This

of
capital

government,when
and
turn to affairs,
years

declared
threat

brought
the

kill Clodius

in the
or
premeditation,
it is impossible
to
conflict,

the

made

Milo's

and

if he

him,

met

this

decide

at

his

of

which

which

in

the

accidental

an

for
positively;

slew him

followers

and

done with

was

trial,Clodius

probablestoryis that

more

and it is as follows
On

to

without
literally

was

believe the statement

we

advocate

aggressor,

But

If

vary.

Milo's

as

Bursa

confusion

excitement

wilful

accounts

the

Whether

at last fulfilled.

was

world

Plancus

event

an

would

he

Manutius

happenedwhich gave a new

altered materially
the state of parties.
Cicero told Atticus that Milo had
previously

Four

of

anarchy,and Rome was

interregnumwould againhave

An

veto.

with his lictors

up

wounded.

in the midst

consuls.

JET. 54-55.

hastened

was
affray,

declared,hut

been

MILO.

AND

the

Cicero
was

the

self-defence.

Asconius

gives,

the twentieth

"

of

January Milo

was

travelling
along

Appian road towards Lanuvium, of which he was chief

in a carriage
in which were
his wife
or
dictator,
magistrate
Fausta (a daughter of Sylla)and his friend M. Fusius.
He
attended by a body of slaves and
was
gladiators,
the well-known
were
amongst whom
fightersEndamus
and Birria. About three o'clock in the afternoon,
as
they
close to the
were
approachingthe little town of Bovillse,
spot where stood a chapelof the Bona Dea,5 they met
Clodius on horseback returningfrom Aricia accompanied
of whom
Cassinius Scola,a
by three friends,one
was
Eoman
knight,and about thirtyarmed slaves. The two
the

the

The
man

of the

Romans
whose
Bona

might
most

Dea

to this coincidence.

look

notorious

should

be

upon
act

was

it

as

the

killed at her

judgment from
profanationof

chapel.

And

heaven
the

that

mysteries

Cicero alludes

THE

APPIAN

WAY.

REGINA

VIARUM.

Vol.

ii.

p.

8.

had
parties

almost
the

when
collision,

doubt,not
blows, got
when

he

to lose

into

passedeach other without coming into

I have named, eager, no
two
gladiators
for coming to
so
good an opportunity
the

scuffle with

turned

SLAIN.

CLODIUS

B.C. 53-52.

round

and

slaves of Clodius ; and

riding up

demanded

in

of the disturbance,Birria
threateningtone the cause
This brought on
stabbed him through the shoulder.
a
carried to a
generalfight; and the wounded Clodius was

tavern,from which, by Milo's orders,he was

neighbouring
The slaves of Clodius
soon
dragged out and murdered.
outnumbered
were
by their opponents,and many of them
wounded.
The rest fled :
were
killed,and others severely
and the corpse of their master
left lyingin the road
was
until Sextius Tedius,a senator
who happened to be returning
from
the country to Kome, came
up, and seeing
the body, directed his attendants to placeit in his litter
and bring it into the city, but he himself,
in
apparently
alarm,went back. It was carried to the hall of Clodius's
house on
the Palatine,
and there laid down.
It was
then
and as the news
mobs of
justnightfall,
spreadlike wildfire,
the lowest rabble rushed to the spot to see the murdered
body of their favorite leader. His widow Fulvia threw
herself on
the corpse, and with cries of passionate
grief
pointedout the bloodywounds to the populace. Next
and in the confusion several
morning the crowd increased,
of rank were
men
injured. The two tribunes Manutius
Plancus
and
had been
Pompeius Eufus (who it seems
released from prison)
called out to the peopleto carry the
And
it was
diately
immebody to the Forum
just as it was.
"

borne
then
on

mounted

the

The
where

off and
the

of
atrocity

corpse
a

was

funeral

laid

the Bostra.

on

The

platformand harangued the

the crime

which

carried to the

pilewas

Milo

had

tribunes
multitude

committed.

temple of Curia Hostilia,

constructed of tables and
hastily

10

CLODIFS

benches,and
the

rest

set

of the

on

house

The

fire.

The

MILO.

flames

which
building,

basilica.
adjoining

an

AND

was

mob

54-55.

MT.

and

rose

down,

burnt
then

soon

rushed

as

caught
well

as

to attack the

of

Lepidusand of Milo,who had concealed himself,

but they were
In the
driven off by volleysof arrows.
the fasceshad been placed
abeyanceof the consular office,
for safe custodyin the templeof Libitina ; and these were
seized by the peopleand carried first to the houses of
of Milo, arid afterwards
Scipioand Hypsaeus,the competitors
to the gardens of Pompey, where with shouts they
consul and at another
moment
proclaimedhim at one
dictator.
These

A
the Senate.
frightened
proceedings
the Palatine Hill in the
convoked on
meeting was hastily
eveningafter Clodius's body had been burnt, and ^Emilius
bunes
with the triLepidus was
appointedinterrex,to whom
and Pompey the care
committed.
of public
order was
all
also authorized to collect troops from
Pompey was
and Hypsseuswere
anxious to avail
partsof Italy. Scipio
themselves
of the sudden
of Milo, and to
unpopularity
force

on

turbulent

the comitia for the election of consuls.

contraryto

all usage

But

for the first interrex to hold

it was

them,

and

Lepidustherefore refused. The mob then regularly

besiegedhis house,and kept him a close prisonerfor two
three days,until at last they burst open the doors,and
or
the furniture when
were
a
proceedingto destroy
body of
the partisans
of Milo came
up, and after a violent struggle
drove

them

comitia

Another

away.

held.

At

interrex

succeeded,but

still

last

Pompey got togethera

and under their guard the Senate met at
body of soldiers,
the theatre outside the pomoerium, or precincts
of the city
to
properlyso called ; but the only resolutions they came
no

were

were

that the bones

buried,and

of Clodius

the Curia Hostiha

should

rebuilt.

be

It

was

collected and
indeed time

12

AND

CLODIUS

being limited

cutor

to two

MILO.

hours

JE-r. 54-55.

the defendant

and

or

his

to three.

counsel

The

ineffectually
opposedby the
tribune Coelius,who
a
objectedthat it was
privilegium
directed against
Milo,and he attacked the measure
specially
that Pompey declared that if he were
with such vehemence
driven to it he would defend the Republicby force of arms.
In the mean
time two
nephews of Clodius appliedto
Pornpeyto have the whole body of Milo's slaves,and also
those

had

of his wife Fausta

"

separateestablishments

and

no

mode
men.

by

first of these bills

for at Eome

husband

of these domestics

"

and

wife

examined,

doubt

the usual
put to the torture,as this was
of taking the evidence of that unfortunate class of
And the rightof examiningthem was
also claimed

three

Coelius
the

was

on

others,the

two

the other hand

slaves of Clodius

accompanied him

and

Valerii and
summoned
of the

Herennius
for the

same

Balbus.
purpose

three friends who

had

journey; and one of his

summoned
the slaves of Hypsaeusand Metellus
colleagues
the two candidates for the consulship. This of
Scipio,
course

was

and
a

on

to make

that

to
conspiracy

his fatal

it appear

that

Clodius

Hypsaeusand Scipiohad

take away

was

been

the lifeof Milo.

the aggressor,
to
parties

A formidable

appearedfor him : Cicero,Hortensius,

and Faustus
Marcellus,
Calidius,
Sylla. Hortensius took
the objection
that the persons summoned
by the prosecution
Milo had
as
were
no
longer slaves but freemen
them
for avengingthe attempt on his life
manumitted
and
that consequently
they could not be put to the
question.
He
himself,seeinghow strong the feeling
was
against
the Clodian party,owing to the excesses
theyhad recently
in public,and
he
to appear
committed, ventured
now
for the consulship,
pursuedhis canvass
distributing
large
array

of counsel

"

"

B.C.

TRIAL

53-52.

13

MILO.

OF

peoplein the most barefaced

At one
of the meetingsof the Senate Cornificius
manner.
accused him of carryinga sword concealed under his robe,
and went so far as to call upon him to liftit up that they
might see it. Milo immediatelypulledup his dress and
which Cicero,
who was
that he had none
showed
; upon
exclaimed,that all the chargesagainsthim had
present,
better foundation than that which theyhad justheard.
no
But it was
currently
reportedthat in order to conciliate
Pompey, who was known to favor the election of Hypto him offering
to abandon his
saeus, Milo sent a message
plied,
rePompey, however, loftily
own
"canvass, if he wished.
ment
that he would have nothingto do with the retireand would not interfere
or
standingof any candidate,
with the free choice of the people.
Three
of the tribunes,
and Plancus,
Pompeius,Sallust,
did all in their power
to influence the populaceagainst
Milo by violent harangues in the Forum, and at the same
Cicero,who had undertaken his defence,
so
timejittacked
almost as unpopularwith the mob as his
that he became
the most bitter of the three,
client. Plancus
and he
was
asserted that a plotwas
so
constantly
going on to take
Pompey's life,that the consul either reallydid or
away
sums

of money

it,and

affected to believe

there is

to trial; and

But

at such

he

shrinkingfrom
to

deplorehis

to admire

the

firm,and

of moral

want

He

Often

now.

knew

as

moment

a
we

courage,

He
that

advocate

in considerable

for

never

the task.

his conduct

defence.

excitement

number

bringCicero

doubt that the

no

periodof

stood

increased the

threatened to

also

guards. Plancus
was

the

amongst

of his

himself
of Milo

danger.

thoughtof

have had occasion

it is

might have

not
impossible
declined
easily

at heart no
Pompey was
friend of Milo, and that the populace
hated him for killing
their favorite leader. He would have ingratiated
himself

14

MILO.

AND

CLODIUS

'JET. 54-55.

simplyabstained from takingany part

But he felt that he owed a deep debt
in the proceedings.
when
for the part he had taken
of gratitudeto Milo
tribune in procuringhis recal from banishment,and no
with both if he had

him

induce

could

consideration

desert

to

now

his friend.

Perhapsalso there was mingled with this motive another

of
accused
which might well be pardoned. Milo
was
slayinghis own bitterest enemy, and the temptationwas
irresistibleto vindicate such
of his

client

force

murder

other indictments

were

"

the other for

and
bribery,

peril.Not onlywas
violence (de vi\ but
and illegal
for
one
againsthim
preferred
of
gettingup or beinga member

indeed in imminent

was

prosecutedfor

two

the whole

eloquence.

His

he

deed with

The special
commissioners
(desodalitiis).
the cases
law to try severally
under Pompey's new
chosen
and
Domitius
Ahenobarbus
and briberywere
of murder
to have been elected by the
Torquatus. Domitius seems
the recommendation
of Pompey himself.6 Milo
on
people,
unlawful clubs

summoned

was

to

day, in April. He
and

and

made

an

Cassinius

mentioned,was
evidence

It is thus

before

Domitius.

order for the

I reconcile

....

Pompey,
ex

says, Quod

consularibus

vero

he

as

I have

killed,
gave strong

was

When

accused.

one
Marcellus,

defence,began to cross-examine him,

Asconius

Qusesitor suffragiopopuli; and

of

knight who,

with Clodius when

for the

of Milo's slaves ;

examination

Scola,the Koman

the
incriminating

of the counsel

same

Torquatusfriends who
trial for bribery
postponeduntil the
of. This was
granted,and
disposed

appliedto have the

chargeof murder was
the inquiry
began before
He

the

on

before Domitius,
appeared personally

representhim

to

sent

both

before them

appear

te

te creavit

with

Cicero.

Cicero

L. Domiti

huic

potissimum.

Asconius

pro Milone,

calls Domitius,

c. 8),speaking
questioniprgeesse voluit

OF

TRIAL

that filledand

the mob

15

MILO.

the court made

surrounded

such

an

and took refugeon the bench

frightened
at the moment
at the
Pompey was
Treasury,within sightof the court,and heard the tumult.
Domitius
appliedto him for a body of soldiers to keep
himself next day with a
order,and he promisedto come
the rest of the
guard. He did so, and remained throughout
close enough to be frequently
by Cicero
trial,
apostrophized
in the course
of his speech. The next two dayswere, according
of
with the depositions
to the new
law, occupied
cross-examined by Cicero,Marcellus,
who were
witnesses,
Some
vestal virginswere
and Milo himself.
produced,

he was
uproar, that
beside Domitius.

who

swore

saying that
had

he

that

an

she

was

made,

would
court of

directed

by

that Clodius

now

course

had

Milo

to

Fulvia

them,

dischargea
Such

slain.

was

have been inadmissible in

an

vow

mony
testi-

English

last witnesses called for the tion

prosecuand Sempronia,
the widow and daughter-

Clodius,who, by their

of

produceda

visible effecton

Manutius

Plancus,a

mounted

the Kostra

callingupon
people,

the

tears

bystanders.The
of Milo and

bitter enemy
and

them

made

lamentations,

and

violent

to attend

next

tribune

Cicero,then

speech to the
day in crowds,

allow the criminal to escape.

that during ah1 this time
It is remarkable

and

to

come

justice.The

were

in-law

of

female

unknown

not

the

juryhad

that the whole

provided
body,or what we should call the panelof persons qualified
and hear the evidence.
They
as jurymen,should be present
selected by Pompey himself.
three hundred in number
were
should be chosen
that afterwards eighty-one
It also provided
by lot to try the case, but that after theyhad heard the
gether
and the defence,which tospeechesfor the prosecution

not

yet been chosen.

were

and

not

The

to occupy

defendant

were

new

law

five hours,the cutor

proseof
fifteen (five
each to challenge

more

than

16

CLODIUS

each
The

so
class),
reason

there

can

to

AND

MILO.

vEx. 54-55.

to leave

to deliver the verdict.7

fifty-one
of these special
is not apparent; but
regulations
be no doubt of the impolicyof allowing
the witnesses
panelled.
givetheir evidence before the actual jurywas emas

being closed,the importantday arrived

the jury were
to be chosen,the speechesdelivered,
when
and the verdict given. It was
memorable
a
day,and a
Domitius
memorable
sat on
the judgsightfor Eome.
ment-seat
An immense
commissioner.
multitude
as
special
thronged the Forum, crowding the stepsof the temples
and other publicbuildingsfrom which a view could be obtained,
The

evidence

and in addition

strongbody of soldiers surrounded

the court and occupied all the avenues
to the Forum.
Pompey himself sat in front of the Treasury,where he
and was
could both see and hear the proceedings,
attended
select

body-guard.All

the

shops in the citywere

intent on the importantissue at
and every one
was
closed,
that might well try the nerves
stake. It was
of
a scene
the boldest advocate ; for the mob were
to a man
against
had shown that theymight vent
Milo : and fatal experience
their rage not merelyin noise and clamor,but in deeds of
violence on the spot.
At eighto'clock in the morning the prosecutors
commenced
their speeches.They were
one
Appius Claudius,
of the nephewsof Clodius ; Marc Antony, fatal name, that
Cicero's path, and
for the first time appearedon
now
Yalerius Nepos. They spoke for two
hours,the time
limited by the new
law,and then Cicero rose to defend his
by

"

"

client.

He

heard

glittering
spears
order
7

"

These

serarii.

the

of the

strangeand
51

would

murmurs

consist

of the

crowd, and

soldiers,
placed there

unwonted

sightin

of 18 senators, 17

saw

to

criminal

knights,and

the

secure

court.

16 tnbuni

B.C.

TRIAL

53-52.

17

MILO.

OF

and made
a
self-possession,
very ineffective
the truth to say that
speech. It would be perhapsnearer
he completely
broke down.
The speechwe possess, which
He

is

lost his

of the

one

that which

not

course

he read

well-known

it in exile after his

that

this is not the

It is fortunate

for

that

delivered at my

trial; for in that

was

have

been

me

of

wards
after-

anecdote,Milo,

said,in
conviction,

irony,

"

was
written,

ever

spoke. He composed it

he

and, accordingto

when

finest forensic orations

bitter

speech

I should

case

not

these Marseilles

thingsas
eatingsuch capital

mullets."
had

Brutus

himself

which he showed

Cicero,who

to

line he

The

of it.

composeda speechfor

took

was

for

Clodius to

him.
killing

have been

argument

as

the sole

on
premeditation

the

was

whose

part

of

the aggressor, and

showed

case

the

that

slaves killed him

he

it must

therefore took the

He

had

there

that all the

to avenge

the

more
was

contended

Milo, and
intended

It

was

tolerate such

could
justice

that
of denying altogether

course

Cicero

to

to be condemned

and
ground of defence,

been fatal to his client.

Clodius

of

court

approve

benefit
public

death,Milo oughtnot

No

not

perilous
one, and
to adopt it.
declining

"

sentence

defence,

good judgment in
that as it would
this
shortly
showed

did

however

the

an

have
dent
pruany

that

of
probabilities

to

murder

Milo,

supposeddeath

of

their master.
dence,
provedin evithat Clodius had declared in his public
that
speeches
Milo must be killed,
and that he could not be deprived
of
if he lived,
but he could be deprived
of life.
the consulship
Nay, he had told Favonius that within three days,or four
at most, Milo would perish,
which Favonius immediately
to Cato,who
the jurybefore
was
now
on
sitting
reported
he said,
them.
knew that Milo was
Clodius,
obligedto go
He

VOL.

and
asserted,

II.

I suppose

the fact had been

18

CLODIUS

to Lanuvium

M1LO.

AND

tlie twentieth

on

of

JET. 54-55.

January to appointa

"

of that town, and he left

dictator
flamen, as he was
for the
Rome
suddenlythe day before to make preparation
had
attack.
He
brought down from the wilds of the
whom
they had all
Apennines his gang of savage slaves,
Next
in Borne.
seen
day Milo attended the Senate,then
and changed his dress,had to wait for his
home
went
with women," said
is usuallythe case
"as
wife,who
slow in gettingready,and set out in a carCicero
riage
was
envelopedin a long cloak,and followed by a train of
and
his wife's maid-servants
singing-boys.When
they
"

"

"

reached that

partof

countryhouse

the

farm,the

or

hold

largeenough to

from

had

vaults of which

cellars and

thousand

Clodius

where

Appian Way

were

attack

sudden

men,

was

high ground. Milo's carriage

was
surrounded,but he sprang to the ground and vigorously
time his slaves thoughtthat
defended himself. In the mean

made

he

upon

his orders

Such
a

some

murdered, and

was

was

them

or

to

knowledge,killed

even

complete defence

; and

that

Milo than

Clodius

Milo

of the two

Clodius

he calls

they

had

"

both

the

was

to Cato and

what

far

in the death

characters
that
likely

had

he tried to

heard

"

of the

which

of the

other ?

He

interest in the death

of Clodius.

Besides,the

rendered it much

men

first aggressor.

from

He

of
ferent
dif-

more

then

had

Favonius, while Clodius

declared that in three

Alluding to

he showed
slaves,

how

it

death

if proved,it

strengthenit by

of cui lono

more

would be dead.

in which

of course,

pealed
ap-

who were
both on the juryby
Pepillius,
and asserted that
accident,"
providential

that Clodius
alive,

mode

they,without

Clodius.

Cicero's statement,and

was

probabilities,
applyingthe test
most
two would
by the
profit
showed

his death

avenge

was

the

worthless it

taken.

evidence
was

days

of

was

Milo

Clodius's

the
by describing

20

AND

CLODIUS

there

built

then

that
present,
he

demanded

would

home

his

me," from

He

have

have seized

would

so

pelled
ex-

and walled

"

prevent all
in gaining

to

as

his

safe from

been

rapacity.

possessionstheir

their

on

who

"

succeeded

into it. If he had lived and

nothing would

power,

he

money

corpse

countryseat

up the vestibule of his sister'shouse

entrance

the

man," said Cicero,"now

Appius, "a

to

told Titus Furfanus,

give him

not

him

carry

his brother

firmlyreconciled

did

if he

-Ex. 54-55.

who

for himself"

house

MILO.

homes

"

"

their money.
"

"
wives
and
he exclaimed
do I say ?
;
your
your
money,
been
If
therefore
to
his
unbridled
would
have
lust.
children
a
prey
Come
hither,
Titus Annius, holding up his bloody sword, cried out,

Your

"

...

'

citizens, and

hear

this right hand

court

saved

"

that

deed ?

praisethe

"

the

since

?
who

is there

of

man

fear

any

who

one

any

say

had

through my deed alone that law,

chastity have been preservedto
"

be

not

and
this weapon
which
law
or
no
fury,

"With
his

and

country would

the

would

not

and

approve
Annius

feel that Titus

benefited

most

the

greatestjoy

Eoman

how

of all
filled

state and

the

Now
people Italy the world ?
attend to me.
This is an
Imagine to
inquest on the death of Clodius.
and
with
the
mind's
for
our
we
see
can
yourselves
thoughts are free,
our
bodily senses"
imagine to yourselves,then, I
eye as well as with
induce
that Clodius
condition
on
say, that I could
you to acquit Milo
life
do
show
terror
to
were
by your looks?
brought
again Why
you
with

the

and

there

would

memory

It is

modesty

For

Clodius.

lives from

your

Could

the commonwealth.'
receive the avowal

slain

restrain.

justicecould

of

and liberty
justice,

men

I have

me.

I have

"

"

"

"

would

How

idea of him

The

he affect you if alive,when

makes
you tremble ?...."

speechended by

to drive

away

from

Eome

other

country would

words

were,

"

will

But
not

open

that

now

is dead

he

passionate
appealto
a

citizen like
its

the

mere

jurynot

Milo,whom

to receive.

arms

the

every

The

last

"

I must
allow

stop.
himself

For
to

I cannot
be

speak

defended.

for tears

I pray

and

"

and

deliveringyour verdict, to declare boldly your real

honour
virtue, your justice,
will,believe me, be
your
in selectingthe jury chose those who
him who
were
for virtue,intelligence,
and courage."

by

tears

he

beseech

you,

in

sentiments.
most
most

Your

approved by
distinguished

B.C.

is

above

The

21

MILO.

OF

CONVICTION

53-52.

outline of the oration

meagre

it

as

was

That which Cicero

spokewas not successful,

really
and Milo was
The jury who gave the verdict,
convicted.
allowed by
after they had been reduced by the challenges
ivritten.

the

law, were,

new

but thirty-eight
clared
deacquittal,
to believe that
him guilty
; and it is hardlypossible
It was
who
composed of men
majoritywere wrong.
to have any bias againstthe accused ; and
not likely

these,thirteen
the
were

doubt

no

the

affray
might
the

Of

in number.
said,fifty-one

I have

as

voted for his

evidence

have

commenced,

questionunder
attack

It would

the followers of

by

where

he

had

laid after he

was

of his

acquitted
; but if
orders,was
dragged

Milo's

the first

it

was

done in

was

been

have

nice

it

whether

or
guiltyof murder or manslaughter,
If the deed
of justifiable
homicide.
case
to protecthis life or the lives
defence,

ought to
Clodius,by

by

whether Milo
Clodius,

was

he

be

English kw, supposingthat

the

made

were

killed

had been

Clodius

Milo.

of

deliberate command

the

that, however

satisfied them

was

selfattendants,
true

that

the tavern

from

received his

wound,

and

murder, or perhapsa merciful

put to death,it was
jury might have brought in a verdict of manslaughter.
But if the defence set up by Cicero had been proved,there
have been a verdict of acquittal
must
; for,accordingto
the knowledge
him, Milo's slaves killed Clodius without even
idea that they
of their master, under the erroneous
then

death.

avenginghis

were

The

sentence

He

quittedKome.
the -""^nainder
absence
and

he

life in

mere

it

was

so

poverty and
His

burdened

trifle. And

Milo

immediately
where he passed
Marseilles,

chargesagainsthim

againconvicted.

was

retired to

of his

the other

auction,but
sold for

banishment, and

was

his

put up

debts

enormous

ended

In

proceededwith,

propertywas

by

thus

were

exile.

the

to

that it

publiccareer

22

AND

CLODIUS

of

who

man

Caesar

and

bid fair to be

who, if

he had

But

gainedthe

it is vain to

M.

had

was

next

He

was

acquittedby
for

defended
Sextius

by

and
trial,

majorityof

breach

Cicero

of the
:

he

was

peace
a

arson

in

settingfire

than

He

one.

in

affray,

by Cicero

and

his master, for he

wras

(de vi),and

second time

in
Clodius,the ringleader

tried for

defended

was

fortunate

more

happenedwhich

Milo's slaves in the

had headed

his

put upon

Coelius.
was

event
particular
happen.

who
Saufeius,

have

would
how history
speculate

to be rewritten if a
fact did not

Pompey and of
might
consulship,

rival of

different direction to the destinies of

have given a
possibly
Kome.

7ET. 54-55.

MILO.

the late

dicted
again inwas
again

acquitted.But
tumult,who

to the Curia

was

when
Hostilia,

body of Clodius was burnt,was convicted by a majority

Both
and sentenced to banishment.
of forty-six
to fifteen,
the candidates for the consulship,
Hypsseus and Metellus
the
and tried under
accused
of bribery,
now
were
Scipio,
But Pompey had justmarried Scipio's
law.
new
daughter
killed in
the widow
Crassus who
of young
was
Cornelia,
the

the

East,and

he

determined

was

to

save

his father-in-law.

favor to
imploredthe jury to acquithim as a personal
himself.
Hypsseusthoughtthat he might obtain the same
and threw himself at Pompey'sfeet as he came
indulgence,
out of the bath,to implorehis help; but the great man
spurned him from him, and told him he was onlyspoiling
the justice
his own
Such was
dinner by detaininghim.8
and humanity of the man
Cicero had always so
to whom
strangely
clung. He next raised his father-in-law Scipio
of the
and during the last five months
to the consulship,
if
colleagues
together. In order to lessen,
year theywere
the indecent eagerness with which the consulship
possible,
was
soughtby men whose chief objectwas to enrich thern-

He

Val.

Max.

ix. 5.

B.C.

PROSECUTION

53-52.

selves

23

PLANCUS.

OF

the

provincial
governmentsthat followed as a
of course, a law had been passedthe year before
matter
which enacted that no
should obtain the
consul or praetor
until five years had elapsed
after
government of a province
the expiration
of his year of office. This law Pompey enforced,
by

but
command

the

at

took

time

same

to

care

have

his

own

Spain,which he had never yet visited as proconsul,

He
also got the
prolongedfor five years more.
law revived which prevented
candidates for the consulship
from being elected in their absence,but with the addition
of a clause which
rendered it practically
letter; for
a dead
it was
the restriction might
cases
providedthat in special
It was
be dispensed
with.
when
powerfuland intriguing
candidates that it might be most
men
were
necessary to
enforce it,but they were
to
just the persons most likely
in their favor.
have influence enough to get a dispensation
it happened now.
To conciliate Caesar,he was
And
so
allowed to stand next year for the consulship
without
in Gaul.
leavinghis command
in

the

At

end

seeing both

of the year

the

Cicero

punished. As
accused
they were
and

down

and

of Milo..and

Plancus

victed
himself,con-

theyhad laid down their

exciting,
by their harangues,

soon^as
of

to acts of violence and

the mob

the satisfaction of

tribunes,Pompeius Bufus

enemies
Bursa, the implacable

office

had

when
incendiarism,

the senate-house at Clodius's funeral.

it burnt

took
Cicero under-

of Plancus,the second time in his life

prosecution
when he had appearedagainstinstead of for a defendant.
Pompey interested himself warmly for Plancus; and, to
law; for
him, did not scrupleto violate his own
save
racters"
in order to check the shameless practice
of
giving chatheir trial,
to parties
on
which, as has been previously

the

"

mentioned,was
means

called laudare, and had

whereby powerfulmen

obtained

the

become

the

of
acquittal

24

CLODIUS

MILO.

JET.

54-55.

it in
passed which prohibited
future ; but notwithstanding
this,he sent to the court a
written declaration in Plancus's favor,againstwhich Cato,
the jury,protested,
who was
on
exclaimingthat the author

their

had

AND

he
friends,

law

ought not to be allowed to set it at defiance. As

this sufficiently
showed which way Cato
may be imagined,
was
likelyto vote; and Plancus,availinghimself of the
to that effect,
moved
challengedhim and had him reprovision
of

law

before

good :

no

the verdict

he

delivered.

was

But

this did him

unanimouslydeclared guilty,and

was

tenced
sen-

to banishment.

Cicero did not

a

his
disguise

exultation

letter to his friend Marius

more

This
.

out

me

as

of my

some

them
me.

In

Some
who

at this verdict than

foolish ape, out of

the

objectof

enemies

same

had

made

at the death

Cicero

one

be

therefore

of my

joiced
re-

enemy.

had

persuaded
alwaysreadyto serve
warmly congratulate

gained."

is matter

going to

me

wantonness, had singled

that he would

been

"

and
invective,

letter there

propertywas

said, Believe

mere

his

You may
againstme.
A greattriumph has
the

he

In

at this event.

of

be sold of

of his

kind.
lighter

deceased

heirs,and

Marius

person
had

begged him to bid for him at the sale. Cicero laughsat

to a person whose
him for givingsuch a commission
rest
inteshould be got ;
that the highestpricepossible
it was
he
joke,that as Marius had named the sum
was
willingto give,he would take care to employa puffer
and thus prevent the propertyfrom goingfor less.
The
revival by Pompey of the law as to proconsular
governments had an importanteffect on Cicero's interests ;
for as no
ex-consul could now
assume
a
mand
comprovincial
until five years elapsedfrom the expiration
of his
of its provisions
enacted that in the mean
one
consulship,
time the provinces
should be administered
by those who
and

says, in

B.C.

53-52.

had

not

yet
as

there

an

was

no

lots

drew

obligation,

for

ex-consuls

most
and

we

shall
favor

greatest
as

if

soon

as

office
he

could.

So

he

looked

coveted,
see

him

they

possible.

constantly
could

do

such

of

he
which
far

to

he

get

was

Bibulus
and

would

it

as

friends,
him

its

have

desiring

his

urging

that

so

Cilicia

from

upon

him,

and

got

posed
im-

was

persons

He

and

one

was

this

privilege,

them.

of

one

as

number

appointments,

The

declined

the

and

granted

not

was

their

government

But

escape.

dependencies.
gladly

such

any

Cicero

and

limited,

held

25

PROCONSUL.

APPOINTED

CICERO

what

burden

as

the

superseded

26

PROCONSULATE.

THE

CHAPTER

THE

JEr. 56-57.

XVII.

PROCONSULATE.
-57.

B.C. 51-50.

character

regardCicero in a new
of governor of a province and in
almost unqualified
praise.It would
have

to

now

"

this he deserves

"

our

that

be littleat the

say of the governor of an Englishcolony

that his hands were
and
his administration was just,
clean,

presentday to

his integrity
; but at Kome
unimpeached

the

case

was

very
and propraetors
set out for their
different. The proconsuls

down
like rapacious
vultures,
swooping
respective
provinces
A province
the El Dorado by which
was
upon their prey.

ruined fortunes

The

of Verres

case

of what

and
restored,

to live in luxurious

returned

ex-governor

home.

to be

were

was

onlyan

occurred.
constantly

He

from

which

the

at
magnificence
ample
exexaggerated
sinned in degree,

ment
hardlyin kind,more than many others. No impeachwas
so
frequentat Borne as an impeachmentde
the plunder
to make the ex-proconsul
disgorge
repetundis,
him for the malversation of the
of his province,
and punish

but

funds entrusted to his

often used

as

opponent;

mere

but the

care.

No

doubt the accusation was

engineof attack to damage a political

numerous

spread
convictions show how wide-

Quinceysays,1 The prolongation

of these lieutenanciesbeyondthe legitimate
year

the

was

one

was.
corruption

source

of
1

enormous

"

De

evil;and it

Collected Works, Cicero.

was

the

more

28

PROCONSULATE.

THE

his

he wrote
until lie quitted
Italy,

and
journey,

set out

on

almost

dailyto

56-57.

MT.

his friend.

Quintus had returned

Gaul,and

from

gone

Arcanum,

to

the office
country seats,where, having accepted
lieutenant to his brother,he was
onlywaiting to join
of his

one

of

bickeringbetween him and his

wife Pomponia stillcontinued ; and the lady'stemper had
Cicero mentions
not improvedby age.
dote
anecan
certainly
him

the road.

on

old

The

shows

which

of her at this time

herself very unamiable.

As

he

that she

travelled

could make
to embark

south

him
at Arpinum,
to meet
Quintus came
province,
they proceededtogetherto Arcanum, where Pomponia

for his
and
was.

Quintus
Unfortunately

before

to

order

of the house

as

sent

dinner,which

one

they arrived,her husband, in

her

on

mistress

offence to the

gave

with
interfering

of his servants

arrangements. When

-the kindest

(soCicero

tone

thought),said, Pomponia, do you invite the ladies

and I will ask the gentlemen."
amongst our neighbours,
and looking
Oh ! she replied
as
as cross
possible,
sharply,
I am
only a strangerhere." Poor Quintus turned to his
brother and said, You see what I have to endure daily."
The company
sat,or, as Cicero expresses it,lay down to
dinner,but Pomponia declined to jointhem ; and when her
she declared
the table,
husband
sent her somethingfrom
time ;
she would not touch it. The sulkyfit lasted for some
and she refused to sleepthat nightwith her husband, the
"

"

"

"

"

last before

his

departurefor

this in his letter to

sister

Quintus was
His
of

and
Atticus,

hint,saying that
son

this
certainly
and

advised him

might

time

were

faithful Dionysius,
who
villahe had

under

acted

as

visit from

all

give his

to

tell her from

him

that

not to blame.

nephew both accompaniedhim

government, and

Cuman

he

Cicero mentioned

Asia.

the

immediate

their

to his seat
care

of the

preceptor. At

Hortensius,whose

his

country

seat

TO

VISIT

B.C. 51-50.

commands,

which

asked if Cicero

off. He

distance

Bauli,some

at

was

29

POMPEY.

the

newly-appointed
consul
profavor he begged of
answered
that the only special
of his governhim was
to do his best to preventthe period
ment
from being prolonged.He called it a
tremendous
bore" (ingens
and told Atticus his only consolation
molestia),

had

any

to

"

that

was

felt
already

; but

to Trebatius

after the

to bid him
littleEome

last

the

capital But
practise.So

to

health,which had

it is

proofhow

it is

one

thing to

Cicero

he says

excellent

sensitive Jie

to

was

noticed the absence

had

come

which

he

was

conversations

that theywere
expressly

house

of

in the

to

say

to

He

embark.

they had together

he

did

but the way

in which
deserves notice.
I left him,"he
says,

he

like to trust

him

not

many

good-bye.
his
Tarentum, recruiting
suffered from the fatigues
of the consulship
spentthree days with him on his way to

Brundusium, the port at

of the
givesno particulars

speaksof

his beloved

persons came
farewell that he called his Curnan villa quitea

but who
did
neighbourhood,
at his villa near
Pompey was

not

He

year.

from

happy away

that,notwithstanding
this,he
slight,
an
acquaintancenamed Eufius,who

"indeed

the advice he
might have remembered
and to Quintus,
when theyin Gaul pined

another

; and

; and

than

more

he

societyof

preach,and

not

that he could not be

Borne
gave

it would

to

such

as

letter
"

"

frame

of

mind,

"

in

and

thoroughlypreparedto
ward
off the danger that is feared." And
writing to
Coelius a few weeks later,
he used nearly the same
guage,
lanrecommending him to attach himself closely
to
Pompey,whose estimate of persons was now very much the

an

same

his

as

There

can

own.

be littledoubt

to Caesar and

remember

that

more

his
than

that these

had
expressions

ference
re-

apprehended
designs.We must
two years had elapsed
since those

30

PROCONSULATE.

THE

letters

written in which

were

MT.

Cicero

expressedhimself in
absent proconsulof Gaul,

friendlyterms about the

and most
probablyin the interval he
The
change his tone.
approachof
such

have

to

seems

althoughthe
still

been

uncertain; but

make

the

of
pilots
An

a-head.

felt both

time

exact

and

the

sky

56-57.

by

had
the

himself

seen

coming storm
and
Pompey,

direction of its outburst

was

the commonwealth

incident had occurred

to

reason

were

overcast to
sufficiently
keep a good look-out
which must have
lately

in Cicero's mind.
When
unpleasant
impression
he had prosecuted,
he took
was
Plancus,whom
convicted,
refugewith Caesar at Kavenna, and was by him received
it is a
with open arms
and loaded with presents. And
noticeable fact that Cicero was
extremelyanxious
justnow
caused

an

to pay

off

debt which

he owed

to Cassar.

He

had

some

from
him
borrowed
considerable sum
a
previously
and
equalto about 7000Z.)at interest,
(800,000 sesterces,
he wrote in the most pressingmanner
to Atticus
to pay
this for him, out of funds which apparently
he had left in
the hands of his friend,
which
he had given him
or
on
a
credit. It is very probablethat,lookingat the signs of
the times,and the chances that he might have to come
into collision with Caesar,
he did not wish to remain under
He had found Pompey
to him.
obligation
any pecuniary
bent upon going to his Spanishprovince,
of which he had
the government personally,
but Cicero
not yet assumed
stronglydissuaded him, and pressedupon him the expediency
of not leavingItaly. He wrote from Brundusium,
which he reached
the twenty-second
of May, to Appius
on
he was
about to succeed,and earnestly
Claudius,whom
begged him on no account to disband any of his soldieis,
who were
alreadytoo few,and to make arrangements for
leavingthe provinceto him in the best state of equipment
excellent
and defence possible. The two were
now
on
time

B.C.

31

MILO.

OF

COMPLAINTS

51-50.

cated
Appius had dedifriendship,
the Collegeof
work he had written on
to him
a
Augurs,the first volume of which had justappeared.
for nearly a fortnight
Cicero stayed at Brundusium
While
of his lieutenants.
waiting for Pomptinus, one
which has exposedhim to
there he wrote Atticus a letter,
if not dishonesty
of acting with duplicity
the suspicion

terms

and, as

The

Marseilles.

Milo,who

friend

towards his unfortunate

at

his

proofof

material

then

was

of the

part

in exile

letter is the

:
following

I hear

"

him

from

injury

an

Terentia, and

purchase of
I know
him

might

an

might
with

secured,

him

so

acted

mine

too,

to be

the wreck, if

look

carefullyinto the matter ; for

reallycomplains,and writes

Fausta's

wish, do

anything

allow

not

property against Mile's

to do.

the

thus

he

not

an

you

strengthof

at

I often

hear

to his

friend

for

to

has

all.

the

take

you

hostile purchaser
considerable

But

her

dowry
something

I want

to

you

exaggerated reports.
it,and

about

remain

I told

so

man

might have
easilysave

most

saved

Philotimus

consent

It was
engaged
if the thing is unimportant

On

was

of

and
ill-disposed

an

Besides, I could

from

Milo

"

next, that his wife Fausta

and

partner in

First,that the property

slaves, of whom

of his

wife

of Duronius, whom

kind

the

this

was

be

to

done

I have
Cicero's

of

advice

the

on

control,lest

own

deprive Milo

he wished.

as

agent of his own)

object,and
my

(a

freedman

friend of Milo, and

intimate

under

come

number

allowing

his property.

His

Philotimus

much-trusted

to be

for.

in

complains that

Milo

friend

that my

Home

in

him

possessionof
in

objectof any great

judge what is best

will

and

person,
to

moment

If

it is also
the
he
But

me.

to be done."

this letter Cicero has been

accused

and
in an underhand
with Milo's effects,
manner
dealing
buying them from some
impropermotive. But I confess
I can
is simple
see
nothing of the kind. His explanation
and Manutius
and I agree with Middleton
and satisfactory,
safer authority)
that it is rather a proofof
(a much

of

his zeal

and

Middleton
2

Abeken

goes

in

case

which

as

interests

to say that

on

(Ciceroin
of Cicero

him

for the

care

seinen

Middleton
is

so

"

of his friend.2

Philotimus

Briefen,p. 221)
; but I cannot

little clear to us."

says,

"

was

am

But

suspected
not

bringmyself to

so

amoured
en-

condemn

32

of

THE

playingthe

his

.Melmoth

knave

which

use,

own

PROCONSULATE.

and

that

asserts

56-57.

the effects to

secreting
part of
Cicero

gave

Mi.

great uneasiness."

Philotimus

And

the

bought

property
to
at an
undervalue,and adds that it is not easy entirely
in his justification
vindicate Cicero ; for thoughhe pleaded
intent of servingMilo, yet it appears very evidently
an
"

from

his letters to Atticus

this

upon

that
subject

he shared

advantagesof the purchase."In a

in a
the purity
of Cicero's conduct
like this,
case
affecting
the eviit is rightto examine
dence
transaction,
closely
money
I can
find
Now
which the charge is founded.
on
that Philotimus
none
bought under the value,or that
Cicero attemptedto get for himself any advantagein the
purchase. The only other letter in which he alludes to
is one
in which the following
to Atticus,
the matter
sage
pasin the

with Philotimus

written

occurs,

let

Greek, for

the

sake,as he

to

to have confused
fall,

the

sale of the effects of the

am

afraid you

do

not

the

relative to

accounts

of
tyrannicide

understand

self,
says him-

(youknow whom I
vertently
he inadexpressions

My wife's freedman
from some
me
lately,
"

of secrecy.

mean) seemed

in

Crotona.3

When

me.

you

have

looked carefully
into this,make the rest secure."
yourself
As Cicero feared Atticus might not be able to read his
enigma,it can hardlybe expectedthat we should be able
much
is plain,
it. But
that Philotimus apto explain
so
peared
made

to have

Cicero

heard

now

accounts

of the

sale,which

of for the first time.

There

is another

up

wrong

passage relatingto the same

who says, As
letter of Coelius,
"

freedman

with

Philotimus

have

taken

most

honorable

connections

painsto
"

and
By

that

this

Milo

that he

to

shall

in
satisfy

in his absence

course

Milo

is meant.

your

I
effects,

Milo's

and

and
throughhis fidelity

expressionof

in

occurs

regardsthe duty of

reference

ensure

manner

subjectwhich

the

also his

zeal your

B.C.

33

ATHENS.

AT

ARKIVAL

51-50.

compromised."The upshotthen
Cicero's agent,and on his behalf,
is this : Philotimus,
as
and his accounts
of Milo's property,
became partpurchaser
cannot
tell. But
not we
or
got wrong ; whether wilfully
self
there is really
not a pretencefor sayingthat Cicero him-

shall
reputation

not be

in the matter.

to blame

was

where
Corfu),
Atticus's

dern
Corcyra(themoentertained by one of
hospitably

he crossed

Brundusium

From

he

was

freedmen,who

to

over

settled in the

was

and he
island,

oppositecoast. He here
determined to continue his journey as far as Athens by
land,havinghad a disagreeable
voyage from Brundusium,
and not likingto double the promontoryof Leucate. With
ludicrous to find a greatofficer
modern habits it seems
our
of state on his way to his government afraid of a coasting
sailed to Actiuin

then

the

in the calm waters

to Athens

Actium

from

voyage

on

of the

Mediterranean
.

reached Athens

He

on

of June, and
twenty-fifth
his delightat
expressing
full of noble
famous
city,

the

immediatelywrote to Atticus
findinghimself again in that
and works of art.

monuments

from Kome.

Before

But

he

was

for

eager

he
leavingthe metropolis

had

news

made

promiseto keep him au courant as to all the

he received a
gossipof the day ; and accordingly
political
letter from him which mentioned
amongst other things
Coelius

that

he

an

had

Eufus.

absurd
been

rumor

got abroad in the

assassinated

Coelius

was

at the interview with

real

had

anxious

and

that

journeyby Pompeius

to know

Pompey,

sentiments, for,"he
"

his

on

Forum

what

what

were

had

passed
Pompey's

said, he is in the habit of

"

sayingone thing and meaning another,and yet has not

added that
tact enough to conceal his thoughts."He
then in great vogue
Cicero's dialoguede Eepublicawas
In another letter,
at Kome.
as no
news
was
public
stirring,
YOL.

II.

34

THE

Coelius tried to

amuse

Cicero

him

half angry

was

that I asked

think

PROCONSULATE.

with

but
ordinarygossip,

this,and

at

you

JET. 56-57.

send

to

back,

wrote

me

"

you

of what

account

an

Do

what
gladiatormatches have been made
recognizances
have been enlarged what theft Crestus has committed4
would
and such things as no
venture
to tell me
one
"

"

"

about

if I

Eome

at

Coelius's

opinionas

that

to be
Pompey he was likely
one.
Writing to Atticus he
in which
inexpensive
way

Julian law he

entitled

was

He

preferredhaving
of the future,
probabilities

the

to

admitted

although he

there."

were

after
much

as

his

with

conference

as
enlightened

any

took credit to himself for the

he

as

had

travelled.

proconsulto

By

the

be entertained

publiccost in the various towns at which he

but he had refused to acceptany such hospitality,
stopped,
and had defrayedall chargesout of his own
pocket,and he
to complain of the
said that hitherto he had no
reason
conduct of his suite exceptthat they gave themselves airs
and talked foolishly.
But upon the whole theywere
careful
and keptto the terms on
not to compromisehis reputation,
he had engaged them
which
to accompany
him, which
that they were
to be as little burdensome
were
as
sible
posto the public.
While
staying at Athens he had an opportunityof
obliginghis friend Patro, the head or presidentof the
had by his will
school of Epicurus. That
philosopher
devised his house and gardens in trust for the successive
the

at

Chresti

pilatiomeant

compilationem, Ad Div.
mistake
of translating
this
a
compilation." True
"

"

amounts

to

theft.

rendering it

Zusammen

remembered

the line of Horace

Wieland

II. 8.
"

Chrestus's

makes

newsletter

of news."

Compilasse putes.

me

as

if

They might

ne

the

"

traordinary
excom-

it is, however, that many

a compilation
the same
commits
blunder
by

gestopfd, budget
"

Middleton

Crispiniscrinia lippi

have

36

PROCONSULATE.

THE

JEr. 56-57.

Pomptinus had joinedhim, left for Asia Minor,

Khodian
which
vessel,
embarking on board an open-decked

lieutenant

he found
in

a
lively

too

and
sailor,

fact,a wretched

from
the

would

have
a

He

being drowned.

was,

agreed
entirely

ship as
wrote

prison

to Atticus

Delos,and told him a voyage was a bad business in

month of July. But he escapedsea-sickness in crossing
to

over

of

the chance

He

comfortable.

in his definition of

with Dr. Johnson

with

sea-boat to be

Ephesus,which

July,or,

he

as

he reached

chose to date

sixtieth

day after

in which

Clodius

killed.

of
twenty-second
and

the five hundred

it,on

the battle of

the

on

that is,the affray

Bovillae,

The

was
ceived
reproconsul
on
landingwith much empressement by deputations
of persons was
come
of all kinds,and a crowd
waiting to welhim, expectantno doubt of patronageand pay. He
confessed that his philosophy
to be put to trial
was
likely
by the prospectbefore him ; but he wrote to Atticus that
the lessons he had learnt from him,
he hoped to remember
and to be able to give generalsatisfaction. One fertile
of discord and discontent was
source
happilyremoved, as
had
of the province
the contracts for farming the revenues

been

concluded

was,

as

at

was

before his arrival.

he described

on
Tralles,

new

his way

"

it,
to

One

of his next

letters

hurryand dust,"written
Laodicea,the first town in his

full of

at which he would arrive.

province
This, although called Cilicia,
comprised considerably
than what was
known
sides
Bemore
usually
by that name.
the island of Cyprus oppoCilicia proper it embraced
site,
and
called

certain

what
or
districts,

mean

at Borne.

The

well

time,as

with him,
correspondence

be

now

there

in Phrygia and Pamphylia.

pashalics,

Coelius in the

but

would

and

as

told him

letters of Atticus

are

Atticus,kept up
what

passing
all lost,
unfortunately

few of Crelius's stillremain,and

some

was

partsof

them

B.C.

LETTER

51-50.

37

CCELIUS.

OF

interesting.He was just then a

and he begged Cicero as soon
gedileship,
aedile elect not to forgetto
that he was
he
for the wild beast fights
of panthers

candidate

are

told him

He

as

he heard

ever

send him
intended

that Yalerius Thessala,the former

for the

number

to exhibit.

consul,had

and acquitted,
trary
con(mostprobablyfor bribery)
to the disgust
and very much
to generalexpectation,
defended by his uncle Hortensius,
of the public.He was
of his success
who paidthe penalty
by being loudlyIn'ssed
by the peoplenext day when he appearedin the theatre.
the first time that such a thinghad happenedto
This was

been

tried

him

in

the whole

he
Ccelius,
Ccelius

enough of

to

him

But
friendship.
to

his

own

as

he

hard

upon

but

now,

said

lifetime.

dedicate

some

of their
posterity
might be somethingsuited
learned yet popularkind.

monument

of

career,

Cicero should

begged it

tastes,and

is rather

Wieland

it for

that

anxious

was

work

new

had

of his

course

to

Coelius for

this,and

asks,

man
light-headed
expect that the
with all its
of so largea provinceas Cilicia,
governor
barefaced a
could have leisure to gratify
so
dependencies,
The
fact is that Cicero thoughtvery littleof
?
request

"How

could the vain

"

labors,and told Atticus that he had not a

provincial
that with his immense
sufficientfield for his industry
; so
have written
and energy he could easily
intellectualactivity
what Coelius desired if he had been so disposed.And
not unnatural to wish to have a dedication
surelyit was
It was
like Cicero.
from a man
a better
passportto fame
than a consulship.
for the
Coelius concluded his letter by an urgentrequest
the important
panthers. He afterwards communicated
that Pompey had openlydeclared himself againstthe
news
time
to allow Caesar to be consul and at the same
proposal
with a military
command.
This was
retain his province

his

PROCONSULATE.

THE

the

rock

which

on

at

last the

Cicero arrived at Laodicea

and dated from
which

Kepublic suffered shipwreck.

the

was

beyond a year. His letters

pressingentreaties to his friends to
prevent this.
the

told Atticus

He

and

forum, his home,

of his government,

his

prorogatur, aetum est).He

to meet him at Laodicea,or

to have

full of the

exert

he

was,

most

the

longedfor

horse." 6

longed
pro-

themselves

and that
friends,

extended,he

government was

not

are

that he

the wrong

Jiad been placedupon

his

of July,
thirty-first

day the commencement

nervouslyanxious

that

he

on

JET. 56-57,

"

to

city,

the saddle

If the term

said,undone

of

(si

had
at

expectedAppius Claudius
all events in the neighbourhood,

instead of this

Appius went off to the eastern

and
extremityof the province,
althoughhis jurisdiction
had properly
Cicero arrived,he was
ceased when
holding
and
courts
administering
justiceat Tarsus.7 This gave
and as he travelled through CappaCicero great offence,
docia he wrote
him a letter of grave and dignified
strance,
remonsaying that what he had done had all the
and was
little in accordance
of a studied slight,
appearance
of friendship
he had made.
with the professions
Another
of grievancewas, that out of the scanty military
cause
force for the defence of the provincethree cohorts were
missing,and Cicero did not know where they were, nor
of them.
what
had become
Probably from prudential
but

he

reasons

serious

Koman

been

Clitellse bovi
After

letter to

more

to vacate

set

and rapacious
ruler.
oppressive
its claws deep into the vitals of

impositse.

sunt

the arrival of

thirtydays

most

eaglehad

or

allusion in his

no

ground of complaintagainstthe retiringgovernor.

Appius had
The

made

governor the
the province; but he

authority.
}

new

retiringproconsulwas
was

not

allowed

to exercise any

diction
juris-

which
province,

the

that Cicero told Atticus

his conduct
and

like that

more

He

of

that it

than

which

misery to

had

or

suite.

He

would

provenderfor

as

followers

not

take

his

horses,and

the

in

even

houses

his

the

more

them

any

his

such
legalperquisites,

instead of

his
quartering
them

inhabitants,made

of the

man.

of himself and

for the maintenance

expense

the wretched

had been reduced,and this made him

provincials
determined
not to impose upon
scrupulously
burden

been

monstrous,

was

beast

wild

savage

all sides the

on

saw

So bad

nearlyruined.

was

39

'

POPULARITY.

CICERO'S

$.C. 51-50.

The consequence
live in tents.
generally
was, as might be
unbounded
that he enjoyed an
and
expected,
popularity,
had
crowds nocked to see the prodigy as bitter experience
them
made
regard it of a Eoman
proconsultravelling
through the country,and not onlynot plunderingit as he
but actually
We
not levying
contribution.
a single
passed,
might wish indeed that in his letters he had said less about
"

"

his

merits

own

in this

Cicero if he had

been

respect. But
silent

been

forgivethe egotism of

can

equityof
the

such

on

have

theme, and

we

sake

of the

alarming news

that

for the

man

not

the governor.

the end

At

the

he would

of

August

had

Parthians

he heard
the

Euphrates in great force

under
of Pacorus,a son
the command
of the king Orodes,
and that serious disturbances had
broken
out in Syria.
There were
also marauding bands
in Cilicia itself on
the
south-eastern
frontier. But the chief danger was
from the
Parthians
which
two

and

divided

the

march

eastern

mountain-chain

Cilicia from

difficult passes, and

attack in that
to

as

crossed

the

Syria,was

offered

called
traversed

Amanus,

by only

strong barrier against

quarter,Cicero thought it

through Cappadocia,which
and
he pitchedhis
frontier,

more

had
camp

an

at

prudent
exposed
Cybistra,

40

PEOCONSULATE.

THE

little to

staying
the

there

king

He

wrote

an

account

worth

of
a

north

he

sent

M.

the

show

with

Ariobarzanes,

favored

allyof

authorities at home

king, and

styleof

the

Rome.

giving

address

is

the state missives that

"

F. CICERO

Pnocos.

Marc

"

health

of the

Praetors,Tribunes

S.PD.

Coss.

PR^TT.

PL. SENAT.

fullyexpandedmeans,

Marc, Proconsul,sends

of

While

range.

sovereignEepublic:

TBIBB.
Which

much

visit of the

of the

TULLIUS

interview

an

and a
Cappadocia,
publicletter to the

to the

Taurus

the

of

had

copying,to

were

M.

the

JET. 56-57.

Tully Cicero,the

and

suls,
the Con-

greetingto
Senate

People,and

son

;""

and

beginsin the followingcabalistic form : S. V. V. B. E.

Bene Est ; Ego Quoque
E. Q. V., that is,Si Vos Valetis,

it

Valeo
The

"

"If

well, it

are

you

contain

letter does not

state in which

he

found

the

defile

Tarsus
occupy
invade

would

tribes who

also

to the

provinceowing
from

the

well."

am

allusion to the
mis-

Parthians

eternal enemies
a

waged

war

conquer

them, and

of Eome.

They

something like

in the Caucasus

It must

fastnesses had

in their mountain

attempts to

short

passed
with his little army
but Cicero marched
through a
into Cilicia,
and
of the Taurus
passed through
to the foot of the Amanus
range, intending to
should attempt to
the enemy
the passes in case
his province
in that quarter. He thought that this
the independent
be a good opportunity
to extirpate

away,

scale

well;

syllableof

government of Appius.
The
apprehended danger

all

is

be borne

had

hitherto defied

kept up

that which

called

he

whom

has

on

so

the

smaller

long

been

againstEussia.

in mind

of the
that,with the exception

campaignunder Pompeius Strabo

in the Marsian

war

B.C.

41

SUCCESS.

MILITARY

51-50.

Cicero
upwards of thirty
years before,

had

and
service,

in

life. He

was

Nor

than

the field,

battle knew

spinster,

"

this his first

with

militarymanoeuvre

In order to deceive the enemy

success.

to have

squadron in

the division of

conducted

and
spirit

set

never

More

he

action in his

an

one

That

but

probablynever

most

was

military

no

seen

other

objectsin view,and

he pretended

withdrew

to the

neighbourhoodof Epiphania,a day's march from the

Amanus
Suddenly,duringthe nightof the twelfth
range.
of October,he advanced
to the foot of the mountains,
which he began to ascend at daybreak,
the
on
and, falling
scattered and quite
who were
off their guard,he
inhabitants,
to the sword
put great numbers
The fortresses,
however,held out

but

all taken

were

regionwas

and many

laid waste

In

consequence
"victory")Cicero

over

army

halted

; and

must

of them

time

some

captives.
bravely,

the whole

burnt,and

with fire and sword.

hailed

was

by

(he

as

indeed
have

calls it

his soldiers IMPERATOR

happened at Issus,which

memorable

Darius

for

of this successful raid

in the field. This

was
forget

and took many

he did not

the

scene

of Alexander's

the

name

of the

reminded
forcibly

victory

spotwhere
him

his

of Alexander's

in the East.
It was
called Arae Alexexpedition
andri.
He stayedhere four days,and then determined to
who called
try and subjugatea hardy race of highlanders
themselves Free Cilicians,8
and had never
yieldedallegiance
to the native princes
in the days when
even
Cilicia was
dependent
inTheir citadel was
fied,
Pindenissus,
stronglyfortiand on
difficult of access.
a
loftyhill,which was
Cicero regularly
invested the place,
it with a
surrounding
trench and rampart and redoubts,
and then assaulted it
8

Eleuthero-cilices.

42

PROCONSULATE.

THE

with all the

enginesof war in
forty-seven
days,9and

for

out

partof

it

to the

up

to

seem

burnt

was

MT.

at that

use

did

in ruins.

and

period. It held
not yielduntil a great
The bootywas
given

troops,exceptthe horses,and

have

been

sold

slaves.

as

Tibarani

tribe of the

submission,and the whole

56-57.

inhabitants

the

After this the

bouring
neigh-

hostagesin token of
countrybeing now
quietCicero
sent

allowed his
command
What

under
troopsto retire into winter quarters,
of Quintus,and went himself to Laodicea.

he had

well,and

it

he

done
was

Atticus,he told

not very

was

proud of
him

his

much,

but he had

honors.
military

the

done

Writing

he had

occupiedthe same
ment
encamphe added,with
at Issus as Alexander
a
general,"
mock gravity,not a littlesuperior
to you or me."
In giving an
who
account
sedile
to Coelius,
now
was
of his campaign,Cicero told him that his reputation
elect,
in good stead,for even
in the furthest
had served him
of Cilicia peopleasked, Is this the man
who
corner
the Senate
And
Whom
?
this
saved the city?
with the army.
But he pined more
gave him authority
than ever
Curio on
for Borne ; and writingto congratulate
being elected a tribune,he urged him, with almost passionate
entreaty,not to allow his absence to be prolonged
in reality
in high spirits,
and
beyond a year. But he was
It was
sible
imposvery well satisfiedwith himself justthen.
to

"

"

"

"

"

"

not to be

for him

conscious

of the benefits which

his

the province
rule had conferred upon
just and equitable
;
that he
and he confessed to Atticus,
with much
naiivetd,
9

that Cicero

different accounts

of the

length of
the siege. In a letter to Atticus he says, septimo et quadragesimo die, as
to
I have
stated it in the text ; but writing only a few days afterwards
This
is
die.
Cato
he calls it fifty-seven
days, septimo quinquagesimo
consider the use
of the discrepancies
made
of some
instructive when
we
in
was

It is curious

Scripture.
a

fiction ?

Are

we

gives two

therefore

to suppose

that the

siege of

Pindenissus

44

THE

pursued that

that I
I

of ambition.
of

choice

conduct

that

thought

never

PROCONSULATE.

And

from

which

real

in itself and

glory

principleI
well-equipped province and

itself

abandoned
the

be

glory might

by

this

on

56-57.

.Ex.

was

gained, but
object
proper

(when consul) the

of a
probable chance

veiy

triumph."
He

went

to state that his

on

his

me,

in the -last place,and

call in

Philosophy

dearer

to

that the
from

bestowed

truth
on

our

we

alone

of business, and

is the

And

I had

her shrine

At

familiarised

was

said,have

almost
her

with

; and

surely cannot

Cato's

secluded

:"

blessings
has

stiffand

Cicero

reward,and

world

daily life.
sophy
Philo-

when

appeal?

been

us

been

theorists,

He

his letter then

a

of

both

her into the

in my behalf, and
refuse.'' 2

nearlysix months, and

It was
have been very disappointing.
that
and the purportof it was
epistle,
own

she

realities of

to this

answer

not write for

felt that virtue is its

and

actual

have

we

while

introduced

the

solicits you

now

suppliantCato

what

his letter thus

of the noblest

one

adorations

it is that

therefore

is,she is

years paid our

the companion only of indolent

some

proofof

in diffidence of my own
solicitations,
been
which
has
ever
nothing

man.

earliest

and

She

my

as

concluded

advocate, than

life. The

in my
gods have
me

thought by
we,

as

banishment,and

his

by

He
country's
approbation.
Let

"

him

done

for the wrong

he

because

was
thanksgiving

presentdesire for a public

regardedit as some
reparation

did
must

formal

ought to

have

content

with

praisebestowed upon him, instead of askingfor a more

substantial proofof approval. Part of the letter seems
almost to ignorethe idea of a Providence,but the meaning
creditable to keep the province
I think is that it was
more
its preservation,
under
by good government than to owe
bad government,to the special
of Heaven
a
interposition
be taken.
doctrine to which no exception
can
it will be convenient
Although it is rather anticipating,
here that Cicero at first took this replyin good
to mention
laudari a
part,and wrote to Cato,saying that he rejoiced
the

"

I have

Melmoth's

in this instance
translation

correct.

availed

of the

myself,with only

passage,

for I think

it is

slightchange, of
ciently
spiritedand suffi-

B.C.

OF

DIVORCE

51-50.

45

TULLIA.

his praise
to the laurel
laudato,and that lie preferred

land
gar-

clared
triumphalcar ; and in a letter to Atticus he dethat althoughCato had not voted for the decree,
yet
worth all the triumphs in the
the language he used was
world ; but he soon
changed his tone when he found that
self,
Cato had granted to Bihulus what he had refused to himin honor of the proand had voted for a thanksgiving
consul
in that province.He then
of Syriafor successes
and

wrote

in

to Atticus

very different

said,with

strain,and

inconsistency,Cato's behaviour
strange and startling
"

has

me

been

meanly

which I did
testimonial,

he called him

and

had

some
on

was

gave

I asked for."

refused what

occur

now

And

Crassipes,

the look-out for another

allusions to which

the contradictions

been divorced from

time

me

integrity,
justice,

ungrateful. Such were

his vanitybetrayedhim.

for

her father

her,obscure

want, of my

most

into which
Tullia

; but

honor

clemency,and

not

He

malevolent.

wards
to-

match

for

then in his

and

We
therefore surprised
with Atticus.
are
correspondence
terms
to his quondam sonto find him writingin friendly
of Bithynia,
and asking him
in-law,who was then quaestor
favor to be civil and attentive to some
as
a special
persons
in whom
of the many
he took an interest. It is one
proofs
less sensitive on such
meet with how much
we
constantly
pointsthe ancients were than ourselves.
He quitted
Tarsus
the fifth of January,
B.C.
on
50, and
crossed the Taurus
a progress
through the
range to make
other parts of his province. He says it would be impossible
to describe

of
and
this
never

the wonder

and
Cilicia,

and

admiration

of Tarsus,at
especially

equityof his government; and we

such
sincere.
He was
was
feeling
known

before.

had been

made

of the inhabitants

For six
upon

the

need

the mildness
doubt that

not

ruler

theyhad
months
not a single
requisition
unless indeed we
provincials,
a

as

46

THE

few

excepta

PROCONSULATE.

governor

them

exacted

with

large sums
The

he

as

and

Formerlywealthytowns

towns.
the

allowed

necessaries
trifling

of his lieutenants had

JET. 56-57.

districts used to bribe

to

quartertroops upon

of

Cyprus had

not

island

by law, which one

passedthrough the

paid as
much
two hundred Attic talents,
as
a littleless than
fifty
time to purchase
the exemption.
thousand pounds,at one
taken from them.
The provincials
Now
not a farthing
was
statues
would have gladlyshown their gratitude
by erecting
and templesin honor of their governor, but he positively
felt owing to a
forbade it.3 There was
severe
a
scarcity
failure of the harvest,
and the dealers in grain had been
he passed
keepingit back to get famine prices
; but as
alongon his way to Laodicea he persuadedthem to open
of the people.
their stores,and thus alleviate the sufferings
him
All this made
popular; and it is pleasant
extremely
he mentions
it to Atticus,
to find him, when
tellinghim
that he was
only followinghis counsel and advice. It
speakswell for the heart of both.
Cicero addressed
Now
that military
were
operations
suspended,
duringwinter.

himself

himself

to

course

of

the door

which
occupation

to hold

was

arisingin the different

time to
a certain
allotting
go into Cilicia and
3

On

for not
See

Ad

another

occasion

exertinghimself
Att. XIV.

at

8 ;

to

Cicero

get a

Plut.

the custom

provincial
currency.

to

The

for

to
bringjustice
of his extensive

Laodicea,for the

the

same

course

was

angry

with

to

first three

try causes

of the

Some

24.
and

there.

coins

head

freedman

his

erected

of him

statue

Cic.

Taurus,

by
were

the

But

no

Pelops

Byzantines.

discovered

at

them, but they are

upon
that
vi. Ill) observes

(Gesch.Boms,

put the head

form

out

each district; and afterwards to

Sipylus in Lydia with Cicero's name

considered
genuine. Drumann
never

would

districts north

pursue

not

it was

chalked

of the year, successive courts

four months

or

He

inhabitants of the whole

of the

province.This

his civil duties.

of

an

of the letters

existinggovernor upon the

also betrayed a later origin.

B.C.

THE

51-50.

miser

kept a

ever

than

Cicero did

from

Eome.
of

day
To

He

days

unless
depart,

show

which

he

the thirtieth of

on

the kind

the Senate

of

spend away

must

provinceon the last

July this year he was
prolongedhis stay.

with which

cases

to deal,I
judicial
capacity

of his treasure

account

arrived in his

had

47

SALAMIS.

OF

accurate

more

of the

July,and

resolved to

CASE

will mention

he

had

which

one

his

in

strongly

illustratesthe way in which the law of debtor and creditor

and it
of the empire,
might be abused in a distant province
is

in which

one

Cicero

to have

seems

made

compromise

between

equity and

the

detriment

former.

If his

had

been

and the volume

allude would

to
friendship,
decisions
provincial

had

to us, the

down

come

have been known

"

of the

reported,"
I

to which

case

that "ofScaptius
Inhav.

as

~bitantsof Salamis.

It is curious and

instructive in several

respects. Some

before,the

of Salamis

had

borrowed

time
a

with

of money

sum

interest at

town

on

bond

which

forty-eight
per

in

Cyprus

secured

payment,
re-

Being
to try

cent.

sent to Kome
was
pressedfor payment, a deputation
and borrow the amount, givingan assignment
of the bond
as
security.The money-lendersof the capital,
however,

declined to advance
allow them

friends of

requiredsum,

put such

to

beingonlytwelve
two

the

in

bond

per cent.4

Brutus,came

At

for the law

last Scaptius
and

By
principal.
4

This

Gabinia
mode

of

execute

instead

is the

reason

vetabat.

But

one

was

his influence two

given by
would

Matinius,

forward and offered to lend the

Brutus,who

of

not

suit,the legalinterest

that forty-eight
money, provided
per cent, were
them by a decree of the Senate ; but in this

merelyas agents

did

Cicero
have

secured

they

the real but

decrees

were

acted

closed
undis-

passed:

quod e syngrapha jus

an
thought there was
:

to

did

lex

obvious

difficulty.Why did not the Salaminian

deputies
a fresh bond
securing twelve per cent., the legalrate of interest,
? Perhaps 12 per cent, would
of assigning the old one
not satisfy
getting

the Koinan

over

usurers.

the

48

one

THE

that the

secured

to suffer

were

it contained.
But

of the

governor

of interest as

the lenders

PROCONSULATE.

The

the

loss

money

decree of the Senate

law, and by the

was
province

by
no

lex Gabinia

vEx. 56-57.

bond, and the

on

was

could
no

to enforce payment

account

other that

of the

tion
stipula-

advanced.
accordingly
not abrogatea positive
than

more

twelve per cent,

cree
dea third
therefore,
Upon reflection,
should have no
that the bond in question
was
passed,
that in effect the former decrees were
so
specialprivilege,
Time
went to Cyprus,
set aside.
passedon, and Scaptius
where Appius Claudius,who was
Brutus's father-in-law,
him
and
made
of Cilicia,
of his prefects.
one
governor
with this authority,
he harassed the inhabitants of
Armed
Salamis for payment of the bond; and on
occasion
one
shut up the citycouncillors in their town-hall,
which he
and keptthem
there imprisoned
surrounded with cavalry,
until five of them
actuallydied of starvation. This
was
going on when Cicero arrived in Asia Minor, and
that met him on landing
of the deputations
at Ephesus
one
from Salamis to implorehis protection.
He immediately
was
orderinghim to send
despatchedletters to Scaptius,
out of the island. Brutus had already
his cavalry
written
could be recovered.

to him

friends

about

was

while he

office of

who

was

laid down
was

gave

no

"

to his

hint then that

came
partyinterested. Scaptius
camp, and begged him to renew

the real
in

which
prefect,

Cicero had
one

the Salaminians

Scaptiusand Matinius,"but

he himself
him

the debt due from

engaged

he

had

held

under

Appius ;

to

his

but

rule,that he would appointno

was
a
chant.
mertrade,and Scaptius

wise
in

Scaptiustherefore was told that he could not be a

his money.
Afterwards
but that he should recover
prefect,
the parties
before Cicero at Tarsus,and he heard the
came
the
case.
By this time he knew that Brutus was in reality
creditor. The Salaminians complainedbitterly
of the in-

B.C. 51-50.

THE

CASE

OF

49

SALAMIS.

juries
theyhad received from Scaptius
; but Cicero said he
had nothing
to do with that,and told them theymust
pay
with
the money.
made
adroit
no
demur,and,
They
flattery,
said that the money
theyhad for the purpose was in fact
his own,
for they had been accustomed
to give the
consul
prothan they owed on the bond, and as
a
largersum
he had refused to take a farthing
from them,it layat his
credit,and they were
ready to pay to his order. "All
have only now
to settle the
we
right,"said Scaptius
;
amount."
But in the edict or proclamation
which Cicero
had publishedin the usual manner
when he assumed
his
which he would
on
government,announcingthe principles
administer law,he had declared that he would allow only
twelve per cent.,
with compound interest,
loans. Scapon
tius,
however,claimed forty-eight
per cent.,and produced
"

the first decree of the

Cicero,
givingan

account

for
horrified,

was

rate would

has

to enforce

of

in

support of his claim.

this to Atticus,
says that he

payment

been

alreadyquoted,relieved

him

others.

He

who
Scaptius,

that it was

it

then

took

him

that he had not

so, and

that
it,said privately
than

But

the subsequent

then referred to,and the last of

were

the
for it in effect repealed
this to

of the debt at that

have been the ruin of the town.

decrees
which

Senate

the

town

in

them,

culty,
of all diffi-

pointedout
aside,and admitting
word to allege
against
owed
him less
reality

two
was
supposedthe amount
hundred talents,
them
and he begged Cicero to make
pay
him that sum.
C
icero.
He
then
Very well,"replied
called in the deputies
from Salamis,and asked them
how
hundred
and six
much
their debt was.
They said one
it was
talents. Scaptius
account
protested
more, but an
found theywere
the spbt,
and it was
taken on
was
right.
offered to pay the money, but Scaptius
They immediately
again took Cicero aside,and entreated him to let the
that it

thought
"

"

VOL.

n.

50

THE

stand

matter

PROCONSULATE.

and

over,

force him

not

The

cunning

scoundrel wished

new

governor

coming,who

to take the money.

for the

to wait

might

56-57.

JET.

be

chance

persuadedto

of

enforce

Cicero says that the

forty-eight
per cent.
an
impudent one, lut lie yieldedto it. The
Cypriansthen prayed to he allowed to depositthe
which was
to paying money
in a temple,
equivalent

payment of
requestwas
poor
money

the

thus

us, and

into court with

prevent further interest from

and he admits he did so
refused,

accruing; but this Cicero

to Brutus
out of complaisance
(sedtotum
that Middleton should
It is extraordinary
of his idol

hoc Bruto

dedi.).

tion
allow his admira-

to blind his judgment that he

completely
see
can
nothing blameworthyin Cicero's conduct relative
to this affair. He givesonlya short and confused account
and suppressing
justice
of the transaction,
all mention
of the inCicero was
of which
guiltyto obligeBrutus,fixes
the reader's attention whollyupon his refusal to allow the
"extortion"
of Scaptius.5He
says, "Though he had a
inclination to oblige
warm
Brutus,yet he could not consent
but makes
to so flagrant
an
injustice,
frequentand heavy
would
complaintsof it in his letters to Atticus." Who

this that Cicero himself

from

suppose

so

dedi ?

hoc Bruto

The

truth

is,that,under

of the case, there would

enforcingthe

in

the debtors
them

bond

to pay

; but

when

ceased to run,

as

it

have

where

money

their creditor

been

Atticus,totum
all the circumstances
"

no

interest would

refused to receive the

Cicero,however,rather pridedhimself
5

There

are

few

old

Roman

the

Scaptiuscase.
given is

law

I have

Briefen,p.

214.

things

of contracts

Middleton
correct.

difficult to

more

and

it is

by

clearlydid

Abeken

"

injustice

not to allow
injustice
and to prevent
willing,

was

they were

the
depositing

from

told

admits

on

have

cipal.
prin-

the way

explain thoroughly than

no

not.

the

the

easy to understand
I think that the narrative

means

Cicero
difficulty,

in seinen

62

PKOCONSULATE,

THE

that he

But

populargovernor admits
law upon
imposing the Koman

was

most

of

Instead

doubt.

56-57.

Mf.

of

no

the

in their own
to try their causes
he allowed them
people,
local customs, and
with
courts accordingto their own
that the pronative jurymen. A good effect of this was
vincials
flattered themselves with the idea of independence.
bility
himself personally
He also made
popularby his affa-

and

courtesy.

Koman

was

governor

great
lictors,

very

in the eyes of the

With
his
provincials.
them.
and his pomp, he dazzled and frightened
his fasces,
It was
not easy to approachhim, exceptthroughsecretaries
and
at formal interviews; and
a
complaintmust
many
personage

have

remained

from

the

ear.

But

wanted

unheard, and

many

unredressed,

wrong

of conveyinga knowledge
difficulty
Cicero

to

see

he had

him

If

accessible to all.

was

not

of it to his

himself

to address

petitioner

to

groom

but might go straight

to
(culicularius),
and was
before daybreak,
He rose
himself.
the proconsul
he walked up and down
his
as
ready to receive applicants
hall,
justas, he says, he used to do when he was a candidate

of the chambers

for office at Eome

He

him.

givesan

his old hafritsmade

and

amusing

of

account

this easy to

grandee

Boman

Yedius

named

who

to

came

see

him, and

who

travelled

en

with a coupleof foreign

a
litter,
chariots,
grand seigneur,
and a long train of slaves,for which, he says jokingly,
if Curio's turnpikebill were
passed,Yedius would have
to

pay

an

at

ape

and

the

house

and

Curio

word

I
on

am

of

asses.

He

Yindullus,where

while

went

put up
he

to pay

him, besides,

tribune

the Koniau

vix.

Laodicea

at

left his
his

equipage

respectsto

brought in a bill for a lex viaria,

the public roads by levying a toll on
those who
not aware
that there were
any turnpikesin our
as

had

he

with

had

toll.8 He

wild

some

baggage

maintain
But

considerable

to

the

repair and
used

sense

them.
of the

B.C.

TULLIA'S

51-50.

who

53

SUITORS.

During his absence

Yindullus
died, and as they were
sealingup his effects
Vedius's things to separatethem
they had to examine
from the rest.
ettes
Amongst these they found five little statuof Eoman
married ladies,with whom
it
or
pictures
inferred he had carried on intrigues.Cicero told this
was
bit of scandal
for we
to Atticus with great glee;
are
both,"he said, prettycurious
(sumus enim ambo belle
curiosi).
governor,

was

distance

some

off.

"

"

"

We

find in his
to domestic

at this perioda
correspondence
The

matters.

two

few

Ciceros

young

sions
alluwere

he
pursuingtheir studies with their tutor Dionysius,whom
calls thoroughlytrustworthy,
but the boys thought him
the characters of the
very passionate.In distinguishing
cousins,he says that his nephew requiredthe rein and his
the spur.
son
Young Quintus had now reached the proper
dress of manhood
or
age for assumingthe togapura,
; and
in the month
of Aprilhis uncle invested him with it with
the usual formalities. Tullia was
free to marry
again,and
the advantagesof several matches had been considered by her
father.
Different suitors sought her hand, and, amongst
Tiberius Nero, who
either went
wrote to Cicero
others,
or
in Cilicia to obtain

his consent.

willingto give it,and

daughterto
time
one

sound

them

Tullia had made

which
as

afterwards

her

sent
on

appears

the

subject
;

but

engagement

himself

for

to have

to his wife

messengers

another

father had

He

some

in the

for

been

and
mean

and
herself,

time

plated
contem-

that Tiberius was

so
probable,
disappointed.He
married
the father of
Livia,and by her became

Tiberius the emperor.

Augustus fell in love with her,and,

compellingher husband to divorce her,married her himself.
If Tullia had acceptedthe proposalof the elder Tiberius,
the world might possibly
have been sparedone
monster.

54

It

strange

seems

his eye

in
chiefly

of the worst

one

that

him

it had

that

that

mentioned
and

no

said

he

few ; and

the

that suffered from

I will

as

an

only creatures

amicable

his want

Cicero that Tie had

in not

to

erect

visit him.

of offence.

temple

Kome,

Cicero to remember
if I do not have

that he had

given

were

only

complained
whole province

his

wards
Dolabella after-

or

Some

monument

reference to

Cicero

of attention

province.This

retorted upon

grounds

flat at

very

which

between
correspondence

going

letter he

same

violence.

mentioned

been

his arrival in the

on

the

in

with
predicament
explain.

Appius,complainingof
him

told

Tullia,and the engagement placedCicero

letter has

The

very

January,and

shame

awkward

now

was

that the poor beasts

and
treachery

did marry
in rather

knew

Cicero

but there
get the panthers,

added
wittily

they were

that

in

told him

answer,

orders to the hunters to

a

him

to

was

nobleman,

his wife Fabia

and

it will be

"

Cicero,in his

some."

He

man.

age ; hut

stirring.He begged

and
panthers,

the

bad

just taken place. In

justthen was
everything

was

news

him

Coelius wrote

and
probable,

married

in that

men

between

divorce

of him

at the

daughterwas

Dolabella,a profligate
young

Cornelius

Lucius

for his

husband

Cicero had

person whom

the

that

us

thought

first

he

time

to

as

2Ex. 56-57.

PROCONSULATE.

THE

But

of

in his

in not

led to

ing
meet-

not very

Appius
guiltyof discourtesy

there

creatures

to

wrote

in which

them,
been

Appius,

were

serious

more

Appius wished

honor

at

to
in

town

Phrygia called Appia, apparentlyafter him, and Cicero

the ground that a
had
obstacles in the way, on
thrown
who
heavy expense would be caused to the inhabitants,
were

to be taxed to raise the money

deputationhad

mission to

been

Borne, and

for the purpose.

got up to go on
sing the praisesof

Also

complimentary

the ex-governor

B.C.

WITH

CORRESPONDENCE

51-50.

55

APPIUS.

Appius believed,had been stoppedby

the other hand, brought under Appius's
Cicero.1 He, on
notice the complaintsmade
of his intolerable exactions ;
and while this kind of recrimination was
going on it was
that their feelings
not likely
towards each other could be
the tone of complimentin which
cordial,
notwithstanding
Cicero expressedhimself,
declaringthat he desired Appius
but one
of his friends,
to believe that he was
not only one
that Appius reresult was
of his dearest friends. The
turned

but

this too, as

to Rome

he arrived

when
hun.

there he found

the
Dolabella,

be his future
malversation
to

very

Appius to

hostile he could

impeachment awaiting
Cicero expectedto
whom
It

government.

of

was

his

on

course

side,for
the

assist
materially

most

accused him

and

forward

have Cicero

; but

successor

an

man

came
son-in-law,

in his

his

dissatisfied with

much

of

thing
every-

if he

were

in
prosecution

gettingevidence for a conviction. But Appius relied upon

their late difference. He
therefore
him notwithstanding
immediatelyon his arrival wrote to him in a very different
but it is described by Cicero as
strain. His letter is lost,
made

He

courtesyand kindness.

full of

no

allusion to the

namely,Dolabella's

seems,

however, to have

of his sudden

cause

accusation

; and

change of Jpne,

Cicero,in his

answer,

home to
to the effect of his return
civility
of the capital.With a mixture
the more
society
polished
he readily
of good nature
and hypocrisy
graspedthe hand

attributed

his

of reconciliation held out to

to
opportunity

entreat

him, and availed himself

"

Appius,

out of

regardto

of the

their old

to get a public
he promised,
to exert himself,
as
friendship,
honor as soon
as
thanksgivingdecreed in his (Cicero's)
that he should stoop
possible."We may well be surprised
1

This, however,

merely
even

on

wished
that

was

distinctlydenied

to limit the expense

point." See

Ad

Dio.

of the
III. 10.

hy Cicero, who
embassy ; and at

said

that

last gave

he
way

56

to ask

to

favor of

of whose

man

JET.

56-57.

lie had

misgovernment

before his eyes, or wish

convincingproofsconstantly
in any degree to him
a
publicrecognition of his

such
owe

services.

own

To
a

PROCONSULATE.

THE

I will

governor,

sent

Appius

"

because

in March
his

on

me

rescinded

I had

few passages

quote a

to Atticus

he wrote

reallythoughtof Appius'sconduct

he

what

show

letter which

"

journey

two

three

or

ordinances.

of his

some

from

if

as

his

from

it,and

handed

it

to

over

in

me

letters

grumbling
Just

dying state, does

doctor,

to be angry with
patient called in other advice, were
attendant
medical
for making a change in the treatment
; so
bled
took
who
the
all
on
a
it,
reducing system,
province
put

when

as

the

new

Appius,
he

could

like to

not

see

is angry and another

moment
nourishing diet, but at one
I do nothing to his disparagement : only the difference
be so different as that
of my
For
what
can
system displeaseshim.
his rule the province should have been exhausted
under
by expense an I
while
not
a
during my government
extravagance,
farthing has been
exacted
from individuals or the public?
What
shall I say of his prefects

give

me

thanks

"

it

For

me.

his retinue

his

and

management

With

his lieutenants

"

this

astonishment
when

he

anxious

as
discipline

read

we

"

the whole

of my

"

to Tullia

was

the

had

it is with

us,

he wrote

his

to

all

become

not to express

any

known

; and

sanction

or

could

not

have

written

approvalof it
compromised

in

gant
extrava-

paragon

more

He

expressedhis surpriseat
temerityof the young man, without naming him, whom
had himself twice defended on
and
serious charges,
terms.

now

came

forward

as

the

accuser

of

gagement
en-

Ccelius had

pending,lest he might be
Appius. But the languagehe uses is that of
praise. If he had reallythoughtAppius a
he

was

suspicionof

Dolabella's
as
prosecution,

while the trial was

of excellence

Appius
He

accuser.

clear himself from

to

beingpartyor privyto

with

'

province."

the letter which

that Dolabella

doubt

cautioned him

his licentiousness
aye ! his robberies
is not a family which
is under
such

expressionof opinionbefore

heard
no

"

however, there

Now,

insults ?

Appius.

plimentary
com-

the
he
who

Dolabeila

TRIAL

B.C. 51-50.

said either that he

have

to

seems

declared that Dolabella's

himself

that he

such

gave

than

proofof

assertion

his

form

this.

to
hostility

Cicero

with

the

groundsto

show

that

who

man

ex-proconsul.In
of their
similarity

the eclat of their

the intimacyof their lives,
tastes,
as

now

childish,
readyto break

more

the

on

be backed

and
silly

ne*w one

the rest of the letter he insists

would

or

was

have been

would

old connexion

off an

was

Appius complainedof

by Cicero, and
and

57

APPIUS.

OF

ciliation,
recon-

Appius might relyupon

character in prooftbat

appealsto his own

he professes
is sincere. He insists also on
the friendship
in
the fact that they both belongedto the Augural College,
which not only was
violation of friendship
deemed
a
by
him

he

; and

their ancestors
elected who

sin,but into which

no

the enemy of any member

trial took place,and Appius was

The

was

indictment

another

could

one

of the

be

ever

body.

but
acquitted;

againsthim for acts of

preferred
chargedto have been committed
briberyand corruption
when
he stood for the consulship
five years previously.
Before it was

was

tried he became

Cicero wrote

to

and
the firstprosecution,

candidate for the

him
congratulate
addressed

ship.
censor-

the result of

on

his letter

"

To

Appius

Pulcher

(asI hope),Censor." He told him that he had

kissed the letter in which Appius had mentioned
his acquittal,
and had congratulated
for the trihimself ;
bute,"
even
he said, that is paid by the whole people,
the
and
Senate,and the body of jurymen,to intellect,
industry,
virtue I perhaps flatter myself in fancying that these
I consider as paidalso to myself." He
mine
are
qualities
added that he was
at the glorious
not so much
surprised
issue of the trial as at the perversity
of Appius'senemies.
This could only refer to Dolabella,his son-in-law in prospect.
"

"

"

"

"

was

not

How

he exclaimed, for
unfortunate,"

present!

"

What

roars

of

laughterI

me

would

that I
have

58

PEOCONSULATE.

THE

excited !

"

He

mous
owing to the unanifeelingin his favor,Appius might be said to have
defended by the Eepublicherself,
whose duty it was,
of
when the good and brave abounded, to protectmen

been
even

that

stamp,

ought

to
rejoiced

but

who

bereavement

He

said he would

when

take

prove

namely those

"

which

such

was

indeed

and
fiction,

letters to

than
disgracefully

more

the whole

in that

left,

her

tectors.
pro-

with

witnesses

of the

passage as
his threat in execution he would have
unless
injustice,

as

few

opprobrium
the Asiatic towns
who

"

the face to pen

them

these

very misdeeds
his

so

to brand

stronglycomplained it is difficult to
had

were

the trial.

what

himself,in

Cicero

care

witnesses from

remember

we

there

to cherish

appearedagainstAppius at

Now

that

"now,when

in her

the mercenary

had

hear

J"T. 56-57.

case

to

came

of

ex-governor

Atticus,had

understand
this.

he

how

If he had

guiltyof

been

so

put
gross

rule
story of Appius'smisno

one

had libelledhim

Cicero himself.2

the
for briberyfailed as
as
signally
prosecution
other, and Appius was
unanimously acquitted. Cicero
him, and entered upon the
again wrote to congratulate
of his own
connexion
delicate question
with Dolabella,
the
He
accuser.
begged Appius to put himself in his place,
The

and

if he then

not

ask him

found

to

is better here to

is curious and
"I

wish

excuse

what

it easy to know
his

to say he would
But

presentembarrassment.

quote Cicero's

own

words.

His

it

language

characteristic :

"

indeed," he

said, "that

what

has

been

(that is, his daughter's engagement) may

done
turn

without

out,

my

knowledge
you
But
I also
most
kindly desire,prosperouslyboth for me and my Tullia.
hope, that it may have happened at that particulartime' (when Dolabella
Cicero

tatem

Ad

nostri

Div.

sition,
testimony,or, as we should say, depoet temeriin favour of Appius. Post hoc negotium autem
Dolabellse, deprecatorem me
pro illius periculoprsebeo.

seems

to Rome

as

II. 13.

to have

sent

his

"

00

THE

1 felt that I
laid aside

began

PKO

be

to

mutual

.our

CONSUL

liked

grudge

ATE.

by

him

as

each

at

56-57.

^T.

soon

as

we

ever

other ; for when

he

friend,
respect. He is a pleasant
and our literary
tastes and pursuits
correspond." But to
he unbosomed
his thoughtswithout
serve,
reAtticus,to whom
consul he showed

was

me

himself much
expressed
doing,"he says, all I can

he

him

coldlyabout

more

"

Appius ; all,I mean,

that I can with honor,and with good will too,for I have
and I love Brutus ; and Pompey,
hatred to him himself,
no
and more
I feel attached more
to whom
tremely
every day,is ex"

for

"

am

urgent with

; and

Pompey

he here says about

should notice what

We

him."

about

me

in other letters he declares that he is whollydevoted to

him,

of
He had a prescient
feeling
ready to die for him.
his election.
the coming storm, and had alreadymade
in
Writing to his friend Thermus, who was then propraetor
and

is

Asia

Minor, he said, Who

before the

employment,
for those

as

whose

this I wish

profitsof

conversation

He

city,my Mend,
thought from my
I had

It is

can

acted

that

on

anxious,as
a

terrible

earliest manhood,
them

provincialgovernment
with you."

to find

make

live in her

and

as

no

famous

opinion.

of

the

he

ever

"

light. Every foreign

is obscure

and

And

I do not

consider

comparablewith

petty
I well

as

all the

singlewalk

and

had

successor

immorality

Kome,

said,

at Kome.

proper person to whom

proof

to

than

more

Coelius in June

are

be turbulent

to
likely

to get back
impatient

Writing to

abilities

sort of times

they seem

me

very

what

rolled on, he became

time

now

was

was

news.

to the

Cling

knew

He

which, as

desirous of
"

To

Kepublic?

ones."
from

knows

"

he

of the

yet been appointed,

might entrust

times, that

when

and Coelius was

Censor
^Edile, each preferredan indictment
Appius was
againstthe other under the lex Scatinia ; a law, in molles et effeminates
uterentur.
qui nefandd venere
4
The
ending of this letter shows the active habits of Cicero : sed
The
lucet ; urget turba.
day is breaking; my leve'e is getting
"

crowded."

B.C.

51-50.

the

care

he

was

consent,and

as

Quintus,hut
preferred
brother would
of

Parthian

troublesome

end

We
on

sure

there seemed

to he

like to ask

not

say that he had

to take

which,however, he
think indeed

rather

doubt

have

that

prospect

to

his

acceptso
ill provided

feared

his

mies
ene-

resignedhis post at
really
twelvemonth,if he appointeda second self

of the

may

him

Besides,he

not

the

command.

which
performedexploits

had

no

would

means

of defence.

like his brother

for

hy

He

the province
as
was
post,especially

means

might
the

he did

war,
a

with

he left it.

when
province

of the

Gl

POSTPONED.

THANKSGIVING

slender

show

would

not

to

there

eagerness.

triumph rested

he

to

seems

broken

triumph,

undue

no

that his claim

had

says that he

worthyof

were

grounds,hut

that if civilwar

He

little

out he would

ambition,which
gainedthis great objectof Eoman
the only honor in his brilliant career
that he
yet enjoyed.
character
Young Hortensius,whose profligate
uneasiness to his father,
to Laodicea,and
came

have

was

had

gave

deed
innot

great

conducted

For the father's sake Cicero

disgracefully.
invited him
him
to dinner,but beyond this showed
no
he knew how much Hortensius was
as
attention,
displeased
himself

there

with his conduct.

the greatadvocate
this very moment
Cicero heard the news
just as he was on the
At

dying.
pointof embarking to

was

return

letter to Atticus in these words

for Hortensius
on

; I

very intimate
In

the

time

mean

"

"

for
distracted,

and
I

am

I had

alluded to it in
sure

you

grieve

resolved to live

with him."

terms

honor of Cicero's
he had

am

home,

the

successes

or
thanksgivingin
su/pplicatio,
againstthe enemy, upon which

heart, and which, as we have seen, had

decreed by the Senate,was
postponedowing

set his

been
actually
Curio and
to a quarrelbetween
him from bringingmeasures

the consuls.
before the

They prevented
and
people,

62

THE

PROCONSULATE.

56-57.

MT.

all the while the greatest

althoughhe professed
his veto
he interposed
for Cicero
and respect
friendship
to take place. The
and would not allow the thanksgiving
matter ended in a compromise,and the consuls agreedthat
the supplicatio
should he put off until the following
year.
in revenge

"

"

Cicero

his

could he released from

he

Tarsus

force

there,to

Syria,had

of

thirteenth

the

on

yet remained before

government. He went to

countingthe days which

was

be

to

of

assist Bibulus,who,

readyto

pressed. He

afraid he

might be

we

call his financial statement, or

may

military

proconsul

as

Parthians,and

attacks of the

repelthe
hard

collected

June, and

was

what
preparing

was

of the

accounts

two
spent during his year of office,
posit
to deof which
he was
by the Julian law required
copies
towns
in two separate
of his province,
renderinga
It was the special
third to the Senate at Kome.
duty of the

received and

moneys

to
quaestor

that these

see

were

correct,for he

the provincial

was

exchequer. Volusius had gone, and

volved
successor, had only justarrived. It de-

chancellor of the
Cselius

Caldus,his

Owing

therefore upon Mescinius

to the frugal manner

the administration

to attend
in which

Cicero had

to the business.

he had

carried

surplusbeyond the
voted by the Senate for his expenses.5He invested
sum
2,200,000 sesterces (about19,5007.),
partof this surplus,
in cistopJiori,
Asiatic gold coin,and afterwards lent the
an
whole sum
to have repaid
to Pompey, who
seems
never

on

Dramann
taken

says

booty

Ad

Ait. V. 20, Ad

those

passages.

(Gesch.Roms.

in the Amanus

the

Div.

II.

Cicero

17.

vi.

144)
campaign,
But

that
and

lie received
he

I infer the

Ait. V.
says, Ad
concessimus.
prsedam

20, Militibus

share

of

authority
contrary from
equis
quoque,

quotes as
direct

his
his

And
Ad
Mancipia venibant.
exceptis,reliquam
Div.
II. 17, De prseda mea,
prseterqueestores urbanos, id est, populum
tacturus
est quisquam.
Omnis
teruncium
Bomanum,
nee
nee
attigit
enim
ita
ut
autem
mihi
a
tractatur,
prseda,
prsefectis;
pecunia
qux
This shows that Cicero did not pocket
attributa est,a quzestorecuratur.
.

any

portionof

the

spoil.

B.C.

is

There

him.

he

the money

doubt

some

in
deposited

63

REVENUE.

SURPLUS

51-50.

to what

as

the

the amount

was

Treasuryto

of

the credit of the

in
absurdly
wrong
sayingthat it was above eighthundred thousand pounds !
almost
maniacal
De Quincey calls this an
extravagant,
and
assertion,"
regards it as fatal evidence againsthis
trustworthiness as a biographer. The man," he says,

State,but

is

at all that Middleton

none

"

"

could

"who

believe

had
sterling

arisen

that
in the

sum

course

far from

not

million

of twelve months

from

with paving-stones,
as
a little bagatelle
chiefly
of office,
a pot de vin, mere
customary fees payableto
who held the most
of one
the discretional appropriation
is not entitled to an
relation with the province,
fleeting
opinionupon any questionof doubtful tenor." The truth
but I believe
is that the copiesdiffer as to the figures,
Whatever
the
none
support the mistake of Middleton.
amount
probablyaccording
was, his suite regardedit,most
and grumbled at Cicero
their perquisite,
to precedent,
as
after deducting a sum
for paying it into the Treasury,
of his quaestor
Cselius.5
sufficientfor a year'sexpenditure
hesitation he appointedthis Caelius deputyAfter some
of the provinceuntil a
sent
proconsulwas
governor
from
Kome.
out
Mentioningthis to Atticus,he said
of approvingmy
jokingly,You are under the necessity
for it cannot be changed." But in the next
determination,
satisfiedwith
that he was
letter he showed
by no means
his choice,althoughhe could not helpit. He said, I have
the province
handed over
to Caelius
mere
a
youth/ you
will say, and perhapssilly,
wanting in steadiness and self-

provincesown

"

"

'

"

'

control."

I agree, but it could not be otherwise.

Ad

Alt. VII.

1.

'

It is curious

to

better

short

time

quaestor

Div. II. 19.

"

contrast

before,when
mihi

this with
he

said

what

Cicero wrote

that he could

quaestoroptatiorte

not

obtingere

nemo

'

It is to

self
to Caelius himhave

desired

potuit.
"

Ad

64

THE

Cicero's

credit

broke

out

find,

seemed

or

the

able

to

His

third

before

But

glance
his

the

at

and

arrived

midst

of

Incidi

Kome

at

the

in

he

how

flammam

civil

of

it

let
in

he

of

discordise.

Ad
"

but

was

port

cast

the

Italy.

rapid

interval

when

expressed

it,

XVI.

11.

Div.

the

on

for

us

and

July,

discord.8

civilis

he

and

that

about

came

as

peril

embarking

happened

him

intended.

Sida,

voyage,

himself,

found
of

his

had

that

frontier,

at

mission,
com-

to
in

province

him

his

by

thirty-first

point

on

explain

flames

ipsam

the

him

events

absence,

find

we

on

the

could

committed

originally

on

brother
he

limited

the

he

ended

follow

we

the

war

his

person

authority

leave

day

August

time

from

the

office

of

the

than

Pamphylia,

of

coast

on

of

the

56-57.

Parthian

leave

to

competent

retired

away

year

the

on

rather

enemy

get

either

most

stretch

if

determined,

beyond

thus

the

happily

the

as

Senate

had

JET.

imminent,

himself

stay

or

and

by

he

that

command,

the

in

PROCONSULATE.

of

he
in

the

EVENTS

J3.C. 50-49.

AT

65

ROME.

XYIII.

CHAPTER

CIVIL

WAR.

JEt. 57-58.

death in childbed of

B.C. 50-49.

who
Julia,

Caesar'sdaughter

was

and

Pompey'swife,followed by the death of the son to

she had givenbirth,
rent the tie between
completely

whom

the two
as

rivals for power.

father

was

if his
may

so

Niebuhr

great that he

daughterhad

be allowed to doubt.

alliedhimself to the noble

"

says,

would

remained

Two

years

familyof

Caesar'saffection

have

brooked

alive ;" but

thing
any-

this

we

afterwards

the Metelli

Pompey
by marrying

daughterof CaeciliusMetellus Pius,whom he made his

after enjoying
in the consulship,
that highdignity
colleague
for six months alone. There is no doubt that by his third
he strengthened
his position
and recovered lost
consulship
and his influence
were
ground. His measures
energetic,
the

was

great. When

dictator was

talked of to

put a stopto
the ordinary

anarchywhich preventedthe election of

turned to
of the Eepublic,
men
magistrates
instinctively
of Spain,and as such the
him.
He was
still(proconsul
commander
of a considerable military
force; but he had
and its government was
set foot in his province,
never
once
carried on by his lieutenants Petreius and Afranius.
absent from Borne.
It
During all this time Caesar was
is a striking
proofof the self-reliant character of the man,
that for ten long years he keptaway from the scene
where
the great game of ambition was
to be played out,and left
undisturbed to his rival. But he took
the stageapparently
the

VOL.

ii.

66

CIVIL

that in the

care

Wellington'svictories

of

more

presentto

I do

not

planto

think

be

the

When
he

which

Britain

evidence

indeed

determined

he, and
Kepublic,
he wintered

could

by

law

at

any

plan at all,

any

that if there

not

interests.

that he had formed

or
constitution,
was

to his

He
had

and
capital,

there devoted

was

was

Pompey, should
the

Eavenna,

approach Borne

nearest

while

vested
in-

his

Bursa, after his

condemnation

asylum there,and
by Caesar. The
money
an

him

and

England

were
command, his head-quarters
military
themselves
who represented
resort of the disaffected,
as
Munatius
Plancus
victims of aristocratic oppression.

with

the

party

have

of the

man.

pointat
the

the

relations with the

this,that he

master

we

subvert

farther than
to be

active

and

numerous

in

countrymen

not

was

of his fellow-citizens at Borne.

minds

the

also constant

keptup

of- his

the minds

forgotten.The

in the Peninsula

of Caesar's victories in Gaul

the fame

presentto

JET. 57-58.

time he should not be

mean

fame

than

WAE.

their

was

for seditious

ostentatiously
suppliedwith

discontented

and
protector,

found
violence,

looked

at Borne

the

to

his
populaceremembered
and his shows.
Whi{e the Senate was powerless,
largesses
could do nothingbut mutuallyparaand the magistrates
lyze
the world with the gloryof
each other,he was
filling
and securingthe enthusiastic devotion of his
his exploits,
legions."Cicero himself had spoken and voted for the prolongation
for another period
of five years,
of his command
and it was
duringthis time that the state of Borne became
kind was
of some
almost jHeyitffle.
such that a dictatorship
tribunes were
When
preventingthe comitia for electing
consuls from being held,and consuls were
bunes
preventingtribefore the people when the
from bringingmeasures
rendered impotentby vetos,
resolutions of the Senate were
carried on by the provisional
and the executive was
dient
expeof an
strong
interregnum it was plainthat some
as

"

"

68

CIVIL

no

was

Senate's

difference

whether

decree,or

got

making

from

what, if

"

decree

any

he wishes

to

Caesar

some

"

"

if my

or
forgot,
an

exact

he

was

part of

did

not

choose to

Senate

another,
time

same

wishes to strike
such

imply that

: but
impossible

was

allow,that

he himself

had

he
set

in point,
for duringhis third consulship
precedent
stillproconsul
of Spain,and as such had the command

of
not

the

to

the

obey

Pompey replied,

son

meant

Caesar

on

the

at

To which

"

to

But,'1 asked

consul,and

command
?
military
You
might as well say, what
with a stick ?
me
By this he

demand

"

that there

prevent the

to

at all.

retain his

refused

one

be

57-58.

JET.

their veto,said
interposed

then

tribunes

of the

WAR.

considerable

Caesar

And

army.

determined

was

place himself in an inferior position.If Pompey

aside his military
command
he was
ready to do the

to

laid
same,

or

if he

elected

were

consul he

to have

seems

been

peril
willingto yieldthe point; but he was not willingto imhimself by goingto Eome
for the consulship
to canvass
and run
the risk of impeachment,
as
a private
individual,
his enemies

with which
arrival.

He

command

which

had

Caius

Caesar

Curio,the

tribune

securinghim

buhr

calls

sure

to attack him

presentresolved
that the master

stood at the end

were

Paullus.

be

conqueredGaul might laugh at

of it by force.

matters

consuls

of

therefore for the

and he well knew

deprivehim
So

would

"

man

on

Claudius

bought
whom
the
of

any

Paullus

by

Cicero had
side of the

an
so

and

legions

attemptto

The
L.

two

bribe.

enormous

flattered in

of the

most

new

^Emilius

Senate,and whom

but
greattalent,

his

to retain his

of the

of the year.

Marcellus

on

hopes
Nie-

decided

and immorality,"
overwhelmed
with debts
was
profligacy
which amounted
to nearlyhalf a million sterling.These
debts Caesar paid off,
and Curio became
his devoted partisan.
The Senate decreed that two legionsshould be sent to

the

for the

East

should

taken

be

the army

from

Parthian
the

from

of

legionto Caesar,which
standard,and

war,

looked

was

that

and

of Caesar

army

Pompey

Pompey.

69

CURIO.

OF

PROPOSAL

B.C. 50-49.

had

and

the

other

lent
previously
time

foughtfor some
by him
upon

of these

one

as

under

partof

his

his
own

complying with the Senate's order Pompey

his
adroitly
gave up that legionwhich though nominally
in fact Caesar's,
that Caesar had to surrender two
was
so
these were
And
not sent to the
legionsinstead of one.
in
East after all,but retained by the consul Marcellus
it became
at Capua,ready for Pompey in case
sary
necesItaly,
In

troops.

to draw

Curio

the sword.

proposedthat both Pompey and

their militarycommands, disband

now

laydown

Caesar should
their

armies,

citizens.
private
the fairest proposalthat
"This," says Niebuhr, "was
that
could have been made ; but Pompey's party replied
his imperium had yet to last for a longer periodthan

and

that

of

Pompey,

in the

in Kome

appear

Caesar.

It

who

then

was

was

of

character

misfortune

Kome

for

severelyill (atNaples),did

that
not

apprehended.He was so popular,or

perhapsso much feared,that all Italyoffered up prayers
of
the appearance
for his recovery.1Pompey assumed
in which
being ready to yield,but lamented the manner
Curio put the question
When
he was
treated by Curio.
their
to lay down
both were
to the vote as to whether
majorityof three hundred and
imperium, an immense
seventysenators answered in the affirmative,while only
twenty-two voted againstit. But the consul Marcellus
in perfect
anarchy and
the decree : the State was
rejected
dissolution. Marcellus was
a
champion for the authority
die

When

his friends

as

The
lie

answered,

general sympathy
wits
"

nsked

I have

what

deceived

he would

only to stamp

on

Pompey

do if Csesar
the

as

to

marched

ground, and

his

real

position.
against him, ho

soldiers will rise."

.

70

CIVIL

of the

Senate, and

WAE.

in this instance he nevertheless refused

acknowledgethat authority."
But
by thus actingMarcellus

to

Senate.

It

their last

was

threw

chance,and

it away.

If

in their weakness

to doubt

they had

to

that civilwar

would

spreadthat

have

Caesar

liberately
detemptible
con-

the
compelled

executed,and whatever

issue there

the ultimate

been

be

follyhe

become

not

have

of the

fate

in his

theywould

consul to allow their decree

might have

sealed the

been

seems

no

reason

A false

averted.

marching upon Kome,

and the Senate in haste and terror declared him a public
Marcellus,the consul,put a sword into Pompey's
enemy.
him to defend the Republic,
and made
to
hand, telling
over
him the command
of the two legionsat Capua and the
forces in Italy.In vain Curio protested
rest of the military
under the pretext
that
againstthese measures, and at last,
in danger,he quitted
Rome
his life was
at the end of December,
report was

and

But
Sida

let

fled to Caesar at Ravenna.

return

us

for his homeward

his
news

and

left at the

beginningof August on

board

Rhodes, which

portof
a

vessel

he wished to show

nephew,who accompaniedhim, and

him

reached

dialoguede

we

voyage.

first stoppedat

son

Cicero,whom

to

the

embarking at

He

was

Claris

that

Hortensius

Oratoribus,he

was

mentions

to

there the

dead.

In

his

the circumstance,

affectionate tribute to the memory

of
he generouslysaid that he
this great advocate,of whom
and pays

had lost in him

and

but
rival,
From

an

peoplethoughtan adversary
a
partner and associate in a gloriousprofession.
he went
Rhodes
to Ephesus,and thence
not

as

most

proceededto Athens, which he reached on the fourteenth

of October,after a tedious and
uncomfortable
voyage.
Here

he

found

Atticus,and

letters

many

awaitinghim

other friends.

He

from

his

wife, and

wrote
immediately

B.C.

calls her his

and

him

meet

Atticus

"

had

and

sweetest
far

as

to

come

health will allow.

sufferingunder

while

written

affectionate. He

dearest,"and begs her

the state of her

as

71

TRIUMPH.

letter is short but

Terentia,and his

to

CLAIM

TO

EESOLVES

50-49.

of

attack

an

fever,and Cicero in replyingto his letter said that when

struck by the confused character
opened it he was at once
of the writing,
different from the clear and neat
so
handwritingof his friend. He confessed the embarrassment
he felt at having to make
to which of the
as
up his mind
two
contendingleaders he would join,from both of whom
terms.
he had received letters couched in the most flattering
If,however, the sword were
appealedto, he said it would
be better to be vanquished
with Pompey than to vanquish
the questionof whether
Caesar
with Caesar. But
upon
he

should not be allowed to become

in his absence

might
felt

be

candidate for the consulship

discussion when

under

he

and
difficulty,
deliver his opinion
in
a

which

his army,

forced to disband

and

he arrived in

imagined himself

Borne, he

called upon

to

the Senate.

Let
Speak, Marc Tully.' Wait, I pray, until I consult Atticus.'
no
us have
shuffling speak.' If I declare againstCsesar, what becomes
in
for at his request I aided him
of those pledges I have
given him?
At his request do I
gettingpermissionto be a candidate though absent.
Aye ! and at the request of our friend Pompey, too, in that divine
say ?
"

'

'

"

take a different line from

consulshipof his. Shall I now
says,
respect the opinion not only of Pompey, but, as Homer
and women
of Troy.'

him

third

'

the

men

"

He

thought therefore

to claim the honor

would

thus

escape

himself the moment

he added with
"

triumph,as

he

be

good expedient

in that

outside the walls

the dilemma

in which

he

case

of
he

would

took his seat in the Senate.

to the

take
reason

prettygood
here

care

must

Borne,and

comic consciousness of what would

They will,however,

opinion."As

remain

law

accordingto

of

that it would

find

But

happen,

to elicit my

given for demandinga

72

CIVIL

triumph,it

to have

seems

conceal

to

excuse

and

of which

De

Quincey,

the

circumstances

nothing
with

grandeur,for
the

amused

But

homo

novus

sought it,

with

hand

one

have

the

idle

under

windy

so

it should

it

monument
to

an

Many writers,"says
claim

the

on

eloquent a

he

themselves
a

57-58.

than

more

which
"

standingupon

awful.

how

he

of civil

was

established his

own

triumphalfamilies of Rome, and on the

could have effected nothingby his presence

few

he

other hand

been

eagerness

have

"

so

remembered

amongst

Mr.

he felt half ashamed.

Cicero in

vanityof

WAR.

in the Senate."
his

way

leave

his

favourite

Achaia,

he

as

Athens

from

On

freedman

Several letters to him

can

exceed

father
beloved
Tiro

of their

that

without

what

value

you

think

that

each

of his

It is uncertain

which

as

it is

the act of

is

verses

at what

to
impossible

Quintus wrote

of

and

him

sessed
pos-

In

one

of his

he

can

write

to him
"

says,

quotes
I don't

attach to the

know

freedom,

No

tone.

of his freedman.

nothing,and Quintus in another addressed

line of Euripides,
in the original
and
a

oath."

voyage.

intelligent
man,

very

of

extant,and nothing

attainments.
literary

tells him

the

solicitude for the recovery

been

of considerable
letters Cicero

Patrae,a port

he did for the recovery

to have

seems

are

the affectionate kindness

than

son

at

obligedto

was

proceedon

Cicero

from

more
displayed

ever

Tiro

ill to

too

was

Italyhe

to

fix the date of the letter

to his brother

manumission, the

but I
poet'sopinions,
like a deposition
upon
period he received his

news

him
congratulating

of which

he

on

said had

the names
of
leap for joy. Tiro assumed
Marcus
Tullius,accordingto the usual custom in such
a collection of Cicero's letters after
cases, and he published
made

him

the death

of his friend and

Life in several

benefactor.

books, the fourth

He

of which

also wrote
is

his

quotedby

MEETING

B.C. 50-49.

Asconius,and lie

to the world

gave

Cicero sailed from Patrae

73

POMPEY.

WITH

edition of his

an

the second of

on

November, but

by stormy weather and contrarywinds at

Actium and Corcyra,so that he did not make the coast of
of that month, on which day
Italyuntil the twenty-fourth
detained

was

reached

he

day to

Brundusium.

moment

as

(Otranto),and

Hydruntum

throughwhich

the

at the

entered the harbour

He

his wife

proceedednext
same

by one of the gates,

that theyboth
so
Appian Way passed,
entered

the town

in the Forum.

met

Brundusium

From

he reached

on

the

to Herculaneum,
proceeded

he

tenth of

December, and then

which

went

to

spend a day or two at the house of his friend Pontius

At Lavernum
he met Pompey,
Aquila,at Tribulanum.
and theywent together
sation
to Formiae,and had a long converaffairs. Pompey thoughtthat
the state of public
on
and so far as Cicero could judge did
war
inevitable,
was
For he said that if Caesar were
.wish for peace.
consul,even
althoughhe dismissed his army, there would
not

eyj3_n

be

as

an

the

revolution.

he

But

greatcontempt for
professed

speechwhich
elected tribune,had just made,
and threats of an
appealto arms.
a

asked,"" What
were

master

like his

Two

mob

do you
of the

when
Kepublic,

Pompey

treatises have

of this Tiro.

to

been

written

His relations with Cicero

calumny, which it would

See Pliu. Ep. VII. 4.

be

an

in his hand

had

Antony, the newly

of

full of abuse

Turning

to

Pompey,

Cicero,he
do if he

himself would
a

weak

such

say

understand

He

Marc

Caesar

think

quaestordares

indeed did

full of confidence in

and was
opponent in the field,
him.
force he could bring against

the copy of

and

things?

needyfellow
"

So

of his
the real position

by

scholars

modern

became

him

the

insult to the memory

on

subjectof
of both

the
an

little

rival,
subject

infamous

to notice.

"

74

CIVIL

WAR.

YET.

crush him, he
that,thinkinghe could easily
the idea of peace.
From

He

was

arrived at the end

of

like

not

undeceived.
terribly

soon

Cicero travelled to

Fornuae

did

57-58.

Terracina,where

to reach
December, intending

he

Home

his

the third of January.

birthday,
His own
opinionat this time was that the best solution
of the difficulty
would be to concede what Caesar demanded,
that is,allow him to stand for the consulship
and yet retain
And events provedthat this would
his military
command.
have been the wisest policy. Caesar might indeed in that
have become
too powerfulfor the citizen of a free
case
if not in name,
dictator. But
the
state,and virtually,
on

shock

of

would

war

have

with certain modifications

If the sword
he would

remodel
much

the

have

the

rightsof

government
to doubt

reason

might have

to decide the strife and

was

then

avoided,and

been

the conflict Rome

must

the constitution

been

he

was

conqueror,

preserved.
victorious,
and

might

pleased.Nor was there

if Pompey were
successful in
he

as

that

receive, him

as

her

master

instead

and the onlyquestion

would be whether he was
Caesar,
to use his victory
with more
moderation than Caesar.
likely
As Cicero said with prophetic
truth, "Victory will produce
be a
the result will certainly
evils ; and
many
(eerietyrannusexistet)" Looking at the state
despotism
of the times,I see
to believe that Pompey if
no
reason
of

successful

that

in_either

sealed.
upon

have

would

event

Whether
which

it was

stoppedshort
the

of the

doom

worth

opinions
may

of

revolution" saconstitution

is another
preserving

"was

tion,
ques-

differ ; but at all events Cice*Q-

rightin considering
it the most politic
to yieldto Caesar on the pointof
course
the consulship.
For, clothed with that venerable authority,
and actingnot as
but as first minister of the
conqueror
thoughtso,

he
Bepublic,

and with that view he

would

was

hardlyhave ventured,perhapsnot

even

76

CIVIL

At

tliiscritical juncture
we

JET. 57-58.

WAK.

find that he

to Caesar,from
pecuniaryobligations

the

which

debt

he

anxious

was

to

was

still under

it appears

which

he

off when

pay

that
left

the government of Ciliciahad not yet been

Italyto assume
discharged. He felt how awkward, or, to use his own
of a
it was
be the debtor
to
expression,anomalous
to
political
opponent; and yet it was
very inconvenient
him to pay the money
just then, as he wanted it for the
than
of his triumph,upon
which he was
more
expenses
ever
bent, as he had justheard that the Senate had decreed
in honor of Bibulus,whose military
a publicthanksgiving
he
exploits

would

he

held in

debt, for it would

and he

in the

whisperingin

his ear,

take

care

to pay

In another

he went

out of the

after reviewing,
in
letter,

he said,
presentdifficulty,
to do?'

which, when

men,

rush

or
on

the

The

"

of
spirit

more

ox

who

to destruction."

character

of

merciful than

on

is

than

and
politics,

going out.

'

do you

cattle,

away, keep togetherin their own

follows the herd, so will I follow honest

at all events

moderate

ness,
bitter-

led to the

different kinds of

as

The

reputedsuch, even

are

In

Caesar,and

the

they
took
mis-

completely
he said, All know perfectly
is beaten,he, that is Caesar,
event

"

leaders of the

Cinna,nor

Sylla.
would

if

however, he
respect,

one

prediction
; for
well that if the good cause
will,in puttingto death the
more

had

ask me,

What,' you

same

falsified his

be

Pray

"

driven

As the

herds.

house,

debt."

your

the events of the last few years, which

propose

dischargethe
the obligation
;

making a grand speech

then findingsomebody

Senate, and
as

that

of his

put the imaginarycase

againstCaesar

under

do to remain

not

told Atticus

Coelius to

from

enough

borrow

He

great contempt.

am

make

upshot is

not
aristocracy,
in plundering
the wealthy
tribe
givingyou a long diait longeronly my lamp

this :

'

Speak,Marc Tully,'

B.C.

CESAR'S

50-49.

with Cnaeus

I agree

'

'

it

"

"

Phalaris

In another

in

he said

passage

play the part

In the last letter he

Pisistratus.

or

is,'he added, half

Caesar would

uncertain whether

was

that

Pompey
Pomponius.'

Titus

jest,with

77

OFFER.

of

before

wrote

he ended it with the words,

I am
mented
torreachingKome
night and day;" and this in fact is the hest
of his state of mind
during the whole of the
description
he said to have actually
conflictthat might now
begun.
"

consuls of the

The
the

who

to

was

whether

before the
a

the

hands
who

from

was

be read

Caesar,and

of the consuls.

After

Marcellus,a
but

brother

one

bunes
debate,the tri-

warm

listened to the terms

that the

these : he
proposed.They were briefly
his military
command, if Pompey would
ominous

compliedwith
country.

of

insisted that it should be read carried their point,

and the Senate

added, the

another

were

previously,
first business they had
the importantquestion
which
Curio had just
which he had placedin

The

Senate

letter should

broughkto Borne

Claudius

consul the year

L. Cornelius Lentulus.

bring

49,

B.C.

year,

familyof Marcelli,Caius

of Marcus
and

new

An

threat

he would
animated

consul advocated

that

not

be

offered to
do the

if this condition

wanting to

discussion followed.

bold measures,

great soldier

lay down

same

; but

were

himself and
Lentulus

and said that in that

not

his
the
case

might relyupon him ; but if they truckled to

of
Caesar, as they had done before, he would take care
of the Senate ! Strange
the authority
himself and disregard
language this from the first magistrateof the Kepublic.
Metellus Scipio,
spoke to the same
Pompey 's father-in-law,
and declared that Pompey would defend the Kepublic
effect,
if the Senate would follow him ; but that if they hesitated
and did not show firmness,they would
implorehis
now,
aid in vain when
they wanted it. He concluded by proposing

the

State

that Caesar should

be ordered to disband

his army

78

CIVIL

certain

by a

be declared
had

the

ought

to

that

see

to

come

the

he

from

being

carried

adjourned. The Senate met

walls,and Pompey there joinedthem.

another violent debate, and

what

to
passedequivalent
martial

The

law.

result

in the
we

should

call a

and
consuls,praetors,

There

was

resolution

and

again out"

questionwas

side the

the

advised

until

motion
prevent Scipio's

to

veto

and

they had raised an

in Italy. The
newly-elected
Q. Cassius,interposedtheir

decision

no

levy en masse
tribunes,Marc Antony and
by

army

he should

Eepublic. Marcus MarceHuir

if theyset Caesar at defiance they

prepared beforehand

be

to

Senate

to

comply that

of the

enemy

sense

JET. 57-58.

if he refused to

day,and
an

WAR.

was

of
proclamation
of the

tribunes

Eepublicsuffered no harm.
The
tribunes,Antony and Cassius,immediatelyquitted
Eome
and fled to Caesar.
This happened on the sixth of
January.
Cicero calls Caesar's letter
threateningand bitter."

people were

to

that

see

the

"

himself,in

He

his Bellum

gentledemand."
and
was
illegal
had

the

order

when

the

as

very

doubt that the demand

no

Pompey held his province

of law, and Caesar
authority

under

the

dictate the terms

of the

which

on

In

Senate.

he would

alone

doing

he

so

was

as

parte
usurpationas Napoleon Bonasolved
he returned from
Egypt, and forciblydisin the Orangery of
Council of Five Hundred

guiltyof

much

be

can

"

it

unconstitutional.

rightto

no

obey

There

his army

and

describes
Civile,

act

an

of

St. Cloud.
Such

gates of
outside

He

was

Eome

state of affairswhen

not

the fourth of

on

the walls

would

moment

the

was

with

every

enter the

his heart

was

Cicero

January.
of honor

mark

reached
He
and

was

readyto grant it,but

triumph;

Lentulus

met

respect.

citythen, for even^at that

set upon

the

awful

and the Senate

the consul

put

it off

B.C.

pleathat

the

on

THE

50-49.

he had

79

RUBICON.

he would

bringforward

despatchedthe urgent

the

when
question

business he had

on

hand.

and the coast of Campania

Italywas divided into districts,
was
assignedto Cicero,that he might superintendthe
to its safety. The
levies there,and see
provinceswere
allotted as in ordinarytimes,and L. Domitius Ahenobarbus
declared proconsulof Gaul.
Cassar no
tated.
was
longerhesiHe

addressed his soldiers in

them

called upon

to

protecttheir

spirited
speech,and
signs
generalagainstthe dea

of his enemies.
shout

Between
there

ing
They answered with a loud acclaimthat theywere
ready to follow him.3
Eavenna
and Bimini, the ancient Ariminum,
several small

are

which

has been

claimed

or
rivers,

rather

the famous

as

streams, each of

Kubicon.

This

was

at that extremity,
the proboundary that separated,
vince
Gaul from Italy; and no
of Cisalpine
commander
it in arms
without being guiltyof treason to
might cross
the Eepublic. The story,as told by Suetonius,is that
Caesar sent on the thirteenth legion,
all the force
which was
he had at Eavenna, without declaring
the object
of their

the

march

; and

attended

then, the better to mask

his purpose,

himself

the plan of a
publicentertainment,inspected
school of gladiators
which he had intended to build,and in
the eveningappearedas usual at a crowded banquet. But
after sunset he quietly
drawn
went
by
away in a carriage
mules,and attended by a small escort,choosingthe most
a

road
private

about
with
were

he could find. He

in the

darkness

guide,and at
standingon the
a

According

to

foot,until

on

last

lost his way, and

came

left or

up

daybreak he

with

northern

(Cxsar, 30),

Suetonius

at

bank

Caesar

his

Playing

for

who
soldiers,

quoted

"

be

met

of the Eubicon.

:
Euripides(Phcenissx,
53-i-S)

If I must

wandered

unjust,'tisbest to be so
empire : just in all things else.

the

lines

of

80

WAR.

CIVIL

Mr.

and, awe-struck for the moment

stopped,
ahout to take,he
magnitude of the step he was
lie

Here

his followers and

"

said,

We

can

even

yet draw

that little bridge everythingmust

57-58.

at

the

turned

back,but

to

if

be decided

by
An
A portentreassured him.
the sword."
apparitionof
suddenly seen
giganticsize and superhuman beauty was
seated not far distant from
him, and playing on a flute,
of aerial melody. Some
from which issued streams
herds
shepcross

we

picquetsin advance, approached

to listen to the music.
some
Amongst them were
of whom
the phantom snatched a
from
one
trumpeters,
bugle,and, blowing a loud blast,plunged into the river,
Then Caesar exclaimed,
which it crossed and disappeared.
of heaven and the injustice
Let us go where the portents
He
of the enemy
The die is cast."
summon
us.
pressed
forward to the oppositebank, and stood on the sacred soil
of Italya traitor and a rebel.4 Ariminum, which was
a
diately
immeshort distance beyond,and entirely
was
defenceless,
and there he paused.
by his troops,
occupied
All was
consternation
There was
at Home.
a
general
rush to leave it ; and the Consuls,the Senate,and Pompey
hold whoever
declared
he would
set the example. He
told tirm,
Favonius
tauntingly
stayedat Kome his enemy.
is the time to stamp on the ground for your legions."
Now
their flight
that no care
taken to remove
So hastywas
was
in the publictreasury,
and thus the sinews of
the money
who

there,and

were

the

"

"

war

when

curious
Csesar

declared

to fall a prey

abandoned

were

that,

anecdote
had

is told

crossed

sooner

than

the
not

the

by

to Caesar.

Suetonius

river.

He

satisfythe

Lentulus

relative to what

harangued

claims

his

of those

the

happened
troops,and
stood by
knight he

who

Roman
as
a
gold ring which
his left hand.
wore
on
Suiting the action to the word, he drew the ring
off his finger,
who
and the rude soldiery,
the gesture,but imperfectly
saw
heard what he said,were
firmlyconvinced that he had promised to give
each of them the rank and estate of a Roman
knight.

him, he would

part

with

B.C.

AT

CONSTERNATION

50-49.

81

ROME.

of the
attemptto carry off some
money,
alarmed by a reportthat the cavalry
of Caesar was
but was
at the gates,and hastily
decamped without securingthe
prize.Bitter was the complaintat Koine that the city
should be left without magistrates
or
Senate,and history

consul did indeed

records

a flight.
disgraceful
Ponipeytalked

more

no

Xerxes

who, when
exampleof Themistocles,

this with

contrasted

marching
city,and

was

quit the

at Salamis.

Cicero

But

of Pericles in the Pelo-

conduct

the

populationof Attica
walls,and, victoriously
defendingthem, saved
and he quoted the precedent
set by their own

within the
the State ;

held

ancestors,who

brought

Capitolwhile the Grauls were

He was
Eome.
dacity
aghastat the au-

the

of the rest of

of Caesar

and visions of confiscation and ruin floated

it Hannibal

Was

his brain.

across

the

who

ponnesianWar,

masters

inhabitants

afterwards

invader

the

crushed

the

made

Athens,

upon

of the

who

had crossed the

and
frontier,

the

towns

of

Bather

times than

Italy?

meditate

even

Eoman

general

himself master

made

he die

would

such

or

crime.

of

thousand

Caesar

had, he

longera pretencefor saying that he was acting

Everybody was puzzledto know what
constitutionally.5
were
Pompey'splans. He had in fact no plan,and never

no
cried,

showed

himself

onlychance lay in
venture

away

attended

which

made

where he had

in
him
an

had

II.

decision.

now,

when

his

Cicero did not

Borne.

He

slipped

to escape, as he says,
daybreak,
since his return he
as
comment, especially
publicby lictors with laurelled fasces,
first to Formiae,
He went
conspicuous.
of January,
the twenty-third
on
interview,

boasted that
5

YOL.

as

before

with the consul Lentulus

who

and

energy

morning

observation and
was

irresolute

of
stayin the neighbourhood

to

one

and

weak

so

See Ad

"

he

man

would

Alt. VII.

overwhelmed
be

with

and.
dictator,

11, 13.
G

debt,
prove

82

CIVIL

confusion.

and

in

Borne,and

his advice

left

daughter were

theyoughtto
comforted

the

come

behind, and

had

need

he

and
divided,

Caesar

unless indeed

advised

go

or

them

They

villa; and the

He

saw

to the

who

to be

to them

guidedin

stay accordingas

other

of
politics

from

and
crisis,

put to

sea

his

he described
a

storm

possible.

was

their decision whether

ladies of their

to

rank

own

at his Formian

his son-in-law Dolabella

the first how

in

he hinted

joinedhim

afterwards

soon

with
suspicion

some

was

"

He

to

whether

by the recollection that his sonoften

joinedCaesar ; so that,as was
of the Eoses,the familyinterest was
not fear for their personal
safety
which in
gave the cityup to plunder,

of the letters he wrote

him

anxious

was

stay in the city. But he

or

one

acted.

he

their account

on

in the Wars

case

asked
state of perplexity
pitiable
he ought to do.
His wife and
a

away

Dolabella

in-law

in

what

to

as

JET. 57-58.

Cicero says he found nothingbut terror

He wrote constantly
to Atticus,who remained

Sylla.

another

WAR.

exposed

party.
utterly
unequalPompey
that of
their position
as
own

without

rudder.

was
men

Their whole

who
invalid.
an
was
hope, he said,rested upon a man
done at haphazard,
and contrary to his
Everything was
Shall I," he asked, hesitate and go
own
judgment.
which has success
with it ? al^eofjuai
to the other side,
over
Tpwa"?." The defection of Labienus,one of Caesar's ablest
and his junction
of his general,
from the cause
lieutenants,
like
with Pompey, put him for the time in spirits.It was
But his
Moreau
joiningthe camp of the Allies in 1813.
shows that he despaired
at this period
whole correspondence
his own
of success
side,owing to the inconceivable folly
on
and irresolution of Pompey, and the distracted counsels of
the leaders of the party.
account, Pompey wished to
According to Caesar's own
with him, and employedfor that puropen a negotiation
"

"

84

WAR.

CIVIL

JEi. 57-58.

ators
Capua,where there were some fears lest a number of gladibelongingto Caesar might disturb order ; but Pompey
in pairs amongst the householders,
billetted them
judiciously
and theywere
kept quiet.
At Capua a council of war
was
held, at which Cicero
and the consuls were
present. All, with one exception,
terms, which

in fact

Caesar

his own,

were

should

accept their

with the addition of the

withdrawinghis garrisons.Even

clause about

the rest ;

with

that

anxious

Favonius, were

servitude to

and, to

himself

He

war.

Cicero's

use

Cato

agreed

he preferred
expression,

was

strong advocate

for

that he preferred
an
conciliation,
declaring
unjustpeace
the most
own

Civil

But

he

deaf to

His

justwar.

who

men

and

he took

were

as

long

care

not

as

blinded
there

to do

in

our

Peace ! Peace !

continually
crying

was

spoke to

avertingwar

that of Falkland
"

War,

reason

voice,like

to

by passionand

was

any

chance of

act which

any

"

might

compromisehim with Caesar. Trebatius wrote to him and

him that he did so
begged him to return to Borne, telling
and that nothingwould gratify
Caesar
at Caesar's request,
To

more.

this

Cicero,who

then at his Formian

was

villa,

that he was
merelystayingat his countryseat,and
replied
indeed in any public
not engaged in levyingsoldiers,
or
business at all. In mentioningthis to Atticus he added,
breaks out I will not be wanting to my duty
But if war
"

or

my

honor,when

I have

placedthe boys (hisson

nephew) in safetyin Greece."

Leaving his familyat the villa,he
a

violent storm

expressedhimself

of rain.
in terms

He

returned

there wrote

of the warmest

to

to

and

Capua in

Atticus,and

at
indignation

hostile operations
while
continuing
were
negotiations
pending. He called him an abandoned
time he bitterly
robber; but at the same
complainedof
the conduct

Unice

of Caesar in

cavente

Cicerone

concordise

publics.
"

Vdl. Pat. II. 48.

B.C.

inertness

the
and

of

who

Pompey,

seemed

quite prostrated,

drift

all to

allowing them

was

85

TUTOR.

THE

DIONYSIUS

50-49.

into

without

war

still cherished the

hope that Caesar

would accede to the terms
they proposed,and intended
in that case
to go with Pompey into Spain. He
was
the tutor of the two
annoyed at the conduct of Dionysius,
lowed
Ciceros,for he expectedthat he would have folyoung
chart

or

them,
Greek.8

instead

but

Cicero,it

said

But,

He

compass.

He

of that
useless

was

from

him, for he tells Atticus

come

to him

at

was

get others

desire

dismissed

him

glad to part with

curious

to

see

him

his

declared

and

scamp,

good instructor,althoughhe
In fact he

capital
memory.
him, and said
him

sent
8

In

one

some

money

could

also intimated

family,who

of his

as

his

thereupon
a

tutor,but

ingratitude.It

is

his

his
to overpower
feelings
into inconsistency.He
had
Dionysiusin high terms, and

how

judgment and betray him

always formerlyspoken of
praisedhim as a tutor. He
and

He

account

he allowed

from

his cash was, and

in Cicero's

on

Borne.

Dionysius did at last

and made
Formian
villa,

him
sorry, he says, to lose

"

in

that

their debts.

to pay

continue

to

not

to borrow

where

that he did not know

excuses

not

he

when

remained

expect much

to

wished

to have

seems

he

that when

flat and

respectthese

he

old Komans

he

that

no

that he

means

asked

him

to

Cicero
not

much

possesseda

excessively
angry

was

had

chatterer

by

was

admitted

refusal.9

rude

called him

now

with

come

to him

then

undertook

to

pride

he

themselves

In
perpetuallygetting into debt.
Cicero
letter in which
the same
complains of Dionysius he mentions
that Quintus was
annoyed at being asked by Atticus to dischargea debt
for
he owed
him,
impossible to borrow or raise the
just then it was

by

upon

money,
9

who

He

way

and
must

They

of contrast.

he had
not

none

with

be confounded
afterwards

two
or
a year
fled from Italy into Greece.

were

him.
with

slave of Cicero named

pilferedsome

books

from

his

Dionysius,
and
library,

86

CIVIL

Ms

of

JET. 57-58.

and

nephew himself. He left

Capua on the seventh of February,and went to Gales (the
modern
Calvi),a town in Campania, through which the
Yia Latina
passed,from which place he wrote to Atticus,
and the
account of Pompey's weakness
givinga deplorable
officerswere
so
melancholystate of affairs. The recruiting
frightenedat 'the idea of Caesar's approach that they did
their faces,and the levy was
in fact
not dare to show
stopped. Pompey ordered the consuls to go to Kome, and
out of the Treasury. It is not easy to see
take the money
he had to impose commands
what authority
these high
on
magistrates,
except that he was looked upon as a kind of

the

education

WAR.

son

dictator ; but at all events

knew

told him

and

answer,

that

this

was

that

Caesar

take to
he

would

and

shipboard;
back

went

letters from

to

prospectsof

He

said,

his

I fear

"

his

so

Apulia,and
it happened. In
villa,and

gave rather

party.

But

he

Caesar

predicted
Pompey would
the

time

mean

there

received
of

cheeringaccount

not to be deceived.

was

they are all dreams

Cassius,who were

He

He

in

Formian

which

Kome

the

be

soon

sarcastic

done,for

distracted.

was

the Picenum.

than

easilysaid

Cicero

back

wrote

first into

go

more

alreadythere.

was

to

Lentulus

"

althoughLepidus,
with him, took a less
Torquatus,and
The
idea that Pompey was
gloomy view.
flying,and
Caesar in pursuit,
intolerable to him.
was
Why don't
bodies
we," he cried,in the agony of despair, placeour
;

"

"

and

before him

save

his life?

But

what

we

can

do ?

We

he clung
crushed, captured." Even now
vanquished,
to Pompey:with a fidelity
which
is onlyexplicable
the
on
theorythat he thoroughlybelieved his cause
was
just; and
he still loved the man,
the painfulconviction
notwithstanding
are

that
a

leader.

was

At

forced

this very

upon

time

him

that he

he

declared

was

imbecile

that he

as

would

B.C.

(LESAR

50-49.

for him

87

CORFINIUM:.

INVESTS

repeatedthis in another
in which, notwithstanding,
he said that no baser act
letter,
done by a statesman
than that by Pompey in
was
ever
abandoning Borne. He was, however, not sorry to hear
that Caesar,so far from being displeased,
at
was
gratified
his conduct,
he said, which I gladly
an
impression,"
allow him
to entertain,providedthat I keep my
honor
die
willingly

he

and

"

"

"

untarnished

heretofore."

as

It does not

fall within the

scope of this work

the

events

of the

He

marched

upon

farther than

to describe

they affected the

fortunes of Cicero,
and I will therefore give only a rapid
of them.
Domitius, the newly-appointed
summary
consul
proof Gaul, had thrown himself into Corfinium,in the
called the Abruzzi, and held it with a connow
territory
siderable
force of hastily-collected
levies.
We
well
can
not sorry to have an opportunity
imagine that Caesar was
the presumption
of punishing
of the man
who ventured
to
a
assume
government which he himself had not vacated.
who

were

war

the town

and invested

deserted
neighbourhood

in the

swelled the ranks

and

as

of his army.

it.

The

soldiers

to his standard

Domitius

sent

pressing
received from

Pompey for assistance;but

not by his advice
him
the cold-hearted replythat it was
and that the
had been occupied,
wish that Corfinium
or
with his
to join him
could do was
best thing Domitius
he assignedfor this was
that he
One reason
whole force.
letters to

could

on

his

trust

not

the

largerthan

his

own

two

legionsdetached

VIII.

2.

quo

troops,so as to hazard everything

and Caesar's army
battle,
a
was

and

in fairness

only regularforces

the

Pro

of

chances

that

own

emori

cum

from

pie possum,

which

must

we

Pompey

Caesar's army,

turn lubenter.

"

had

remember

and well

Ad

the

were

might

Ait. VII. 23.

16.

88

CIVIL

It

he distrust them.

"WAR.

like

was

JET.

employingthe

57-58.

of

veterans

Marengo and Austerlitz to oppose the march of Napoleon

The result was
that Domitius
from Frejusto Paris in 1 815.
tried privately
to escape, but was
stoppedby his soldiers,
and theysurrendered the placeto Caesar. This was
fatal to
decided the Campaignin Italy. More
Pompey,and virtually
the placefell into the
cohorts that garrisoned
than thirty
who
hands
of the conqueror,
gained still more
by the
senators

of his

he made

use

generous

success.

and magistrates
of
knights,

and

of

greatnumber

the Italian

towns,

refugein Corfinium,and these were his prisoners

;
them
from insult,
but he treated them kindly,protected
and allowed them to depart unharmed, declaring
that he
had marched out of Cisalpine
Gaul to defend himself against
his enemies,to restore the tribunes to their authority,
and
to givefreedom
to the Roman
peoplewho were
oppressed
had

taken

factions.

by

Pompey
which

he

close upon

hurried

now

could

Cicero called him

him.

and this was

rapidity,
He
fairlyconfounded his
celerityof his movements.
to Cicero

him
telling
to

Atticus,and informed

that he would
the

wrote

that he did not

was

of his

Luceria,a

lightning

Pompey had
in Apulia,
town

safe.

more

that he
care

the

by

success.

this

Before

him

go there if it

prodigyof vigilance

adversaries

to

come

Caesar followed

great cause

one

he could be nowhere

answer
spirited

or

to

and

easilyescape,

most

and

written

Brundusium, the port from

to

had

about

Cicero wrote
back

sent

his

the

but
safety,

in the interest of

Pompey

Eepublic.We possess, however,the letter which Tie

to Pompey, and we
do not find these words
there.

Atticus advised him

if he

wished

not to abandon

the seaboard

of Campania,

suppliesfor his troops.^

"Cicero saw
plainlythat the intention was flightdisgraceful
and calamitous flight,
he did not scruple
to call it.
as
to

secure

"

B.C.

50-49.

His

mind

CICERO'S

in

89

INDECISION.

of

At one
perplexity.
he was
resolved to sacrificeeverything
for Pompey,
he thoughtit base to desert in his adversity
other
\ at anhe wavered,and contemplated
the idea of going back

moment

whom

was

to Rome.

But

painfulstate

strangeobstacle deterred him.

Even

now

he had not

and he was
givenup his hopesof a triumph,
he
whom
however he calls,
as
by his lictors,

still

attended

well

might,most troublesome companions; and he

fascesas laurel fetters. He could not enter
them unless a triumphwas
accorded to him ;
bear

not

cherished

dream, idle and

If if were
and

not

in the
of the

copy

them, and

dismiss

to

the

at
as
was
silly
duty of a biographerto

which

unveil the

weakness

emergency

of his life. The

racter

decision.

was

nature

saw

he^wouldhave
more

been

than
clearly

to pursue.

courses

citywith

and he could

such

his
a

long-

moment.

state the

truth,

givea faithful
be far more
not to
agreeable
Cicero displayed
in this great
in his chaone
thinglacking
been

to

of iron in his

more

"

orator,but the firststatesman

one

endeavour

If there had
"*

the

abandon

it

he draws
portrait
it would
original,

^^TBBHBHHHf**"'

thus

describes the

not

only,as

of his time.

he was,

At this crisisno

he did that there

Either Caesar's terms

the first

only two

were

must

be

complied

readyto make the concession to avoid a

the most energetic
civil war
resistance must be offered,
or
and every sinew strained to meet him on equalterms in the
field of battle. But never
a
was
greatcause so miserably
There is onlyone
lost as now.
word to express our opinion,
It was
of Pompey 's conduct.
aye and Cicero's opinion,
simplycontemptible.But thus much must be said for
and he therefore
to be right,
Cicero. He believed the cause
ease
clung to it. If he had consulted onlyhis own
he would not have hesitated a moment
between
and safety,
the camp of Caesar and the camp of Pompey. He foresaw
of the one.
would be chained to the eagles
that vielory

with

"

and he
"

was

j{//*

90

CIVIL

forsake the standard

the

We

which
his
a

the

or
patriotism

less

events

He
Caesar

consistent

more

set out to

to go

at Caieta

or

joinPompey

the east,in

what

case

object

an

cannot

impugn

If he had

bolder,or

been
at

all

man.

to do.

at

He

the west coast,and

on

Luceria,but hearingthat

turned
neighbourhood,
where he stayedsome
villa,

to his Formian

where

been

in the

was

side of his

struggledfor

but we
preserving,
purityof his motives.

he would have
conscientious,
a

it to be the

he

that

57-58.

chose
deliberately

worth

not

was

he believed

think

may

Mi.

of the other ; but he

losingside,because

country.

WAR.

he wished

had

back

ready for

him

at Brundusium

at either

to embark

retired

time, uncertain

vessel

another

and

port.

on

In the

with Atticus,
keptup an active correspondence
but it would
onlyweary the reader to pursue it in detail.
of
It reflected all the hopes and fears and passingrumors
the moment, and it will be sufficient to notice a few points
of interest. By far the most
importantservice conferred
by these letters on historyis the insightwe gain into the
designsof Pompey, and the estimate we are therebyable
to patriotism.Cicero distinctly
to form of his pretensions
charges him with a longing desire to imitate the tyranny
his lips,
of Sylla. The words, he says, were
on
constantly
He says moreover
Sylla could do it ; why cannot I ?
and Italyto the torments
that his planwas
to expose Eome
of famine ; and declares that he himself
was
presentat a
discussion where it was
proposedto starve the country into
from abroad.
He
submission by cuttingoff all the supplies
time he

mean

"

"

enumerates

fifteen

naval

stations

"

Alexandria, Colchis,

Tyre, Sidon, Aradus, Cyprus, Pamphylia,Lycia,Ehodes,

Chios, Byzantium, Lesbos, Smyrna, Miletus,and Coos
"

where

the

shipswere

portsof

the

to be collected for the purpose

of

closing

and preventing
provinces,
corn-producing

02

CIVIL

of liis country.3 He

ness

had

statesman, but

astoundingtruth
no
general. He
had

not

in

all the

of
qualities
military
capacity. The

even

forced

was

and
Mithridates,

him

upon

the fame

upon

soldier had

as
a
reputation
was
flyingfrom

that

of these achievements

become

Caesar like

fate,made

to its

that the idol of his affections

Pompey was
had been victorious formerlyin Spain,he
of pirates,
Mediterranean
he had conquered

swept the

Borne

found

deficient

merely

not

was

WAR.

colossal. But

hare.
frightened

relieve

attempt to

no

He

his

now

he

had

left

Corfinium,

and

Campania,and was bent only

successful escape by sea from Brundusium.
The
a
upon
disenchantment
plicit
was
complete
; and Cicero,in the most exadmits this in his confidential correspondence
manner,
Take one passage as a sample. He says,
with Atticus.
Picenum

abandoned

"

remind

You

"

with

vanquished
to

to be

me

from,

or

and

is

now

than
that

with

who

victorious

Pompey

with this,who

not

whither

approval,that

Pompey

rather ; but

would

with

me,

as

the

with
he

then

other

has

cause,

or

was,

flies before he knows

has

betrayed our
abandoning Italy."4
"

said I would

once

rather

Well, I

side.
as

whom

seemed

he
he

abandoned

be

is

flying

his

try,
coun-

questiontherefore irresistibly
why did he
occurs,
whose success
stillclingto a man
he saw
would be fraught
with such unspeakable
calamityto his country?5 It is
when
useless to speculate
have that which
reasons
on
we
and thought sufficient.
I think,"he
he himself assigns,
The

"

"

said,

has deserved

he

that

incur the crime

3

civitas ut

sed

esset
.

uterque regnare
Ad

Conjungoque

Sed

audeam."

Alt. VIII.

Ad

"

est

that I dare

not

in another passage

id actum, beata

: non

ffKoirbs est

Alt. VIII.

me

ille,ut

nos

me

cum

parato.
"

Ad

ilium

Alt. IX.

7;

homine

beati

sirnus

Italiam

quam

11.

magis

Ait. VIII.
de
see

me

ad

vastandam

16.

crimen
puto, ut axapiffrias

also IX.

2.

et honesta

7.

ita meruisse
Ad

neutri

vult.

ad viaceiidum

ingratitude."And

of

ab utroque
qusesita

Dominatio

well of

so

subire

non

B.C.

"

GRATITUDE

50-49.

his

I call to mind

TO

93

POMPEY.

I call
kindnesses,

to mind

also his

position.
deserve the priceof
I think his services to me
This was
all. Cicero felt himself so bound
by
my life."
the ties of gratitude
to Pompey that he was
ready to follow
for he was
him to the death ; and he meant this literally,
in the vulgar sense
coward
of the term.
He quoted
no
that fine line of Euripides,1
...

"

And

the

Tis

8'

No

slave is he whom

he

But

under to

was

rov

"v
HtypovTis

Qaviiv

Death

doth

When

Pompey.

It is
he

character that

he

of the

one

was

no

sensible of

more

was

spokeof his services

in recalling
him from
amiable

most

and
forgotthe injury,

He

wrong.8

that this

the obligations
enormouslyexaggerated

to himself he referred to his exertions

banishment.

affright.

not

of his lifeshowed

closingscene

idle boast.

he

5ov\os

eo-rt

traits in his

kindness than

remembered

only the

reparation
; otherwise he might have resented the coldness
versity,
with' which Pompey had treated him in his hour of adand his abandonment
for whom
he
by the man
was
now
ready to sacrifice everything.Atticus reminded
him

of

this,and he admitted

said, that Pompey

he

"

in his power

to do so,

it himself.
me

gave

no

"

injury.It

the

individual

that

which

he had

the side of
7

"Ad

Plus

apud

Alt. IX.

me

9.

it

he

he

might

not

not

now

he showed

But

not."

The

me

purposely
appear

the cause,

point of

was

but

view

to

the
from

regardedthe contest was

changing.
himself any longerwith the idea that
was

side of the constitution ; and

the

ejusdem cogito; cogito etiam

hsec officia mercanda

8

assistance when

is,"

at first

Pompey

Beneficia

was

attracted him.

hardlydeluded

He

it

although afterwards

great friendshipwhy, I know

that
exaggeratedthe obligation
remember

True

"

vita

puto.
"

Ad

valere beneficii

Alt. IX.

dignitatem.

Ego

vero

5.

gratiam,quam

injurisedolorem, volo.

94

WAR.

CIVIL

he declared that he would

JET. 57-58.

if he

not

could assist him

in

he intended to carry on.

When
he was
war
pestilent
found fault with him, he asked in
told that the optimates
?
Just Heaven !
There was
What
optimates
scorn,
not a leading
man
amongst them, exceptperhapsCato,
whom
he did not speak
whom
he respectedscarcely
one
of with contempt. The consuls he compared to a leaf or a
ness
feather ; Domitius
a fool ; and
was
Appius Claudius ficklethe

"

"

"

itself.
what

But

in the

mean

time

the

was

of
feeling

while
Italyon the questionat issue,
was
contendinglegions
heavyon the soil ?
of

of Cicero,that
authority

the
We

tramp of
know, on

ference.
apathy and indifof the townspeople
He conversed with numbers
and found that theycared for nothing but
and peasantry,
the safetyof their property;hut as regardedthe rival
the contrast in their actions had produced a complete
leaders,
revulsion in the minds of the people. They had -formerly
had confidence in Pompey ; they now
feared him :
liked him.
they had formerly feared Caesar; they now
he says, was
And this,
brought about by the blunders and
faults of his own
party. They reverenced Caesar as a god :
which made
and that too, he adds,without the hypocrisy
for Pompey'srecovery when he was
ill;
them offer up vows
and if it was
said, Aye ! they are afraid,"his answer
Yes ! afraid of Pompey." They feared his passionate
was,
won
by the politic
resentment, and were
(Cicerocalls it
clemencyof Caesar.
insidious)
At this juncturehis state of mind
was
exactlythat of
described by the poet,
the man

the

it

the population

was

"

"

"

"

Whose
Whether

Pompey
and

was

bauldest

thought was
stay."

but

hankeringswither

to riii or

had fled to Brundusium

at the

followed by Caesar,
who
rapidly

end

of

February,
invested the place

B.C.

MENTAL

50-49.

land

closely
by

so

the form

Pompey

himself for

been," lie cried,

saw

day

has

never

he

he has
his

flight. Now

Day and
away."

rather

upbraided
upbraided

He

has

terror-stricken.

pleased

never

after blunder.

sea-bird

that very
since,and he

me

gazing

studies

the

on

As

flight.

revolt
from
the

I cannot

now

time

mean
*

but

anything
dirty,stupid, and ugly
his neglectturned
me
away
in
justifiedme
becoming
"

On

In the

meditated

arises

destruction.

rushing on

are

us,

love.

in
the
For

companion

resist the
avail
I

ocean,

so

of

longing
nothing.

me

wish

to

flee

had been more

idolatry
worthy
his affection,
We
we
might pitybut yet admire him.
of the man
sympathizewith the feelings

objectof

and

even

with which
is,the desperate
fidelity

it

as

clung to Pompey
We

have

all this

doubts yet doats, suspectsyet stronglyloves ;

Who

in his fallen fortunes deserves

what

seen

his

was

statement

own

His judgment and his feelings

were
at variance with

him, and

his head.

The

that he often veered and

with

himself,and

which
clearly

discovered the

the

changed

with

respect.

of the

case.

his heart
too much

was

for

his

in

To
inconsistency.
not scruple
to confess
his views.
Battling

doubt, he

rightcourse

our

Cicero

unable

was

to take.

But

to

see

what

do

oughtto have done ? I think that when

of Pompey 's plans when he
iniquity

he

was

say that he

torn

war

conflict was

constantlyadmits

he

at

Atticus,the friend of his soul,he did

we

he

coherence.
to in-

beginning,and I am constantly
like
a
Pompey
private in

books, literature,and

now

night, like

If the

can

the

followed

everything,or
of January

love for him

my
"

not

never

"

who

flightand
nothing which

I feel after him

of

me

of his
done

breath

same

fool from

blunder

to commit

women

"

about.

was

to

wrote

affairs

baseness

he is in

he

ceased

never

love

almost

desert him.

I have

nineteenth

the

on

what

saw

because

failingas

him

the

and

one

appearingto

tormented
the ranks,

assumed

and
languageof passionate
reproach,

in

I have

time

mean

that

on

amounted
insanity.His inconsistency

of

In

"

to cut off all communication

as

Cicero's distraction in the

side.

95

CONFLICT.

"

had

96

CIVIL

satisfiedhimself

lay waste
which Pompey
object

the

leave

duty to

have

would

he

Malta

to
retiring

but

"

endeavoured

and

at

its close to have

conduct,and

to

Balbus

and

urging him

thank
he

he

much

so

to remain

or

neutral.

at

no

to

at
gratified

to bear

to

meet

influence.

wrote

to him

that Caesar

againstPompey,
imaginedhe was, under

all events

arms

that he

part in

wrote

be, and where, he

told him

They

would

the war,

Caesar declared

his enemies.

be

Kome, both

at

were

obligation;and

satisfiedif he took
with

terms

Dissembling
neutrality.

was

of Cicero's advice and

Oppius,who

was,

him

hoped soon

felt that he could not ask him

to whom

best

his way to Brundusium

him.
He
begged him

on

avail himself

wished

forward

come

country the

he professed
to
feelings,

hastylines to
at Borne,where

him

his clear

was

with the conqueror.

his real

Cicero's

it

"

The

all that Caesar asked from

And

in view

obtain for his

to

she could make

few

had

then
course
dignified
observe a strict neutrality
while the
did seriously
contemplatethe idea of

to

and

"

57-58.

triumphedover patriotism,
fair Italywith fire and sword

to his fate.

been

raged

war

him

MT.

had

that vengeance

that to

and
was

WAR.

be
and

abundantly
did not

himself anxious

side
to be

reconciled with
and
use

Pompey, and in a letter he wrote to Balbus

Oppius expressedhis determination to make a gentle
of victory. "Let
me
thus," he said,"endeavour, if

I can,

to

victory
;
unable

win

back

the hearts of

for other conquerors

to escape

odium

have

and

keep

of Sylla,
whom
singleexception

These
Caesar

were

showed

the letter was

be

noble

was

their cruelties been

long,with

success

the

to imitate."

the

subsequentconduct
sincere. The gallingpart

the determination

master, and this Pompey could

to the letter addressed to

by

enjoya lasting

I do not intend

words,and

that he

all,and

it showed
not

brook.

Cicero
himself,

of

of

that he would
In his

said that he

reply

hoped

LETTER

B.C. 50-49.

Caesar's

if

which

he

so

employhim

readyto undertake

was

thought no

always been
in the

he

97

C^SAR.

he wished to

meaning was

and

TO

one

better

was

the

maker,
peace-

for
office,

he
as
qualified,

the advocate of peace, and

he made

as

had taken

no

had

part

importantadmission that he
considered the war
because it was
an
againstCaesar unjust,
conferred upon him
attempt to deprivehim of a command
by the Eoman
people.We must not, however, suppose
that this was
his real opinion.Over and over
in his
again,
confidential correspondence
with Atticus,he had said the
direct contrary
himself
to ingratiate
; but his objectwas
much
and he little thought that
with Caesar,
as
as
possible
his letters,
of friendship,
would be
written in all the privacy
and the inmost workingsof his soul laid bare to
published,
of the world.
His urgentrequestwas
the pryingcuriosity
; and

war

take

that Caesar would

Pompey,and
towards him
some

years

the

into

account

his relations with

to acquithimself
him, without offence,
demanded.
He had, he said,
for
gratitude

allow
as

of them
friendship
both,and
stillthe sama
kindlyfeeling.
he
the time and distract his thoughts,

past courted

towards both had

To

the

while away
amused himself with the discussion of certain
as
theses,

or

he calls

political
blems,
pro-

as
them, such, for instance,

"

by
Ought we to stayin our native countrywhen oppressed
to get rid of a
a
despot? May we resort to any means
againstit regardhis
tyranny? Should the conspirator
be
of which may
forth ;
And
?
a dozen
so
own
safety
stated by him in Greek in one of his letters to Atticus.
seen
"

It

was

sad

reverse

of fortune

for him

to be

reduced to

at his
of writingthemes like a schoolboy
occupation
forth the thunders of his
instead of pouring
country-house,
the Senate.
Atticus
in the Forum
or
at Borne
eloquence
and the advice
advised him not to leave Italy,
had steadily
friend had always great influence with
of this sagacious

the

VOL.

n.

98

CIVIL

WAR.

JET.

57-58.

strugglewhich almost drove him

to find that his chief anxietystill
it is consolatory
frantic,
to do what was
right. The only thing he really
was
mental

the

In

him.

phantom that scared him was

the alcr^pov
the dread of disgrace,
^avraaia,as he calls
him much.
it. For the sake of this we
forgive
may
hoard
On the seventeenth of March Pompey embarked
on
Brundusium
and Italyfor ever.
and abandoned
a vessel,
Caesar entered the town on the following
day,but was not
if he had wished,as he
able to follow the fugitive
even

feared

had

submission
at

was

before sent Cicero

althoughhe

short letter in

to

him

of his

Borne,and

at

have

We

Atticus,the styleof
is clear that

him, and
than he
of

form

He

which

him

more

will be

Cicero met.
in

letter to

soldier offended

yieldingand

courteous

reluctant
Their

At

to

case

! then
my

come

in if you

come

censure

stay away.

is different from

mine.

to treat of peace.

discretion,do you

in the

words.

go to Borne.

not

regarded as

twenty-

usually
abrupt. It

the formidable
less

the

expected. We may givethe conversation

to Cicero's own
a dialogue,
keepingstrictly

Csesar. Well
Cicero.

than

more

much

declared that he would

Cicero.

is

bearingof

he found

Caesar. This
be

the

interview

of this dreaded

account

On

there he and

Formise,and

reached
an

Caesar

war

of his son-in-law Dolabella.

at the conduct

eighthhe

Corfinium.

him

againsthim. In almost
former letter he begged Cicero to
expressedthe satisfaction he felt

in

engage

the identical terms

meet

from

one

repentof

not

heard

abroad

to

answer

the mercy he had shown,

he had released had
that those whom

did

he

said that

gone

left the

soon

was

praisedhis clemencyat

he had

in which

therefore

waitingin trembling
On the twenty-seventh
to receive her master.
Sinuessa (Eoccadi Mandragone), and the day

march

placeto
he

transport. He
upon Kome, which
of

means

no

The

dishonor.

was

mean

on

myself,and

others

will

100

CIVIL

-ET. 57-58.

WAR.

dulgence,
spoiledby his father's inwhich undid all the good effect of Cicero's stricter
and
His character wanted
straightforwardness
discipline.
in managing him ;
and there was
greatdifficulty
sincerity,
in the quarrels
but he had behaved kindlyand affectionately
of his parents,
and it was
throughhis interference chiefly
had not taken place; and
them
that a divorce between
offence to his
perhaps the act which now
gave so much
He wrote to Caesar
from a good motive.
uncle proceeded

spur;

and

told him

Italy;
had

he

Cicero

he

but

the

and

had

with

his father

it
but really
treachery,
for them

pretextor other,gone

some

interview

and

to leave

that his father and uncle intended

having,on

an

been

the

on

regardedthis
have

may

the

both,as

Caesar

been

only means

as

to

subject.

same

an

done

of base

act
out

the young

Rome,

tion
of affecman

had

keepingthem at home, which he may have thoughtwas

Cicero at first thought that he
the best thing for them.
wished
of them
both by exciting
to endanger the safety
him of this
Caesar's anger ; but he afterwards acquitted
of

wickedness,and
conduct

he

not from

to
propensity

From

in

was

Cicero

information.
was

said that

avarice

was

hopes of gettinga reward

begged Atticus to believe

any fault in his

of his

at the bottom

but
education,

his

own

for his
that this
natural

evil.

his villa at

Arpinum

he went

to

staya

few

days

country,and then betook himself to

where he remained nearlya month.
villa,

with his brother in the

Cuman

his

own

He

continued his

same

but it is the
with Atticus,
correspondence
old story. Curio had been appointed
by Caesar propraetor
of Sicily,
and on his way thither paidCicero a flying

visit,
attended,to his surprise,
by six lictors with laurelled

quiteunusual,as these impliedthat he

had gained some
and claimed a triumph. Curio,
victory
it by sayingthat Caesar had given
however,soon explained
which
fasces,

was

B.C.

them

by

his

authority
; for

own

Senate,and considered himself

This
was

was
on

wrote

the

Cicero

an

was

the

with

angry

the fountain of honor.

who
coming. Coelius,
follow Caesar

into

Spain,

him
affectionate letter,entreating

pressingterms

most

he

now

of what was
significant
off to
the pointof setting

to

101

CGEL1US.

OF

ADVICE

50-49.

to

consult his

in

safetyby

own

ing
at all events take no rash step in followor
joiningCaesar,
Pompey's ruined fortunes until they returned from
Spain. He warned him that by-and-byCaesar would not
show the same
to his enemies as he had shown
gentleness
ening.
threathitherto ; for he was
angry, and his languagewas
He advised him, if he would not jointhem now, to
go and

stay in

he assured

and

him

that if he did

that he excused

his not

with

were

Cicero.

as

that invested

Cicero ridiculed the idea of their

that

and

power,

if

not

be

told him
others

indulgence

same

whose

men

sons

and

Brundusium,

about
havingany scruples

repeatedto Atticus
for sole
both the leaders were
fighting
Pompey conqueredhe would use his

seats in the Senate.

his conviction that

over,

that

but

They,however,were

Caesar's army

takingtheir

him, and

to

receive the

not

was

war

Caesar would

coming to Rome,

complainedthat theydid
him

so

Caasar himself also wrote

offended.

from

until the

quiettown

some

He

like Sylla. Stillhe insisted that he must avoid the

victory
to
towards him, and talked of retiring
chargeof ingratitude

Malta, or

some

in

to

answer

other
a

his head in any

pomp

of his
As

bore.
go

across

similar

letter from
corner

of

place. He

him,

Italywere

and the
lictors,

name

wrote

that he would

of

Imperatorwhich

designsimputed to him
himself
sea, he expressed

of

the

with

not, he

He

which

Coalius threw out of

was

he would

said,alarmed

war.

gladlyhide

it not for the troublesome

to the

that
protested
emphatically

to Coelius

take

by

he

beingabout

no

the

to

caution,but
part in
dark

civil
hints

injuryto himself,for
possible

102

WAR.

CIVIL

he

his

bear

must

part in

the

YET.

57-58.

generalcalamity. If

the

Eepubliccontinued to exist at all,he would leave his son a

sufficient patrimonyin the inheritance of his name, and if
it was
would
destroyedthe young man
only share the
lot of all.

common

As time went

Italyand

leave

hope of

he became

follow

accommodation

an

he

As

long

said he had

have

resolved to

more
as

there

been

was

unwilling

offended with

been

him

if reconciled with

even

that he
were

him

in

Pompey ; and he confessed to Atticus

had no faith in the stability
of Caesar's power, if
victorious. He had alreadymade himself very unpopular
at Eome, where
the peopleseem
to have hissed
and his plunder of the treasuryhad
the theatre,9

disabused

minds

men's

of the idea of his wealth.

said he did not believe his

He

and

more

Pompey.

so, for Caesar would

to do

he

on

"

"

reign

would

last six months.

falleither ty the hand of his enemies (how

this prophecy!)or by himself,
his
for he was

must

was

Cicero

"

this,"he added,

and

worst

enemy

to see,

althoughit is time

to that

eternal

for

life of the

me

"

hope I

to turn

now

and
hereafter,

life of the

my

true
own

shall live

thoughts

not to the short

present."
his way to Spain,
who was
wrote to him not
on
Caesar,
and to observe a strict
to commit himself on the losingside,
the contendingparties.Antony,who
between
neutrality
had been appointed
of the tribunes,
one
was
now
propraetor
of Italyin his absence,and was
making a sort of progress
ballet-dancer
a
through the country with his mistress,
carried in a litter by his side,while his
named
Cytheris,
He wrote to him that he could not
him.
wife accompanied
about to cross the sea, against
that he was
credit the rumor
the wishes of his familyand friends.
I assure
you,"he
said, that no one is dearer to me than you, Caesar alone ex"

"

See Ad

Att. X.

12.

B.C.

and

cepted;

FKOM

LETTERS

50-49.

his dearest

certain that Caesar ranks Cicero

am

friends."

unmindful

103

ANTONY.

this he

To

repliedthat

amongst

he

familyand friends ; hut as he did not like

he thought of
Italyattended by his lictors,

of his

to go about

in

embarking:

he

brought an

answer

made

had,however,not
from

Antony

his mind.

up

in

Antony told him

and
quittedItaly,

of wine.
no

one

Those

go.
took

and

get

leave

him

to

Capua

message

sent him

He

had

the

time

of whom

none

it

diploma,as
would

have

escape

the

was

were

him

cipher.

WMS

The

on

with him.
to

the

cross

afraid of the voyage,

small vessel

Minor.

or

sea,
as

he

boat ; and

shipwhen

Besides,the

sea

he
was

orders,to intercept
fugitives,

allowed

to sail without

called ;

and

should

Cato
out of

on

Cicero

board

passportor

thought that
merchantman

some

the cruisers.

His

Spain,but it was
held Sicily,
but Curio was
on
and he left it at
the island,

wrapped to make
correspondenthad

it
a

stick

It
intelligible.
similar stick.

or

was

he
to

strong desire

fail in

"TKvrd\-nAaKwviK-fi. This properlywas

the lettrr

called

not

Caesar's

of
vigilance

againsthope.

would

the

in the Ehodian

Asia

to hide himself

Caesar

that

to drive

was

send

May declared it was a bad

sailing.He had a most unpleasant

to

guarded,by
closely

went

must

doubt

to

of

recollection of his passage

from Athens

did not

his mind

up

month

of the year for

went

leave,he

angry

but

althoughit was

see

great man, but

stoppingto see him, and

was

beinga miserable sailor was

to embark
in
would be obliged

duty to

those who

to say that he had

quitemade

now

he

without

he feared Cicero

because

to

the influence

allow him

not

and
stayed,

visit from

expecteda

his

was

he could

Caesar,who

from

Cicero

passed on

then

neutral

were

that it

If therefore he wished

side.

grant it.
he

who

This

very different tone.

written under
Cicero calls it a laconic despatch,1

that

not

was

hoping
his way
the end

roller round
used

as

which
sort of

104

WAR.

CIVIL

57-58.

JET.

April. In money matters Cicero was in some difficulty.

self
both as regardshimHe frequently
alludes to the subject,
to have been always
and Quintus,both of whom
seem
which
too ready to resort to the expedientof borrowing,
He left his
was
by no means
easy in such troubled times.
of May, and went
to his
Cuman
villa before the middle
country seat near Pompeii,in order the better to conceal
while a shipwas
his purpose of leavingItaly,
gettingready.
excused himself from
Here Dionysiuscame
to him, and
accompanying him to Greece on the ground of private
for he thought that Dionysius
affairs. This painedCicero,
was
desertinghim in adversity
yet after what had
; and
alreadypassed between them he could have expected
if he pleased,
nothingelse. He had here an opportunity,
of making a small diversion in favor of Pompey ; for the
in Pompeii asked to
centurions of three cohorts which were
to giveup the town
have an interview with him.,offering
to him and make
him their captain. This,however,would
if Cicero had been the
have been a mad
even
enterprise,
kind of man
it. As it was, he suspectedthat
to undertake
it was
he declined to see
them
a plan .to entrap him, and
For a long time
have anythingto do with the scheme.
or
of

he

had

suffered from

preventedhim

from

amanuensis.

an

which

ague,

was

friends

two

passed

also

Atticus
of rather

was

lying ill

letters

of fever

and

obstinate character ; but the

an

and
constantlycorresponded,

which

in

often
affection of the eyes which
writing,and obligedhim to employ
an

not

were

hardly a

day

between
interchanged

them.
On
at his

the nineteenth of
to
villa,
Pornpeian

child which

soon

that

day he

his

seven

there is

embarked

at

daughterTullia
months'

died.

afterwards

the eleventh of June

On

May

blank

son,

From
in his

Caieta,with

gave

very

birth,

weakly

this date

until

correspondence.
his

brother,his

B.C.

105

POMPEY.

JOIN

TO

EMBARKS

50-49.

nephew,on board a vessel to sail to the opposite

coast,and joinPompey. The last letter we have from
he
him this year is one he wrote on that day,as soon
as
he left
got on board, to his wife and daughter,whom
than
time previously
He had been for some
behind.
more
in better spirits,
which he
but was
now
usuallydejected,
attributed to the fact of his having thrown up a quantity
of bile the nightbefore ; and perhapsalso,the fact of taking
relief. Torn as
the decisive step at last brought him some
his mind had been by doubt and perplexity,
lettingI dare
son, and

his

'

"

'

not

wait

'

upon

decide wrong
and

"

affectionate. He
if he

qualitythan

did

of his

at such of his villas as

and

recommended

own

they showed

stillable to defend the

the

to

stay
soldiers,

their establishment

remove

hoped himself

He

Arpinum.

near

of that

more

from

farthest away
to

tude
to forti-

advised them

He

sex.

to

letter is kind
them

exhort

would

that

were

them

slaves to his farm

he

says
know

not

any

His

not to decide at all.

than

felt it better

have

he must

would,'

of

to be

Eepublic.

Spain,and was declared

dictator by a law proposedby the praetorLepidus. He
hastened back to Home, where he stayedonly eleven days;
of which provided
and after passingseveral measures
one
that propertyshould be valued by arbitratorsas it stood
Caesar made

himself master

of

"

before the outbreak

be

paid accordingto

office of
had
He

and
dictator,

ordered
had

means

his army
of

these he crossed
his army
Palaeste

that debts should

of the Civil War, and

that

valuation

hastened

to

to assemble.

"

laid down

he

Brundusium,
This

was

where

the
ho

in December.

and with
legions,
the rest of
coast,leaving
opposite

transportfor only seven

over

to the

to follow afterwards.

He landed

at

placecalled

and stood face to face

(Palasa)in Epirus,
his enemy, who
had so long been preparing
for the
that Pompey did not
struggle. It seems
astonishing

with
final

take

106

advantageof Caesar's
Italy. So far as we

CIVIL

WAR.

absence

in

JET.

57-58.

Spain to try and recover

there was
can
see
nothing to have
preventedhim from marching upon Eome and occupying
the capital,
advantage.
which would have placedCaesar at a greatdisThere
not

have

have

heen

no

welcomed

Csesar

seen,

is

had

reason

to

that he would

suppose

with whom, as we
by the people,
alreadybecome unpopular.Is it

swords
possiblethat he could have been afraid to measure
We
with Antony,who
?
are
governedItalyas propraetor
in the dark as to what passedin the councils of
so
entirely
that we
driven to conjecture
to
are
Pompey at this period,
suggest motives for the faint-hearted policyhe pursued.
He may have rested his hopeson his legions
in Spain,
and
waited to

the issue of the

see

imagine no

better

have crossed

there ; but

contest

we

diversion in his favor than for him

can

to

Epirus with all the troopshe could

muster, and, crushingthe feeble force of Antony, seized
of the defenceless capital.
possession
Of the particulars
in
of Cicero's arrival and reception
his camp we
told indeed
know
almost nothing. We
are
in coming
by Plutarch that Cato upbraidedhim for his Jolly,
to them.

He

over

from

perhapsfelt

that

their

cause

and did not wish to involve in its ruin

whose

could be of

like

man

and eloquence
would givehim
ability
but who
restored,

desperate,

was

Cicero,

influence when
in

struggle
of which the sole arbiter was
the sword.
Accordingto the
same
authorityhe was
slightedby Pompey, and little
attention was
paidto his suggestions.That this is true"
know
that while they were
believe. We
we
can
readily
both in ItalyCicero complained
not admitted
that he was
to Pompey 's confidence,
done conand that everything
was
trary
to his wishes and
advice. He revenged himself by
indulginghis sarcastic humour at the expense of his associates,
peace

was

which

irritated Pompey, and

no

must

use

have made

him

108

DOMESTIC

TROUBLES.

TEOUBLES
DEATH

OF

TULLIA

Mi.

THE

renewal
down

SECOND

"

of his

MARRIAGE.

it
as
correspondence,

beginswith

B.C.
Epirusin February,

TERENTIA-

B.C. 48-45.

59-62.

of Cicero's

to us,

FROM

DIVORCE

"

59-62.

XIX.

CHAPTER

DOMESTIC

MT.

48.

It relates

caused
affairs,

in

to
entirely

from

the

barrassment
em-

by the

greatmeasure

come

Atticus,dated

letter to

has

mismanagement or misconduct of his steward Philotimus ;

but almost immediately
afterwards some
propertywas left
him by will which tended to relieve his anxietyon that account.
Another
of disquiet
cause
justnow was the distressed
condition of his daughterTullia,
owing to the extravagance
of her husband Dolabella,
who had spent the portionof her
afraid
dowry which had alreadybeen paid,and Cicero was
that the rest would go in the same
who
manner.
Coelius,
was

wrote
praetor,

to him

dissatisfactionwith

the

used

languagewhich

been

was

settled

"

understand
are

you

forces

about

are.

You

are

at

is

Ours

Indeed

he

if there had

Borne,and which

at all events

all

been

asleep.You
how

accustomed

weak

do not
we

I don't know
to

seem

to

What

are.

waiting for

you

best chance ?
are

great

treason

nor
points,
yonder? Are
our

of

tone

thingsthere.

have

weak

our

which
battle,

would

in

Borne

of

state

government

treachery.

from

pitched

what

your

and
fightstubbornly,

bear cold and

hunger easily."He heard also from his sonin-law Dolabella,

who addressed him as
my dearest Cicero
(mijucundissimeCicero),
althougha divorce between him"

"

B.C.

LOAN

48-45.

self and

Tullia

the

on

retire to

Athens, or

join him

if

his wife at

driven out of

worth

mentioningwere it not
long took place between

obscure ; and

time
We

not

him

nor

her.

to his fate and

This

for the

he would

been

on

would

the best

the

trace
slightest

the

faintest hint

of

that

that up

been

so

to

is

this

terms.
possible
tween
any quarrelbe-

Cicero had

temper, which,

to

before

of which

cause

notice

be

not

divorce which

them, the

importantto

complain of her
of Plutarch,has
authority
cause

advised

and attempted
to
Epirus,

quiettown, where

towards

to have

find

them,

tone

it is

they appear
do

He

possible.We find three letters from Cicero to

this period,
inquiringkindlyafter her health,

in his usual

so

embraced.

abandon

other

some

and

very

had

he

cause

to
elsewhere,

war

109

POMPEY.

out the
imminent,and he pointed

then

was

of the
hopelessness
him, if Pompey was
carry

TO

on

the

assumed
generally

any
sole
to

be bad.
in a flourishing
Although his affairs were by no means
able at this time to lend a
it appears that he was
position,
he candidly
as
fesses
conlargesum of money to Pompey, chiefly,
to Atticus,because he thought that if his side was

successful such

an

act would

redound

to

his credit.

One

is how,
thingsto understand clearly
puzzling
both he and
in the midst of apparentdistress and difficulty,
They had no
Quintus were
always able to find money.
scruplein borrowing,but we do not know what security
ceived,
they had to offer. A short time before this Cicero had refrom the agents of Atticus in Epirus,a sum
of
and a supplyof clothes ; and he wrote and told him
money

of the most

to borrow

money

in his

name

from

his friends.

they would probablyrequirehis seal

but Atticus was
to tellthem
security,
he abstained from sendingeither.
His next

letter to Atticus this year

He

said

handwritingas a
that for safety's
sake
or

was

written in

July,

110

DEFEAT

FINAL

just after,a battle

which Pompey was
that shone

success

had

POMPEY.

OF

It

victorious.

the last

was

He

his standard.

59-62.

Dyrrachium,in

fought near

been

upon

JET.

gleam

of

had conducted

and more
campaign in Epirus with vigorand ability,
A
the pointof being crushed.
than once
Caesar was
on
in Cicero's correspondence
until November.
break now
occurs
In the mean
time the decisive battle of Pharsalia was
fought,
there by the sword" of
and Pompey fled to Egypt,to perish

the

an

Plutarch tells

assassin.

Pompey's defeat
Cato

and

Pharsalia

at

both

Cicero

were

that

us

when

the newsTof

reached

Dyrrachium,where
fifteencohorts,
besides a

with

Cato wished Cicero to take the office of

considerable fleet,

commander-in-chief

postfor

which

he

; and
was

his friends called him

upon

him.

Cato

rescued him

so
"

that

his refusal to

on

littlefitted,
young
traitor !

"

and

drew

Pompey

and

their swords

however
and

assume

and with some

interposed,.
broughthim out of the camp.

he returned to

culty
diffi-

and landed at BrunItaly,

His wife immediately
dusium.
wrote to him, expressing
and offering
her joy at his arrival,
him.
to go and meet
the ground that
dissuaded her from this,
He however
on
the journeywas
as
long and unsafe ; and added
coldly,
that he did not see what good she could
should think
we
Atticus
advised him
do if she did come.
to approach
Home, and travel by nightto avoid observation ; but
nearer
account of the inconvenience of the inns
Cicero objected
on
in which, in that case, he would have
or
stopping-places
he gave what really
to pass the day-time
seems
a
; and
for not going nearer
to Borne.
He was
laughablereason
still attended by those unluckylictors an incubus which
clung to him like the Old Man of the Sea on the neck of
and which he could not bringhimself to
Sinbad the Sailor,
shake off. The people,
he said,had given them to him,
and he could not partwith them.
When
he entered BrunIn November

"

"

"

B.C.

TO

KETURNS

CICERO

48-45.

Ill

ITALY.

dusium,however, beingafraid that theymight be

attacked

them
he made
slipinto the crowd that
by the soldiers,
ill both in body and
He was
theymight pass unobserved.
afraid that Caesar might be angry at his
He was
mind.

Italywithout his permission

; and, to increase
his perplexity,
Antony sent him a copy of a letter from
Caesar,forbidding
any of Pompey'slate adherents to return
coming

to

without

his express

option,but must obey the

Cicero,through the medium
directed

that Caesar had

him

he

this

Antony

might

added

sanction,and
of

offered to

he had

Had received.

no

But

informed Antony
friend,
Dolabella to write to him, and tell

Italyas

to

come

he

orders

that

soon

as

except him

he

and

pleased. Upon
Coelius by name

edict,but this Cicero declined. He was

special
afraid that it would
as
point him out too prominently
a
deserter from the side of Pompey ; and he was
not without
that side might
that possibly
an
uneasy apprehension
prove
in which
case
victorious,
exception
by Caesar in
any special
under

would

his favor
associates.

expose

It seems,

him

to the vengeance

however, that the edict

contraryto his

wish.1

With

his usual

of his late

promulgated
he
indecision,
was

and
repentedthe step he had taken in coming to Italy,
until he was
wished he had stayed away
summoned
formally
He did not, however,at all repent that
to return.
he had ceased to have anythingto do with the war.
His
spiritrevolted at the cruelties he had witnessed,and still
at the atrocious planswhich Pompey had formed
in
more
he was
successful. He told Atticus that a proscription
case
had been determined
not onlyagainst
but
on
individuals,
and
classes,

whole
was
name

to
as

be
one

the

confiscated.

Atticus

intended

of the

bear the idea of

property of

himself

victims.

having barbarous
1

See Ad

all Caesar's adherents

Alt. XI.

was

He

hordes
9.

as

included

by

also could

not

alliesto

fight

112

DEATH

againstthe legionsof

OF

Eome.

issue of the contest

the

POMPEY.

J"T.

Stilltie feared lest

by possibility

59-62.

in Africa

might be in favor
And
of the side of Pompey.
then,"he cried despairingly
of me.
to Atticus, you see what will become
Aye ! but
will become
What
of them
if they are
you will say,
"

"

'

beaten

'

fate will be

Their

that the other leaders would

this he meant

By

fall

fightingbravelyto

branded

as

deserter

tormented

an

he

apostate. Such

was

and
position,

he

own

mine."

at all events

last,whereas

would

be

the

happy
unstantly
con-

was

by self-reproach.
he

alludes to it in terms

He

Pompey.

and

of November

end

the

At

the

took of his

he

view

than

honorable

more

heard

of the

of less

death

than
feeling

of
we

his devoted attachment

expected,
considering
to him.
Perhaps the closer contact into which he had
been brought with him in the camp, and his knowledgeof
to take if victorious,
had
the pitiless
revenge he intended
of his friendship.He told Atticus that
cooled the warmth
he had never
what
doubted,after the battle of Pharsalia,
state of his
Pompey 's end would be ; for in the desperate
fortunes he had not a king nor
I
his side.
a peopleon
his fate ; for I knew him to
he said, but deplore
"cannot,"
be an upright,
pure, and earnest man."
The health of his beloved daughterTullia at this time
and he wrote to his wife saying
caused him greatuneasiness,
have

should

"

"

that

he well knew

Poor

Tullia had

by

to penury

Atticus
with

to

tears

his

take

she

worthless

burstingfrom

is

partedat
by no means

passages

much

distressed

husband,and

was

himself.

as

reduced

almost

besought
extravagance. Cicero earnestly
of her,and told him
that he wrote
care

his brother Quintus had

had

as

was

Patrse

on

To

add

to his sorrow,

with
quarrelled

now

bad

terms, the exact

him.

cause

They

of which

from several
probable,
that Quintus imagined
correspondence,

clear ; but

in Cicero's

his eyes.

it

seems

POMPEY

THE

GREAT.

Vol.

'

ii.

p.

112.

114

FRIENDSHIP

whom

to

absolute

It

unreserve.

mirror.

and

which

by

the

he

could

thoughtsof

have

never

his soul have

ot

torms

on

suddon
in

Kvst.

Attious

jvro

sound

and OKV.W

known.
whoro

oaso

longseries of
ahsolnto

Tlu\v

was

a
to

o\o

his

and
that

sure

him

years

thoso

as

Mossing

; bat

wholo

of

Cicero pays
world takou

So

soo.

tar

wo

as

cold and

oan

his

judgmont

out
no^Uvtoilhis advice with-

repenthis mistake.
calm temperamentswith

hut

was

ho

wr.s

just tho

kind

Attious
a

keen

ot\vuu-

the

of such a
path of prudencea man
excitable disposition
We may be very
as Cicero.

not

Attious

oven

sufficientto make

would

him

do

have

had

influence with

anythingwhich

with his honor ; but

incompatible
he would have
to him more
attentively
amidst the whirlpools
and billows
course
at kit went down.
of tho Kopubtife
to be

said, I
"

am

to chance,

which

lost

by

I have

have been

my

own

steered

in
I

steadier

in which

fault

to blame

he believed

if he had listened

In the first letter written from Brundusium

he had

nay, for

"

oont'ulonoo

ivali.vd tho

municated
com-

that all the lettersof

iutorvst

ONMI

triond has

It is unfortunate

ovor
luinlly

guklein

sellor to
warm

of

man

the whole

In

afterwards to

seeingreason

;"

tor ovor

privatecorrespondence,
the most secret
anticipated,

in its most comprehensive

sense
friendship
l\\c jvv.ahy
of h.is t'ir.nknoss by having tho
into his secrets.

imjmlso.tho
rook

in

as

his

suoh

mtMi.
distinguishiHl

two

Every

in his lottors

^ravou

no

suoh

with

thinkingaloud.

become

I know

uro.

with friend for

lite

-"

of
publication

litoral

historyot
wholo

like

was

all nvordod

hastyohango.aro
"

thoir hoarts

phaso of toolingis ivtlootod

Tho
halt-toruuxl plan,tho

transient
a

ATTICITS.

unhurthoiuvl

havo

thoy

WITH

the

ship

January

owe

myself for

no

fortune
mis-

all the

But he now
broughtupon me,"
declared that in following
he had yielded
nis
Pomp
to the por^xiasion
of his family,
or rather obeyedtheir direosorrows

lions

to take Hint

instituted linn
mention

Hint lir

brother

l"\
to

wrote

giV6S

of too

\v;is

I1; -i

conduct

to

his hrothrr.

liis endeMYour

oprrnlr in
\\;is

He

sent

who

this should

his lirotluT to

he did dis

himself.
against

their
hnd

destination

then

sent

in

done

I Hint

:.d he
3

Ego

he

tin-

cnn

wns

n.

the

would

forwnrd

him

Hint

he reseidcd

ns

l"y

I hnvo

letter-opening
l"y

the net IK- justified.

Wlmt,

theycontinued

acton

1I"*oj)("ned
tho

lo decline to forwnrd

mu;hl hnve
'

of

wlmt

see

addresses.
respective

I heir

c;ise

to

toAllicus, lh;il he

I they could

previousinstance

neither

he oiii;ht
to hnve
if he

to

sen

repronehes

to allow Hiicli

lie told

not.

or

her hushnnd's

notictxl

nlrend\

them

Ins discretion whether

exercise

her, nnd

hitler

excusingthe

:'iM-m sent

showed

and

Quintus'sintorost not

and
letters,

nnd

nei^hhoiirhoodof

to spreadfurther.
proceedings

discreditable

eon

Vidimus

to

(1icero determined

others were,
for

it was

l^nuidusiiiin

to him

full of

were

I'ponthis
tho

of

ground that

to

in the

heen

to have

seem

their letters,whir-h

nts

dill'erencein

no

nnd
Vatinius,
Ligurius,

addressed

those

on

nl

came
Tlieyimmediately

the town.

the eon!,

ninke

lo Cicero

hrouvjit
HI

l,i 'iirms,

them

Hie extent

h;id discovered

h.-l'orc he

Hull

\\iis
(lespjitch

might

to ;dlo\v Ins

of
I he dis:id\)iiil;i"c

lo

\\;i\

;iny

tin- insli

reeoneiK1 (\-esnr lo his hrofheiv

to

Ijiiiiin

him

\\r cul rc;ilcd linn not

mid

it he deelared

others.

hnviii".

decl;irm",Hut

limn
coni|);inion

rnlhri' Ihc

Ho

(Vsnr.

to

lo

injurehi:;

to

him, hut when

(^uintiis h:id \\roii'^ed

to which

kind

the

oll'did him,

could

which

Nic"v

i'1

of hi;',;iloi'

cover

nnluro

j-vnerous

Imii

In

! e.-irneslh :ih--'olved
(A)umlus troin

Ins hroMii-i li.id Uvn

own

"ifl

l":il il is due

step.

I Inii!;of

.ni\

SMNIII.",

having

his brother (^uintus

nnmed
nnd lie specinllv

115

OITMM.

i.i-nT.i;

]-,"". !

the

fnlse ncciisnl ions

of
(A)uinfus
npprised

ijnisemper fui. Ad
"

n^ninst,

this ; but

Att. XI. 12.

i

letters,

110

DOMESTIC

on

should

account

no

also behaved

speechwhich

he

he

have

Caesar. So afraid

might have

had

and
prepared,

was

that

on

that I had

had

mother

my

nephew
; and

Ephesusa

intended

his

written

to deliver in

these calumnies

and

own

suicide.

the

interview with

an

he of the effect which

I write this

to God

would

him

59-62.

to the

Terentia's property,

The

thought that
be left an orphan and in want was
agonizing
the language of passionate
claimed,
despairhe ex-

In
"

His

Caesar's mind, that he looked forward

on

Tullia would

him.

them.

he obtained

of a confiscation of
possibility
and darkly hinted at

to

read

friend of Cicero at

of his uncle when

accusation

JET.

great animositytowards

showed

man

young

with

TROUBLES.

These

last words

of the

conduct

"

been

never

from

wrung

borne

him
But

of his brother.

by

on

which

at all events

born,or

afterwards

not

were

birthday a day

my

another

son

"

the recollection

he felt

by

no

means

that Caesar would

ultimatelybecome master of the

Roman
world.
He
heard
that the republican
party was
and
Kome
disaffected,
strong in Africa,that Italy was
sure

alienated from
that his
him.

legionshad begun

All

between

the conqueror.

this increased

two

and
fires,

to

his

the

He
waver

even

credited the

in their attachment

for
perplexity,

he

to

placed
might be

was

of either side

success

rumor

fatal to himself.
He

in pecuniarydifficulties.
expected,
He
had sold or mortgaged a farm near
Frusinum
(Frusafraid
a rightof redemption
silone),
retaining
; but he was
was,

as

that he would

might

be

be

unable

to

purchaseit

back

again.
largesum

He

to the
he
presentembarrassment
had lent to Pompey, and he had borrowed
from
money
Atticus's bailiffin Epirus,and from other quarters,
partly
At this time
to supply the necessities of his brother.
another legacy,
inheritance
in the Eoman
or
sense, was
leftto him by a person named Galeo ; but the amount
is not
attributed his

"

"

ANIMOSITY

B.C. 48-45.

stated,only it

property,
or,

it

as

payment

givethe husband
personalproperty.
that Cicero

hint
the

her

; for it must

the absolute

the

mus

his steward

our

be

bered
remem-

and

own,

ownershipof

have

we

dissatisfiedwith his wife's conduct

of her

and perhapsof his

affairs,

that
strongexpression

heard from

he had

credible.
adds,which was scarcely
Quintus wrote to him to vindicate himself,but

in

animositythat

when

he accused

took

advantageof

will towards

him

was

"

Cicero

It is

it

He

his face.

to

his crushed

him.

declared

was

thing,
a

tone
than

worse

says that

fortunes to

Quintus

all his
display

find such waters

melancholyto

in

Philoti-

"

"

that she

He

own.

acting wickedly

of such

did

the wife's

here for the first time

And

was

management

uses

he

make

simplex? He was
will,and providefor

law differed from

not

of Galeo's

cretio

of the debts she owed

the Konaan

that

the whole

been

called,a

was

that his wife should

anxious

the

to have

appears

117

QUINTUS.

OF

illof

flowingbetween two brothers who hitherto had

been united by the bond of closest affection ; but so far as
Cicero was
not to blame.
appears from his correspondence,
and his son
Misfortune had made
to
Quintus unjust,
seems
have behaved
with the grossestingratitude
towards his
To all this was
added
uncle.
the stingof self-reproach.

bitterness

He

was

and
Italy,

to

that
of

one

carry

the

on

Tullia
The

intendingto

word

constituted

liabilities.
heeredein

to him

came

The

cretio meant
"

heir
form

"

who

was

in

partywere

in

sue

constituent',
earn

wrong

others

for

who

to

hereditatem

in
by

accept the

acceptance was

this

tion
the considera-

the

was

wavered

pardon from

the act of election

in returning

only
that predicament.
Africa preparedto

at Brundusium

determined
of

done

by
he
Lselius,

exceptionof

there,and

war

had

increased

was

Pornpey'sadherents

in Greece

was

the pang

the

with

that he

chief leaders of the

The

convinced

now

:
"

Caesar.

June,but

which

the

property
"

remained

Quum

adeo cemoque."

even

person who
with all its
me

Moaviua

118

DOMESTIC

her affectioncould not

to his

added

divorce

59-62.

the

sinkingspirit.It rather
heloved daughter in such

his

see

her

hetween

openlytalked of,and
which

JET.

console his
to

sorrow

distress.

TROUBLES.

and

husband

her

only questionseemed

was

to be from

second
A
proposalshould first come.
her dowry had been
paid,and, as usual,

side the

instalment

of

Clodius, into

of the

tribune

caused

had

He
disgraceful.

conduct

His

spent by Dolabella.

in every

himself

like
adopted,

be

to

plebeianfamily,in order to
and then proposeda
people,
Cicero wrote

the confiscation of debts.

most

was

way

elected

be

for

measure

Atticus to sell

to

in order to raise funds.

plateand furniture,
Atticus generously
to
repliedthat his purse was
open
and informed him that he had some
Tullia,
tioning
(menmoney
the amount) at his disposal
out of property
ing
belongof his

some

Terentia,however, sent him

to Cicero.

which

amount

that

this

Atticus
all that

was

that his wife

innumerable

of

causes

the midst
not

was

him

write in such
is that he

Caesar

with

so

much

arrived

to

doubt

being brought face

salia. It is very

and
to

of them

husband

of the

to

both

Koman

in

but it

mind, to

September. The
looked

"

we

.have

forward

moment

the conqueror

that

wife in

of tenderness

apprehensionthe

unfortunate

sider
con-

of her health.

Cicero had

face with

does he

should

we

only indication

which

stillextant,

are

what

concluded

was

to them

habit

The

strain.

by

and told him

only one of
againsther. But

none

not

are

common

the

habit,nor

in

the

and
difference;

it

had

alwaysbegs her to take care

landed in Italyat Tarentum

had

moment

tone,and

addressed

as

of the

to her at this time

of misfortunes

his

therefore

Atticus,said

subject.They

affectionate

He

complainthe

in his usual

allude to the

left.

was

it to

several letters from

all written

wrote

defraudinghim

was

mentioned

he

when

and

named,

had

less than

of

of Pharno

account

his

from

WITH

MEETING

B.C. 48-45.

own

meetingwith

the

described

that Caesar

he heard

interview

of the

pen

did

he

Brundusium

few

was

graphictouches.
from

When

need

was

no

the

storyof

as
Caesar,

the

of

soon

Jacob and

meeting between
he

as

him

saw

rest of the company,

him, and, leadingthe

But

queror
con-

there

down

came

way,

coming

Esau

before

him, saluted

him

with

For

"

good way

to meet

conversed

of

us

alone for

furlongs."

some

At

the

Septemberhe quittedBrundusium, the

had found injurious
to his health,
and proceeded

of

end

air of which

he

where
villa,

to his Tusculan

for

witnesses."

many

Plutarch's narrative reminds

of alarm.
the

so

him,

fear of

not

in the presence

to

towards

altogetherwithout hope, and yet in some

making experimentof the temper of an enemy and

"

has

Tarentum

hastened

wait but

not

Plutarch

but

his way

on

119

(LESAK.

few

Terentia

weeks.

short letter

tellingher

to

he

intended to remain

there,and

was

have

he wrote

the bath-room

her

readyand

he expectedto have friends with

as
supplyof provisions,
He stayedthere until December, when we find him
him.
at last in Rome, having,I suppose, at last given up all
hopesof a triumphand dismissed his lictors. From here

he wrote
sent
which

have

thank

him

for

book

he

had

containinga collection of Cicero's witticisms,

had justpublished,
Trebonius
and which
to
seems

him

appearedat

Cicerd

What

Trebonius,to

to

was

no

now

opportune moment.

sixty-one
years old
happened since he
"

changeshad

walls of Rome

very

He

walls since the time

had

when

grey-headedman.
had last quitted
the
a

not, indeed,been
he

left the

within

cityto

those

assume

the

government of Cilicia. The old Republicwas

proconsular
scattered to the winds,and
; his partywas
gone for ever
most

friends

of his

on
carrying

had

either fallen in battle

in
struggle
hopeless

Africa and

or

Spain.

were

120

RETURN

took up his abode

He

and made

his

his peace,

books,the

he had
him

TO

in
quietly

he wrote

as

strife with

most

he said
faithless,

with

Caesar.

then

with

returned

city. He

his old

friends,
because

theyhad made
For
by plunging

because

of himself.

feel rather ashamed

into turbulent

the

not
discontinued,

with them, but

quarrelled

59-62.

Mi.

Varro,with

to

he had

of which

use

ROME.

associates whom

found

he had

had

he

paid too little attention to

their precepts. But
they pardoned him, and invited him
his former intimacywith them, telling
him that
to resume
abandoned
Varro, who had never
them, was wiser than
anxious above all thingsto stand well
He was
himself.
In

the

that whatever

his conduct

part of

of others,and
persuasion
moderate

than

those

was

of any

letter to his former

he admits

that while

the

the

else

one

had

advice and
been

issue of the

He

was

still

strugglewas
weakness,but now

it
as
This, paradoxical

easilybelieve.

more

Pompey'sside.

might have exhibited

he
he had espoused was
desperate,

confidence.

might

war

Mescinius Kufus,
quaestor,

he

cause

on

was

to believe

him

during the
owing to the

his counsels

that

In another

uncertain

Plancus,who

Africa,he begged

in

army

offence to Caesar

have caused

Munatius

letter to

no

seem,

may

felt

that
more

we

longer haltingbetween

can

two

of
opinions.He was relieved from the miserable necessity
balancingthe claims of prudenceand duty,and
constantly
having submitted himself to Caesar,and takingno further
he had no fears for his personal
part in the conflict,
safety,
and

looked

on

at the

resignation.In
come

out

of

of
approa'ch

dreaded.
was

He

this

evil,for
death

was

would

in future to take

least write upon

of events

course

spirithe
in the
a

them,

declared

ruin

of

thing rather

devote
no

with

himself

active
and

part

so,

to
in

the

kind

that

of sullen

good

had

Eepubhc, the

to be

desired than

study,and if
he could
politics

he
at

copying the example of

122

SWIMMING

WITH

to praisethe
generosity

THE

author

TIDE.

while

59-62.

JET.

endeavoured

he

to

refute the work.

Caesar
at Borne

was

now

his way

on

Africa,and Cicero

back from

did his best to

himself with the leaders

ingratiate
of the victorious party. He frequented
their dinner tables,
excusinghimself with the plea that he must march with
the times,4and that it was
of good sense
not
mark
a
to offend those who

resist his fondness

got the better

these Ions
them

to

he had

him

the

painsto

some

he had

been

collect.5

for

enjoyedand

about

at Eome

he found

the amusement
to Hirtius

in better

was

fully
cheer-

wrote

capital
suppers
in givinglessons
called

he

whom
Dolabella,

and

send

to

which
facetiae,

Cicero

the

times
some-

Caesar relished

But

time,and

some

his old friend Paetus

in declamation

his

of his discretion.

his wit

additions to 'his stock of

as

taken

to

joke,and

mots, and desired his friends

than
spirits

he

for

gether
could not alto-

He

in power.

were

pupilsin the art of speaking,but his teachers

character
art of entertaining.Consideringthe

Dolabella

his divorce from

and

alreadytaken placeor
to

find Cicero

then

was
on

intimate

such

worthless son-in-law.

It is

different the

societyat

modern

state of

times, and

how

imminent, we

Kome

with

from

was

less sensitive it

much

that
was

told Paetus

subjectsaffecting
familyhappiness. He

his

proofshow

of the many

one

nished
asto-

are

terms

of

either

had

Tullia,which

in

of
on

in

jestthat he had joinedEpicurus's

camp, and rallied him
for supposing
that plaindishes and simplefare would any
such an epicureas himself. Paetus had an
longersatisfy
attack
told him

of

gout which
he would

for he did not

come

suppose

confined
and

sup

his cook

Tempori

See Suet. Caes. c. 56.

serviendum

him

to

with
had

est." Ad

him

the
Div.

bed, but

Cicero

nevertheless,

gout also. He
IX. 7.

OF

MODE

B.C. 48-45.

put off an
days until he

begged another

friend to

gout for

three

two

or

his mode

describes

He

received visitors earlyin the

himself

and
studies,

follows

as

morning,and

either wrote

when

"

the

over, he betook

alwayswell attended,was

was

to his

appointmentwith the
had paid him
visit.
a

of life at this time

He

which
levee,

123

LIFE.

read

or

for

some

day to bodily
rious
the good dinners givenby his luxunot forgetting
exercise,
to have
He seems
friends.
thoughthe might now
I
for he says :
for the Kepublic,
go out of mourning
for my
heavilyand
have, alreadymourned
country more
longerthan a mother for her onlyson." But this was not
When
his habitual state of mind.
writingin a more
his grief,
which he said
serious strain he did not disguise
admitted of consolation ; and his onlyrefugewas
scarcely
since both the Senate house and
the studyof philosophy,
closed to the efforts of eloquence. He
the Forum
were
in a letter to NigidiusFigulus,
pouredforth his sorrows
clared
and delearned and accomplished
of his most
friends,
one
that he often felt that he had more
to complain
cause
of life than to rejoice
that he stilllived.
In August he left Eome
and spenta few weeks at one
the

time,after which he devoted

rest of the

"

"

or

other of his villas. In the hot months

of autumn

none

Antium
than his seat near
by the sea-side,
pleasanter
and he speaksof it with delight.But he returned to Eome
in September
Horace
scribed
de; the Septembribushoris,which
as
so
unhealthyin the cityin his time,and which
was

are

M.

little better

Marcellus,who since

livingin
submit
had

the

at

at

of Marcellus

battle of Pharsalia

His

victorious matters

Kepubliccould

the mark

the

to
Mitylene,

himself to Caesar.

been

if the

retirement

here

present day. He

urge

him

argument was

would

not

be considered

ought not

had

to return

to

been
and

that if Pompey

be much

stillto

wrote

and
better,

a
exist,

to withdraw

from

man

of

it. If

124

INTERCESSION

it was
to

Borne
whollylost,

stayin

; for

elsewhere this
and

FOR

his

was

the friend of
and

the best place

notwithstanding
idea that liberty
to be found
was

mistake.

stretched

arm

Caesar

was

the whole

over

lord of

now

world

; but

he

and disposed
to protectmen
genius,
And

renown.

59-62.

MT.

was

to the

as

LIGARIUS.

these

was

of eminence

words, for

idle

not

were

all,

although Marcellus had been one of Caesar's most per^severingopponents,and by his hostility
might be thought
have

to

almost

forced

the Civil

on

the conqueror, and

says that he had resolved to

pardonof

Senate,but

was

so

overcome

Caesar gave

and

rose

his consent

back

he

received the
Cicero

to Eome.

keep perpetualsilence in the

by a sense of Caesar's magnanimity
refrain from giving vent to his

that he could not

feelings.He

came

War,

delivered

short oration when

to Marcellus's

It is

return.6

as

might be expected full of compliments to Caesar,or,

of it would
be to call it a
perhaps,a truer description
specimenof abjectflattery.
of those who had carried on
who was
To Ligarius,
one
the

and

in Africa

war

had

continued

therefore in

arms

longerthan Marcellus,Cicero wrote in praiseof Caesar's

and time, and his
generosity,
saying that publicopinion,
and more
nature
to clemency.
own
disposedhim more
himself had

He

interview with Caesar to

an

the
supplicate

and afterwards defended

pardon of Ligarius,
absence,when he was impeachedby Tubero
borne
arms
against Caesar in the African

said to

he
once

as

that

Wolf

we

There

and

have
is

an

his
hear

more

doubt

heard

Caesar

When

that

Cicero had

friends, Why
"

speech from
Ligariusis a bad
a

Spalding have

it,is spurious.
essay

by Passow

we

Cicero?

and

in his

for

having
campaign.

undertaken

might
man

him

the

not

There
an

as

case

well
is

no

enemy."

tried to prove that the speech pro Marcello,

But most
scholars are of a different opinion.
in defence of its

genuineness.

He

to

the

famous

hear

Cicero

as

tribunal,was

there

orator,and

amusement

an

was

to

fear that his

no

opinion of Ligarius'sguilt.
who sat as judge in the
Caesar,
proceeded,
observed to change color,and his emotion
alter the

eloquencewould
But

be

that it would

imply

meant

125

LIGAEIUS.

OF

DEFENCE

B.C. 48-45.

to quote the words of

length,"
Plutarch, the orator touchingupon the battle of Pharaffected that his body trembled,and some
he was
so
salia,
of the papers he held droppedfrom his hands,and thus
and acquitted
he was
Ligarius."
overpowered
of
There is no doubt that the speechwas
a masterpiece
remember
that he too had espousedthe
We
must
art.
therefore a matter of no little
side of Pompey, and it was
of a person upon
to have to advocate the cause
a
delicacy
equallyto himself; but he cited his
chargewhich applied
own
pardon as a proofof the native goodnessand mercy
"At

visible to all.

became

"

of

the

Cassar,and he overwhelmed

with shame

accuser

that bountytowards
attemptingto intercept

for

another which

himself.
Never was
largely
upon
more
flattery
dexterously
appliedto conciliate a judge.
How
he appealsto the mercy of the Dictator in
artfully
the following
passage :
had

bestowed

been

so

"

"

All that I have

addressed

said I have

to your

your compassion. I have pleaded many

with
even
as
coadjutor,whilst you
you
my
future honors
by practicein the Forum
; but
tone for my client : Pardon
did it unwittingly; if ever
addressed
he

to

is false.'

Toll

of

court

act ; the

am

at

silent.

once

before the
of peace.

was

animositywhile

wishes,

on

your

was

taken

not

care

with

He

war.

He

causes,

the

paved

did

never

That

justicethis

witnesses

is the
:

'

to your
way
I adopt this

he is

guilty;
language to
did

He

forsworn

"

even

it ;

"

to

judge.

would

do

be

; the

'

He

went

there

as

left in the

it lasted

not

he

are
charge
sittingas a judge to try Ligarius
in whose
found
garrisonshe was
in
that
which
excuse
plead
might

province during the

broke
out
war
by surprisewhen

side.' Such

some

are

me,

perhaps avail, even

no

to

Caesar, that you

the question of fact,and ask me

on

parent, but

'

again

contemplated the

never

your
Ctesar, and

him, judges ; he has erred

'

mency,
cle-

humanity,

then

he

was

lieutenant
continuance

he

showed

in his heart, and

be the line of defence before

in his

judge ;

126

ANGRY

but

speaking

am

to

LETTER

parent

'

GALLUS.

TO

I have

sinned

sorry for my fault ; I throw myself upon

offence ; I pray
for my
you to forgive me.'
forgivenessfrom you, it is presumption in
I

have, then

many

do

you, who

have

I acted

your
If

am

MT.

mercy
no

unadvisedly;
;

I ask
has

one

ask

to

me

59-62.

pardon

obtained

it; but

encouraged hope, likewise

if very
bestow

favor."

Conscious

as

Cicero

he
misfortune,

for his friends in their

accused

in

backwardness

of

received

of his desire to do all lie could

was

letter from

Fadius

their

could not bear to be

cause,

who
G-allus,

and

had

he

when

been

quaestor
in exile,
now
during his consulshipand was
reproaching
for not assisting
him apparently
him, and upbraidinghim
of former services,
he wrote
with forgetfulness
to him
a
sharp and stern reply. It is almost the only letter in the
whole of his voluminous
dictated by angry
correspondence
that the provocation
and we may be sure
was
feeling,
great
he would not have adopteda tone and styleso unusual
or
It is,I confess,
with him.
to find that he could
refreshing
be

so

angry,

for

is almost

one

stately
complimentand

tired of the

encomium

which

But they are proofsof his

epistles.
zeal with which
of the indefatigable

characterises his

kindness of heart and

he devoted himself

console and assist his friends in misfortune.

to this

so

trusted

of Caesar's most

Sicily.Caecina

well his inclination to

might

have the benefit of them.

which
Cicero,
showing the terms
from

and

Oppius,
Rome, permission

said that Cicero's friends knew

serve

This

is worth
in which

him

who

attracted
especially

was

Balbus

agents at

described

as

from

them, that they felt they

and not merely hope to
exertions,

his

command

noble testimony

who was
of the
one
by Caecina,
Cicero had duringCaesar's absence in

Spainby urgent entreatyobtained

to reside in

to

borne

was

and for whom

exiles,

two

languageof

mild

and

was

in

answer

to

letter

noticingfor the purpose

he spoke of Caesar.

merciful

by nature, and
intellect.
by superior

of

He
one

He

said,mentioned

he

never,

terms, and

honorable

most
of his

by
generosity

his late

Pompey's name
except in the
he had given sufficientproofs

the

manner

He

made

opponents.

127

GENEROSITY.

CESAR'S

48-45.

B.C.

in which

Cassius

he had
of his

one

treated

legates,

Gaul, Sulpiciusgovernor of
Cisalpine
he had the
Greece,7and restored Marcellus,againstwhom
to all his former
honors.
strongestgrounds of displeasure,
To Cicero himself he gave dailyproofsof his friendship.
made
indeed ever
No conqueror
more
a
magnanimous use
of his power ; and if he had not fallen by the hand
of
it is impossible
that Borne would have
to doubt
assassins,
benefited by his rule. He was
been largely
a large-hearted
brilliant soldier,
but the most
and not only the most
man,
of his time.
His conduct to his adverstatesman
saries
sagacious
and contrasts stronglywith the
is above all praise,
of Pompey, who, if victorious,
bitter malevolence
would

Brutus

slaked his thirst for vengeance

have

This

of Eome.

not alter

may

influence
materially
to

called him

he

of those

Eoman
of

he

was

were

of the

one

Atticus

the fair and

Cicero

wit.
at the

supper

and
frail

mentions

experienced

Ctosiir's

to require it ; tor he

Marcellus, and

from

to his

those he addressed

He
house

to the

but

commencement,

to whether

as

the issue of the

turn

pleasantto

in the tears and

opinionas

our

judgment

our

at
regretor rejoice
It is

the

quarrelin

Caesar's

of

of

governor

blood

justice

it must

ought

we

struggle.

Cicero's

friend
lively

letters to
political
the last as
Psetus,

who

genous
a
possessed
sparkleof indigiveshim an amusing account
of Volumnius
Eutrapeluswhen

guests. On

the

Yerrius,and

below

Cytheristhe

during the Civil War

couch

with

him

Eutrapelusreclined

courtesan.

Sulpicius amongst
clemency. But
had opposed the

same

the

number

of those

I do not

understand

hostile

attempts

had

not

how
of his

joinedPompey.

who
he

had
came

colleague

128

LITERARY

"

What

'

of all observers

however,

when

he

am

young

not

In sooth

not

I say

into mirth.

I did

such

at

banquet

suspect that

not

if

she

whatever

and

uppermost,

comes

you

made

fun

of

The
was

half

you

what

apologizedfor writing in

surprisedthat

we

ask

must

do?

teacher, should

afflict and

'

Devote

I do ?
there

are

he

was

Historyof
De

(rood and

to his

who

you,

have

But

had

wanted

To

what

to

them.
.

to

merriment

philosopher

strain,and

what

for your

purpose?

else do

you think
for literature ?
But

not

I feel

relaxation.

been

immense,

Amongst

it."

satietyin

some

works.

wanted

addicted

much

by
liberty

myself?

torment

well entitled to

lectual
His intel-

he

and

these

had
his

were

logue,
Eloquence/under the form of a diaOratoribus ; his Inquiryinto the highest

Koman

claris

Evil,'or

'

De

Finibus

or
'Analysesof Oratory,'

his

mourning
philosopherwho

this

loss of

our

to literature.'

this year
activity
of
a greatvariety

written

and

enliven

yourself,'
you say,
Do you imagine I could exist if it were
limits to study,although I will not say
'

And

'

there.

turn

anything, and you repliedthat you

pedant thought you would
say you
of
only one sky or an infinite number

I pay you a visit you will find me

a
guest not
eating,but a good deal addicted to joking."

But

be

wanted

there

whether

Are

would

'

When

"

? he, the observed

'

do better when

you

man

morning supper?

He

59-62.

even

there

Did

you

know

Cicero

'

with

banquet.
asked

'

MT.

Aristippus, the discipleof Socrates, blushed

I keep her,' he said, but
was
reproached
keeping Lais.
of that class attracted me
I was
when
kept by her.' But none
I need
that I am
old one.
I like a
man.
an
say nothing now

But,

will say,

you

WORKS.

Partitiones

Orator, dedicated

labors
literary

may

Bonorum

be

et Malorum

Oratorise "; his

to Brutus.

In

mentioned

the

of letters of introduction and

his

Cato;
also

addition

great number

recommendation

he wrote

at

and others.
requestof friends to provincial
governors
of these,and althoughof no interest
There are nearlyforty
they are worth reading as specimens of exquisite
now,
ness
Latinity. They show also his good nature, and his readithe

to

The

help those
most

divorce from

who

sought his

importantevent
his wife Terentia.

assistance.

in his life this year

It appears

was

to have

his

taken

130

DIVORCE

FROM

TERENTIA.

in the distribution of all his favors.

in the

her perverseness

vigorof

state of his fortunes ; hut

in

He

health

had

home
easily
the flourishing

and

soured hy
life,
declining

of misfortunes

continual succession

JET. 59-62.

from

abroad,the

quietat home was no longertolerable to

of Terentia,except in one
justifythis portrait

of

ease

To

and

there is

should

we

Cicero.

evidence at all in the

no

in money
Cicero

his

himself

"

nor

be

her

We

ticular,
par-

only placewhere
in

mean

him."

the

letters of

conduct
negligenceor perhapsmisturn to see what
naturally

givesof

Plancius

rather than

matter

ing
deeplyaffect-

so

I would

not," he says,

"

have

safetyand

resolved
domestic
saw

in consideration

to whom

interests

he alludes to

it,but

hints at

explainsit.

found
my
my return from abroad
itself.
For
when
I
the republic

my

"

want

but unfortunately
find in his correwe
spondence
happiness,
information
the subject. In a
no
on
explicit

cause

of those

it

matters.

letter to his friend

the

is
exception

The

account

find

expect to

divorce,if I had

affairs in

that,owing

of my
to have been

ought
free from treacherywithin
my
of
the
new
fidelity
protectedby

on

bad

as

to the

not

on

plight as

wicked

conduct

to be

forgottenbenefits
dear, there was
nothing safe
own
walls, I thought that I ought to
connexions
against the perfidyof the
never

old."

Now

what

was

the wickedness

and

what

the

treachery

?
I think be no
There can
complains
doubt
that the charges had some
reference to Terentia's
conduct
in money
matters ; for he had previously,
as
we
have seen, accused her of abstracting
part of the money
which ought to have been remitted to him, and of falsifying
This is really
all we
the account.
know of the matter,
obscure.
It must
not be lost sight
and the rest is utterly
of that in the passage I have justquotedCicero complains

of which

of

more

of whom

he here

persons
he

his brother

than

one.

It is not

"

her

"

but

"

speaks. I cannot help thinkingthat

and his nephew also in his eye when he

those

"

he had

alluded

DIVORCE

B.C. 48-45.

131

TEKENTIA.

FROM

kind of injury
for that was the specific
treachery,
him
to
of which 11ley had been guiltyin calumniating
from Plutarch that Terentia steadily
Caesar. "We know
had any good grounds for the
denied that her husband

to domestic

divorce.
will

And

quote one
amiable

an

to

defend

her,

from
Cicero's correspondence
passages
1 think conclusive to show that she

two

or

which
was

undertaken

I have

as

are

of his letters is thus addressed

One

fondness.

that Cicero loved her with passionate

and

woman,

"

his two
Tally to Terentia, and the Father to Tulliola,
souls; and Cicero (theson) to the best of mothers and
his darlingsister." In another he calls her
Light of
darling! from whom all used to
my longed-for
my eyes
seek for help. To think that you should be so harassed
so
steepedin tears and misery,and that this should be
In another he says,
Attend
caused by my fault !
to
"

"

"

"

"

health

your
dearer

to

be

that

no

sell her

readyto

was

ever

nor

Of this be sure, that

"

propertyto

but he dissuaded
difficulties,

is

one

myself wholly ruined."

think

I shall not

you

was

assured

you." Again,

than

me

if I have

She

and

"

her for fear of

penniless.Surelyall the evidence we

favor,and for my own
part I disbelieve
son

in his

assist him

leavingtheir
is in her

have

malevolent

the

gossipof Plutarch about her. She lived to an extreme

old age, dying in her hundred
and fourth year, and if we
may

believe

divorce from

Dio

thrice

Cassius,was

Cicero.

But

as

lost

lookingout for another wife,and his

have suggesteda daughter of Pompey

to

it

;"-:."-

gave
never

as

lady whom
a

seen

was

time in

no

friends appear

another

after her

fifty
years old when
probablyan untrue story.

she

Cicero divorced her, this is most

He

married

reason

an

lie did

Atticus

for.not

not

had

like the

mentioned

proposingto

uglierperson.

His

her

idea.
to

As

to

him,

he

that he

had

choice at last fellupon

K

132

DEATH

lady named

young

fortune,and

of

OF

TULLIA.

.Ex.

Publilia,who

had

59-62.

considerable

whom, accordingto Plutarch, he

was

and he was
almost a girl,
guardianat the time. She was
the union
of January and May,1
now
sixty-one.It was
and like most such marriagesit turned out unhappily.
At the beginning of the new
year B.C. 45 Caesar was
absent from Italy
engaged in carryingon the waY~m
Spain

againstthe
Cicero
he

birth to

to have

seems

husband's
fair way

been

of recovery,

but

in

she

was

showed

of

divorce

Dolabella.2

thought to

was

she

afterwards

confinement

gave

She

still livingin her

first she
soon

tells us

Tullia,who

from

at that time
at

happened
where

confinement

house,and

effects of her

the

the

after her

son

by

he

during January,where

at Borne

was

detained

was

Pompef.

of

sons

died.

and

be in

sank

This

late
a

under

sad event

February, at "Her*father's Tusculan villa,

probablyremoved before alarming symptoms
But
is
there
themselves.
a
good deal

of

obscurity
attendingher last illness,and we have no
Cicero himself.
of the particulars
from
The
account
first intimation we
have from him
of the calamity
which
him

overwhelmed
March

from

is in

letter written

So far

Astura.

to

Atticus

gather from
in his correspondence,
he seems
to
expressions
villa after his daughter's
left his Tusculan
death,and
1

The

late Sir Cresswell

alluded

to

he could

January
2

if

we

are

XII.

28,

But

and

The

we

"

child

velim

January

to have

died young,
extinct.

having

once

instances

numerous

have
gone

in court
of unfortunate

and

lived, and

to

have

been

called Lentulus,

in

Alt.
in the letter Ad
supposing that the passage
Lentulum
visas,"refers to him.
aliquando
puerum
nothing of his subsequent history. Very probably he
.

know

of the

one

that

me

dental
inci-

he

seems

right
"

between

asked

and

as

can

May," a Scotch gentleman wrote

ther
him, as
was
collectingstatistical information, wheexplainwhy marriagesthat took place in the period between
May turned out so badly !

marriages
to him

we

Cresswell told

before him

case

as

in

and

thus

the

line

of

Cicero

in

that

generation

became

DEATH

B.C. 48-45.

of Atticus

house

the

to

days in
spentthirty
to

country residence
of
subject
erect

in

or

which
birthplace,

where

first

at

he

on

to

was

be

placeit

more

Arpinum, his

near

suggesteditself

the

anxious to

was

it would

little island

at his

his friend

His wish

of Tullia.

in the

that he

us

find him

next

we

shrine which

gardensat Eome,
than

tells

Astura, writingto

near

to the memory

some

His

Atticus,and

monument

He

Kome.

at

which probably
gardens,
belonged

some

villa of

suburban

J33

TULLIA.

OF

spicuous
conown

his mind.

to

Arpinianisland is suitable for a

afraid it might seem
but I am
to confer
genuineapotheosis,
less honor, as it lies out of the way.
My inclination,
is for the gardens,
which I will look at when I
therefore,
words

The

"

are

"

come."3
He

stunned
terribly

was

his

by

heart,and

the blow.

her

death

In Tullia he had

left

drearyblank
in his existence.
His affection for her shines like a gleam
and he had clung to her as
of lightthrough his letters,
the prop and stay of his decliningyears.
He tried to
himself with studyto distract his thoughts,and
occupy
garneredup

read

books

such

soothe
work

a
on

as

mourner's

heathen

could
philosophy
but

sorrow,

in vain.

Consolation,in hopes

that

minister to the afflictionsof others

but

own,

admitted

into the

it

only increased

of

no

woods, and

buried

day long,strivingto
with

overcome

There

is

an

In the

the

attempt

to

might assuage his

he said,
His grief,
morning he wandered

himself in their solitude all the

occupy

himself

with

He

took

floods of tears.

Essay

in

He

supplyto
composed a

he

his pang.

consolation.

in the Me'moires

de 1'Academie

but
literature,
a

melancholy

des

Inscriptions,

vol. i. p. 370, by the Abbe' Montgault,

le Fanum
de Tullia," in
sur
he
which
the subject,
and learnedlyillustrates the practice
investigates
"

There
was
A]"otl"r:,*,:*
amongst the ancients.
of tombs, and a fine
law reguliitiuu;
the expense
of

the

excess

beyond the legallimit.

was

kind

of

sumptuary
imposed equal to

134

FOR

GRIEF

DEATH

OF

TULLIA.

59-62.

MT.

to his
pleasurein the idea of dedicatinga monument
daughter,and again and again consulted Atticus on its
and the locality
where it should be placed.4 It is
form
carried into exewhether
the designwas
not known
ever
cution
most
probablynot but if it was, the day may
when
some
fragment of it may be discovered
yet come
relic of the memorial
which a father's love cona precious
secrated
"

"

"

to his child.5

Although

overwhelmed

with

-Gieere
grief,

againstit,and adoptedthe
the
taken by one
to whom

be

in the

of
..quiet

country and

the

could

that revealed

occupiedhimself

He

his books, and

with

wrote

he heard

incessantly.When

fully
man-

that

course

consolation

unknown.

supplywas

religioncan

wisest

battled

that he

blamed

was

at Kome

himself in
and secluding
givingway too much to sorrow
himself by showing that in the midst
he defended
private,
he had been busily
and added,
of all his suffering
employed,
for

with
who

that he
bitterness,

some

censured him

ever

find when

that he would
deserted

were

him,

wholly gone.
be
It will naturally

and

during

Was

was

his

the

his affliction?
sharer, andjootherjDf
is

absent
4

His

but
certain,

idea also

residence

there

was

to

himself

this

by

was

for his old age,

retreat

had not

gaietywere
all this time

by

That

his

she

Cicero's express
to

enable
or

those

told Atticus

Publilia

purchase enough ground

as

He

that his firmness

where

wife ?

than

more

read.

cheerfulness

asked

latelymarried

written

to
likely

theymet

his old

but

had

him

side,
was

desire.
to have

as
fyyfipa/j.a

he

called it.
5

There

is

of
story told by Baptista Pius in a note to one
Cicero's letters,
Ad Ait, XL
excavation
17, that in making an
amongst
the Alban
hills an
embalmed
which
believed
discovered,
was
body was
to be that of Tullia, as it was
found
of the
amongst the sepulchralurns
Tullian
Malta
Illustrata
Abela
In his
mentions
an
inscription
gens.
found at Malta
in the following form
a

wild

'

'

"

TULLIOLA.

M.

TULLII.

F.

B.C.

The

OF

LETTERS

48-45.

union

not

was

AND

happy one ;
disgustedby

and

Plutarch,he

was

the death, of

Tullia,that he very

so

for the

If the real motive

ter^

his aversion

if we

of

feelingat
divorced

afterwards

soon

her money,

marriagewas

have

must

cause,

for, of course, he would

unconquerable,
find him
refund the whole
of her dowry. We
in a frightlest his wife
in March
to Atticus

letter

purportingto

to "be allowed

to

that

however,

and

her

all

to

begged Atticus to give him

Borne, that he might be out of

and

with his
It

duringhis stay at

was

yius

The

he

in which

from

things.

more

that

was

Roman

she

prayed
suspected,

to

when

be

they left
they arrived
if

which

on

alone.

he stood

that the celebrated and

addressed to him

him

Athens

from

the

vicissitudes
been

so

with

letter of

least mortal

of Rome's

to comfort

familiar
a

friend

the

by

Ser-

mourner

Lucceius

it.

mind,"

by arguments
and decay of all earthly
quoted that the reader is

often

which
consolation,

the
he

historian

also

acknowledged

Lucceius
tried to make him
take a
thanks.
grateful
but Cicero confessed
hopefulview of publicaffairs,
he thought them
desperate.He was pleasedby the

allusion in the letter to his

had

Astura

strove

It has

doubtless
wrote

Sulpicius,
"

drawn

wished

the way
the terms

were

him

relations !

new

beautiful letter

with

Such

avoid them.

he

timelynotice

He

her

reallywritten in her
he
events
peremptorily

as

come,

with

received

He

relatives.

had

at

had

he

that

to

writing

to pay

her,in which

from

mother

her

of them

any

says

come

Astura

to

come

accompany

daughter'sname,
forbade

He

visit.

unwelcome

an

should

brother

and

been

have

indeed

mother

believe

may

her want

whatever

her, from

to

135

LUCCEIUS.

SULPICIUS

given to

his

countrynot

own

more

and
services,

than his

said that he

dutyrequired,

136

YOUNG

than

more
certainly

but

him.

from
in

CICERO

degree my

some

nothing but
In

added,

of

his

himself,to

make

will,and

another

and
life,

letter to

in March

Terentia

that

says

her do like

it

he
was

Cicero

ought, like
their little
His

words

will to be perused

I will allow my

me.

being

the books

provisionby hers for

Tullia had
given birth.

some

whom

grandson,to
Let

in

"

to

alludes to

"

he

of his letters to Atticus written

one

are,

ashamed

was

demand

right to

upbraidhim for enduring it,for

of misery.
prolongation

seemed

studied

had

others

59-62.

JEr.

trumpeter." In

own

he said he

Lucceius

ATHEXS.

pardon me,"

will

You

"

AT

pleasesto name
; she will find that
I could not have acted more
towards my grandson
liberally
than I have done."
There can be no doubt that he greatly
distrusted Terentia's good faith in money
matters, and he
and steadiness of
speaks of her as wanting in sincerity
by

any

she

one

purpose.

His

Spainand serve under

Caesar in the campaign againstPompey's sons.
Cicero
tried to dissuade him, pointingout how
inconsistent it
for which
would be for him to bear arms
againsta cause
he had lately
fought,and also how annoyed he would feel
on
findinghis cousin a greater favorite with Caesar than
himself.
The young
man
gave up the idea of Spain and
to Athens.

went

had

the

His

Argiletum.

young

men

added

he

of
was

consulted

Atticus

for his expenses,

He

the

mentioned

good familywho were

that they would
sure

that it

Athens, and

father

to

and

upon

the

proposedto

propertyhe
purpose the rents of some
and in the district of Kome
Aventine
Mount

called

said

to go

the

apart for
on

wished

allow him

he should

sum

set

Marcus

son

was

for the

horses at home.

not

at

of several

going to Athens, and

not

all necessary

journeythere

names

were

He
spend more.
to keep a horse at
more

than

enough

7..:

"

-.

140

ABOUT

SCANDAL

made, hardly one

from

1 omitted

to mention

I do

completed. However,

was

and
copyists,

fault of your

any

C^IRELLIA.

to

that

you

I wish

I did

think

not

wish

them

59-62.

that it

to understand

you

not

.Ex.

this.

to be

was

For

published

yet."

Accordingto Dio Cassius,the tribune Fufius Calenus,

after
in an abusive speechagainstCicero,
to which I shall hereallude,charged him with putting
more
particularly
that he might carry
away his second wife Publilia in order
and he mentioned
undisturbed
with Cserellia,
an
on
intrigue
letters of an
some
amatory nature which had appeared
written by Cicero to her,and which contained expressions
to this scandal is
offensive to delicacy.The best answer
to state the ages of the respective
partiesat the time
Cicero was
the allegedintriguewas
when
going on.
and the seductive dame was
seventy! If Fufius
sixty-two
made
have been kughed at by his
the speechhe must
of the frail lady.
the age
audience, for he mentioned
There

Very probablythere
as

there

between

was

was

attributed

malevolence

that

that it

the unbridled

indulgedwhen
this

to it.

We

to
applies

many

Cicero himself.

The

wished
of the

to

must

damage

Eecamier

of the nature

was

licence of invective in which

they

rious.
spu-

just
correspondence,

and Madame

Chateaubriand

it is ridiculous to suppose

but

that the letters were

I think be little doubt

can

never

forget

the ancients

opponent,and

an

attacks made

upon
good officesof Cserelliawere

others

by
employed

to induce
family,if not by Publilia herself,
him to take that lady back againafter their divorce,
but he
would not listen to the proposal.

Publilia's

by

In
his

of his letters about

him

propertygave

for he
could

He

one

felt

more

much

distress at

leave it than

this time
more

he declares that

trouble

having

no

one

than

pleasure,

to whom

in the enjoyment of
gratification

alludes here to the twice widowed

state to which

he
it.
he

B.C.

reduced

was

OF

DISTEUST

48-45.

But

divorces,and

the

expressionis remarkable, considering

had

little satisfaction in

was

conduct

his

Cicero

uneasiness.

his

brother, and
hostile

as

treated

estranged

his
from

againsthim.
assured

nothing

and

that

Caesar,

who

this

he

much

of them

one

villa,he

Tusculan
to

applaud

carried

in

bad

reason

the

end

of

wrote

and

sent

it

describes

which

one

Caesar
with

was,

was

had

little determination

as

joy

discontented
him

that

his

conceal

he

people

when

it

Caesar

of

said,because

his

at

was

the

image

with

in his letters.

Victory

an

he

that

passages

of

statue

if he

had
was

close

Victory had

neighbour.

At

he

the

terness,
bit-

he

very

September,when

processionwith

The

it.

well

his

guard

some

knew

many

expresses

refused

beside

in

his

on

charge

prudentpolicymade

written

utterly

was

formidable

thoroughly

was

harshly

remarks, with

of such

man

sentiments, is plainfrom

real

Caesar

King

That

Cicero

be

as

reports,

was

uncle

to

his

continued

Marcus

his

some

with

terms

of calumnious

ought

be

might

to fear from

Caesar,however
In

father,

that

himself.

kinds
cousin

which

father

Quintus,

young

his

Upon

that
not

nephew,

out, for

turn

his

indifferent

still on

was

spreadingall

ever,

by

first caused

at

instance, that

for

as,

Athens

at

he

his heir,as

as

would

man

young

that

meant

him

lookingupon

the

how

felt uncertain

he

Perhaps

still living.

his

he

loss of his

two

that

son

the

to

his

by

daughter.

141

(LESAK.

or

beginning

letter to Caesar

as

written

equal might

would

more

August

read

skill and

with

which

to

than

is not

extant

in

No

one

himself.

could

do

he

but

tone

another, but yet such

pleasure.

adroitness

September

and
flattery,

without

address

of

as

this

142

DEATH

OF

(LESAR.

CHAPTER

DEATH

JEt. 63.

in

campaign

B.C.

There

from

Cneius

his victorious

Sextus,the

and

Pompey, had, amongst the mountain fastnesses

afterwards called Granada, taxed his resources
was

what

utmost, and foughtwith

the

generalto

such
the

44.

of

sons

C^SAK.

in October

Spain.

the war,

terminated

Cneius
difficulty.

had not elsewhere been

battle of Munda

The

contest.

March

as

the

courage

of
as

terminatio
and de-

displayed
during

the

on

Caesar

but

fell in

63.

XX.

OF

returned to Kome

^Ex.

seventeenth

of

gainedit with great

engagement,

but

Sextus

escaped. Caesar returned to Eome, and celebrated his last

triumph with great pomp and magnificence,
amusing the
and entercombats
and sham fights,
taining
peoplewith gladiatorial
them at public
tables for severaldays. He brought
home
treasures. We are told that they amounted
enormous
than six hundred million sesterces,
that is,upwards
to more
of five millions sterling,
and he gave each of the soldiers a
donation of about a hundred
and seventypounds. He proclaimed
an
sulship
amnesty for the past,and layingdown the conwhich he had assumed
without a colleague
when
he gave up the dictatorship,
he appointedas consuls for
the

of the

remainder

Fabius

Kabilius

died

on

nominated

was

hours, which
that he

was

last

the

gave
a

Q. Fabius

year

day

in his

rise to

one

consul of such

of the

and

C. Trebonius.

year, and

placefor

the few

Caninius

remaining
of Cicero's jokes,
who
said
that he
vigilance
surprising

JULIUS

Vol.

ii.

p.

142.

144

DEATH

OF

C^SAK.

guest,"lie says, I have had ! But I have no

to regretwhat
cause
happened, for all passed off pleasantlyenough. But
had
of Philippus in the evening of the
arrived at the house
when
he
the villa was
filled with soldiers that
second clayof the Saturnalia
so
at a dining table for Caesar
there was
himself
to sup.
scarcelyroom
I
thousand
to
know
There
what
was
I could
men.
were
a
trulypuzzled
Cassius came
to my
and he gave me
do the next day, but Barba
a
rescue,
in
the
a
nd
the villa was
fields,
pitched
body of guards. A camp was
tected.
prothe third day of the Saturnalia
Csesar stayed with Philippus on
o'clock in the afternoon, and
admitted
to his
until nearly one
no
one
he
accounts
with
Balbus.
I
wards
was
He afterimagine
going over
presence.
What

"

troublesome

took

listened to

an

walk

both

the shore, and

on

on

Mamurra

was

rubbed

epigram
and

countenance,
at the

"

next

banquet, intending to
without

drank

and

ate

capitaldinner,

with

o'clock had

without
with

emetic

an

took

not

bath.

changing

oil,and

well-digestedgood

of his

place reclining

afterwards.1

enjoyed
only that, but

then

He

muscle

his

scruple,and

well served, and

and

Seasoned

'

have

at two

He

himself.

therefore
It

was

discourse.'

entertained at three tables. His inferior

liberally
better class were
The
and slaves had all they could want.
freedmen
treated sumptuously. Not to make
a long story,I acquittedmyself like
he is not the kind of guest to whom
However
a man.
you would
say,
Pray, my good friend,pay me another visit on your return.' Once was
enough. There was no conversation on serious topics,but a good deal
of literarytalk.
delighted,and
Why are you so anxious ? He was
said he would
showed
that he enjoyed himself.
He
day at
spend one
account
of the
Baise and the next at Puteoli.
I have now
an
given you
I have
agreeable
visit ; or shall I call it" billeting? But it was,
said, not disas

Besides,his retinue

was

'

to

of his

I shall

me.

Tusculanum.

he

As

was

closed up on
else. So I heard

guards

did nowhere

On

stay here a little while, and then go to my

passing by Dolabella's villa the whole body
the right and left of his horse, and this they

the

from

first day of the

with Antony
consulship,
leave Borne

in

as

few weeks

Nicias."

new

year

his
in

againstthe Parthians,the
enemies
he

of Eome

felt that

on

her

eastern

succession

Caesar assumed

colleague.He

intended

order to carry
and

constant

frontier.

of victories

was

the

on

to

paign
cam-

troublesome

Like

Napoleon,

necessary

to

having vanquishedevery opponent at

; and
position
home, he wished to gain fresh laurels by carryinghis vic-

his

agebat.

146

DEATH

the

fear,but

Let

men

Sleek-headed

He

when

gave

thinks

has

that

and

such

lean and
:

such

are

63.

the spare

who

approachingdanger advised

fat ;

sleepo' nights :
hungry look :
men
are
dangerous.
as

itself in the

showed

nature
one

some

me

too much

his generous

But

lean,"alludingto

about

men,

Cassius

Yon

JET.

and Cassius.
have

me

C^SAE.

the

paleand

Brutus

of
figures

OF

perhaps had

him

his

to he

on

he

answer

idea of

vague

guard.

The

I had rather die than

replyof the lion-hearted man
was,
of fear."
haiha-subject
He
had reached the highestpinnacleof pawei^aniLm
world.
ofiffiejfogaan.
all but the_jD.ame_wasJKig
Eome
"

changing from
dominatingover Italyand

was

in

now

which

ambition

Italyand
was

not

the

the

of
position

Imperialcity
the world, to that of a capital
world
had part. But
Caesar's
an

satisfied unless^he_could_gain
the^title

Ea3.

Eome.
been_dqrmant_at^
He wished to be Rex not only in reality
but in name
; and
an
ingeniousmode was hit upon to feel the pulseof the
disposedto bear it.
peopleand see how far they were
There was
called Lupercalia,
which
a wild festival at Eome
celebrated in the month
of February,when young men
was
than half-naked through
of good familyused to run
more
the streets and strike with thongs of leather every one they
While this carnival was
met.
going on, Caesar took his
which

for

seat above

so

centuries

many

the Eostra

robes,amused

in the

Forum,

himself with

and

dressed in his triumphal

lookingon

at the

sport.

Antony,though consul,was not ashamed to appear amongst

the runners, and twistinga garlandof bay-leaves
round a
diadem
or
coronet,he approachedthe Eostra,where, being
lifted up by his riotous companions,
he tried to placeit on
Caesar's head.
were

He
shrewd

drew

back

enough

to

to

prevent it,but
observe

that

the spectators

the

action

was

OF

FORMATION

B.C. 44.

rather

of coy

that

indignantrefusal. The
they saw Caesar put away
the attempt,and againit

than

when
peoplethundered applause
the crown.
Again Antony made
was
saw

The

unsuccessful.

of the

no

mistake

populace.The offer of
He rose hastily
from
the

misconstrue

that he

was

clamor, laid

ready to
He

desired to strike.

became

shouts

that there could be

147

CONSPIRACY.

THE

as

louder,and
to the real

Caesar

feelings

at least premature.

the

crown

his

to
seat,and pretending

bare

was

his

neck, crying out

if any

receive the blow

there

one

little he

showed,however,how

was

had failed,
that the ruse
for when the garland
was
pleased
of his statues and
afterwards placed
upon the head of one
of the tribunes,
removed
he deprived
by order of some
the pretence
that they were
them of their offices,
on
trying
him.
to stir up sedition against
The
next plan resorted to by his friends was
to make
books playa part subservient to their purpose.
the Sibylline
It was
only necessary to bribe the guardians,and they
their oracles speak as they pleased.They
could make
spreada reportthat in their mysticleaves was contained a
prophecythat the Parthians could onlybe conqueredby a
the Romans, it is
as
king. With a peopleso superstitious
to say what effectthis stratagemmight have had,
impossible
if a few bold men
had not been thereby
warned
that the
time was
for them to put in execution a design
which
come
theyhad for some weeks harboured of takingCaesar's life.
Of the particular
details of the great conspiracy
we

know

little! It, was,

of

shrouded

in

first who

conceived the

mystery. Cassius

extremelyanxious
whose
man

character
at

to

seems

in

which

been

the

and he was
planof assassination,
Jtottflain .tfiSjlot,
engageTlaroia

whose
to

secret, and

to have

stoodT^perhaps
higher than

Some, and

on
strength

formed

course,

name

relyin

the

would

be

attemptto

that
a

of any

of

tower

carry out
jj

so
J

148

DEATH

C^SAE.

JET. 63.

enterprise.Several,we

desperatean

Cassius ventured

communicate

to

that

condition

OF

Brutus

sounded, and

should

told,to whom

are

his

design made

join them.

at last consented

He

to take

conspiracy.The act of heroism by which his

and his own
a daughterof Cato
cousin,forced
the secret to her is well known.
said to have

are

persons

been

No

privy to

it

was

tiously
cau-

part in the
wife

Porcia,

him

to

less than

the

fide
con-

sixty

plot,of

whom

the best

known, besides Marcus

Decimus

BruteBy-^rcboniug,"
Oasoa, Tullius Cimber^j^naeus

and

Cassius,

Cicero

was

in the number

not

is certain.

Antony

popularfeelinghad
murderers,accused him of being one

afterwards,when

againstthe
but
conspirators,
well

may

the deed
it to the
would
were

which

wrong,

but
skies,

tide of

Cicero

stronglydenied
he would

because

for

as

because

he

was

shrunk

have

shall hereafter

we

of the

this

And

it.

turned

see

we

from

he extolled

not the kind of

man

who

to be taken into the counsels of those who

likely
that was
full of danger,and
engaged in an enterprise
and re_solution.
required
nothing so much as nerve

be

Plutarch

from

the

believe,not
as

are

Servilius.

Domitius,and
That

Brutus

tells

Cicero,

us

"

that
expressly

lest to

his

own

the

concealed
plot was
which
was
disposition,

the wariness and caution

timorous, adding now
naturally
of old age, and by his weighingas he would
cular
every partithat he might not make one
stepwithout the greatest
he should blunt the,edge of their forwardness and
security,
resolution in a business which requiredall the despatch

possible."2
A meeting of
"

on

the Ides
that

king,in

"

of

the Senate

March, and

it

day a proposalwould
conformitywith what
2

summoned

was

Plutarch

was

be
was

for the fifteenth*

believed
currently
made

to

that

declare Caesar

said to be contained

in Brut.

in

for

time

no

was

The_ placewhere

Curia

Pompeii,

formed
the

on

Senate

the

Capitol,not

Campus

the

struck at

be

must

to meet

was

the

was

buildingadjoiningthe porticowhich
splendidtheatre erected by Pompey

of the

west

extremityof

of the

part

the blow

and
delay^.

once.

149

SENATE.

that there
coiis"irators_jaw

The

Sibyllinebooks.

the

THE

OF

MEETING

B.C. 44.

the

the curia with

the

far from

Martius.

Plutarch

to

seems

"

words

portico.His

southern

are

"

found
con-

The

place,too,where the Senate was to meet seemed to

by Divine appointmentfavorable to their purpose.
with a
of those joiningthe theatre,
one
was
a portico,

very
be

It

exhedra
or
largePompey, erected

But

theatre."

stood

there

statue

of

to him

Pompeii distinct

the fatal

and
portico,

the

from

the deed of violence

When

in which

by the commonwealth, when he

and the
part of the citywith the porticos
called Curia
there certainly
was
a building

that

adorned

recess,

in this that

was

done.

was

morning

came

at the house

assembled
conspirators

it

the
of

of the

great body
Cassius,and

panied
accom-

the toga
day to assume
to the Forum, from which they afterwards hastened
virilis,
to the Senate-house with daggers concealed beneath their
his son, who

robes.

Brutus

Decimus

on

was

was

that

about

to exhibit

some

games,

he assembled
himself of this pretext,
and, availing

body

of

rescue

and
gladiators,
was

attempted.

Brutus, and

unusual
Marcus

was

of

some

In

the

them

order
other

in

readiness in

case

disarm

suspicion,
who
were
conspirators
to

Brutus

themselves

decided

one

of the

that

causes

morning before him, the party againstwhom

judgmentdeclared
to

large

earlyon their tribunals in the

proceededto disposeof cases, as if nothing
going to happen. We are told that when

seated
praetors,

Forum, and

had

with

some

that

came

he had

violence that he would

given
appeal

Caesar does
Caesar,
upon which Brutus calmlysaid,
"

not

150

DEATH

hinder

He

to law."

then

left and

the last moment

At

and
betrayed,
came

person

Caesar

whisperedinto
us, but Brutus

the

his

plan,when
by saying,in
rich of

so

the

the

?
sedileship

the

man

alluded

their minds
have

was

would

How

came

that
rejoiced

"

could

the

not

stand

terrible

we

he had

Another

answer.

waiting
hand

an

fatal to

been

his

anxiety
to be

you

election for

obvious that the secret to which

was

was

have
from

you

naturally
supposed
tenance
plot,and his counsurprised. A word

relieved him

full,and

that the

showed

he

other

It

were

imprudent

the

which

sudden, that

in time.

warned

Casca

laughingtone,

"

must

much

escaped him

the

pointof heing

concealed the secret from

privy to

how

the

on

stood in the group

all."

me

stranger was

might have

was

You

"
"

has told

showed

deciding
according

victim,and takinghim by the

ear

63.

to the Senate-house.

have been

might

Casca,as he

to

up

MT.

from

went

the secret

for the arrival of their

that

C^SAR.

shall he hinder me,

nor

me,

OF

an

occurred, which

widely than

more

all

Casca

betrayedhimself by

incident

known

plot was

of which

imagine how

can

not

one

the

Senator named

Lsenas
Popilius
and Cassius,and, saluting
them with
came
up to Brutus
than
usual earnestness,
more
"My
whisperedto them
with you, and I hope you may
wishes are
accomplish
I advise you to make
But
haste,for the
your design.
It was
evident that not a
secret !
no
thing is now

imagined.
conspirators

"

"

moment

was

where

But

wearing
cause

If

on,

to be lost.

in the
and

we

ancient
in the

seemed

may

had

he

of the unusual

several
writers,

sent

by

not

was

Caesar ?

appeared.

The

What

day was
was

the

delay?

believe

night and

time

mean

the

of sinister

omens

morning

Providence

testimonyof

concurrent

before
to

warn

his

many

importhappened

which
assassination,

him

of his

impending

B.C. 44.

SINISTER

doom.

We

need

151

OMENS.

curiously
inquirewhether the
is true, or whether
account
they owed their originto
the superstitious
of the Kornans,excited to the
imagination
utmost as it would be by dwellingupon the circumstances
not

of the terrible event

too

after it had

taken

place. It

is a fact

established

of doubt, that in some

beyond the possibility
mysteriousway a presentimentdoes often exist of approaching

evil,and the very

which

declares
Shakespear
Against
But

His wife

heaviness

Mars, which

Pontifex

as

happens of

rule,when

ever

the

merry

"

good event.

her

husband

refuge.

The

Maximus

he

duringthe night,and

that

he says

that the house in which

that

for

arms

are

men

foreruns

fallen,and

fled to her

rattled

to be the

dreamed
Calpurnia

slepthad
and

ill chances

often

reverse

they

wounded

was

dedicated to

armour

kept in

his

dwelling,

the door of his bed-chamber

accord.
In the morning when
he
opened of its own
attempteda divination,
by feedingpoultryaccordingto

the old Koman

custom, the

it is said that he determined

The

omens

at last Decimus

and

message

assembled,but stillhe

was

Brutus

; and

not to leave his house that

sent
impatient
conspirators

the Senate

unfavorable

were

went

off to

to tell him

did not
see

come

him

day.
that

; and

personally

that his presence was

urgentlyrequired.After
his lofty
soul disdained to be deterred by
summons

say

such

weaker
that might have frightened
a
paltryomens
and
mind ; and, accompaniedby Brutus,he left his home

the

got into

litter to be carried to the Senate-house.

As

he

passedthe threshold his statue,which stood there,fellto

the ground and was
broken to pieces.Even yet he might
have
paper

by
the

saved,if

been

some

which
one

plot;

but

as

he

he

had

taken

passedalongwas

in the street.

the trouble to read

thrust into his hand

It contained

that
Caesar,
thinkingprobably

revelation of
it was

merely

152

DEATH

OF

CAESAR.

63.

JET.

such as he was
constantlyin the habit of
petition,
and which was
of no pressing
thrust
receiving,
importance,
it unopened into the folds of his robe.
And we are told
that he said gailyto a soothsayer
he met, and who
whom
a

had

the

see
"

him

warned

beware

to

of the Ides

feared has

day

you
Yes," answered

the

other,"it

yet passed."If this storyis

has

true

we

March,

it has not

but

must

You

still alive."

am

come,

"

that

suppose

spirators,
inklingof the design of the conin the plot,
and hoped
or
perhapswas actually
and so enhance the
get credit for the giftof prophecy,

the

to

and

come,

of

had

man

some

of the science in which he was

an
adept.
reputation
It had been seriously
debated amongst the conspirators
should not be murdered
time
at the same
whetherffitony
But
as
Caesar,and the majoritywished to kill him.
Brutus would not consent, thinkingthat it would give an
unfavorable complexion
to the character of their design,
which oughtto be limited solely
to the removal of the one
the liberties of Kome.
who had destroyed
Plutarch
man
says that he insisted that

action undertaken

an

in defence

rightand law must be kept unsullied and pure from

There can be no doubt that in this he made in
injustice.
mistake,and no one was more
pointof policya capital
fully
of

with
impressed

however, thoughtadvisable

It was,
away

the conviction afterwards than Cicero himself.

the Senate-house

from

done, for,armed
presence

keepAntony
while the deed was
being
with consular authority,
his

might

he

as

in

some

was

have

way

to

embarrassed

the

tion
execu-

of the

plan,or at all events have endangered the

the conspirators.
Trebonius. therefore, went

safetyof
out to meet

him

on

his way

and

before he entered the chamber

assembled.
declares

Trebonius

In

that

and

his

second

Antony
he

met

was

by

engage
where

him

in

tion,
conversa-

the Senate

was

Cicero distinctly
Philippic
an
accomplice,and that
preconcerted
arrangement.

154

DEATH

The

wound

the

blow

for
slight,

was

home,

ahout ?

"

body, and

had

loved with

he

what
villain,

you

had

he

submitted
So

are

you

plunged into

now

of

of the

Brutus, whom

he

in the blind confusion

were

themselves

without
the

foldinghis
struggle to his

assassins to kill him

of the moment

and Brutus

wounded,
of most

let

grasped,and

were

eager

that

the clothes

to send

nervous

to strike,
he
affection,
uplifted

which

inevitable fate.3

while

too

was

the hand

saw

warm

him

around

Casca,

"

when

Casca's arm,

robe

Casca

JET. 63.

dagger after dagger was

But

his

go

C^SAR.

Caesar, seizingthe handle

and

cried out,

weapon,

OF

was

of them

of them

some

cut in the

hand,

besmeared

with

were

blood.
It is certain that

In

crime,

no

of blood.

deed

the
witnessing

he exulted

and

gloriousin the annals

speaks of it show that
detestation of the
of his

pity for
He

of

the

Cordaydid

that the

when

she

he

interests

he felt no

dagger in the breast of Marat.

We
horror
can
imagine the stupified

most

lost in

was

man

believed

the

in which

terms

and
country requiredthe sacrifice,

for the victim than Charlotte

joy he felt
was
regicide

one

The

of fame.

tyrant.

as

murder.

the

In his eyes

in the act

all

the

present at

was

of his letters to Atticus he expresses

one

at

Cicero

more

plunged

her

great body

of the

gazed upon

the

when

it was

When

over,

robe in fear

dress of

According

If he did

use

to Dio

the

between

out

of the

building

along the streets.

what
had happened he threw off his
of being recognised,
and, puttingon

Cassius

expressionit
declared

his mother

rushed

the

in the secret

not

were

which

fled in wild alarm

slave who

of affection,
for scandal
amour

and

who

They

scene.

Antony heard

consular
the

Senators

with

was

he
may

in attendance

cried out,
have

You

meant

that Brutus

Servilia and

"

was

Caesar.

happened to

or

too, Brutus, my
more

his

than
son

"

mere

son

term

the fruit of

an

"

B.C.

be

PROCEEDINGS

44.

OF

lie hurried

home

hid himself

and

155

ASSASSINS.

THE

in

placeof
Plutarch
concealment.
were
says that at first all places
filledwith cries and shouts,and the wild running to and
fro occasioned by the sudden
and passionthat
surprise
everybodywas in,increased the tumult in the city. The
assassins placeda cap as
the
the symbol of liberty
on
point of a sword, and carryingit aloft marched
up to
the Capitol
of Decimus, upon
followed by the gladiators
tacked.
atwhom
they relied for protectionin case they were
But
fears of the populace
at first they had no
turning against them, and expectedthat there would
be a generalrisingin their favor,when
known
it became
As
that the tyrant,as they called Caesar,was
no
more.
Brutus went
along with his bloody dagger in his hand
he shouted the name
of Cicero,calling
presentative
upon him as the reof the cause
of the Eepublic,
and congratulating
him on the restoration of liberty.4Several of the senators,
amongst whom were Cicero himself,and Lentulus Spinther,
and Pasticus,
followed them
Favonius,Aquinus,Dolabella,
where a crowd of people attracted by
up to the Capitol,
soon
assembled,and Brutus addressed them in a
curiosity
of
speechwhich was loudlyapplauded. The chief cause
the preat this moment
was
anxietyto the conspirators
sence
of a large body of Cassar's veteran troops in the
near,

island of the

Tiber, not

committed, who

was

Lepidus,the
not

Master
that

fear

to

fury

far from

rush

forward

the

spot where

under

were

Horse; and

of

they might
to avenge

in

the
it

was

sudden

the death

the

command

der
mur-

of

impossible

impulseof

of their former

that this was

done because
Philippic Cicero assumes
his own
Brutus
was
sulship.
thought the only parallelachievement
gloriousconthe cause
of his appealing to me
was
Perhaps," he says,
he had performed an
similar
to
he
called
because, when
mine,
on
exploit
4

second

In the

"

"

me

to bear

witness

consulshipwas

never

that
out

he

had

of his

become

thoughts

for

rival of my
a

moment.

renown."

That

156

DEATH

No

the

ventured
the

ascended
He

of the

down

Rostra

well

kind

and

appeared,

crowd

into

the

on

the

again

received,and

63.

Forum,

addressed

all seemed

to

of
one
favorablyuntil Cinna, who was
attacked
the memory
to speak. He
prastors,rose
Caesar in languagewhich so exasperated
the mob that

the

be

multitude.

JEr.

of the

acclamations

the

assassins

Brutus

where

(LESAR.

however,

movement,

and, reassured by
the
Capitol,

OF

going

on

afraid of some
body of conspirators,
thoughtit prudentto retire and take

whole

the

quartersin
Cicero

Senate

proper
but

was

Antony,
was

no

had

upon

in the

themselves

to

Capitolfor

the

lying a

up

fled,and

summon

again their

the

on

nowhere

was

should, as

meeting

the

were

of

The

followingday.

Senate

the

corpse

consuls;

and the other,

floor,
to

be found.

This

and the
legalformalities,
sufficient authority
to act in such an
gency.
emer-

time to stand

had
praetors

the

break,
violent out-

Cassius

and

Brutus

that

officers to convoke

one

of

Capitol.

advised

take
praetors,
the

was

Cicero's idea

together,measures

on

was

might

and

strict

if the Senate

that
be

taken

could

to establish

be

got

strong

prevent the

deplorableconsequences
which were
to ensue
likely
by allowingthe vessel of the
State to drift in so stormy a sea without chart or pilot.
He
always afterwards regrettedthat his advice had not
government

been
which
It

and
followed,
under

it

seems

to have

the circumstances

been

the wisest

could have

course

been

adopted.
machinery of

importanceto get the

regulargovernment into playbefore a reaction should take
of Caesar to
place,and time be given to the partisans
from
the terror into which they were
thrown by
recover
his destruction.
He was
however
overruled.
Perhapsit
feared that the Senate might show itself hostile,
was
or
to take any stepwhich
perhapsthere was an unwillingness
was

of the

last

B.C.

PROCEEDINGS

44.

distrust of

might show
over

to their side.

had

been

join in

It

OF

Antony,whom

theyyet hopedto win

is said,indeed,by Plutarch,that he

by Trebonius to
and "very
conspiracy,

sounded

the

but did not encourage

it ;

Caesar,but kept the

secret

whether

see

well

he would

understood

he said

however

"

not

was

man

157

ANTONY.

nothingof

faithfully."
Perhapsso
have

to

sorry

him,

Caesar

it to

tious
ambi-

removed, well

knowing that when the stagewas left clear no one had so

good a chance of climbinginto the vacant seat as himself.
He
and by his proplayed his part with admirable skill,
found
he for

dissimulation
but

Cicero,who,

whatever

time

some

he

might

deceived
think

everybody
it politic
to say

always distrusted him, and felt from the first

public,
that as long as Antony lived all that would be gainedby
Caesar's murder
was
a change of masters.
in

Antony
found
to

secure

soon

*koi-

recovered

l"'g life

wa"

his

presence

of mind

gflfp. a/nrl f.ViA firgf.

when

Jig- took
^tep,

he
Was

who, in the night that followed the assassination,

Lepi"lus2
the Forum
had occupied
with his troops. For

this purpose

he

concluded
hastily

an

engagement, by which

in marriagejbLepidus's
promisedto_give^his_daughter
Lepidus himself tfrp.high ofiW of
son, and to conikn-^oaPontifex Maximus,_which
death. It
was
^vacanthyJCaesar's
had been propoaedby
the conspirators,
when theytook refuge
in the Capitol,
that Cicero should go to Antony and endeavour
to come
to persuadehim
ajadjjefendthe
JOTwajxL
Bepublic. But Cicero declined the errand,sayingthat he
Be" would
knew Antony too well,andtKaT
promiseeverything
he

while

under

the

influence

of

fear, but when

the

himself in his true colors.

show
would
over
danger was
took
Next day Antony left his house, and negotiations
place between him and the, party in the Capitol,but

time three of
without any immediate result. In the mean
Caesar's slaves had removed the dead body of their master

158

DEATH

spot where

the

from

OF

it

C^SAK.

lay,and

JET.

63.

carried it to his usual

residence.
took

next

Antony

He
imj3ortant_jtep.

an

and

of Caesar's papers,
treasure,which had been
whole

temple of Ops, and

million

the
to

depositedfor
to the

amounted

him

to meet

of

of his

master

safe

sum

six millions

sesterces,about
the Senate

himself

made

seized the

custodyin
seven

hundred

sterling. He

in the

templeof

the

moned
sum-

Tellus

on

day,the seventeenth of March, and took care

following
of approachby a strongbody of
guard all the avenues

soldiers : but

of the actual

ventured
to
conspirators
attend. Cicero was, there and made a long speech,
pleading
for a generalamnesty, and advising
that all the
earnestly
appointmentsmade and directions givenby the^deceased

Dictator
the

none

should

be ratified and carried into

of

best mode

the

in

custody of

the

Vestal

both these resolutions the

the

On

to meet

crowd

that

on

the

have

Cassius invited the

and

hold

amongst

In the
had
him

mean

he

consular

people

declared to the assembled

sacred

the

promise made

make

Dolabella,who,

time

left

nominated

Italyto

Parthians, assumed,
the

To

by

distribution of

them.

been
previously

when

was

.he^jnade

Caesar to his soldiers that he would

lands

will,which

Virgins,should

and
Capitol,

they would

of his

publicfimejcaj.
Senate_agreed.

day Brutus

same

them

contents

should

that he

known, and

Piso, Caesar's father-

preserving
peace.

in-law,proposedthat the

execution,as

office ;

much
and

consul
conduct
to

the

the
two

I have

mentioned,
to succeed
by Caesar,
the war
againstthe

as

disgust of Antony,
consuls

summoned

for the following

meeting of the people in the Forum
of March.
Cicero attended and
morning, the eighteenth
spoke again in favour of an amnesty, for which the Senate
had voted on the previousday. The conspirators
were

B.C.

invited to

down

come

but declined to do
sent

son

to

them,

their

from

until both

so

then

ventured

and

that

past buried

in

Lepidusat

his

of the

hostagesfor

as

to descend

reconciliation

was

into the

their

streets,

effected and

the

Brutus
oblivion,

supped that eveningwith

Cassius with Antony. A meeting

house, and

Senate

held, and

next

was

they

provinces,as

the Capitol,
on
stronghold
Antony and Lepiduseach

kept there

to be

safety. They
in token

159

ORATION.

ANTONY'S

44.

had

been

the allotment

of

already designated,was
was
given to Brutus, and

Macedonia
confirmed.
formally
Syriato Cassius. The will of Caesar was read out publicly
in the Forum, and its liberality
to the populaceproduced
increased to a state of
marked
effect. This feeling
a
was
the funeral procession
uncontrollable excitement when
set
The dead body was
carried on
out along the streets.
a
and when
it reached the Forum
bier covered with a pall,5
the Kostra, and throwing off the cloak
Antony mounted
showed
the blood-smeared
with its
corpse to the people,
gaping wounds all exposedto view. He then addressed
the horror-stricken crowd in that memorable
speechwhich
has been
for us
embalmed
by Shakespearin lines in
which, as in the whole of his drama of Julius Caesar,the
the accuracy
imaginationof the poet has observed faithfully
It had

of the historian.

funeral pile in
a
corpse on
of
the peoplein a transport

been

intended

to burn

the

the

Campus Martius, but

a
furycollected hastily
heap
of the neighof wood in the Forum
by pullingdown some
bouring
shops,and placingthe body upon it set it on fire.6
They then snatched the burning brands in their hands
and rushed
along the streets to set fire to the building
5

According

carried
6

on

account

of
effigy

wax

the

murdered

the

spot, dedicated

Dictator

was

the bier.

Augustus

memory

to one

afterwards

of Julius

Csesar.

built

See

temple

App.

on

Bell. Civ. II. 148,

to the

160

DEATH

the murder

where

OF

C^ESAB.

Mi.

committed, and

was

63.

also the honses

of

On their way theyhappened

principal
conspirators.
to meet
bunes,
an
unhappy man, Helvius Cinna, one of the triCinna the
and, mistakinghim for his namesake
who had distinguished
himself by his intemperate
praetor,
of Caesar,they tore him
to
speech againstthe memory
the

on
pieces

This
had

the
was

spot.
of
the turning-point

uncertain

been

which

the crisis. Hitherto

side the

populacewould

it

take.

Even

Lepidusat the head of a body of veteran troopswho

attached by every tie to Caesar,had maintained a
were
cautious neutrality,
and declared that he would abide by
of the

the decision
that

For

of

of Brutus

and

however, now

It was,

clear

publicopinionwas settingin strongly

and their position
became critical
againstthe conspirators,
But Antony proceededwith waryj3aution.
in the extreme.
himself decidedly
His great object
not to commit
was
on
either side,but as far as possible
keep well with the partisans
could

the current

Senate.

safelythrow
time

some

he

Cassius,until the
off the mask

and

act

affected to desire

and

moderate

conciliatory
measures,
proposingin
by voluntarily
popularity
officeof Dictator should be for
It does not

fall within

time

when

came

he

as

he

pleased.

nothing so much as
and
gained some
the Senate that the

abolished.

ever

the scope

of this

biographyto

give anything like a minute detail of events with which

Cicero was
business
not immediatelyconcerned ; and our
affected by
is to follow his fortunes,and see how they were
which had changed the destinies of
the sudden catastrophe
there may
of Caesar's
his hearty approbation
the

world.

Koman

That

be

no

murder,

mistake
I will

to

as

quote

the
to show
few passages from his subsequentletters,
of them he says :
terms in which he spokeof it. In one
a

"

"

Though everything
goes
v

*""
'

'""

'"""""

the Ides of March

wrong,
""

"'"""""^

"""

'-'mH'

con-

162

DEATH

"

curious

OF

thing enough
the

patienceto

CJESAR.

that

fact,and yet

JET.

they

at the

should

submit

time

same

63.

with

dread

the

the destruction of their

liberty."Not so curious,
however, as the Greek imagined,for men
clingto shadows
and adhere obstinately
long after the substance has departed,
name

as

of effete institutions,
though no

to the forms

instinct with
that

wonder

which

on

that the

so

they had
peoplewould

It is

life.

like Brutus

men

themselves

shown

and

energy

and

longer
impossiblenot to

Cassius

should

have

incapableof guiding the enterprise

staked their lives. Their hope was
rise en

masse,

and

hail them

as

the

theyheard the execrations

from the Capitoltheir houses in
of the mob, and
saw
flames,they became, as it were, paralysedwith fear,and
for their personal
thoughtof nothingbut providing
safety.
quittedKome, and retired to the neighbourThey hastily
hood
of events,intending
to wait the course
of Antium
to
from the citycontinued to be unfavourable.
leave Italyif the news
It

they therefore

for that

purpose.

Cicero
He

was

not

hastened

away

powerless,and
villa to

one

from

for

them,

as

to
praetors,

the

than ten clays,

cityfor more
obtained a dispensation
from the Senate
So careful were
they to observe legal

at such

forms, even

when

contraryto law

was

themselves

absent
and

But

of Borne.

saviours

crisis of terror .and confusion.

the
from

for the

man

in letters to

an

Kome, where

emergency

like this.

he felt that -ire-wfts-

Jrrnn
wfl/nflpTw!
nPcgj^fewjnnnflia

another, at

Puteoli, Pompeii, amL

for

Tusculum, Formiae, Sinuessa,

-Naples,pouring

out

his

Atticus,and se^kingdistractionfrom

politicsjnphilosophyand literature. In Aprilwe

him in the neighbourhoodof Borne, where he paid a
to

Mutius, an

observer

which

of

the

plaints
com-

intimate Mend

of

Caesar,who

was

that
passingevents,and saw clearly
had played was
lost.
conspirators

find
visit

shrewd

the game
He

told

CICERO

B.C. 44.

Cicero that

nothing could

163

LANUVIUM.

AT

be

than the

presentstate
of things,
and there was
no
gettingout of the difficulty.
with so powerful
For if Caesar,"
he said, who was gifted
could not extricate the state from its perils,
an
intellect,
All is ruined."
do so ?
who
Upon which Cicero
can
remarks, Perhaps he is right."Mutius told him that
"

worse

"

"

Caesar had

said

what he wishes
and

he mentioned

at his

house,and

of

Brutus, "It is
he wishes

whatever

am

believe that this

to wait my

man

how

is my

convenience

he wills

to wait until he

sat down

?
unpopular

great importance
"

strongly
;

Cicero called

that once, when

to his presence, Caesar had

that I

of

summoned

was

observed, How

I doubt

"

can

I be

friend,when

I do not doubt

can

such

Caesar

on

fool

he sits

so

as

to

long

that he hates

me

would not be
;" meaning that so much
heartily
ceremony
terms of friendly
used by his visitor if they had been on
intimacytogether. Cicero was pleasedto hear that the
populacehad applaudedin the theatre at the Megalesian
the actor Publius had repeatedsome
Games
when
lines
which were
to Brutus
and
caught at as complimentary
Cassius. After staying
yjn^
only,Q flayflt-1l1'a FT'""ii""
he.,wrote to
he proceededto Lamivium, from which placa.

he had

appliedto the Senate

libera), which
for an
would
honorary legation(legatio
but he had
for leavingItaly,
have given him an
excuse
to appear afraid at the
been deterred from an unwillingness
that everything
unsettled aspectof affairs. He saw
looked
gloomy. The satellitesof the tyrantwere, he said,in
of armies,and attended by Caesar's
in command
power
soldiers as body-guards
veteran
; while the conspirators,
who ought to have been protected
by the whole world,and
but exalted to high office,
not only applauded,
were
pelled
comin their houses.
to shut themselves for safety
The
he said,enthusiastic
in the provinces
townspeople
were,
Atticus

that
regretting

not

"

164

DEATH

in their

joy at

OF

the death of

OESAR.

^Ex. 63.

and
Caesar,

numbers, anxious to hear all he had

flocked to him

to tell them

on

in

that

theme.
thrilling
the sixteenth of

Aprilhe

reached

and stayed
Puteoli,
several days at his villa in the neighbourhood. He was
here gratified
letters from his son
satisfactory
by receiving
at Athens, written in a stylewhich showed
learningand
On

scholarship.This, Cicero remarked, was a proof that he

ments
was
making progress in his studies,whether the sentihe expressed
were
genuine or not. Most probably
He
written in Greek.
begged Atticus,who
they were
managed his pecuniaryaffairs duringhis absence
generally
from

Eome,
with

Cluvius

to

that the young

man
was
Just about this time

see

money.

left him

liberally
vided
profriend named

propertyat Puteoli,part of which

of these,he said,had tumbled
consisted of shops. Two
cracks in the walls,
down, and the rest showed ominous
"therefore

I do

not

Now

died

he

elect for the next

year

Cicero anxious

another

how

person,

far
who

Heavens

better

were

this state of

permanent." It was here

Antony's speech at Caesar's
had

hardlypatienceto

had, as
under

we

him,

remember,

may
and

he sometimes

consuls
as
pupils. Their position
and
some
importance,
gave them

to ascertain what

they might
was

Balbus,Lentulus,Hirtius,and

of whom

two

endure

than

that he

declared

his

views, and

grated."
emi-

be

of

lessons in declamation

jestcalls

made

times

also he' met

Here

It

...

sent him

was

Good

things.

to
likely

them

in

such

thousand

Pansa, the last

taken

have

mice

inconvenience.

an

seems

and
funeral,
read it.

even

nothingfor

copy

the

"

things,which
that

but

tenants

Others,"he continued, call this a misfortune

call it

care

to have

only the

not
"

some

destined

be
to

were

relied

playa

part in the coming contest,was

their

political

upon.
far

in the

more

But
spicuous
con-

immediate,

B.C.

44.

MEETING

and
neighbourhood,

WITH

165

OCTAVIAN.

had

frequentinterviews with Cicero.

This was
the young
Octavius,then onlyeighteenyears of
age, who was
stayingat the residence of his step-father,
and treated the veteran statesman
Philippus,
near
Puteoli,
with
had

the

most

deferential attention

heen

sent

by Caesar,who

Apollonia in Epirus,to
was

out

the

of the

by

finish his

to have
on

accompaniedhim
Parthian campaign.

murder, and

will

his

was

respect. He

his

to
great-uncle,

education

to the

He

and

East

there,and

when

he

there heard the

also that his uncle had

set

news

adoptedhim

heir,and

bequeathedto him three-fourths

of his property. He
and
immediately
quittedApollonia,
reached
Naples on the eighteenthof April, declaring
that he came
to take possession
of his inheritance.
His
immediate retainers already
saluted him with the name
of
but Cicero observed that his step-father,
Caesar,
Philippus,
did not, and he therefore himself abstained
from giving
him
the title,
meanour,
although he was
pleasedwith his deand
considered him
quite devoted to himself.
in the neighbourhood
Many of Caesar's veterans who were
him to avenge his
rallied round Octavius,
and called upon
as

uncle's death.

He

hastened

on

to

Eome,

and

reached the

that he came
only to
April,
declaring
at this juncturein
receive his inheritance.
Antony was
Campania,where he had gone to gain over to his side the
able
there in considerwho were
soldiers,
quartered
legionary
numbers, many of them being settled as colonists on
of Caesar. He
lands bestowed upon them by the liberality
did not return
until the middle of May, when
to Kome
Octavius reproached
him with his delayin punishingthe

the end

cityat

assassins

should

be
was

of

adoption
Caesar,and demanded thatliis own
ratified-with the qsuallegal
forgis.This,perhaps,
ifAntonyhad been disposed
to
not so easy, even

of

comply,for it was

the first instance known

at Rome

of

an.

166

DEATH

by

adoption
inter

place

will.

Hitherto

vivos,

but

the

to

as

the

did

afterwards

point

but

in

the

the

Caesar

Julius

Caius

for

upon

his

year,

of

names

stand

carry

63.

taken

only

to

not

following

the

exchanged

Octavianus

time

no

was

had

act

an

however,

assumed

he

time

mean

it

until

adoption

JET.

such

Octavius,

technicalities.

C^SAR.

OF

well-known

title

"

of

In

Augustus.

He

that

the

made

thereby

to

His

these

between

was

the

was

carried

interval

on

of

elevation

of

of

various

under

Octavian

in

the

for

an

power,

which

sprang

the

and

reconciliation,

it

throne.

gate
profli-

Octavian's

to

after

imperial

an

hoping

his

until,

of

off

debts,

accede

hostility

destruction

the
to

to

already

paid

of

by

replied

had

and

support

phases,

hollow

but

apparent
knows,

everybody

unwillingness

competitors

two

and

him

to

He

Dolabella's

and

Octavian.

as

Antony

purposes,

friendship

foundation

but

State.

the

own

own

the

secure

colleague.
wishes

his

of

load

enormous

his

for

it

of

use

him

bequeathed

him;

to

to

of

speak

property

over

belonged

treasure

free

the

made

be

should

shall

we

that

demanded

also

Caesar

future

Antony,

up

contest

short

ended,
and

as

the

B.C.

44.

CICERO'S

VACILLATION.

CHAPTER

VACILLATION."

XXI.

DEPARTURE

FROM

RETURN

TO

JET. 63.

TN

the

kept up
His

Eome.

the

that it

that

friend wrote

hilly
scenery

B.C. 44.

Cicero

Arpinum
repliedthat

He

of

neuter

in the

scenes

of the

strugglebetween

he told

should

of
be

prospectof the

were

pleasant

so

camp

in

first blow

was

of Sextus

and
alternative,

"

would

felt that he

Spain,

be struck
to what

could

on

Let

and

Pompey

which

not

now

the other side

or

of Brutus

Caesar

had shown

as

me

for,

joy

that
;

enemies, a,nd
he

of
uncertainty

consider what

war.

is my

join

must

but either

ill suited to his years,

the

he included himself,

number

result,he said,was

loftiertone,

in

arms

that all who

sure

regardedby

he reflected

Sextus,

out.

contest,as he had done in the closing

in
Caesar,

proscribed.The
the
either^

He

adopt.

Atticus,he

death

would

he preferred

usual,terribly
perplexedas

as

remain

in

both

Pompey, was

he

when

the

broke
actually

that the

was

was,

it

course

odious

or

whether

difficultto say which he liked best. He foresaw

Civil War was
at hand, but expectedit in a different

Cicero's idea

at the

him

was

by him.

as

asked

of

onlysurvivingson

and

SUDDEN

ROME.

and

quarterfrom that in which

the

AND

in the country,
quietly
with Atticus at
correspondence

active

an

at Puteoli.

sea

ITALY

time Cicero remained

mean

and

167

was

an

especially
He

added,

duty,and,

happens,let me bear it with fortitude and wisdom,

;
remembering that it is one of the accidents of mortality
with literature,
and not
console myselfchiefly
and let me
whatever

168

WITH

CORRESPONDENCE

he continued

to halt between

painfulirresolution as to
adopt,takingAtticus into

of

should

and
opinions,

two

63.

"T.

the recollection of the Ides of March."

littlewith

state

ANTONY.

But
in

was

the

line of conduct

his

counsels,and

he
fiding
con-

to that tried and trusted friend all his anxieties and

fears.

It

about this

was

Pomponia,who
each other,put an
and

that Quintus
time,or perhapsearlier,
sick of
long been heartily
to their matrimonial squabbles
by a
in
to have been generally
seems

end

Quintus, who

divorce.

have

must

hard pressedto
was
difficulties,

money

his wife's dowry

restoring

he intended

the Koman

of

means

the inevitable consequence

"

divorce under

find the

law.

of

got abroad that

rumor

another

but
lady,named
Aquillia,
Cicero said that his brother was
to the
utterlyaverse
thoughtof a second marriage,and, in the joy of his newlyacquiredfreedom,declared that nothingwas more delightful

than

to marry

bed all to himself.

Knowing, as we do, the rooted dislike

Antony, we might be surprisedat the
which

he wrote

to him

from

of Cicero toward
of

tone

Puteoli,if we

had

letter

quent
not fre-

examples of the dissimulation which he allowed

himself to practise
from political
motives,and which, if we
did not possess his confidential

given us

erroneous
entirely

an

opinionsof
wished

been, as
part he
the

to

the

recall

we

took

funeral

of

of

his time.

exile Sextus

in the riotous
his
he

had

from

restored

but

as

the

occurred

Caesar

from

no

one

at

Antony
promise

a
was

whom

implacable
enemy,

had

for the

Clodius.

of
questionthan Cicero,

familywas

Eome

that
proceedings

obtained

Antony

Clodius,who

relative,Publius

should be

interested in the

Clodian

from

events

banished
recollect,

may

pretendedthat
that Sextus

and

men

would have
correspondence,
impressionof many of his

more

the whole
he

wrote

to

170

WITH

CORRESPONDENCE

of confidence,and
betrayal
no

For

"

of

of honor

man

gentlemen, when
and

read

that

"

of
takingan advantage

as

was

ever

of

cause

some

JET.

63.

which

avail himself.

would

who," lie asked,

ANTONY.

littleconversant

so

quarrel had

letters which

had

arisen,ever

of the usages
ward
brought for-

been

sent him
by a friend ?
public
of absent
To render impossiblethe confidential intercourse
friends, what
communion
How
?
else is it than to deprive life of all fellowshipand
in
letters
said
which
in
if
there
published
jest
they were
things are
many
said
how
which
!
would
things
seem
seriously
silly
yet on no
many
account
ought to be divulged !

in

"

There
and

is

good deal

it would

in mind

be

theyare

that,when

all his life by

one

the assertion

last two

man

who

to
disposed

do.

is attacked

as

carryingthe
It is worth

to

as

having been
friend,

opinionwhich
or

conduct,it

forbids confidential

rule too far which

to be

bear it

But

be his

to
professed

he may not use

former
letters to show the
that person then expressedof his character
is

sentences,

if biographers
would
well,perhaps,

oftener than

infamous

of truth in the

munications
com-

divulged.

as
noticing,

ancient and

illustration of the difference

an

point of honor,
that in the same
immediatelyafter accusingAntony
speech,
of a breach of good manners
in order to
in readinghis letter,
show that he was
guiltynot onlyof an indecorum but a folly,
Cicero made use of an argument which would certainly
not
have occurred to an orator at the presentday. He said
between

modern

ideas

on

the

"

"

But

ness

would

you that
Is it by the

sent

ever
me

what

which

allusion

you

to the

to urge
in
you have
letter at all ?
By what

handwriting ?

know

how

forgeriesof

How

Caesar's

evidence

in which

to

were

would

deny
you

that I

convict

have

an
thing
expertyou
bitter
a
(This was
good account.
handwriting with which Antony was

to

hand
of a secretary?
charged.)
you
I reallyenvy
in rhetoric, who
got such a large salary to
your master
teach you nothing. For what
is more
stupid,I do not say in an orator,
but an ordinary man,
than to allege that against an
adversary which if
the adversary denies, the assailant cannot
advance
But
a
step further.
I do not deny it."

We

may

could

to turn

reply if

do so, since it is in the

well believe that it never

flashed

across

Antony's

PEAISE

B.C. 44.

that

mind

Cicero,a

OF

senator

171

DOLABELLA.

and

would
ex-consul,

get up

in his

placeand deny the genuinenessof his own letter.

The idea of such a defence being set up could only occur
where the party attacked was
supposedto be base enough
resort

to

to

take
generally

lie,and

in

that

the

case

to be furnished with

care

assailant would
evidence

some

to

confute him.

quondam son-in-law
because he had
Dolabella in terms of extravagant
praise,
justput "down with stern vigor a tumult at Eome, and
of the ringleaders
with death. Caesar was
a
punishedsome
He

wrote

at the

the

favorite with

lower

regretthe shows and

them, and the money
amongst them.

to his

time

same

'

feasts with

Some

he

remembered

classes,who
had

which

more

had

he had

than

entertained
distributed

once

erected

with

pillar
the spot
to his memory,
on
twenty feet high in the Forum
where his body was
it,
burnt,with an inscription
upon
C^SARI PARENTI
PATRI.E,and sacrificeshad been actually
altar. This was
offered there as if it were
an
going rather
to be
too far,and Dolabella,
as
consul,ordered the pillar
A riot ensued, which was
thrown down.
soon
quelled,
and the most
It

was

persons

drew

forth such

from Cicero that Atticus

with

him.

It is not

Dolabella,which

may

worth

stone

seized and executed.

active of the leaders were

this act that

miums
encoextraordinary
to remonstrate
felt obliged

while to

be described

as

quote the letter to

one
long panegyric

diately
complimentarystyle. And yet immefind hi"
afterwards we
writing to Atticus,and
sayingthat it would be a much greateraction on the part
he owed
of Dolabella if he would only pay the money
yet been
him
meaning Tullia's dowry which had never
Cicero frequently
restored by her worthless husband.
much annoyedat
and was obviously
harpedon this subject,
the money.
of recovering
the delayand poor prospect

in Cicero's most

"

"

172

CICERO

Puteoli,and

left

He

but first did

For

some

AT

reason,
a

took

he

lake,where

left her

and

himself to travel

He

him.

that

the

key

far

as

the

the

expression"so far
that this betrayedsome

pay

visit to his
he

accounts

satisfied with

Athenian
distinguished
although he spoke favorablyof
from

Cicero

the shore of the Lucrine

Athens, and

as

wished

she should have every comfort,

of the cellar.2 He
wished

distrusted

not

was

Pompeii,

near

Pilia,the wife of Atticus.

villa on

care

rather

he

for

son,

to

villa

of health,she
account
on
probably
short periodin the country; and

up to her his Cuman

gave

J"r. 63.

to his

went

act of kindness

an

to reside for

POMPEII.

letter he

named
the

had

of

received

Leonidas, who,
used

man,

young

and Cicero thought

present,"
misgivingsas to the future. But
for leaving
he was
glad to have any excuse
Italyjustthen,
and onlylingered
because he was
uncertain of the plansof
Brutus and Cassius. All his hopes were
fixed on
them,
and especially
he regardedas the last
on
Brutus, whom
of the Eepublic. Atticus advised him to
stay of the cause
but, with all his disgustat the turn
give up politics;
thingswere taking,he could not bring himself to change

habit of his life. He

the whole

of the want

of

deed,he said,was

were

the

has

bitter

me

"

than

more

the deed

of children.

counsels

made

was

shown
foresight

Their

"

at

as

of

the

by
men

ever

vinced
con-

conspirators.

their counsels

"

Old

age," he added,
dissatisfied with everything.

am

let the

"

to it."

He

was

determined,at all events,to have nothing to do with

war.

But

my

had

He

life is

seen

over:

enough

young

see

of it in the last

contest,and had

he
recollection of the miseries of a campaignwhen
lively
joinedthe standard of Pompey in Epirus. "Anything,"
he

now

exclaimed,

better to die
2

Cui

quidem

"

thousand

ego totam

camp! It would
at my time
deaths,especially

rather

villam

than

be

tradidi.
cellamqiie
"

Ad

Alt. XIV.

of
9.

BRUTUS'S

44.

B.C.

life." A

June,

and

him

friends advised

he

to

body of troops,and

it

those who

made

upon
of Caesar.

He

THE

had

wished

been

to be

to Atticus

What

"

caused

it has

feared that

had

shown

attack would

an

themselves

'

is there such
his kindness

assign when
dearth
his

to bear

born

are

It

Cicero

say
to do with

What

Alexio,and

thus

chieflyfor

means
'

much

how

Whom

the

reason

you get for a

or, if I requireone,
will

doctor?

when

temperate

so

But

sorrow

I regret is his affection for

be for alarm

such

me

"

help thinking

disease

in his habits, and

has

denly
sud-

so

physicianof
that
myself by reflecting
happen to mortal man."
a

in all this I console

all accidents

in love with

was

no

to me,

which

can

that about this time

seems

the sudden

agreeabledisposition.Besides, I cannot

skill.

eminent

now

of them

cause

such

the enemies

hearing of

! It is incredible

by

me,

they

have

there may
not
off
carried
a
man

what

we

a
"

be

"

What

physician^?

and, believe

me,

people

which

that

to have in readiness

was

sad event is this of Alexio

for

they heard

death of his friend and medical attendant

wrote

summoned

present,but his

for

distressed at

was

173

CAPITOL.

stay away,
being made

were
preparations

secret

IN

the Senate

meeting of

first of

the

SPEECH

compliments. The

ladyhad

some

fancied that

her,because he had paid her

in which

passage

he

few

alludes to it is

obscure,as almost all the passages are in which he hints

is
but the purportof it apparently
at his domestic affairs,
that either he
think

after

speechhe had delivered

he addressed the peoplein the Capitol
immediately
Caesar's death, and, intendingto publish
it,wished
sent him

it was
Brutus

Cicero

said he

different

from

amalgamate.

it out

could
that

of

such

speechmust
down
by some

the

either taken
wrote

make

it,and

As

thoughtadvisable.

of the

copy

Cicero first to peruse

or

to

marrying her.

of

Brutus
when

too old for him

ladyherself was

the

or

afterwards

not

correct

from

it.

corrections

him

he

pore,
have been extemone

on

the

His

to compose

stylewas
would
an

spot,
But

memory.

Brutus, that the two

Atticus wished

as

so

not

oration

174

ANTONY'S

himself,and

spoken in

the

tyrantwho

nor

in that way.

He
is

levitywhich

sometimes

whom

publicaffairswere

course

wounded."

"

would

against

but not

then,

the murder

with

when
instance,
"the

as

Sometimes

his

in
man
pressions
ex-

to the ruinous
Thus, alluding

quitesavage.

were

to death

as, for

deal

had

Brutus

time

good

describes the victim

friend Brutus

our

Brutus

the

spoke of

disgusting
;

of his letters he

one

write

justlyput

so

was

which

one

said that

and

say

JET. 63.

refused,as
naturally

He

own.

he would

when

come

he

but
Capitol,

his
publishing

was

it off for the

pass

the

FORGERIES.

he
taking,

said

"

things go on in the way that seems

likely,the Ides of March
give
have
no
me
back
never
pleasure. For either he (Caesar)would
come
in such favor with him,
(from the Parthian war), or at all events I was
whom
I wish
the gods may
damn
that
he is dead!
now
(quern dii
mortuum
perduint/) that at my time of life I need not have shrunk from
him as a master, since though our
master
is killed we
not free."
are
If

"

Antony had
much

he

as

liked under
the

carryingout
been

contrived

ingeniousmode

an

of

doing very

the

pretence that he was

left by Caesar,
which,

directions

only
as

has

mentioned, the Senate

neither

was

more

less

nor

agreed to ratify.His plan

than one
of wholesale forgery.

Having possessedhimself of Caesar's papers and secured

of his late secretary
the co-operation
Faberius,he forgeda
great varietyof edicts and orders,and declared that he
had
found
them
left by the
amongst the documents
Dictator.
We
do not know
the exact means
by which
the fraud was
perpetrated:whether he got Faberius to
imitate the handwriting,
of Caesar's seal and
made use
or
attached

directions.
which

had

should

have

was

dead.

which

it to papers

Neither

It

is it easy

filled up

to understand

under

his

why edicts,

publishedwhile Caesar was alive,

givento them after he
posthumousvalidity
be that the whole were
considered by
may

never
a

Faberius

been

B.C.

CICERO

44.

the Senate
and

they

wishes

LIEUTENANT

to be in the

OF

DOLABELLA.

of

testamentary
papers

nature

willingto carry into

expressedin them, as if theywere
were

175

execution

all the

givingeffectto

ordinarywill. And Antony made an unsparingand

of the opportunity.He sold
use
profitable
appointments,
and titles,
all of which he pretendedto draw
franchises,
out of the Fortunatus's bag which he had found in Caesar's
strong-box.Peoplewere astonished to see edicts appear,
of which no one
had ever
heard ; they were
engravedon
brass tablets in the usual
and hung
the
manner,
up on
resolutions of the Senate were
even
Capitol
; and
quoted,
of which that body was
entirely
ignorant. Thus Antony,
able to do more
as Cicero remarked,was
in the name
of
an

Caesar after be
have

would

done

king," he said,
of his

is

"

got back-to

had

been

slain,
we

pay

and

wrote

his Tusculan
to Atticus

alive.

"Though

or

the

deference to every nod

wrote

at

present

also to

advised

Antony

to

villa before the end

declaringthat
to keep away

as

He

if he

could

majesty."

He

May,

dead, than Caesar himself

was

he

was

from

of
solved
re-

Borne.

request that he might have

legation
givenhim, which would enable him to leave Italy
without injuryto his reputation.But his anxietyon this
to whom
afterwards relieved by Polabella,
pointwas soon
the Senate had given the government of Syria witE a
in order that he might conduct the
militar^joomm_and,
campaign againstthe Parthians; and on the second of
of his lieutenants,
June hejnade Cicero one
givinghim a
generalpermissionto employ his time as he pleasedand
He could thus go away from Italy
he liked.
travel^where
culty
without seeming to fly,and might escape from the diffithat ha was
under the pretext
of his position
obeying
the

orders of Dolabella.

visit Athens

and

He

determined,therefore,to

stay there until the end

of

the

year,

176

WITH

INTERVIEW

lie hoped that

when

under

Eome

new

BRUTUS

and

of
consulship

the

AND

better

CASSIUS.

sera

JET. 63.

would

dawn

for

Hirtius and Pansa.

steps southwards and travelled slowly

turned_his
along the western coast, stoppingat one or other of his
various country houses,and keepingup a correspondence
in hopes that he might he ahle to
with Eome.
He was
infested by
accompany, .Brutus to Greece, for the sea was
and Cassius had a small fleet of ships
and Brutus
pirates,
of Naples ready to convey
lying in the neighbourhood
notice.
The provincesthem
which
at a moment's
away
to them, namely,Macedonia
to Brutus
Caesar had assigned
had been taken from them
and Syriato Cassius,
through
knew
that it was
the influence of Antony, who
dangerous
such important
commands
to allow them
to assume
; and in
their placethe Senate had givenBrutus Crete and Cassrus
Africa. Trebonius gotAsia Minor,Tullius Cimber Bithynia,
and Decimus Brutus Cisalpine
Gaul, the modern Lombardy.
He

But

Brutus

and

put off;and, as

Cassius
is well

Macedonia, and there

battle which

jointmasters
with

of

him

were

determined

not

be.thus

to

landed in
known, Brutus ultimately

Philippi
foughtand
made Antony and Octavian
the Koman
empire. Cicero
at

at Antium

in

sive
lost the decifor the time
had

June, at which

an

view
inter-

his mother

and
Servilia,his sister Tertulla the wife of Cassius,
own

wife

Porcia, togetherwith Favonius, were

his

present.

it was
best to
debated what
course
questionwas
adopt. Cicero's advice was that Brutus should undertake
to purchasegrain in Asia for Eome, which
commission
a
the Senate had imposedupon him, or at all events make
of it as a pretextfor leavingItaly. While they were
use
the matter Cassius arrived. He had a similar
discussing
for Sicily,
but declared in a fierce tone that he
commission
would
not go there on
such a contemptibleerrand,but

The

would

cross

over

to Achsea.

The

utter want

of purpose

178

CHANGES

QUINTUS

YOUNG

.Ex. 63.

him, and the letters he received

of

heard excellent accounts

SIDES.

character.
Atticus
satisfactory
at
was
alreadyout of pocket by advancing him money
who begged him to inquire
Athens, which surprised
Cicero,
him

from

of the most

were

of his steward

houses which
son's

his

had

what
we

remember

may

while

use

done with

been

he

abroad, and

the rents of the

had

for
appropriated

thought it

ample

an

allowance.
of what

ranks

The

we

call the

may

that
opposition,
now
joinedfrom

partyof Brutus and Cassius,were

an
unexpectedquarter. Young Quintus, who had made
himself so useful to Antony,and stood so steadily
by him
called his righthand, quarrelled
with him for
that he was
is the

other,and

or

reason

some

greatjoy of

the

his

went

father,and

over

to the other

also of his

side,to

uncle,who

was

glad to get him away from Eome, where he had been

to Cicero at Puteoli,
doing them both mischief. He came
introduced
and was
by his uncle to Brutus in the little
where
island of Nesis, opposite,
Brutus
was
staying.
Quintus was
going back to Eome, and wished to have a

very

that he
wrote

might

be

took

of his
that

of

him, but

to

Atticus,and put him

give much

which

he

had

kind

by the party.
of
highestpraises

full of the

one

uncle,as

trusted

emphaticassurances
open to his nephew

to

his

Atticus from

letter to

care

he

at the

credence

on

to

his

guarantee

Cicero therefore
his

sincerity.This
might see what

to write

of

same

nephew,and
he

delivered

he

had

time

privately

him
guard ; cautioning

the

spoken of Quintus

said

complimentaryterms
in the other letter.

not

in
In

showed
that he
point of fact, however, the young man
He adhered
to the
faithfully
might be depended upon.
side he now
adopted,and fella victim to the proscription
before the end of the following
year.
Brutus

wished

Cicero to go to Eome

and be

presentat

B.C. 44.

LITERARY

the games
his

of

name

be very

the sake
the
were
name

Apollo,which
praetor. But

as

it would

been

announced

it was

posthumous

which

match

much

in honour
Quintilis,

of

annoyed at this,thinking

place in July,as

honor
to

say

might be exposed. The games

placein the month of July,which

was

take

therefore wrote

cityfor
nothingof

very inconsistent"that games exhibited

been the assassin of Julius should be

had

to

ground that

to visit the

time,to

substituted for

Brutus

that
naturally
by him who

such

him

the

on

he

advertised to take

Caesar; and

he declined

at

which

danger to

179

about to be celebrated in

were

unbecomingfor

of amusement

had

LABORS.

the

to

Rome,

if he

directions that

gave

to follow the

was

to pay

of his victim.

memory

and

meant

He
ing
hunt-

Apollinarian
games

should be advertised to take

He was
placein. ID. QUINT.
not without hopesthat the peoplewould be ingratiated
by
he gave them ; but in bidding
the splendorof the spectacles
outdone by Octavian,
thus for popularfavor he was
who distributed largely
amongst the lower classes,
money
and thus gainedfor himself the voices of the mob.
During all this time, since he had left Rome, Cicero
and we
had been actively
engaged in literary
composition,
and alarm some
of his
to a periodso full of anxiety
owe
His intellectualactivity
most celebrated works.
never
was
in the last two

greaterthan
consolation

was

years of his

and
study of philosophy,

the

call the lelles lettres. He

may
finished his three books De Natura
Deorum,
to what

he

to Brutus

Cmself
occupied

in

of his Own

De

also the work

givingthe

Times, upon which

he

devotion
wrote

we

them

his chief

and
life,

and

Divinatione

last touches to

had been for some

or

cated
dedi; and

history
time

it after his father's death,

engaged. His son published
but it is entirely
lost. He wrote also treatiseson Glory
(De Gloria) and Destiny (De Fato),the latter of which
\

"

ML

.!"..,

,.,

fUf.fHimmmf^

...~^_

180

LABORS.

LITERARY

onlyexists

in

mutilated

form.4

JE-r. 63.

sent the De

He

Gloria

to Atticus

strict
be

to
"

for Athens, with

just before he embarked
not to
injunctions
publishit,but only allow it
read

aloud

in the

audience fitthough few

"

supper-table,
accordingto

few

friends

"

(bonosauditores nactus)

at

which

of the

"

custom

intellectual recreations at Eome.

of

of

presence

He

also

was

one

composed

two

his most

delightful
essays, those on Friendship(De
Amieitid\and Old Age (De Senectute).He_c^mmenced,
besides,his .work

De

the best manual

of .ethics
Officiis,
which has been bequeathed to us by heathen antiquity,
and preparedfor publication
collection of hisjetters;
a
of them, and
tellingAtticus that he must supply some
that Tiro had about seventywhich he would look over
and
correct. Most
probablythe edition did not appear
until after his death.

We

but admire

and geniuswhich
industry
enabled him, when
his mind was
depressedby sorrow, and
the institutions of his country crumbling to ruin
he saw
and her liberties the prizeof the most
successful adventurer,
to distract his thoughtsfrom the chaos of politics,
It seemed like the
and employ them on such lofty
themes.
sun
burstingthrough the clouds,and while all was dark
and drearyfor him in the stormy world of action7heexpatiated
with more
delightthan ever in the calm regionsof
and philosophy.
contemplation
He was
stillanxious to sail from Italyin company
with
Brutus,havinggivenup the idea of embarking at Brunduof
sium, the usual portfor Greece, as he heard that some
which were
the legions
quarteredin Macedonia, waitingto
march
to the East for the Parthian campaign,and which
Antony had sent for,were expectedthere ; and he did not
4

was

The

cannot

the

essay De Gloria disappeared within

in existence in the time of Petrarch.

the

last five centuries.

It

PARTING

44.

B.C.

think

LETTER

181

ATTICUS.

it safe to trust himself in close contact

soldiers.

But

wait

would

Brutus

Borne

during

Attius's

the

with Caesar's

at last Cicero

several interviews with

also he met

squadron of ships.

that when

the

had

He

Nesis,where

lay off Naples with

from

and
dilatory,

was

longer.

no

in the island of

him

TO

play

who
Cassius,

News

of Tereus

had

come

acted

was

spectatorshad

loudlyapplauded
which
some
expressedhatred of tyranny; but
passages
that it gave
Cicero remarked
him
than joy
more
sorrow
that the people employed their hands in clappingat a
theatre,instead of defendingthe Kepuhlic.
All was
and before he
at last ready for his departure,
games,

set out

on

his voyage

him
telling

he

amidst
that!,

partingletter to Atticus,

w_rotea
the

emotions
conflicting

affected by
leavingItaly,he was chiefly
he was
separatingfrom him. | The two
an

before,and Atticus had written and

after the adieu.

so

his
time
are

journey.

Their

and

few

wore

on,

pleasingthan

more

him

attachment

things in
the

Cicero's

the

he describes

as

of
a

"

"

his

love.

suavium

Pilise
XVI.

6.

des.

salutein

"

(quod optimum
Ad

Alt, XVI.

in

Attica,

girlof
"

and

when

stylingher
playfully

last letter before

the

In

Atticse, quoniam

verbis

father,sometimes

as

took in his

have
disposition the best a child can
merry
he often sent her kisses and affectionate messages
her

don
aban-

correspondence

interest he

warm

done

to increase

seemed

especiallyfond

to

he had

how

repliedthat if he had
perhapshave made him

happiness. He was
daughter of Atticus, whom

wrote

time

some

friend's

he

taken

Cicero

it would

in his presence

friends had

told

that

thought

other at Tusculum

affectionate leave of each

wept

the

he felt at

he

sailed he

pueris est)hilarula

said,

est, meis

11.

dices, et Atticse, deliciis atque amoribus

meis.

"

Ib.

182

DEPARTURE.

CICERO'S

Pray, J^J|^ssJbr

"

this for the

deserves

in

going
said

He

absent

my

compliments
sailor

the

even

short

as

sea

She

Attica.

she

sent

he

that

hardly satisfied

was

idea of

he

in

me

did

right
shrank

was,

to Athens.

passage

"

behind

I leave

I have

seats, where

that I may

peace,

me

that

time

travellingthe

in

spend

kind

and, wretched

away,

the

from

"

He

letter."

your

to

me

63.

MT.

houses

good

find

war

have

might
passed at
But
pleasant scenery.

and

either be of

and

return

I shall

and

my

country

my

tion
consola-

be able to
my, son,
is possiblewith him.
far progress
ascertain how
Besides, you will come
be
so
as
promise, and as I hope ; and if this
everything will go on
you
is this

sailed from

He
three

his

towards

the

he

way

and

landed
had

was
proprietor

He

voyage.
his

shall

sixteenth of

amused

the

at

July with

open-decked boats,6 and

some

Rhegium (Reggio),oppositeto

friend Trebatius
as

or

the

Pompeii on

vessels

small

coasted

to

use

some

me."

better with

On

I shall

villa,but only stopped there

absent, and

then

himself

board

on

a sort. of compendium
'Topica,'

of

his

Yelia,where

of

town

Messina.

day,

proceeded on his
ship by writing
work

of Aristotle

Ehegium he paid a
flyingvisit to Sica at Yibo, remembering the kindness
him when
in former
he was
he had received from
days
and he was
exile from
Kome;
an
again entertained by
him
so
hospitablythat he almost fancied himself at
of that

Before

name.

he

Here

home.

things told

him

he

wrote

that he

reached

to

Atticus, and

had

amongst

discovered

other

mistake

he

a
prefaceto his essay on Glory,
prefixing
demics.
he had
which
alreadyused as a preface to his AcaHe had, therefore,
composed a new
one, which
he sent him, and begged him to
glue it into the book,

had

made

in

"

*'

Tribus

actuariolis,decem

scalmis.

"

Ad

Att. XVI.

3.

B.C.

44.

and
he

CHAKGE

cut

the

out

other.

OF

PLAN.

With,

183

his

habitual

irresolution

had

alreadybegun to repent the step he had taken,

and longed to be back at his beautiful villas those
eyes
of Italy,"
he called them.
as
the
It was
old story; having
"

"

decided

on

of

course

difficultiesagainstit.
left behind

not

wives

name

yet paid back

at

"

The

thought

pressed heavilyupon

Atticus in Heaven's
had

action,he conjuredup

all events

to

of the debts he had

him,

them
liquidate

the dowries

Publilia's

was

all kinds of

and

he

for him.7

of his two

due;

begged

and

He

successive
he

had

to

settle a balance still owing to Terentia.

He
on

crossed from

the

first of

which he reached
Bhegium to Syracuse,
August ; and althoughmost warmly welcomed

the

by

inhabitants

who

had

not

forgottenhis

in Sicily,
and his conduct of the impeachment
qusestorship
of Yerres,he stayed there only one
night. Next day he

embarked

and

drove him

back to

made

for the open

sea, but

adverse weather

a promontory near
Leucopetra,
Ehegium.
He againset sail,
but was
again forced back by a southerly
It seemed
wind.
had conspired
to preas if the elements
vent
the prosecution
of his voyage, and he afterwards told
Atticus that he owed heartythanks to the winds for doing
him from the obloquyto which his
so, and thus relieving
He landed,to wait for a favorable
journeyexposed him.

breeze,at the villa of

his

friend

Yalerius,and

here

he

received

which entirely
changed his plans,and
intelligence
made
him abandon all idea of quitting
Italy.
Some of the principal
citizens of Khegium, who had just

paid him a visit at Valerius's villa,and

Antony had convoked a meeting
brought importantnews.
and it appearedas
of the Senate for the firstof September,
come

from

if he

were
7

Nomina

Rome,

anxious
mea,

per

to effect

reconciliation with

decs, expedi,exsolve.

"

Ad

Att. XVI.

Brutus
6.

184

LAST

and

Cassius.

INTERVIEW

The

the consul

the tone

so

to

was

vessel and
on

the

He

retraced

his

seventeenth

of

August.

tone

of which

for it seemed

to blame

to the

abandon

too

Atticus, the

from

to

course

at

he

to

once

of which
his

board

on

reached

he

Yelia,which
Here

people,and

voyage

embarked

of

copy

that he determined

pleasedhim

Eome,

J"x. 63.

Cicero

addressed

happy to
sick.
alreadyheartily

return

he

had

BRUTUS.

showed

Bhegians

speechwhich
of it

WITH

found

letter

slightlyannoyed him;

and to assume
that it
departure,
satisfactory
requiredsome
explanation,
althoughAtticus
himself had
previously
approved of it. But Cicero did
his friend the justice
to believe that he had
some
good
for changing his opinion. Brutus, whose
reason
ships
laya short distance off at the mouth of the river Hales,
hastened to meet
him, and they had their last interviewBrutus
expressed great joy that Cicero had given up
the idea of leaving Italy,and
told him
there was
a
calumnious
himself

his

report that he had

gone

to Greece

to

amuse

at the

not
reason
Olympian games, which, for some
have been
to us, Cicero declares would
very intelligible
and at the presentcrisis utterly
at any period,
disgraceful
indefensible.
for him
Why would it have been disgraceful
time
at any
to have
been a spectatorof the Olympian
at which Alexander
festival^

the lists if he could

be that those

that it would
Eoman
statesman

fair. But

to
we

felt by the

have

spoken

been

part

must

remember

had

see

them

Komans

the

as

for

in the merriment

how
for the

constantly
appears

by

sunk

derogatoryto

as

to go and

proud
of

games

Latin

so

dignityof

grave

the

Greek

in the tone

writers;

repute
a

English

of Bartholomew

strongwas
whole

low in

the

enter

It may

?
kings for competitors

take

contempt which
is

famous

once

Senator

have

declared that he would

had

and

contempt
nation

"

in which

it

perhaps they

186

GREAT

CICERO'S

state of sullen

vices ; and

his

POPULARITY.

hostility.Dolabella

conduct

as

Caesar,when, presuming upon

JET.

was

in
politician

63.

odious for his

the lifetime of

the support of the Dictator,

ruptcy
of a national bankproposedthe nefarious measure
debtors from the obligation
of paying
by relieving
their debts,was
neither forgottennor
forgiven. Antony
but
hated
not
was
merely mistrusted,
by the senators,who
without his nobleness of nature
in him
another Caesar,
saw
and who, in silent amazement, had
or
commanding intellect,
he had passedoff as edicts
witnessed the impudent forgeries
and decrees which they themselves had agreed to ratify.
back with
No wonder, then,that Cicero was
welcomed
enthusiastic greeting.The faintheartedness he betrayed
an
to
when
pouring out his soul to Atticus was not known
had shown
bold front in many
the public. He
a
great
in
the
Senate
and
his
matchless
emergencies,
eloquence
in critical
the Eostra had often decided questions
and on
of difficulty
and danger. No wonder, then, that
moments
both senators and peoplelongedto hear that voice again,

he had

and to listen to the words

those

of counsel

that would

flow from

their
lips. And he did not disappoint
persuasive
he so^truly
no
was
period of his career
as

gjMJBBTCTTiLis
life. Overawed

in the

genius of Caesar,and attached Jo Pompeyjbyj)ersonal

Tint, without
regardami an exaggerated
feeingof grfltitnd^
faitn in him as a statesman
he had hesitated
or
a
general,
the

throughoutthe Civil
his course
War
dear, and his duty manifest.
was
; but now
I/He had cast in his lot with the regicides,
and he was
/\ resolved that,come
what might,he would stand the hazard
^1
he discovered that the hope which had
of the die.
When
Iuil"d"~!rlm
back to Eome
was
illusory the hope, I mean,
that Antony was
and
going to act the part of a patriot,
and

oscillated in

manner
pitiable

"

B.C.

BITTER

44.

intestine

the

heal

ATTACKS

ON

wounds

of

187

ANTONY.

the

commonwealth

he
"

the

in

consul

days

^afety^,-It

own

of

led

which

him
the

but

with
be

aoaan

tha

to

which

boldness

Catiline,
thai

attack

the

such

admitted

who,
of

little

defended

Jike^Mm,

it

with

Antony

causejhe

destroyer

not

him

small

believe

if

liberties

he

were

of

of

us

denounced

took
I

mingled

reminds

and

he

and

be,

may

affront

personal

would

which^showed

violence

of

witJf"

him

opposed

with

thought
that

was,

with

the

not

Borne.

no

his

of

sense

motives

unsparing
of

the

lence
viru-

mise
compro-

destroyed,

188

QUAKREL

WITH

ANTONY.

XXII.

CHAPTER

QUAKKEL

WITH

ANTONY"

MOVEMENTS

THE

OF

T 'HEBE

to be

was

and

morrow,

it

B.C. 44.

the Senate

meeting of
that

known

was

OCTAVIAN.

AND

63.

full

PHILIPPIC

SECOND

ANTONY

Mi.

JET. G3.

the

on

intended

Antony

to

publicthanksgivingin honor of Caesar's memory.

It was
the
the duty of every senator to attend, under
of
penaltyof a fine,justas it is the duty of every member
the British Parliament to be in his placewhen there is a

propose

call of the House.

Senate

the

motion

did

to

from the
of the

Caesar would

Antony, and

frustrated the

to act with

him

consuls

his

to

that

the

matter

Antony

to

difficultto
rage

he

excuse

form, than
be

from

that if Cicero did not

clown his house

about

threw

his seat
come

his

because

of it
"

his absence.

explain.It
rose

taken

The

in the

he
a

the business

courtesy,

messenger

was

thought any

effect it
into

his

unwell

was

out of

sent

Antony

he would
ears.

more

"

to

to attend

summons

and

serious notice would

cherished

himself

plea that he
rapidjourney. It was

see

of

hopes he

he

made

have

the

the senators,and Cicero

and
deified,

confined

obeyedby
as

not,

in the service of the State.

and

stayed away,

fatigueof

be

it, for this would

oppose

the Palatine, on

on

could

almost

therefore

house

He

appear.

which

being able

He

not

the

and

came,

inconsistency,
support

wish

breach with
of

did

morning

and
grossesthypocrisy

by

not

the

when

assembled,Cicero

without
a

But

to

producedis
paroxysm

Senate,and
sendjworkmen

of

declared
to

pull

44.

B.C.

THE

When

FIRST

Cicero heard

which

one

of the

had

had threatened

been

the

to

sudden

great,but he

was

with

break

admire

the

and
reconciliation,

there the

day

the

whose

as

The
He

to the

publiccost
of his

provocation

did not wish to

conduct

depended;

an

the

was

not, however,give

and
and

policythe
it is impossible

which, while he showed

stillheld out the hand

with
expostulated

first of those

under

at the

anger.

he
affront,

rather

next

went

did

tact with

friend than attacked him

He

He

much

so

himself sensible of the

pulldown

the monument

was

restrained himself.

Antony, upon

to

It

impulseof

welfare of the State

not

to

rebuilt for him

by an order of the Senate.

triumphant recall to Eome.
way

189

outrageous insult,he was

He felt it,he said,the more
because the

deeplyoffended.
house which Antony
very

PHILIPPIC.

the consul

of

as

enemy.

and
Senate-house,

famous

delivered

fourteen orations

well

so

of the

Philippics.1
and calm
It was
a
masterlyspeech,grave, dignified,
and the occasion.
Antony was not
worthy of the man
guage
present. Conscious of the indecent violence of his landid not wish to face an
he probably
the day before,

known

name

"

in debate

formidable

opponent so

remarked, that it seemed

to
permission

accorded

In

me

"

to himself.

speech,and

of the

allow

be ill

to

as

that

Cicero,who

tically
sarcas-

Antony might

have

not
which yesterday
was
permission
I will quote a few short passages
can
onlyregretthat space will not

quote more.

his opinion
on
generally
declaring

the state of

public

he said :"
affairs,
"

First of all I vote

I approve

These

of them, for who

speecheswere

ti"nes Antanianx,
Gell. Nod.

for the ratification of the acts of Caesar,not because

1.

do

that?

called
originally
is much

which

Alt. XIII.

can

the

more

but because

the Antonian

I think

we

ought

Orations, Ora-

appropriatename."

See Aul.

190

WITH

QUARREL

all

above

the

to consult

things

present,providedthat he
have permission to
suppose, may

were

me

yesterday.

He

Fathers, after what

Is it that those acts

be

would
fashion
are

Mr.

interests of peace.
without
his
came
be unwell

able

he

ANTONY.

is

teach

to

prepared

to be maintained

that

satellites.

libertywhich

"

I wish

Antony
he, I

But
was

63.-

denied

rather you, Conscript

me,
to defend
the acts of Csesar.
or

which

are

in memoranda

found

writing produced on his sole authority for

ence;
their genuineness nay, not even
produced, but only said to be in existCsesar engraved on
tablets of brass
the
and that those which
of
records of the laws and the decrees of the people are
to be esteemed
and

and

papers

scraps

of

"

"

"

"

no

account

He

"

reviewed

the conduct

of

in procuringthe
inconsistency
laws

Caesar

of which

time, he took

care

the

was

to

carry

scruplethe allegedwishes
left behind

he had

papers

irony on
enabled
back

to

from

the

Antony,pointingout his
repealof several salutary

author,while,at

of Caesar
him.

power

execution with

into

exercise in the grave.

banishment
by the dead

the
"

same

religious

in
expressed

commented

He

which

as

the

Dictator
Exiles

were

with
was

the
castic
sar-

thus

brought

the franchise of the

citywas givennot only to individuals but to whole nations

and provinces
of the State were
by the dead : the revenues
by innumerable
swept away
exemptionsfrom taxation
grantedby the dead."

He

the idea that he was

deprecated
sayinganything
againstAntony out of anger or in an unfriendly
spirit
;
and went
to compliment Dolabella on
the vigor he
on
displayedin putting down the seditious tumult in the
Forum

when

of Caesar.

he removed
He

then

the column

turned to

erected to the memory

him as
Antony,addressing
if he were
and reminded him" of
present(absentemappetto),
his patriotic
conduct when
the Senate met in the temple
of Tellus, and
during the first few days after the Ides
of March.
With
artful dexterity
tion
he alluded to the aboliof the office of Dictator as a proofthat Antony wished
to brand the memory
of Caesar with everlasting
infamy.

of

crime

Marcus

one

Manlius,on
you
of

account

on

191

decree of the Manlian

Manlius, so

of Dictator

name

PHILIPPIC.

be called Marcus

patrician
may
the

FIRST

as,"be said,"by

For

"

THE

44.

B.C.

gens,

no

of the

account

abolished
entirely
the odium brought

upon it by one Dictator."

He imploredhim to take

warning by the fate of Caesar,

signsof popularapplausebestowed

the unmistakable

and

those who

upon

had

assassinated

by thanking the
listened to

they had

time

The

"

Senate

him,

that I have

him.

He

ended his

for the kindness

and

concluded

lived is

with

tion
ora-

with which
the

words,

nearlyenough, both as
and
the glory I have

regardsthe age I have reached

it will be so not so much
acquired.If it be prolonged,
for any advantageto myself,
as for you and for the State."
this speech,with all its
We
well imagine how
can
and

studied moderation
wormwood

galland
retired to

villa which

Tibur,the modern
and

for

the

over
a

to

than

more

replyhe

affected

Antony when he
had belongedto

about
Tivoli,
a

was

to

imaginaryopponent,to say
it an
him, that he might answer
Cicero sarcastically
observed,when
an

"

abundant.
so
pupilwere
Senate that Antony declaimed
his

the
and

enable

He

him

summoned

been

Metellus

Scipioat

miles from

sullen anger

had

Eome,

he brooded

Cicero says that he hired

to make.

how

have

read it. He

fourteen

in
fortnight

rhetorician to teach him

as

candor, must

declaim, permitting
him,
he

what

against
pleased

easy task for the

master,

ing
the materials for attackhe afterwards told

And

himself

to make

thirsty,

to drink.

another

meeting of

the

Senate

for the

and went to Eome

preparedto
September,
and overwhelm him with the speech
confront his antagonist
to the
prepared. But, yielding
which he had so carefully
Cicero stayed
of his friends,
away ; and
urgent persuasions

nineteenth

he

of

afterwards

declared that, if he

had

not

done

so, he

192

murdered.

been

have

would

for

improbable
;

ANTONY.

WITH

QUARREL

Antony

And

took

walls of the Senate-house,under

to
order,but in reality

readiness

execute

to

the

by

have

door, and

at the

soldiers in attendance

this is
to

care

no

means

guard
within

even

of

the

pretextof preserving

the senators,and

overawe

63.

^T.

be

in

he might
desperateenterprise

any

suddenlycommand.

speechof Antony

The

attacFhe made

of the

every

we

Cicero,from

on

know

the nature

the elaborate

and distorted every act of his life to hold him

He laughedat his verses,
and hatred.

enemies

"

cule
up to ridi-

takingcare
standingjoke of his

"

Cedant

accused him

He

the

line

unfortunate

quote that

to

reply

Philippic.He raked together

think of to damage his opponent,

could

charge he

lost,but

second

the

in

contained

is

anna

of

togse,concedat

being the

laurea

laudi.

of Publius Clodius

murderer

Caesar and Pompey ;

between
severingthe friendship
and of being privy to the conspiracy
againstCaesar,and
an
accomplicein his assassination. He reproachedhim
that
with joiningthe camp of Pompey, and yet alienating
leader from him by his language and ill-timed jests
; and,
of

to
finally,

show

how

little Cicero

or

esteemed,

from
few, if any, legacies

received

he declared that he had

loved

was

deceased friends.
Such

was

the

catalogueof chargeswhich

Cicero had to

he would
triumphantly
and
them if he had been present,
have been able to answer
I
had risen on the instant to reply. But for the reason
not there ; and as it was
no
have mentioned he was
longer
safe for him to meet Antony face to face in debate, he took
which
He resolved to write a speech,
different course.
a

meet,2and it

vomere

His

is easy

to

strong expressionis

"

"

suo

more,

non

see

dicere."
"

how

Omnibus
Ad

Div.

est visus,ut ad te antea

XII.

2.

scripsi,

194

in

the

with
depicted

in

and
colors,

darkest

JET. 63.

than

more

would

which

coarseness

ANTONY.

WITH

QUAEREL

one

is

passage

tolerated

he

not

quotingin the
As for proofehereof
words
of old North's translation.
it is reported
that at Hippias'
marriage,one of his jeasters,
all night,that the next morning
he drank wine so lustily
in

One

oration now.3

an

is worth

passage

"

when

he

had

councell,who

his surfet he

with
before

them, and

instead of

him, he

sent for

had

taken

peopleassembled in
beingquesiestomached
compelledto lay all

the

pleadebefore

to

came

was

his gown

him

of his friends held

one

basen."

AlthoughCicero dared not trust himself in the Senatehouse,he stayedin Kome, where we find him writingto
ness
and deploring
the scantiCassius at the end of September,
that was
of the number
of good men
left to defend
fortunes of the Republic.
the falling
decided course.
ventured to take a more
Antony now
between
He
had hitherto trimmed
the two parties,
the
friends and
to

enemies

which

see

of Caesar.

the wind

way

It

was

As

blew.

for him

necessary

long as

it was

tain
uncer-

popularsympathy would declare

He held
itselfhe affected to observe a kind of neutrality.
and Cassius,
and
to Brutus
had
out specious
professions
occasion put down with a high hand a seditious
on
one
on

tumult.

side the

which

But

months

as

of the

in favour
were

absent from

took

champion of

in

I had

became

"

He

may

of the most
them.
Kome.

It

an

most

"

weaker

afraid that

was

popularfavor by coming

what

written

and the demonstrations

all or
conspirators

and

weaker, he

forward

but

the

might
as

party,and

the

he

that the

speech,with a translation
am
compelled by want of space
the terrible depravityof morals in

analysisof

strikingpassages,
gives us a glimpse of

of whom

Octavian

be called the Julian

therefore anxious to show

was
3

line.

bolder
him

outbid

Eome

rolled away,

of

some

to omit

ancient

B.C.

STATUE

44.

equally dear

was

thrown

down

Dictator:
therefore

Jo

the

His

colleagueDolabella
in honor

erected
pillar

he would

raise _a

had

of the deceased

to his fame.

monument

the Kostra

placedon

Caesar,with

him.

195

C^ISAR.

TO

in the Forum

He

statue of

the

PARENTI
OPTIME
MEEITO.
inscription,
artful epitaph
No more
could he conceived than this none
which reflected more
the assassins who had
on
strongly
It was
the welldeprivedtheir countryof its Parent.
known form to he seen
the tombstones
and sepulchral
on
of Kome, by which children expressed
urns
their pious
to a father's memory.
Cicero felt the censure
gratitude
it impliedin its full force. He
wrote to Cassius and
"

said

"

Your

"

friend

of the statue

case

PARENTI

OPTIME

day by day

more
grows
he has erected

which
MEKITO

so

you
parricides.What
;

no

the

furious.

more

the Eostra

on

that

only assassins,but even

Nay rather I should say I. For
chief hand in your gloriousdeed.
us

and

are

branded

First,in the

with the
with

the

inscription?
of not

name

do I say ? that you are branded

declares that I had the

madman

"Would

that I had

! he would

be

giving

trouble now."

Antony had formed

master

plan
sagacious

of the destinies of

Borne,and

he

for making

^npej^

to
proceeded

carry

that Decimus
mentioned
already
Brutus had been appointed
by Caesar governor of Cisalpine
confirmed by the
Gaul,-and that this appointmentwas
Seoate after Caesar's death.
Antony resolved to take,possession
Backed
of this importantcommand.
by a strong
at his mercy,
he would then have the capital
force,
military
ready at a moment's notice to sweep down upon it from
of modern Lombardy. He
the wide plains
tl^erefore
got
Gaul
the peopletcL.bestpwjhe
governmentof Cisalpine
I have

it into execution.

upon

himself.

This

was

an

unconstitutional if not

an

commands
appointmentsto provincial
conferred
rested with the Senate,and that body had already
He treated Antony's
Brutus.
the province
upon Decimus
act
illegal

; for

the

196

CRUELTY

OF

ANTONY.

JEr. 63.

appointmentas wholly invalid,and prepared himself to

which had been bestowed
hold by the sword the authority
upon him by Caesar and confirmed by the Senate.
Hearing that the four legionswhich he had sent for
from Macedonia had arrived at Brundusium, Antony left
the

He
port on the ninth of October.
and promisedthem
tion
donaa
soldiers,

reached

and

Eome

harangued the
in English money
four pounds
to about
equivalent
But the pampered veterans,who remembered
a-head.
the
of Caesar,treated the offer with contempt. The
largesses
of the four legionswere
the Martial,the Second,
names
the Fourth, and the Thirty-fifth.
Antony exerted all his

there

oratoryto induce them to joinhis standard,and succeeded

with one
of them, either the Second or the Thirty-fifth.
the others refused to follow him

But

and he took

terrible

Invitingtheir centurions,to the number of three

hundred, under some
pretext,to his house,he causecTthem

revenge.

be massacred

to

his wife

and

in cold

blood

Fulvia, whom

the eyes of himself

before

"the

as
dignifiedgeneral,"

calls him, had carried with him to the

ironically
Her face was
with the blood of the dying
spattered
army.
What
an
men.
astoundingpicturethese brutal murders
giveof the state of Eome ! They passedalmost unnoticed,
Cicero

and

the

soldiers made

no

attempt to

their march

but, quitting
Brundusium, commenced
the

coast, leavingit uncertain

eastern

they

would

himself

at

the famous
in addition
Kome

by

their officers,

avenge

along

which

on

side

ultimatelydeclare themselves.
Antony put
the head of the remaininglegion,which
was
levied by Caesar in Gaul, and called Maudes
one
to its

the

number,4 and

turned

his

Appian Koad, intendingto

steps towards

recruit his forces

the march.

on

XVI.

Antonium
8.

cum

legione Alaudarum

ad

urbem

pergere.

"

Ad

Ait.

44.

B.C.

PROCEEDINGS

In the

time

mean

villa at Puteoli.

OF

OCTAVIAN.

Cicero left the

In

197

city,and

letter to his friend

at
Cornificius,
just before his

time

that

retired to his

proconsulof Africa, written

he deplored
the state of the Republic,
departure,

if

"

Eepubliccould
"

For

rny

be said to exist in

part, amidst

own

much

owe

distractingcare,

to

but

Fadvise

And

evil which

to

you
involves

events, and

philosophy, which
also

adopt
no

all these

arms

moral

If he

had

lived at

have

been

able

me

the

same

camp,"and

said

in every

against all
remedy, and

the

assaults

consider

"

mortal

only withdraws

not

dent,
acci-

from

me

of fortune.

nothing as

an

blame."

later and

he would
happierperiod,
substitute the word
Keligionfor

to

Philosophy.
At

Puteoli he

as I have mentioned,the second

composed,
and sent it confidentially
to Atticus,who sugPhilippic,
gested
which Cicero adopted. He emsome
alterations,
ployed
himself on his work De Officiis
; for what else could
he do, he asked,but philosophize
? but at the same
time
he kept an eager watch upon political
events,which were
fast hurryingforward to a crisis. Octavian,who saw
that
to visit the
a
imminent, had quittedRome
was
struggle
militaryquarters and settlements in different parts of
to be
where the veterans of Caesar's campaignswere
Italy,
found,and he sparedneither money nor promisesto gain
liberal than Antony, he
the soldiers to his side. More

offered them
formed

the amount

five times

the nucleus of

he had

considerable army.

done, and
He

soon

wrote

to

bourhood,
Cicero,and proposedan interview at Capua or the neighdeclined.
with his usual timidity,
but this Cicero,
to have been his real reason,
for this seems
I say timidity,
childish to suppose that it could take
he says that it was
as
placeunobserved. He did not think it prudentto commit

himself

in
irrevocably

confidence in Octavian

Atticus,
"

at the

name

the
as

prospectof
a

leader.

war.

a
"

He

Look,"he

had little
wrote

to

he bears" look at his age !" and he

198

IRRESOLUTION.

constantly
spokeof him
him

meet

not

to the

as

he

course

rabble,but,if

he

class
respectable

boy. Findingthat

wished,he

he

should

Borne, where

to

go

as

as

he

MT.

sent

friend to consult him

confidence
inspired

Atticus,he could

Cicero would

adopt. Cicero advised him to

likelyto have not only the

was

of citizens

63.

in his

his side.

on

In

the
sincerity,
this to
telling

helpejaculating,0, Brutus, where

? What
!
an
Octavian,
opportunity
you are losing
other hand, kept urging him to take a prominent
not

"

"

are

you

on

the

part himself,and

that he

him
telling

easier to

was

of Homer,

as

adoptedas
career

be

second

ought to

giveadvice

time the saviour of the

be in Rome.

Cicero found

it

than to take it. He

to himself,which
applicable

motto

State,

the whole

to express

quoteda line
he might have
of his political

"

Afraid

he

But

better

to

fight,and yet ashamed

suddenly determined

to

spot in

case

to be

on

the

to

fly.5
He

thoughtit
where
opportunity,

return.
any

might be useful,should occur, and he was not

without apprehension
lest,if he stayedaway much longer,
broke out and
to the citymight be cut off. If war
access
small
Antony had the power to exclude him, there was
the city. He therefore left Puteoli
chance of his entering
earlyin November, and a short letter which he wrote to
his villa near
SinAtticus,while stoppingon his way .at..
uessa
pictureof the
(Rocea di Mandragone), givesa lively
It was as follows :
anxietyhis journeycaused him.

his services

"

On

the

seventh

On

the

of November

reached

8'

vTroSe'xflcu.
Literally,they were

country residence at
Sinuessa.
same
was
currently reported that Antony
day
I therefore changed my plan. For I had
intended to halt at Casilinum.
In that case
to go straightto Eome
determined
by the Appian Koad.
for
travels
with the
with
he
have easilycome
he would
they say
me,
up
turned
aside from
MinturnsB
in the
I therefore
rapidityof Caesar.
"

'ATSetrflez/p.lvavyvaa-Ocu, S^ffav

ashamed

to

my

it

refuse,and yet feared to accept."

"

B.C. 44.

CICERO

direction

of

Arpinum. I intend
(where Quintus had

Arcanum
whole

your
are
or

three

mind

to the

as

possible.

He

to remain

I will do what

I look

the road

on

Atticus.

It

another

had

to

advise.

you

to

to his villa at

approach

But

let

me

There

nearer,

know

as

letter."

morningbefore daybreak,

met

him

with

it,and

letter from

his

partyhad
day dawned

no

"

of his habit of

earlyrising
Atticus had anticipated
his question
leave the Appian road,and make
Arpinum. He immediately
went

many

that

him
by advising

detour

importance.
or

until
wait, therefore,

proofamongst

and he then found

of

Arpinum,

too dark to read

was

lights. He

courier

matter

at

eagerlyfor your

199

either at Aquinum
stay to-morrow
or
villa). Now, my dear Atticus, give

lefthis Sinuessa villa next

and

to

ARPINUM.

question, for it is
to me,

courses

open
Rome.
to
go quite

soon

AT

"

there and

again consulted his friend as to his future movements,

begging him to write daily. He told him he feared
his honor
requiredhim to be at Rome, but he was

that

afraid to go there.

It is curious to find

him,at

this moment

of

and publicconfusion,declaring
that
privateperplexity

he

was

smitten

referred

to Atticus

In
himself

with

in

one
a

to

of his

manner

and he
passionfor writinghistory,
set him righton a pointof chronology.
letters from Arpinum he expressed

which

that man's father is my

me?"

and
he

my

father's son

us

of the riddle

what

"
"

If

relation is he to

grandfather's
great-grandson
father's grandson (in other words,
Your
to my
nephew Quintus writes to my son Marcus ") that
for he

writes

reminds

intends

said,"Your

"

on

the

nones

of December

to

demand

from

publicmeeting, an account of the treasure

in the templeof Ops." He probablyintended
which was
to have
this circumlocution
as
a
joke, for there seems
for using it,unless,indeed,he was
been no
other reason
into improperhands.
afraid of the letter falling
bitterness of Dolabella as a man
He s^oke with much
but
who had been bribed by Antony to betrayhis country,,
Antony, at

200

Ms

LAST

LETTER

TO

animosityagainsthim

was

was

which

his

son

had

to be

also

to

Cicero.

to

promisedto

determined

the

For

pay

debt

friend.

to

For

to Eome

go

(in ipsam flammam), and

he said
politics,

he bade them

medicine
for,accordingto Hippocrates,

givenwhen

of

Terentia's claim

even

suretyfor

as

of the fire "

look after his affairs. As

adieu

the

meet, and

he
therefore,

into the very midst

quickenedby

without
government in Syria,

contracted

had

privatereasons,
"

to

yet satisfied. He

not

doubt

inconvenient

very

several demands

he had

63.

for Tullia's dowry, the want

he owed
was

Mr.

no

fact that he had gone off to his

payingthe money
which just then

ATTICUS.

ought_not

past hope; and

immediately.

patientwas

that he

told

he

might expecthim
The letter which I have justquotedhas a special
interest,
the last which he wrote to Atticus,
at all events the
as
or
last which has been preserved.Indeed,as Cicero remained
in Eome
until the autumn
of the following
year, only a
short time before his proscription
and death,it is very probable
that the two friends had not again occasion to correspond.
We
the benefit of what is by far
lose,therefore,
record of his real sentiments,
the most trustworthy
well
as
littleincidents,
account of many
which though beneath
an
as
the dignity of Historyare
full of interest in a
.of such a friend was
the
Biography. The possession
of Cicero's life. It would have percrowning happiness
haps
Atticus

been

of the sterner stuff of

this

Cato, for

his

had

in him

more

character wanted

own

anything else. But in that case perhaps

intimacy might not have remained so unbroken.

more

their

if Atticus had

better for him

than

-,

to have taken in
They both seem
in the troublous times
of politics,
all events

their mutual

the main

the

in which

they lived ;

attachment

momentary diminution.

It is

the pure and disinterested

course

same

suffered

never

view

even

at
a

to contemplate
delightful
of such

friendlife-long

202

ANTONY

Antony.

As

the

of

army

he

consul

JET. 63.

cause

own

fighting
against
the legitimate
of
commander
had given ample proofthat he

was

he

and

Eome,

identified his

ROME.

did not like the idea of

to Eome

Octavian

ENTERS

with that of

their murdered
Caesar,

general. A contest betwe^n_Qctayian and Antony could

_BrutuSj
only,theythought,benefit the_party_of
jvhom they
hated as assassins. They therefore hegan to leave the city
that Octavian had only a small force left.
in such numbers
for Antony was
His position
was
marching
highlycritical,
ments.
up at the head of the Alaudae legionand other reinforceIt was
no
longersafe to stay within the walls,
and he hastily
withdrew
to Arretium, to the north-east
Borne, which

of

he made

the

rendezvous

placeof

for his

troops.
Almost

Antony

at

the

entered

the

immediatelyafterwards,
but
largetrain of followers,

time, or

same

with
city,

Cicero describes his

he left the bulk of his army at Tibur.
march throughthe streets amidst the groans of the populace,
and says that,as he passedby the houses of those who
obnoxious

were

to him

on

the

he pointedto
rightand left,

and told his followers that

threatening
manner,
would giveup the cityto plunder.HQ was
consul,and,
absent in the East,sole acting-consul
Dolabella was
at

them

he
as

Eome.

in

This

him

immense

which none
advantage,
could treat his personal
of his opponents enjoyed. He
enemies
enemies of the State.
To summon
as
legionsto
in him
his,-stajidardwas
act of rightful
in
an
authorityj
them it was
act of rebellion? He
issued
an
immediately
He
proclamations
denouncing the conduct of Octavian.
him with being of
compa^edjbim_to..
reproached
Spartacus,
if the
as
ignoblebirth,and accused him of all kinds of vice,
life entitled him to play the part of a
purityof his own
7

To

get

over

gave

this,Cicero

crimes forfeited the rank

an

afterwards

of consul.

"

argued

that

Phil. III. 6.

Antony

had

by

his

REVOLT

B.C. 44.

He

censor.

OF

LEGIONS

TWO

summoned

attend

not

his

and

Antony

would

did not appear,

too hard

able

we

to

when

believe

may
come.

Senate for the

declared

himself

avow

country. But

as, if

be

to

and

He

203

ANTONY.

the
aLjne^tmg_gf

twenty-fourthof .November,
did

FROM

whoeveF

that

conspirator
against
the day arrived,
he
he had drunk
Cicero,
therefore summoned

another

in the templeof
meeting for the twenty-eighth,
the Capitol,
and slunk up to it by a subterranean
on
Jupiter,
passage

which

the Grauls

when

Cunieulus.

By

to have been made

seems

capturedBorne,and

was

edict he
arbitrary

an

had

at the time

called Gallorum
under
forbidden,

pain of death, three of the tribunes to be present,afraid

lest theymight exercise their veto.
It^was no
apparently
secret that
to pass a resolution
to_^etjhe_Senate
his^objectjvas
But when he
a
publicenemy.
declaring_0ctavian
failed him
to speak either his resolution had
rose
or
he thoughtthe rightmoment
had not come, for the anxious
Senators found that the only business he had to laybefore
them

a_proposal

was

thanksgiving in
for_a_

honor

of

At the
in Gaul.
command
military
instant startling
pletely
news
same
suddenlyarrived which comthat had left
Of the three legions
disconcerted him.
Brundusium
and^narjeM^northwards along the Adriatic
coast,two, the Martial and the Fourth,had just declared
within a
at Alba,,
for Octavian^and taken up their position

Lepidus,who

few

miles^pf Borne.

merelylike
army.
which
that

had

the

We

the loss of

must
a

strengthof

The
we

are

suppose

that this

was

coupleof regimentsin a modern

Boman
a
legionat the j;ime of

speakingwas

amount

not

subtracted

about
from

six thousand
the

force

men,
on

so

which

Antony reckoned would, by the defection of the two

and these,as veterans
be twelve thousand soldiers,
legions,
in the campaigns of Caesar,the very flower of his troops.
He was
frightenedout of his wits,and hurried over the

204:

TRICKERY

for

motion
division

"

THE

BALLOT.

JET.

63.

thanksgivingby immediatelycallingfor a
thingwhich in such a case, as Cicero says, had

been

never

WITH

done

Senate-house

the

and, changinghis

He

before.8
instant
consular

then

hastened

thai the resolution

robe

for the

the.

from

passed,

was

dress
military

of

quittedor rather flew from, the, city

general(paludatus),
to Alba, to try and bringback the troopsto his standard.
The Senate,met again in the eveningand proceededto
ballot for the

provisional
governmentsof

This

to

ought
Antony, and

following
year.
under
of
been done
the presidency
of the Senators,
who were
for
eligible

have

several

to have
seem
appointments,
that he was
absent,and
objection

the

the ironical account

In

names.

he implies
that
ballot,

Antony's friends
the Senate

soon

the

some

the

availed themselves of the

to have withdrawn

that Cicero

unfair

trick

was

provincesthey wanted.

in the speech
known
afterwards,

their

givesof the
used to give
Addressing
the third

as

"Caius Antony got Macedonia.

he said,
Lucky
Philippic,
! for he was
man
alwaystalkingof that province. Caius
Calvisius got Africa. Nothing could be more
lucky: for
he had just quitted
Africa,and, as if diviningthat he
would
return
there,had left two of his legatesat Utica."
But

the

luck

was

not

all

on

side.

one

Iccius

M.

got

and Q. Cassius Spain. Cassius was

the brother of
Sicily,
the conspirator,
and Iccius belonged to the same
party.
said Cicero, I have no
In their case,"
to suspect
cause
foul play. I suppose the ballot for those two provinces
directed !
not so providentially
was
Antony dMjiot succeed in shakingthe resolution of the
legionsat Alba, who had chosen Octavian as their-leader.
hastened
to Tibur, to join the troopsthat
He, therefore,
"

"

"

The

why Antony resorted to it probably was

of passing the resolution, and he was
it was
hurry. I suppose
thought an undignifiedmode
solemn
a measure
as
a supplicatio.
reason

the shortest mode

because
in
of

it

was

desperate
carrying so

THE

B.C. 44.

had rallied round

amongst them

his

levies he

new

of

them

had

thousand

in addition

could reckon

back

raised,he

these

to

upon

the

Brutus

from

had

legions,or
be

fifth

Macedonia,and

himself

about

it must

that,includingthe

so

found

four

of

humour.

good

command,

Octavian

men.

in

come

force
respectable

but

his

205

standard,and distributed money

this time

placeditself under

PHILIPPIC.

own

keep

to

legionhad by

THIRD

the

the

at

twenty-four
number,

same

remembered

of the
co-operation

head

that he

commanded

army

Graul,of which it was the

Cisalpine
avowed
objectof Antony to seize possession.Brutus
and firmness.
He issued a proclamation
acted with spirit
his resolve to hold the provincewhich had been
declaring
him by the authority
of the Senate,
and levied
bestowed
on
troopsto oppose the approachof Antony.
The newly elected tribunes who had just entered into
Decimus

by

in

the Senate

office convoked

the twentieth of

December,

proposalto allow the consuls

militaryguard on the first of January,for the protection
that day.
would
meet
of the Senate, which
on

to take into consideration

elect a

on

Cicero, who

had

early,and, when
the Senators

returned
it

was

to

buzzed

flocked in numbers

Eome

the

on

abroad

ninth, went

that he

was

House

to the

there,

(or more

him once
more.
the Temple),in hopes of hearing
properly,
He
and delivered
And
rose
not disappointed.
they were

the oration known

It

was

an

view, which
and

as^hejMrdJPhilippic.

excellent speechfor the

io

were

denounce

Antonv

o
as

A.

diate
and immeof energetic
the^Senate the necessity

show

praisedOctavian to the skies for tho

own.
spirithe had shown in raisinglevies of troopa^aLJiia
and"Decimus Brutus for his firmness in holding
expense,
which
Gaul, and the inhabitants of the province,
Cisalpine
for their zeal and unanimity
he called the flower of Italy,"
action.

"

He

206

THE

THIRD

PHILIPPIC.

JET. 63.

He
advised that the
rallyinground their governor.
should
best militarycommanders
be appointedto lead
the troops,
and that liberal promisesof reward should be
made
to the soldiers. He declared that Antony was
worse
in

than

with
Tarquin,and insisted that he could no _longer,
their part,be regardedas consul ; for
on
any consistency
they applaudedthe conduct of Brutus, and yet he was
acting contrary to law in opposing Antony, if Antony
was
reallyconsul. They applaudedthe conduct of the
legionsthat deserted him, and yet those legions were
and deserved the punishment of mutiny,if Antony
guilty,
consul.

was

He
upon

ridiculed the
Octavian
town

attempt of Antony

because

his mother

in Latium,
(Aricia,

was

to throw
a

native

discredit
of

vincial
pro-

at the foot of the Mons

to
Albanus). He said that if that was a stigmait applied
nearly the whole body of Senators,for almost all were
from a provincial
stock; and he retorted upon
sprung
Antony that his wife Fulvia was the daughterof a nobody
from
because
he was
a
Tusculum, nicknamed Bambalio
stutterer and

fool.

He

ridiculed also the bad

Latin

of

in a way
that reminds us of Cobbett
proclamations,
the bad English of a royalspeech. After
criticising
his character and conduct in the darkest colors,
describing
he earnestly
adjuredthe Senate not to lose the present
afforded by the kindness of the immortal gods;
opportunity
for Antony was
caught in front,flank,and rear, if he
If he was
entered Cisalpine
Gaul.
suffered to escape and
had nothingto expectbut
became
the provinces
victorious,
servitude and disgrace. "But," he exclaimed,"if (may
Heaven avert the omen
!)the last hour of the Republichas

his

let
arrived,
noble

with

us, the foremost

do
gladiators

dignitythan

men

to fall with
serve

with

in all the

world,do

Let

us

ignominy."

He

honor.

what

rather

die

concluded

THE

B.C. 44.

THIRD

PHILIPPIC.

207

his opinionthat it should he resolved that

by declaring
Pansa
and
Hirtius,the consuls-elect,
should provide for
the

safetyof the Senate,at the meeting of the first.of

January ; that Decimus Brutus had deserved well of the
State,in upholdingthe authority
of the Senate and the
liberties of the people,and ought to keep his
province
;
that the other provincial
should
retain their
governors
commands
until successors
respective
were
appointedby a
resolution of the Senate
thanks

givento

him) and

Octavian

the Fourth

soldiers who

and

rallied round

consuls-elect entered

upon

that honors

should be

(orCaius Caesar,
as
Martial

him;

he

and
legions,
and

that

as

paid and

designated
the veteran

soon

as

the

office,
they should

bring all
theydeemed

these

before the Senate,in the way

questions
best for the advantage
of the Kepublic,
and most consistent
with their duty.
A
resolution was
passed in the terms that Cicero
went
to the Forum,
proposed,and he then immediately
and on
the same
day addressed from the Kostra a crowded
them that,although
telling
meetingof the people,
Antony
had not been
formallydeclared a publicenemy
by the
Senate,he was in effect treated by them as such. He
of the same
much
went
over
ground as in his previous
of his
speech,and did his utmost to inflame the passions
audience.

probablethat about this time he put into general

He had completely
broken
circulation his second Philippic.
The temptation,
with Antony, and set him at defiance.
thaf "attack which he had
therefore,
was
great, to publish
elaborated in his retirement at Puteoli. Either
so
carefully
he. or Antony must
lull; and his safetydepcndedjmjhe
It is

of his

success

attempt

to

raise the hatred of his

againsttheir unworthy consul.

For

war

was

now

inevitable.

men
country-

Antony was

leading

208

OF

DISTRIBUTION

THE

LEGIONS.

J*r.

63.

troops alongthe defiles of the Apenninesto take forcible

had
Brutus
of Cisalpine
Gaul, and Decimus
possession
thrown himself into Mutina, the modern
Modeu^ at the
foot of the northern

occupiedthe

resolved to defend
of

course

by

it to the

mountains.

same

He

and
was
strong garrison,
relied
last extremity. He
in the
of Octavian,
who was

ever,
howcollected levies,
strengthened,
hastily
donia;
of the well-disciplined
legionsfrom Mace-

his

three

the forces which

also upon

and

the assistance

upon

field with

with

town

of the

range

would be able to raise whenever

the

consuls

new

theyentered

office,

upon

January. On that day Antony would cease

Eoman
to have any legalrightto command
a
army, and
would pass to Hirtius and Pansa, his sucall his authority
cessors.
on

the firstof

And
of

the Senate had in effectratifiedthe act

as

in

Octavian

levying troops,the

armies

which

the

call its own, and on which it could rely

union
to oppose Antony,would be represented
by the triple
of the forces of the Consuls,
Octavian,and Brutus. The

Kepubliccould

other forces of the

of

exclusive
Kepublic,

of those to the east

thus distributed. Pollio had

were
Italy,

two

in
legions

four in the north of Spainand the NarSpain; Lepidus,

bonensian province
of Gaul ; Plancus,three in the rest of
Cicero

Gaul.

very anxious

was

to

secure

Plancus

on

the

side of the Senate

againstAntony, and wrote to him at

the best terms with
the end of the year. They were
on
and Plancus,if we
each other,
may believe his professions,
of affectionaterespect. He and
regardedhim with feelings
Decimus Brutus had been designated
by Caesar as consuls
for the next
deceased

then

year

Dictator

enter upon

occurred

to

but
were

that

one,

answer

as

all the "acts"

of the

ratified by the

Senate,
theywould
if nothing unforeseen
high office,

preventit.

wrote to Cicero in

and

At
to

the end of December

a

Plancus

letterhe had received from

210

THE

EMBASSY

TO

CHAPTER

THE

EMBASSY

reached

horizon
to be
a

B.C. 43.

of Cicero's life. The

stormy,but yet lightseemed

and

breakingthrough the gloom. Antony

consul,in lawful

command

privatecitizen,engaged
had

Senate
while

ANTONY.

TO

the last year

dark

was

JET. 64.

XXIII.

have

ANTONY.

all but
with

armed

Spartacusor
caught was
head of

an

consular

Catiline.
fast

in

him

The

net

in

believed

they would

as

in which
him.

The

than

worse

he

was

to

Octavian,at

numbers and

in

consuls

new

him

him, and

marching rapidlyupon
Brutus
Decimus
holdinghim

wTas

If the

but

publicenemy, even
and the peoplehad
authority,

closingaround

Mutina.

army,

longer

denounced

formidable

army

Koman

no

desperaterebellion.

declared

Cicero

applauded when

of

was

in

in
his

be

the

discipline,
front

was

check before the walls of

acted

act, it seemed

as

Cicero

hoped and

inevitable that he must

them

everythingdepended; for if they

and refused to employ againsthim the forces at
wavered
their command, it was
possiblethat Octavian might be
Mutina
and Antony
would fall,
defeated,in which case
Gaul.
would become
master of Cisalpine
Aulus Hirtius and Caius Vibius Pansa, who began their
had both belongedto the
at this eventful crisis,
consulship
and owed everythingto Caesar. Hirtius had
Julian party,
of his legatesin Gaul, and received afterwards
been one
fall. But

from

him

upon

the

government

of the

northern

part of

that

B.C. 43.

POLICY

OF

THE

to
corresponding
province,
had been appointedby him
to Marcus

successor

to the

virtue of

by

the modern
of

governor

Brutus.

211

CONSULS.

Both

to which
consulship,
his sovereign
power

Belgium. Pansa
Gaul,as
Cisalpine

owed

to him

he

had

as

Dictator.

their elevation

nominated

them

Since his

and abstained
theyhad observed a cautious neutrality,
from politics.
almost entirely
They both, and especially
ever
Hirtius,had kept on good terms with Cicero ; but,whathe might think it politic
to say in public,
his private

death

shows
correspondence
either of them.

that he had

Their

great confidence in
to have
conduct,however, seems
no

did not wish

loyaland sincere. They naturally
and destroyall hope of
Antony to extremities,

been
drive

accommodation,the

failure of which

must

to
an

result in another

perhapsas bloodyand ruinous as tie last. And

besides,
theycould not forgetthat his immediate antagonist
civilwar,

Brutus, one of the assassins of their friend

of Octavian,
Caesar ; and,with the exception

Decimus

was

and benefactor

opposedto him was the partyof

partymost violently
of him
in the murder
who gloried
the conspirators,
men
whose statue yet stood in the Forum, with the inscription
"the
Father of his Country." They
him
proclaiming
and endeavour to bring
therefore determined to temporize,
the

back

Antony

The

to his

Senate met

allegiance.
January,in the Temple
after the inaugural
monies
cereCapitol
; and,

on

the

firstof

the
on
Jupiter,
to ancient custom,the consuls
of religion,
according
of the momentquestion
brought forward the pressing
to"Seal with Antony in arms.
They both
how IhejTwere"
spoke in a tone that pleasedCicero,who cheered himself
vigor
with the hope that they would act with as much
and firmness as their speeches
implied.But he was soon
arrangement
undeceived.
By an obviouslypreconcerted

of

theycaled on

Fufius

to
Calenus,Pansa's father-in-law,
p

212

EMBASSY

THE

opinion. He
assisted
actively
people,

of the

64.

Mi.

had

deliver his

rise first and

tribune

ANTONY.

TO

in old

Clodius

days,as

to ohtain

an

his trial for the violation of the

of
mysteries
himself as
the Bona Dea.
Since then he had distinguished
and was
of Caesar,
ardent partisan
an
by him substituted
for the last three months
suffectus),
consul,B.C. 47 (consul
of his letters,
In one
written in the previous
of that year.
on
acquittal

year, Cicero calls him

this very time

Antony'swife,Fulvia,and

stayingunder

the

that he

circumstance

It

was

should be chosen to
at such

it were, lead the debate

and,as

her children

his roof.

of
protection

himself,and

of

personal
enemy

were

nous
omi-

an

speak first,
crisis ;

momentous

at

of the consuls not

to one
although his near relationship
the precedence
that
only gave a pretextfor,but justified,
thus givenhim.
was
His
that an
advice was
embassy should be sent to
Antony, callingupon him to retire from Mutina, and
of the Senate.
himself to the authority
submit
L. Piso

and

of consular

other senators
at last it

side,and

delivered the oration known

and

rose

be described in the words

It may
mouth

of

Moloch, in the

second

is for open war

unexpert I boast not

More

Contrive

need,

who

that
regretted

he would

able to

the

go

been

let those

they

need

replyupon
who

for the purpose

"

is this,but

of civil

war

to

?
.

was

not

"

now.

speakafter
for then
opinions,
to

on

them

all ; and

he

preparedto

were

length of proposingthat Antony

What," he exclaimed,

enemy

them

Plancus

'

of wiles

follow him

which

into the

Paradise Lost

'

delivered their

others would

of Gaul, of
province
"

of

same

speak. He
fifth Philippic.

put by Milton

he had not been called

had

feared that

when

or

the other ex-consuls

have

the

on

to

the

as

book

sentence

My

He

followed

Cicero's turn

to

came

rank

should

have the

governor.
arms

The

pleas

in the

put

you

hands

urge

are

of

an

of

no

B.C. 43.

avail.

THE

He

is my

FIFTH

friend,'
says

friend of his

country. He
closer than
relationship

any

one's

the

who

man

would

Again
"

Does

He

'

owes

Let

one.

him

213

first show

himself

the

is my

'

parents?

PHILIPPIC.

cries another.
Can there be
relative,'
that of one's country,which embraces even

money,'do

me

I hear ?

I should

like to

see

dare to say it."

"

Antony

wish for peace ? Let him lay aside his arms.

He will
than
of
himequitable
myself, whom, while he throws self
the support of impiouscitizens,
on
he had rather be the enemy than
the friend. There
is nothing which
be granted to him while he
can
carries on war
: there
be
something which will be given
may perhaps
"

find

no

if he

one

sues

more

He went

suppliant."

as

his former

groundof argument to show the

of sendingambassadors to a man
inconsistency
whom, by
their previous
of
the
in
acts
honor
and troops
generals
who had marched against
denounced
him, theyhad already
foe. He reviewed the conduct of Antony,
as his country's
and chargedhim with all the nefarious acts of which he
had been guilty
in forging
Caesar'spapers and making a
over

market of his
amused

grantsfor his

his audience with

Antony had

emolument.
private

own

sarcastic account

done to increase the number

of the

He

of what

body of

had placed
Caesar,
indeed,
jurymenat Rome.
among them
from the ranks,
and the men
of
common
soldiers,
privates
and
the Alaudse legion
; but Antony had added gamblers
and
exiles,

the idea of
summoned
on

the

serve

on

groundthat he

the Latin

and

of Rome

on
sitting

made

himself merry

with

Areopagusbeing
himself
and excusing
trial,

Eoman

could not
Did

at Rome.

?
language

and customs

He

of the court of

member

to

at Athens

Crete

Greeks !

even

serve

at the

some

of them

moment

same
even

know

with the laws

theyacquainted
Fancy such a man as Cyda from
and crime !
of audacity
a monster

Were
?

trial
"

of
Antony,he said,alone,
the city,
keptopenlyan

all

men

armed

since the foundation of

force within the walls.

214

THE

EMBASSY

kings had

This

the old

their

had
expulsion,

Cinna," he

at

cried,

those

done, nor

never

aimed

JET. 64.

who,

after

monarchy.
I have

Sylla,and not long

was
given to the
ago
themselves
more
Brutus, made
state by Lucius
powerful than the whole
that
assert
attended
never
they were
by armed
Bepublic. I cannot
few, and kept in the
guards, but this I do say, that the guards were
background. But this pestilentfellow was followed by a whole squadron
"

I remember

ANTONY.

TO

Csesar

of armed

He

Classitius, Mustella,

men.

their swords, and

brandished
barbarian

three, since the time

these

"

"

bowmen

denounced,

in

Tiro, and

like

creatures

through
array."

in battle

the

seen

freedom

their bands

led

stood here

when

the Forum

them,
"

strongest language,the idea

nay,

of

sending an embassy to Antony,and advised that not war

should he proclaimed
(tumultus)
(helium)hut a tumult
should
be decreed
that a levy en
masse
a
military
uniform
(saga) be generallyassumed, and the courts of
"

"

"

"

He

then

in much
form
the same
proposed,
in his previous
as
speech,that a publicvote of thanks
Brutus
and
should be decreed by the Senate to Decimus
and that a giltequestrian
statue of Lepidus
to Lepidus,
should be placedon the Eostra,or in any other partof the
Caius Csesar,
As for Octavian
he preferred.
Forum
or
as
he seemed to feel
him
to designate
he always took care
in finding
language sufficiently
a
difficulty
complimentary
He proposed
that he should te formally
in praise
of him.
command
it must be remembered
invested with a military
and
that up to this time Octavian had been levying
troops,
of a militaryforce without any legal
at the head
was
authority and that he should have the rank of a propraetor,
sit in the Senate in the placeallotted to the
candidate for any
and be at liberty
to become
a
praetors,
that he
of the higher State offices. As to the objection

justiceclosed.

"

"

"

"

to

distinction

The

domestic

the

close

this

bellum

insurrection,or the

proximity

furloughswere

was

of Gaul

to

called in, but not

applied

threat

of

Italy.

In

so

in the

to

the

case

foreignwar,

Gallic
case

tumultus

invasion, owing to
of

of bellum.

tumultus

all

THE

43.

B.C.

FIFTH

215

PHILIPPIC.

under

was

the

legalage,

Cicero reminded

the Senate that

excellence
distinguished

the march
of years.
anticipated
which was
little prescient
With an earnestness
of futurity,
he scouted the idea that Octavian might become
intoxicated
with such honors, and forgetthe duty he owed to the
Eepublic. True glory consisted in securingthe esteem
and the man
who
and love of the Senate and the people,
enjoyedthis would think no other glorycomparableto it.
I will venture, Conscript
Fathers,"he exclaimed, to
people I propledgemy honor to you and the Roman
mise,
I guaranteethat Caius Caesar will always
I undertake,
he is to-day,
and such as
prove himself such a citizen as
we
ought most to wish and desire him to be." It is very
that Cicero was
quitesincere in sayingthis ; for,
likely^
"

"

"

whatever

have

may

been

his former

doubts

of

Octavian,

with
lest he might make
cause
common
theywere chiefly
adventurer
committed
to
was
Antony. But the young
the
on
againstthe consul,and was fighting
open hostility
could
side of the Senate and the Eepublic. And no one
be guiltyof
that he would so soon
have then dreamed
tion
and forming a coalihe bad adopted,
betrayingthe cause
had crowned
when victory
with Antony at the moment
from the
and his adversary
a fugitive
was
bis own
eagles,
concluded by moving
field of battle he had lost. Cicer^)
that had joined
that rewards should be givento the legions
Octavian.
It is here that Dio Cassius introduces Fufius Calenus
the

He

scene.

making
There

most

can,

in

be
reality,

fact is that

no

Fufius

ever

was

have

such

as

risingafterCicero,and

malevolent

bitter and

but this would

him"

not

him
represents

no

doubt

attack upon

that

spokenat

all.

him.

spokebefore
The important

he

mistake.
trifling
speechas Dio puts into
be

on

the mouth

of

It is certain that he would

dared, in the presence of the greatestorator of

216

EMBASSY

THE

Kome,

provoke the

to

have

invective would
rather have
him

expose
it is

TO

drawn

down

to the

he
castigation

on

upon

his

blister

Mi.

reply which

tremendous

.puta

from the
clear,

ANTONY.

him.

tongue than
was

in which

sure

such
He

64.

an

would

allowed

to receive.

it to
But

speaksof Fufius
such
in subsequentorations,
that he had given him no
provocation.That he did make a speechon this occasion
need not doubt,and that in it he defended Antony is
we
of
assert that so much
not improbable
; but we
may safely
it as is filled with abuse of Cicero,
is the mere
invention of
Dio

way

Cassius himself.
had

come

to his

down

hated

the memory

Roman

freedom.

The

of the

He

Cicero

old traditions of Cicero's

times,and

the

mies
ene-

historian
courtly

greatestchampion of

last and

therefore seized the

of
opportunity

him which those enemies

all the chargesagainst
collecting
in the form of
and threw them together
had ever whispered,
a
speech,which he attributed to Calenus. It is a good
and is well worth readingas an
example of rhetorical skill,
epitome of the accusations which the blind furyof party
hate broughtagainstCicero. It shows the impurenature
the freand explains
of the atmosphere
in which he lived,
quent
and
to the envy
allusions in his correspondence
the object. It may be conmalevolence of which he was
sidered
which antiquity
of monster
a kind
as
indictment,

drew

up

to blast the character of

one

of her

greatestmen.

long,and I pass over a tedious

speechis inordinately
of charges
in which Cicero's conduct is contrasted
catalogue
and his motives
with Antony's,his actions are
distorted,
blackened,in order to quote at lengthone passage, which,
better than any other will give the reader an idea
perhaps,
of the style,
and taste,and truthfulness of this abominable
The

tirade.
"

These

then, Cicero,

Greekling,or

whatever

or

other

Cicerullus,
name

you

or

Cicerseus, or

rejoicein, are

Cicerethus,

the

or

thingswhich

218

THE

business

to

EMBASSY

such

requireat

thought fit.
them

At

last

that

the

of the

they

as

cated
tribunes,extri-

his
difficulty
by interposing

againstputting Cicero's
was

JET. 64,

the debate

periodof

Salvius,one

the

from

ANTONY.

TO

motion

the vote.

to

carried

questionwas

proposed,and a resolution
embassy to Antony. Three

The

Fufius

as

veto

result

Calenus

had

passed for sending the

of consular
senators
rank,
Servius Sulpicius,
the first lawyer in Rome, Lucius
Piso,
the father-in-law of Caesar,
and Lucius Philippus,
the stepfather
of
task

of

the

to abandon

was

and

of

Senate

the

commands,

and

he

was

commissioners
Brutus

with

garrisonthe

the

himself

Mutina

and
itself,
which

sense

State,and

an

from

cease

to the

authority

theyhad

of the honors

assurance

The

to him

and

and

people

rendered

and

these

interview

an

convey

Senate

the

was

inroad into

no

to have

also instructed

entertained of the services

Eome

make

Brutus,to

the

these.
briefly

were

people. Failing obedience to

to be treated as a publicenemy.

were

in

terms

to deliver

siegeof Mutina, to

submit

to

and
commissioners,

they were

The

the

hostilities againstDecimus

Gaul,
Cisalpine

the

message

to Cicero himself.

entrusted

Antony

named

Octavian,were

drawing up

was

rewards

to

of

the

in store

for them.
numbers

Vast

Forum,

anxious

loud cries
from

the

were

in the

had

time

mean

to hear the result of the

heard for Cicero to

Rostra,as

had

he

done

come

assembled

long debate
and

address

the former

on

in the
; and

them

occasion.

obeyed the call,and was introduced to the multitude

by the tribune Apuleius. He did not affect to conceal his
chagrin that the embassy had been voted contraryto His
He

advice,but
would
"

he declared

his certain

not listen to the terms

Therefore," said Cicero,

make

haste, as I

see

"

let

they

conviction

imposed upon

bygones
intend

be

to do

bygones.
:

but do

that

Antony

him.
Let
you

the commissioners
prepare

your

LETTER

B.C. 43.

uniforms.3

For

Senate

of the

TO

it lias been
we

assume

will go ; he will not obey ; and

days of action."
many

The

of
peroration

The

"

has

moment

the

became

pursued us, and

suffer it will be
be

have
You

to

regret the loss of

so

speechis fine

"

fault.

own

the

borne

it

as

best

we

Gods

Henceforth

right for the

It is not

immortal

could.

destined

to the last

Roman

command

to

if

we

people to
ah1 nations.

dom.
struggle is for freeextremity.
either be victorious
must
as
surely you will be with so much
be slaves.
concord
suffer anything rather than
Other
or
endure slavery; but freedom
is the attribute of the Roman
come

now

The

"

piety and
nations

have

of Home, later indeed than

length arrived,men
the Roman
people, but yet so opportune that it
kind
Hitherto
of fatality
has
a
a
single hour.

have

our

slaves, whom

Matters

for

we

our

not

at

dignityof
put off

be

cannot

the

obey the authority

militarydress. The
embassy

shall

we

219

BRUTUS.

that if lie does

decreed

all to

are

DECIMUS

"

may

people."
The

time

embassy set out on its mission,and did not return

the end of January. Hirtius,the consul,also left
that was
to join the army
to act againstAntony
the walls of Mutina, althoughhe had been for some
in ill health,and was
hardlyfit to bear the fatigues

of

campaign.

until
Kome
under

Gaul, to

encourage

remain

He

time

mean

Cicero wrote

and
Cornificius in Africa,
friends,

absent

and

the

In

wrote

them

also to Decimus

the

to oppose

steadfast to the

Plancus

Brutus, and

in Farther

party of Antony,
commonwealth.

of the

cause

to his

told him

that

going on at Rome and in the whole of

levyof troopswas
teered
Italy if that could be called a levywhere everybodyvolunand
the desire of all for liberty,
was
so
passionate
their long servitude.
so greattheir detestation of
the Senate
of addressing
another
had
He
opportunity
before the return of the ambassadors ; for a meetingwas
"

"

summoned

by

Pansa

to

laybefore

them

some

matters

not

should call,in
like what we
nature, but more
political
business. They related
the languageof Parliament,private
But Cicero
Mint.
to the Appian Way and the Eoman
of

Vos gaga

parate.

The

sagum

was

short

militarycloak.

220

EMBASSY

THE

TO

ANTONY.

JET. 64.

speakon the subjectthat was uppermost

result of the embassy
in his thoughts the probable
the seventh
His
to Antony.
as
speech is that known
Philippic.
We
can
easilyimagine that in the interval before the
seized the occasion to

"

of

return

ambassadors, their mission

the

absorbingtopicof
rife

as

the

to

and the
afloat,
of the mode
received.

that

Gaul, but

considered

Some

the message

said

(we

others,that

he

his

sorts

of

rumors

were

busy in inventingstories
of the

Senate had
Cicero

for the

countrymen

No

been

himself)

should

be

banded
dis-

to resignCisalpine
willin'g
Gaul as his province
; others,

Macedonia,and

so

on.

Cicero in

of
object,

his motto

to

All

all armaments

was

Farther

that he limited his claim

The

one

was
Speculation
bring. Would Antony
If he proposedterms,
?

this from

know

insisted that

demanded

?
were

newsmongers

in which

Antony
;

would

they

Senate at defiance
be

the

conversation in Kome.

answer

set the
or
yield,
ought they to

was

risingto speakwas to
of their demands
rejection

and

"

He deckred
Antony !
that peace with him
at once
was
disgraceful,
hazardous,
and impossible,
and the burden of his speechwas
to prove
each of these three propositions.
It will be sufficient to
quote one or two passages to give an idea of his eloquent
appeal. The followingis in stylethoroughlyCiceronian.
he said :
After alluding
to the gravityof the crisis,
was,

"

peace

with

prepare

"

I therefore,who

always been the counsellor of peace, and to

civil war, has been
dear
peace, especiallyas distinguishedfrom
has been
beyond all men
(formy whole career
passed in the Forum
and the Senate, and in defending my
friends as an
advocate ; by which
I have gained the highest honors and such moderate
I possess,
as
means
and whatever
reputationI may enjoy) I therefore,I say, who am, so to
I may
who, whatever
be, for I do not arrospeak, the discipleof peace
gate
would
have
been
to
not
if
had
so
anything
myself
assuredly
we
I speak at a venture, Conscript Fathers, and
not enjoyed peace
dread
how
take
it"
of
out
regard to your honor, for which I feel a
you may
"

have

whom

"

"

"

"

"

THE

B.C. 43.

SEVENTH

solicitude,pray

constant

offence' what
incredible

I shall say,

that Marc

beseech

and

been

explained it to you
panegyristand counsellor

the

will hear

you

grate upon

or

ears,

your

without
appear

say it,and that you will not rejectit

have
I, I again repeat, who
always

should

before I have

that

you

it may

although

Cicero

221

PHILIPPIC.

"

of peace,

againstpeace

am

with

Marc

Antony."
In

strikingcontrast

We

have

the
repelled

them

from

their hands
becomes

speak as
This is
"

if we
After

but
traitors,

if

; and

laboured

where

sentence
of

arms

senator

long and

this

noble

is the

of words
"

to

and

exclaims,

must

we

do this

cannot

we

he

lation
accumu-

Roman

"

let

wrest

I will

"

"

die !

us

anythingin Demosthenes
perhapsfiner
in the speechon the Crown.
exceptthe adjuration
having devoted the whole of his oration to a question

as

fine

as

"

before the Senate,he dismissed

properly
which was the real question,
the subject
with laconic brevity
sion,
consul,and saying,in concluby turningto the presiding
As to the matters which you bringbefore us, I agree

which

not

was

"

ambassadors

The

they lost one

when

Servius
and

P. Servilius."

opinionof

in the

was

had

the camp

of

the sudden

hardlyreached
their number
by

Sulpicius.He

about

was

in ill health when

the

same

he undertook

to the

sought to
wishes of the
strongly-expressed

Cicero

aside,and told

on

that account

his life than

was

at first

one

of

his death at such

so

him

death of
as

age

Antony
Cicero,

-which
journey,
but yielded
decline,
the

Senate.

that he would

He

took

rather sacrifice

not only a
authority.He was
orators of Eome,
the most eloquent
juncturewas a publiccalamity.It

resist their

but
greatjurist,
and

he

of

felt and

deploredby Cicero,who

intimate friend. When

Piso and

view

wittAntonyj they found

make

and

was

had
Philippus
that

conditions to offer. This

he

besides his
their inter-

too had

shows

terms

that Cicero

jo
was

mistake.
right in condemning the embassy as a capital
By sending ambassadors the Senate seemed to recognize

222

THE

Antony
He

as

entitled
belligerent,

addressed

was

ANTONY.

TO

EMBASSY

such, and

as

againsthis country.
and
of equality,
footing

JEi. 64.

all the laws

to
not

as

war.

rebel in

therefore treated with

He

of

arms

them

on

made

tions
as the condicounter-proposals
He offered to giveup Cisalpine
of his obedience.
Gaul,
for five years that portionof Transalpine
but demanded
taken from the
Gaul called Gallia Comata, with six legions
Brutus.
He requiredfurther that lands
of Decimus
army
and money
should be givento his troops his own
previous
his decrees founded on the alleged
tents
congrants confirmed
"

"

ratified

of Caesar's papers
taken

the money
or

from

Temple
appointedby him

commissioners
of

the veterans

the

of

Ops

"

the

his

"

"

the

refused to allow the two

and

have

the

interview with

an

siegewith
They had

ambassadors

unabated
therefore

and

jury-law

secured
who
it.

by

was

He

to enter

an

fident
con-

lutely
abso-

Mutina

Brutus,pressingforward

vigor while they were

no
optionbut to return

unpalatable
answer,

amongst

new

safetyof his followers

amnesty. This was the language of a man
and resolved to show
in his strength,

repealed and

not

Septemviri,

to divide lands

Caesar,held harmless

of

demanded

account

no

"

the

in his camp.
to Kome

with

Pansa

summoned
immediately
the Senate to receive and consider their report.
in the highestdegreeindignant. He could
Cicero was
from
not brook the idea of having to entertain proposals
for
Antony, and was very angry with Piso and Philippus
consentingto bringtnem. His view was that they ought
at

to have

once

refused
that

the

arrogant ex-consul when he

peremptory orders of the Senate,and

obey the
negotiatewith

to

to

denounced

such

man

was

tantamount

to

dishonor.

When

the Senate met there

the demands

the consul

of
was

Antony, and
whether

war

thoughtof admitting
the onlyquestion
proposedby
(bellum)should be at once
was

no

THE

B.C. 43.

EIGHTH

PHILIPPIC.

223

who was
uncle of Antony,
an
proclaimed.Lucius Caesar,
spoferihfavor of callingit tumultus rather than lellum,
the milder term, but in doing so he excused himself on
as
the ground of his near
to the ex-consul. He
relationship
had made
the

similar excuse,

Senate,when

he

in favor
his

sister

of Caius

Julia,and

declared wishes

the

was

This

of Pansa
in direct

was

the time

of the Catiline

Antonius,who

on

carried to that

was

vote.

spoke,at

and others followed

Calenus

Cicero afterwards reminded

as

married

was

father of

Antony.

the

side,and

same

effect in accordance

when

he

spiracy,
con-

to

Fufius
a

lution
reso-

with

the

put the questionto the

to
opposition

the views of

Cicero,

althoughit does not appear that he took any part in that

day'sdebate. But next day he rose and delivered a speech,
then too late,
in which, although it was
he stronglyexpressed
a contrary
opinion.This was the eighthPhilippic.
absurd not to call things
He argued that it was
by their
other
They werejowjicluj^^
right names.
like those in which the actors were
Marius,and
struggles,
and Cinna, the contendingparties
might have the
Sylla,
that they were
excuse
fightingon the side of the law,but
here Antony could make no such pretence. As to the last
civil war,"he said, I do not like to speakof it I know
I abominate
the result." He complained
not its cause
of the conof the conduct of the other members
sular
bitterly
body,who by their cautious speechesdid everything
"

"

"

"

"We
of the Senate.
are
deserted,
depressthe spirit
ConscriptFathers,"he exclaimed, "deserted, I say? b%
leaders'i3ut, as 1 nave
at
often said before,all who
our

to

"

such

conduct

demands

perilentertain rightand

time

of

they

shall be

of Piso
from

tiine of their

and

our

consulars."

courageous

ments,
senti-

contrasted the

He

j.n_brin"in^
Philippus,

Antony, with
and
ancestors,

the -conduct of

mentioned

in thePopillius

how

he had

been

224

sent

THE

by

took

siegeof Alexandria ;
refugein delay,he traced

stick

on

would

the

ground where

reporthis

JEx. 64.

to command

the Senate "5 Antiochus

how,

and

the

from

ANTONY.

TO

EMBASSY

he

when

line round

stood,and

refusal to the

him

to desist

Antiochus
him

told him

Senate,unless

with

that he

he declared

his intentions before he

steppedout of the circle Popillius

concluded
He
had drawn.
by moving that an amnesty
with Antony, if before
should be grantedto all who were
him ; and that if any
the Ides of March
they abandoned
hereafter went
to him, exceptingonly Yarius Cotyla,
one
the

whom

envoy

should

be

country.
A
day

regardedby
or

two

to Borne, he
despatched

himself had

he

the

Senate

Pansa

afterwards

as

an

of his

enemy

before the

brought

of
questionof paying honors to the memory
his way
who had died in the publicservice,
on
Sulpicius,
that they
ambassador
to Antony. The consul suggested
as
But
should decree a publicfuneral and a publicstatue.
when called upon to deliver his opinion,
Publius Servilius,
the ground that there was
to the statue on
no
.objected
precedentfor erectingone in honor of an envoy who had
his embassy.
killed while employed on
not been actually
Cicero followed,and, in opposing the view of Servilius,
of delivering
took the opportunity
a warm
eulogiumupon
his departedfriend. As to the questionof whether
a
not be
statue should be voted or not, he said they must

Senate

the

of
but look at the reason
precedent,
guided by mere
thing. The objectof their ancestors was to induce men
undertake
dangerousembassies by holdingout to them

prospectof such an
king of Yeii,put
Fidense,four

to

statues

of them

stood there within their

did

not

reallydiffer from

raised

were
own

the

memory.
case

of

on

to

the

Tolumnius,

ambassadors

four Koman

death

and

Lar

Thus, when

honor.

the

the

But

at

Rostra,

their

case

Sulpicius.Their

226

from

written

been

the

wrote

in

hold

his

that

soon

it

writingto Trebotone,because,by taking

half-angry

he
assassination,

of Caesar's

at the time

had

of

him

reached

from

Dolabella

was

that

on

of

quarterwas

his way

Syria,to

to

able
favorwrest

that

to Cassius 's

It is

pleasantto

orator
a

of

was

formidable

from

turn

to catch

once

more

We

facetious friend.

A"icus,J"iit-"ene has

the end of

at Tarichea

now

in

army.

the din of

arms

of
and_strife

cakes

been

have, alas

noL

which
preserved

more

letters

he wrote

at

Februaryto Psetns,in which he good-humouredly

He thought
for having given up dining out.

jokes him
that publictroubles
"

he

vate
glimpseof Cicero in prito regardhim, perhapsfor the last time, not as
and .a politician,
but as an agreeable
companion

life;

and

standard,and

at the head

and
politics,

be

admitted,as

which they both claimed under

province,
of the Senate.
Legion after legionhad gone
authority

Palestine

to

been

have

saving his life. To Cassius he also

to confirm his resolution to
encouraginglanguage,
provinceof Syria againstall attacks. The news

him

over

an

have

no

find him

We

scenes.

means

kind.

the

should

we

February in

in

Antony aside

from

and

the

behind

were,

nius

him,

to

should

we

Cicero would

several letters which

had

have

64.

MT.

for then
at this criticalperiod,

Borne

doubt

ANTONY.

TO

EMBASSY

THE

and

were

ale."

no

He

why

reason

advised

there should not

Paetus therefore to take

againto his good old habit,for if not, he would forgethow

he was
much
of a
to give a petitdiner? at which
never
There
proficient.
was, he said, nothing like agreeable
company

and

socialintercourse to make

life pass

pleasantly,

the placeto find them.

Therefore,
as
banquetwas
he
a philosopher,
dine out.
But, resuming a serious tone, he begged him
he wrote jestingly,
that he had disnot to think,because
and

Coenulas

facere.

B.C. 43.

missed

LETTER

anxietiesfrom
political

227

POLLIO.

mmcL^His

his

whole

energies

and ^lay
to the_
consideration hpw
devoiedTnight

were

safetyand
and

FROM

he

freedom

of his

readyto

sacrificehis life in their

was

Spainwas
his death

which

divided

Caesar had

included

countrymen might

into two

given the

Lepidus,and the other to Asinius

alreadydeclared for Antony, but no
letter from

Corduba

him

reached

of

one

them,

Pollio.

Lepidushad
had yet
intelligence

Cicero,which

At

take.

of which
silence,

last

written

was

the sixteenth of March.

of his

cause

cause.

extremityof Gaul,

that Pollio would

(Cordova)on
the

of

command

to

course

secured,

and justbefore
provinces,

also the south-eastern

arrived of the

be

the

it

He

seems,

at
plained
ex-

that

Cicero had

or. rather
complained,
by the extreme difficulty,
he had experienced
of transmitting
despatches
impossibility,
from his^
distant province.His couriers were
robbed by
brigandsin the gloomy forests of Castulo,throughwhich
stoppedand searched
they were obligedto pass, and were
postedfor that
by the soldiers of Lepidus,who were

purpose.

by

land ;

and, as

no

one

in the Mediterranean
Pollio with Eome

the
came

by

sea

was

and

He

saved the land

cut

open, and
More

for he

Horace,and

in those

of

days dreamed

letter

sailing

of
winter,all communication
ever,
off until its close. Now, how-

was

the letter that Cicero received

than

usual interest attaches to

patronof Virgil
reign of Augustus.

the friend and

long into the

from confiscation,
Virgilat Mantua
this the poet dedicated to him his

lived
of

to send

in the

was

that route.

Pollio's name,

unable

therefore been

had

He

gratitudefor
and also a
eightheclogue. He was a criticand historian,
from the
know
orator and advocate,as we
distinguished

and

in

lines of Horace

"

Insigne msestis presidium reis

Et consulenti,Pollio,curise

"

Q2

228

EMBASSY

THE

spokenof by Virgilas

and is

Pollio et

He

wrote

at the

avowing.that he
than
had

taken

had

been

hands

active

cut

off from
and

the

his readiness

what

common

step hitherto

the

"

Such

have

must

the

was

That

his fault.

not

was

he

He

Borne,and

with

him

not

two

be

men

much

They

were.

Gallus,and
when

omitted,for
Pollio

I think

I value

it

had

said,in

of his walks

them

you

will

for
to enjoy,
permitted
tranquillity,
to your side."J"
myselfclosely
are

I shall attach

rather do anything

with him.

letter should

the
congenialspirits

we

his intentions

scruplejn

no

all communication

alludingto him, I envy

and jokeswith you." How
find out if

state what

cause

.friend in Cornelius

common

carmina.

nova

in whose
Italylaythe legionsof Lepidus,
passes of the Alps. Cicero might depend
of liberty.
to face any danger for the cause

in

sentence

shows
a

no

were

One

in

64.

"

presentcrisis. He made
hated Antony, and would

engage

him

between

JET.

poet

ipse facit

ANTONY.

and
explainhis position,

to

were

on

TO

assured

ever

letter which
him

of the

Cicero

and
received,

loyaltyof

his

which

accomplished

perhapshe was at the time sincere. But

Pollio,like Plancus,Lepidus,and so many others at that
was
a time-server,
and, as we shall see, when
tryingperiod,
for puttinghis professions
the moment
to the test,
came
he deserted the Senate and went over
to Antony.

friend.

Good

And

news

came

also from

Macedonia

and Greece.

There

the former

had acknowledgedthe
Q. Hortensius,
pro-consul,
of M. Brutus as his successor
authority
; Antony'sbrother
Caius was
shut up in Apollonia,
and the placewas
closely
invested. Legion after legiondeckred againsthim, and
one
was

of them

went

to Cicero's son,

young

Marcus, who

positionof partiesin the

of Cisalpine
Gaul, Syria,and
importantprovinces

servingwith

three

over

Brutus.

The

CONFUSION

B.C. 43.

Macedonia

that he

each

there
law

hy

was

pictureof
world

confusion

The

Eoman

nearly the
each asserting
claimants,

then

the

fact

of

state

the consuls

himself

in
province,

in

entitled to the command.

was

was

229

WORLD.

ROMAN

rival

were

Senate and

who
ex-consul,

an

THE

(includingGreece),was

In

same.

OF

in

were

the
arms

beseigingthe

of its chief towns.

one

What

Koman

against
of

governor

In Macedonia

the East

and

and in
was
viceroy
fighting
againstviceroy,
Spain the army of Lepiduswas watching the army of
Pollio so closely,
that not even
courier could pass to
a
Borne without beingstoppedand robbed of his despatches.
Tha veterans of C^sar
were
arrayedagainsteach other in
Caesar's adopted son
bent
the
was
on
opposite
camps.
destruction of Caesar's colleaguein the consulshipof
the man
who had heaped honors on the memory
of Caesar,
than any other,feared by the conspirators,
and was, more
"

lest he should

the avenger

be

of

his.death.

Octavian

was

the same
side as Brutus and Cassius : he, who
on
fighting
had
reproachedAntony for remissness in allowing the
assassins to escape, was
with
now
cause
making common
and endeavouringjx)
those assassins,
rescue
onejpf^them
In Rome
itselfAntony was
fromhis
not without
grasp.
friends
party they could be hardly called,for his chief
"

followed him

had
supporters
to them

the

us,

partythat

creed

Their

Caesar,and
he

were

When
to

were

was

that

followed Cicero

Antony

was

as

Appian tells

their leader

as

far

the liberties of Rome

called.

was

despotthan
perishunless

worse

must

destroyed.
the

addressed by
despatch

inform

them

of what

Adriatic,reached Rome,

meeting of
The

; for so,

the Ciceronians

that

In direct opposition

to the camp.

the

Pansa

Senate, and

was

M. Brutus

going

on

the

across

immediatelysummoned

laid the contents

which
in effect,
question,

to

he

suls,
con-

the
a

before them.

proposedwas

whether

230

THE

Brutus

EMBASSY

TO

ANTONY.

J"T. 64.

of
formallyinvested with the command
the provinces
which he held by rightof the sword ; and he
he praised
addressed the Senate in a speech in which
his actions in very complimentaryterms.
But, as usual,
he

should be

called

He

opinion.
Brutus

should

and

"The
his enemy
than butter,but war
softer than

oil,yet

in the

words

"

is known

have touched Calenus

be described

to

deliver his

rise first and

speechwhich

It must
Philippic.

it may

to

and
advised
spoke in the negative,
He
be deprived"
of military
command.

Cicero, in
fr\L_

followed
tenth

Calenus

Fufius

on

was

the

quick,
David

smoother

were

his words

in his heart:

He

swords."

they drawn

were

to the

languageappliedby

of his mouth

was

as

that

were

began

agreement
disby expressinghis apprehensionlest their constant
in opinionmight lessen their friendship,
for he
stillassumed
its

this to

sincerity.He
to be almost

himself

at
utterly

could

man

loved,and
had

done

twitted

loss to

thingvery

had

fact should

and

he

be

was
so

said had

well

or

on

as

the

whom

body hated

in the

part of

Brutus

was

Roman

his

championof
every body
?

Calenus

Senate,: he

speech.

All the

to say that his letter

written,and he proposedthat the

recorded.
not

every

unusual

bestowed

to the consuls

which

tune
having the misforof one, and professed
a minority
understand
how so excellent^a

to love those whom

a

believe in

may

with

stand up
to hate those

he

came

little we

and

had read either the whole

praisehe

Fufius

alwaysin

attack Brutus

How

Antony.

however
exist,

even

Cicero
the

excuse

ridiculed this
of

idea,

being a hasty

extemporesuggestion.He asked who had ever seen a

resolution of the Senate approvingof the style
of a letter ?
Then turningfrom Calenus he pronounceda flowingpanegyric
Marcus
Brutus, giving him credit for rather
upon
than he deserved ; and he appealedto the Republic
more
herself to say whether she would hand over her legions
to

THE

B.C. 43.

Brutus

TENTH

He

Antony.
appointmentwould

his

to

or

Caesar,but there

231

PHILIPPIC.

knew

it

be

might

urged

that

distasteful to the veterans

be

of

force in the

In a strain
objection.
he protested
of loftyeloquence
againstthe notion that they
to be terrified by the bugbearof the displeasure
of the
were
He

veterans.

throne
Imperial

they

When

we

because

stopped

we

the

veteran

slavery!

yoke

of

time

befittingme

be at the beck

the

to

speak.

breath

ready

it has

that

to

ancestors

bear

is to be

death

soldiers, and

all

is uncertain

war

words

our

is

no

to

but

one

off the

cast

same

to

are

actions

and

existence

no

are

virtue

and

toil and
while

lives.

nations

other

And

we

have

this for

recovery
attempt. But

standard

of

of freedom

our

no

may
other

they
from

are
our

actions and

that

not

even

by declining the

if

even

stillwe

"

life is not

For

escape which
learnt the lesson

the
self-respect

in the

All

fickle

hardship,to

glorious is the

dreaded

our

cannot.

ours

fortune

slave.

in the

and
of

hazard

the

at

they shun
everything;
So

who

say what is true, and at the

members
of this august body

me

If the

of servitude,but

to make

thoughts.

our

let

mere

yoke

thousands

I pose,
supwould

pleasesthem, let us rather choose death, which

concede
Let me
always preferred to slavery.

fightfor libertyeven

than

against us

are

what

must

reason

the chains

and that there

liberty,
indignationimpels

so"

of the veteran

the

their arrogance.
be
of slavery shall we

noble

be it

point that the issue of

"

endure

not

innumerable

not

common

the

endure

to break

are

whom

citizens have

Roman

to

airs I could

But

regulatedby

to be

there

soldiers

by always bringing up the name

praise their valour and good conduct,

told that the veterans

are

to defend

arms

ready

am

forsooth, that
take

the

is meant

"

endeavouring

are

auction

to

up

come

"

themselves

gave

put

would

of the veterans

time

the

that

would

guards

exclaimed,

What," he

but if

no

littleforesaw

Praetorian

when

"

was

to be
boon
a
could
purchase immortality,that
danger we
be longer.
servitude would
the duration of our
as
rejectedin proportion
Since, however, we
are
exposed day and night to accidents of all kinds,

would

it is not

give to

becoming to a
his country the

man,

and

life which

least of all to
he

owes

be

Koman,

to hesitate to

to nature."

moving^ a. .resolutionthat the whole

by,.
concluded^
and
militaryforce had been preservedto the Senate,
had done
good
Quintus CsepioBrutus,6the pro-consul,
the
befitting
service to the State,and acted in a manner
He

It will

adoption.

be

remembered

that

Brutus

had

assumed

this

name

on

232

EMBASSY

THE

TO

glory of loisancestors,and
the

Senate

and

.defend those

had

raised,and

the

publiccost.

and

ANTONY.

had

the

earned

the Roman

furnished with
The

this time

Tidings about
had committed

motion

and

carried

reached

crime.
frightful

the

money

was

he

army

suppliesat
Cicero pro-

as

Eome

On

gratitudeof
should keep

he

people; that
and command
provinces,

be

64.

Mr.

that Dolabella

his way

Syriato
contest the government with Cassius,he entered Smyrna
with his troops,
where Trebonius, the pro-consul
of Asia
Minor, happened to be staying. He paidhim a visit and
terms with him, when
pretendedto be on the most friendly
he suddenly ordered
his soldiers to seize and
scourge
him

in his presence, while he demanded

of the

publictreasure
the unhappy
subjected

days he

then

and

had

his head

of the

him

the

province. For

to the most

man

cut

from

to

off and

render
sur-

two

cruel tortures,

stuck upon

the

point of a spear, orderingthe body to be draggedalong

the ground and thrown into the sea.
This inhuman
der
murexcited feelings
of horror and indignation
at Eome
;
all parties
in
A
it.
joined
execrating
meeting of the
Senate

and Fufius Calenus

called,

was

should
'

voluminous

and

letters Ad

of the

the best scholars

now

(Hist, of Rome,

V.

other

editions

Diversos

or

Cicero

of Cicero's

Familiares.

is that the letters

105),

and

publicenemy,

correspondence between

in Ernesti's

found
end

be declared

proposedthat

are

The

and

his
Marcus

bella
Dola-

property
Brutus

works, collected

is

at the

The
not

general opinion of
genuine. Niebuhr
says
their genuineness was

question about
that
years ago by English critics,and I know
F. A. Wolf
was
decidedly of opinion that they are a fabrication ; but I
cannot
myself with the same
certainty. I should like to see
express
them
proved to be spurious,as I am morally convinced that they are."
Middleton
fulness
quotes them constantly,and had no suspicionof their doubtuntil they were
attacked by Tunstall
in his famous
Epistolaad
Cony"rs Middleton
(Cantab. 1741). He then defended
them, and the
raised

about

controversy

was

"

hundred

carried

between

on

bitterness

on

both

maintains

the

genuineness of

sides.

recent

the two

scholars,not without

German

writer

the letters.

named

some

Guettingue

234

THE

heard

were

never

burst

from

who

his
in

were

the difference

his

was

He
at

was

He

gone.

than

be

execrable

an

compromisedin
could preserve
he

as

with

the

could

never

tells
his

us

tyranny.
the

him
in

in

saw

from

of his

proposedto

was

second

the question
before
Pansajbrought

and

Piso,the

who

were

were

Caesar,

nothing better

as

hand
before-

his

was

of the conqueror.

halter round

and

two

neither

had

ruler than

hands

countryand

send

he

boldly

act

creatures,and death

expectat the
fightwith a

to

and

idea that

givenaway
Philippics,

of his

one

the least that he could

It

that

safetyalso was deeply

nothing but victory
Antony had already,

own

destruction.

of the

propertyto

He

His

of

reason

countrywith
Antony her worst

rule

struggle,and

one

might be said
againstthe enemy

vacillating

loved his

He

worse
infinitely

an

cognize
re-

Caesar

he

But

yet Cicero regarded Caesar's

and

traitors

victorious the liberties of Koine

was

would

and

between

ease.

he

time

it is difficult to

war

haunted

misgivingsjiow.

If he

enemy.

againstthe

the timid

civil

and
affection,
passionate

to

unhesitatingconviction,now,

the

In

time

I believe that the real

Atticus.

64.

JEv.

from

and

Mutina;

his conscience
nor

which

thundered

he

Pompey he was always

might be decidingwrong.
doubts

ANTONY.

intrepidorator

right.

unless

TO

those

at

arms

of
correspondent

was

than

as
lips,

in the

he

EMBASSY

his neck

own.

embassy to Antony,
the Senate.

first asked their

(Menus

were
opinions,

it,and they named as the most proper persons

undertake
it,P. Servilius and, of all in the world,Cicero !

in favor of
to

of disgustat such a sugimagine his feelings

gestion.
bad enough to talk of another embassy at
It was

It is easy to

all,but

to

He

and

rose

send

speech which
dwell

upon

him

on

such

an

protested
againstthe
forms
the

the

twelfth

intolerable.

errand

was

motion

in
altogether,
need

not

combated

the

Philippic. I

arguments with which

he

B.C.

THE

43.

proposalof
in which

second

he

ancient

between

should

who

be

modern

selected

for

hardly

like

to urge

that his life

confess

And

sacrificed.

be

with

interview
his

with
did

of

who

man

think

that

to

us

his

would

State to

pain of

shown

an

and

enemy,

whether

be

or

scruple.

the

them

should

regard

man

him,

to the

bitterest

asked

danger

him

spare

of

one

difference

alarmed

value

speech

be

this without

did

was

some

of

danger

he
profligateassociates,

not

should

With

much

too

Senate

his

the
illustrating

the

yet Cicero

entreating the

After

that he

public service

of

part

manners.

that

was

that

idea

curious, as

and

to

but

embassy,

is

235

PHILIPPIC.

deprecated the

ambassadors,

the

TWELFTH

they
for

his

life :"
I

"

acted

in

and
be

little for

care

of

and

and

have

am

to pay

to
to

myself

this

has

tortures

ought

not

myself, by
the

from

since

danger?

own

life

my

Republic

the

without

deceive

braved

and,

"

unless

I have

injured

not

my

people

bitter

that

"

is so,

my

hatred

I may

think

to

ye

not

that

"

wished

permit it,he said, he

would

they

regard

no

who,

it be

that

so

Roman

one

least

at

the

dangers

the

arrogate anything

to

ought

If

and

death,

Dolabella

since

myself, especially

"

desire

me

For

care,

men,

said,

to you

account.

no

of wicked
seem

make

But

torments.

vigilance

to

way

it," he

in

remain

to

Borne.
"This
my
no

their

is

one

more

years

myself)
me

second

this

"

is

one

less

this

watch-tower"

my

timid

than

but

am,

fortress

my

the

at

same

and
time

since

the

scelerats

the

against

of

They

me.

penalty

of their

country

our

have

crimes

paid
"

the

It is

for themselves.

speak

Facts

guard.

his

upon

attacks

His

station

my
.No

camp

twenty
to

is

to

the

been

all

have

Republic

Republic

has

now

directing

(not to

hitherto

say
served
pre-

for herself."

arguments
embassy

was

had

Jhe

desired

and
^effect,

finallyabandoned.

the

idea of

236

SIEGE

OF

MUTINA.

AND

SIEGE

64.

XXIV.

CHAPTEB

THE

Mr.

OF

BATTLES

TKEACHEEY

AND

MUTINA,

OCTAVIAN.

OF

JE-r. 64.

middle

of March

the levies he

with

B.C. 43.

had

and
arrived,

Pansa

left Koine

had

raised,to join his Colleague

the army in the neighbourhoodof Mutina. As spring

advanced
Antony had led his legionsthat wintered in

and

Bononia

alongthe

^Emilian

Koad, which

skirted the northern

base of the

and, havingeffected a junctionwith

Apennines,
the blockadingforce,
was
vigorously
pressingforward the
and all the
siege. It is one of the most famous in history,
that

resources

were

at

that

time

known

exhausted both in the attack and

were

The

to the art of

war

the defence.

attitude of

Lepidusand Plancus in the West gave

uneasiness.
Cicero some
They both wrote letters to the
himself
Plancus soughtto excuse
Senate advocating
peace.
himself on
for his apparenthesitation hitherto in declaring
the side of the Senate.
of his
fidelity
both

of which

army,

had

and
been

He

said

also of the

he

had

towns

to

secure

of his

the

province,

tempted by largepromisesfrom

Antony. Now, however, he was able to speak out. He

all of whom
he could
at the head of five legions,
was
on
and theywere
animated by the best feelings
thoroughlyrely,
towards the cause
of the Eepublic.He
was
willingto
bear the whole brunt of the war
if he could only,
himself,
at his own
the safetyof his country,or, at
secure
peril,
least,delaythe approachof danger. Fairer professions

DECLARATION

B.C. 43.

than

these

no

man

in the
privately
the morning of
leave his
friends.

same

OF

could

make,

strain.

the seventh

and

He

he

wrote

to Cicero

got the letter earlyin

of

April,as he was ahout to

house,attended,as usual,by a crowd of admiring
He
read it with delight,
and immediately
made

the contents to those around

known

237

PLANCUS.

letter of Plancus

hands, he went

was

off at

almost
once

him

; and

as

the

public

immediatelyafter put into

to show

his

it to

Cornutus,the city
the absence of the consuls,their

whom, in
praetor,
upon
functions by law devolved.

He

convoked the
immediately
Senate in the Temple of Jupiter,
and, as the news
got
that
abroad
had arrived,
there was a
an
important
despatch
crowded meeting. But, owing to some
in the
informality
with which the proceedings
of the Senate
religious
ceremony
alwaysopened,the house was adjourneduntil the following
day. When theymet, Servilius was firstcalled on to speak,
not very complimentary
and it appears that he was
to
and proposeda vote of thanks
Cicero followed,
Plancus.
This would have been
terms.
to him in highlyeulogistic
carried at once, but

Servilius induced

one

of the tribunes

his veto. The consequence

that the debate
was
interpose
was
again adjourned;and next day Cicero made a still
more
energeticappeal in favor of Plancus, and finally
carried his point.
to
addressed by Antony at this juncture
A letter was
Hirtius and Octavlan7"wiiich:
Hirtius'Tnmiediately
to read it to the Senate,
mitted to Cicero,
with permission
to the peopleat a publicmeeting.
or, if he thought fit,
We know its contents from the long and sarcastic comment
which he made upon them.
They consisted of a catalogue
of all the grievances
of which Antony complained.In it

to

he said

"

"Fortune

belong

to

rnaHter of

has
the

hitherto

avoided

spectacleof

two

politicfightingtogether,with

body
gladiators,
pittingthe
same

the

two

againsteach

other.

armies

that

Cicero, like
He

is

so

far

238

ANTONY'S

has

he

lucky

that

which

he boasted
insult

any

to

Pompey

settlements,and
Dolabella,

nor

the
you with
deceived
Csesar.

deceived

that

he

myself

hated,

LETTER.

or

to

nor

put

friends, nor

my
allow

the

yEx. 64.

glozing tongue

same

I
to

veterans

to

resolved

am

desert
be

not

with

to bear

the

party
expelled from

which
their

by one to the torture, nor to break faith with

most
scrupulous
my league with Lepidus, a man
sels.
duty,1nor betray Plancus, the partner of my counone

violate

in the

discharge of
bear
the
Finally my views may be summed
up thus :" I can
if
either
done
friends,
themselves
are
by my
they
willing to
injuries
of Csesar.
the death
I
forget them, or are ready to avenge with me
do not believe that any ambassadors
are
coming, but when they do come
I shall know
the demands
they bring."
.

this insolent letter in his hand

With

another

for
Senate-house,

take into consideration

lius

and

that there could

down

the

his

oration

with the

as

to

no

peace

the

in the welfare of his

informed

that

he

had

to the

Cicero

arms.

known

be

took

time,be

same

leave the matter

better

summoned

the

the interest he

country,but,at

been

the

Servipublicletter of 'liepfdUB:
Lepidusshould be thanked for his love

proposedthat

of peace,

meeting had

Cicero entered

Senate,whose opinionwas
with Antony unless he laid

and
afterwards,

rose

delivered the

thirteenth
that

exceptionof

Philippic.It is,perhaps,
againstPiso,the most savage of
poured out the full fury of his

speeches;and he
hatred againstAntony in a torrent of invective which is
almost without a parallel.
After insisting
that peace with such men
as
Antony and
his associates was
he pl^ised^pidu^^irjL,
his
impossible,
usual styleof loftycompliment,
and said that so good a
and citizen might possibly
be mistaken in opinion,
but
man
could not be suspected
of any view hostile to the commonwealth.
all his

He
"

struggle is

The

infuriated

declared
to

gladiator,with

Cicero

Piissimi.

which

was

"quod

verbum

not

"

save
a

Decimus
band

Brutus

of execrable

from

destruction.

One

brigands,is carrying on

ridiculed

Antony for coining this superlative,

Latin, as every schoolboy at the present day knows
:
omnino
nullum
in lingua Latina est."
Phil. XIII. 19.
"

THE

B.C. 43.

THIRTEENTH

againsthis country,his
Can
against four consuls.
war

terms

Can

believe

we

household

hearths

gods, our

yield to him?
possiblewith him

we

peace

239

PHILIPPIC.

Can
?

and

altars,and

listen

we

to

his

"

afterwards took

He

and, readingit senAntony'sletter,

tence
by sentence,kept up a running fire of bitter and
of them
Some
worth
sarcastic remarks.
are
quoting;
of violent abuse is tedious.
althoughthe constant repetition
he read the passage in which Antony expressed
his
When
to the
joythat Trebonius had fallen a victim as an offering

Spartacus,for

"

Caesar,he cried

of

manes

crimes

Catiline

to exult
crime

he

was

appears

that

I call you ?

can

punished

was

guilty except

the death

from

"

tolerable ; have

Trebonius

that

else

what

out

was

that

your

due

he
?

you
Trebonius

saved

to whose

owing

dared

nefarious

to write that

criminal

by drawing

you

ought

we

Of what

you

aside

"

to what Antony had said about his surprise

Then, referring
of Hirtius,who had been elevated to his
at the conduct

For

"

him

on

and
that
have

part I

own

my

Csesar ; but

by
industry,are

wasted

birth

deny

these honors,

accompanied

You,

have

upon
bestowed

given

however,

who

on

conferred

by

are

also
what

by
you
much
you?
upon
advancement
?
You
"

"

honors

they

as

Csesar

so

went

had

that Hirtius

heaped
not

he
Caesar,

cannot

would
Would
would

you
your
life,as in fact you did, in the stews, at the
your whole
and in drunkenness, when
you gave yourselfup, soul and
or

the embraces

of

had

Antony

in the

There

was

virtue

deny
you
your
have

gamingtable,
body, to

2
ballet-girls."

"Pompey's camp," and

the rebel senof contrasting
ators
opportunity
the

called

Cicero seized the

had

cannot

his ornament.

had
honors
you
been
if he had

virtue

of

the kindness

high position
by

camp

Senate

at Mutina

with the

senators

of Eome.

to be found the ruined

who
bankruptTrebellius,

his creditors ; there

Bestia,and Annius, and

cheated

whom
and Cotyla" men
Antony,.by
and Coelius,
Gallius,
slaves at one
of
way of amusement, got whippedby public
2

Cicero
:

"

here

makes

Cum

in

shockingly bad

gremio mimaruin

mentum

which

is

latable
quite untransmentemque deponeres."

pun,

240

THIRTEENTH

THE

There

his feasts.

could

he

when

Plancus,who,

Tillus

would

not have set the Senate-house

prophecythat he
His leg was
broken.

leg

was

There

Decius,and Saxa

were

before he

tribune

as

citizen

self-constituted senator

the

and

known

was

sandals and

puttingon buskins,was
Father ! 3
a
Conscript

; but

then," he

Such

"

of

have

have

us

happened,

have

out of many,
of the

the boldness

He

in

was

Albedius
to

as

if all
have

Senate

the
of

scorn

and

on

lived

now

yielded to

this

not

deny that

which

he

Antony

war

in which

would

not

authority. But

what

may be inferred from the fact that I,

and
singly,with your support,confounded

exultingbrigand."

mournfullywent over the names

and
they had lost
Sulpicius,

of the consular

"

Lentulus, and

Afranius,and

did

Pompeian Senate,

then

senators

he

exerted

have

left alone
crushed

"

audacity would

the rest would

power

talks

consuls

for

the

saw

Antony'sSenate.

of

he

been

He

phosed
suddenly metamor-

calumnious

so

was

exclaimed,

when

himself

plumes
ten

one

worthy member

was

no

Exitius,

after Caesar's death,and, slipping

off his

open

know

made

was

and

"

Asinius.

Senate-house

into

his

still lived.

he

barbarian who

had

perishunless

not

broken,but

"

Senate,

who

fire ; and

on

could

falsifiedthe

loved the

if he had

was

other

bath-man.

common

pet
mander
com-

the

and

64.

elect,

his

abandoned

once

There

that

tribunes

; two

betray him,

not

robber, and

stout

MT.

Nucula, and

and

who
Hostilius,

Tullus

of them

Yiseius,a

Lento

were

Lucius Antony
people,

favorite of the
one

PHILIPPIC.

Bibulus,and

Marcellus,and
Domitius,and

Appius Claudius,and Publius Scipio and gave appropriate

of each.
of
Alludingto the epithet
praiseto the memory
lanista,which Antony had appliedto himself,he said,
"

"

Mutavit
at

Rome

buskins, and
ornamented
"

calceos
wore

fastened
with

pater conscriptusrepente factus

distinctive

kind

in front with

small

of shoes, which

four black

est."
were

strings. They

The

high

like

were

also

crescent.

Appositam nigreelunam

subtexit

alutse."
"

tors
Sena-

Juv. VII. 192.

242

OF

STRATAGEM

It must

have

been

an

HIRTIUS.

anxious

time

JET.

at Home

64.

in that

...

month

of

April,B.C. 43, when, day

after

day, men

were

to hear of a battle which would decide the fate

expecting
of the Eepublic.Protected by a fortifiedcamp
before the
walls of Mutina, Antony pressedforward the siege; but
arrived in the capital
in the-middla of the
gloriousnews
month.
A great battle had been fought,and Antony was
defeated.
After he had
evacuated Bononia
to join the
besiegingforce before Mutina, the place was
occupied
without resistance by the united columns
of Hirtius and
Soon
Octavian.
afterwards
they advanced along the
JEmilian
road
towards
checked
Mutina, but were
by
the river,which
Antony had stronglyguarded. It was
of the last importancethat they should communicate
their approach
him
to Brutus, and encourage
to hold out
hard pressed,
for he was
and the garrison
to extremity,
of provisions.Hirtius
was
sufferingfrom the want
therefore employed divers,
who were
to carry despatches
written on
the river
piecesof lead, and swim across
under water.
He hoped that when
they gainedthe opposite
bank
served.
they would be able to get into Mutina unobBut the stratagemwas
discovered by Antony, and
he adoptedan ingeniousexpedient
to baffle it. He caused
nets to be sunk in the river in different places,
and in these
the luckless divers were
caught,and hauled on shore. We
can
fortunate
imaginethe rough merriment in the camp when an unswimmer
was
brought to the surface,struggling
like a huge porpoisein the net.
When
this plan failed,
of pigeons as his messengers
Hirtius made
use
; and, as
there were
muskets
in those days to arrest their flight,
no
able to wing their way safely
to the town, and
they were
attached to their wings. At
carry the letters that were
last Antony heard that Pansa
at hand, at the
was
near
head of the strong reinforcements he had brought from

BATTLE

B.C. 43.

Kome,

OF

243

MUTINA.

he felthow

and

it was
to strike a decisive
important
before the relieving
was
tional
joinedby these addiarmy
his brother Lucius in
troops. Leaving,therefore,

blow

of the camp,

command
Brutus

check,he

in

with

advanced

attack Hirtius and

it

distance off the /Emilian

several

days the

I do

not

know

to have been

seems

the exact

at

road,between Mutina

Gallorum,a

keep

to

with the rest of his forces to

Octavian.

but
spottheyoccupied,

called Forum

sufficient numbers

few miles

hostile armies

from

little

some

and

place

Bononia.

confronted each

For

other,but

collisiontook

no

the

and

skirmishes between
place,
exceptin partial
both sides were
as
sent out
on
cavalry,
foragingparties
into collision. But Antony made a strongreconcame
naissance,
and

The

camp.

rest

of Hirtius's

and

who

battle.4

drove Hirtius and

may

Cicero

It is

abruptstylein

model

which

the Duke

despatchof

after the battle of

words,

"

back into their

told in the words

be

who
officers,

sent

Octavian

commanded
letter

the

giving an

of

Galba,one
Martial legion,
account

of the

of

and, in the
soldierly
simplicity,
it begins,
reminds us of the famous
the day
of Wellingtonwritten on

Waterloo,which

advanced

Buonaparte

attacked the Prussian

with

commences

at

posts

15th, and

the

on

the

daylightin

the

morning."
Pansa

had

reached

Bononia

with

four

his
marchingthroughthe town, had pitched

littledistance to the west, on

and,
legions,
at

camp

some

the side of the ^Ernilian road.

to
pressing
message
bringon his troopsand joinhim immediately.This was
the tenth of April. Next morning Antony pushedon
on
from his quarters
to intercept
Pansa,and crash him before

But Hirtius sent Galba

he could effect a

imagined that
4

He

was

the

to him

with
junction

he would

have

with

Hirtius and Octavian. He

to deal

of Galba,
great-grandfather

only with

the Koman

the

emperor.
K

new

244

BATTLE

levies of

Pansa, who

OF

were

raw

MTJT1NA.

and

JET. 64.

inexperienced
troops,

an
anticipated
easy victory.But Hirtius had taken
the precautionto strengthenPansa
by sending on to
Bononia
the night before,under the command
of Carfuthe Martial legion a body of veterans who were
the
lenus,
and two praetorian
cohorts,so
very flower of his army
he little
that he was
preparedto giveAntony a reception
Grallorum
he
Antony reached Forum
expected. When

and

he

"

"

there ; and, to deceive the enemy

heavy infantry
sent forward only a body of lightto his real strength,
as
the soldiers of the
armed
as
troops and cavalry. As soon
Martial legionand the praetorian
cohorts caught sightof
the advancing squadrons nothing could
restrain their
ardor.
Without
waiting for the signal of attack,and

halted his

of
regardless

the

efforts of their officers to restrain their

they rushed forward to the battle. Pansa

impetuosity,
immediatelyordered two of his new
legionsto hasten on
and as they extended in line they had to
to their support,
force their way throughthe thick woods and;marshy ground
road.
that lay on both sides of the JEmilian
Seeinghow
serious matters
looked, Antony brought out his whole
force from the town, and a generalengagement began.
It was
both sides,
contested on
bravelyand obstinately
and Caesar's veterans fought for the first time in opposite
under Galba,
ranks.
Eight cohorts of the Martial legion,
occupiedPansa's rightwing,and the fury of their charge
was
so
great that they drove back Antony'sThirty-fifth
in hot pursuitfar beyond their
and followed them
legion,
that the enemy'scavalry
lines. The consequence
was
own
began to surround them, and they would have been cut off
the main
from
body if a retreat had not been sounded ;
in gettingback.
but as it was
difficulty
they had some
The
here

centre

armies

was

raged for

some

of both

the battle

on

the ^Emilian

hours without

road, and
either side

B.C. 43.

beingable

of the
not

was

person,

the

to obtain

the south

on

OF

BATTLE

cohorts of the

so

MUTINA.

245

advantage.But

Pansa's left wing,

road,where

he himself commanded

fortunate.

It consisted

of

in

only two

Martial

legionand one praetoriancohort,

hard pressed,
and was
so
which
especially
by the cavalry,
began to outflank it,that it was compelledto fall back.
This led to a generalretreat of the whole line towards
their camp, and Antony followed close
them, hoping
upon
able to

to be

The

vain.

resistance

great,that

so

captureit
he

was

began

appeared
upon the scene.
throughoutlike a brave
that
his

at

blow.

But

and
desperate,

so

retire. But

to

who
Hirtius,
and

he attacked

skilful

his

new

it in

loss

own

enemy

now

to have acted

seems

when
general,

he heard

going on, left Octavian to guard

engagement was
camp, and,puttinghimself at the head of twenty veteran
an

cohorts,hurried
the

up with

came

had

reached

forward

He
support of Pansa.
columns of Antony justas they
retiring

Gallorum

Forum

on

their way

back,and

fell

routed them
furythat he completely
with great slaughter.During the engagement Octavian,
left to guard Hirtius's camp,
who was
with only a few
but he succeeded in repulsing
himself attacked,
was
cohorts,
the enemy.
It was
dark,for it was nearlynightfall
now
when
with part
the second battle began,and Antony fled,
The victory
of his cavalry,
before Mutina.
to his camp
but it was
was
dearlypurchasedby the loss of
complete,
them

upon

the

such

gallantPansa.

battle,and
for

with

the

to

some

Three

was

He

carried

received two

mortal

Bononia, where

into

time before he died.

or

four

days before

wounds

news

of the

he

in the

lingeredr -^-"

//try
^/
ar/ivedat
victory

had reached
great reverse
gloomy reports of some
torious,
the city. When
the rumor
spreadthat Antony was vicassembled in the Curia Hostilia,and
his partisans
the
of the CapifoTand
began to talk of takingpossession

Kome

246

TRIUMPH

gates,to

throw

fondlyhoped was
Cicero

to make

reportthat he was
accordingto his
offer him

it,and
him

the

so

them

OF

open

to

who

conqueror,

they

goingto proclaimhimself Dictator,and,

own

statement, intended

themselves

in hopes that he would

office,
assassins

aiming at absolute power.

that Apuleius,one
of the

Cicero,held

the

alreadyon his march to Borne. In order

circulated a
unpopular,they industriously

give hired

as

J3r. 64.

CICERO.

to

readily
accept

pretextfor despatching
the agitaSo great was
tion

tribunes

and

friend

of

public meetin"jind,
haranguing the people,

wicked calumny. The

a
-tJie-wJbol"L"stQrj_as
and shouted out
crowd loudlycheered him while he spoke,
that Cicero had alwaysbeen the best friend of the Republic.
Plis enemies were
soon
confounded,for that same
day,two
arrived in
three hours after the meeting,a messenger
or
all
In a moment
Rome
with tidingsof Antony's defeat.
was
changed. The joy of the multitude knew no bounds,
should they turn but to him whose voice had
and to whom
for five long months
in the Senate and the Forum
rung
like the sound of a trumpet-call
to battle ?
They rushed
tumultuouslyto Cicero's house,and, callingupon him to
come
out, accompaniedhim, in surging crowds, to the
to return thanks to the godsJbs victory. It was
Capitol,
for Cicero as in the midst of that jubilant
a proudmoment
throng he slowly walked along the Via Sacra up the
of the hill which was
crowned by the
ascent to the summit
glorious
Temple of Jupiter.He was escorted home again
in the same
like a triumphalconqueror, and felt,
manner,
that it was
indeed,as he afterwards said,
a real and
genuine
triumphto receive thus the acclamations of his countrymen
for his services to the State.
in gratitude
The
from the army
had brought a public
messenger
despatchfrom Hirtius and Octavian; and Cornutus,the
lost no time in assembling
the Senate next day
citypraetor,
denounced.

TEMPLE

OF

RESTORED

CAPITOLINU8.

JUPITER

BY

CAV.

CANINA.

Vol.

ii.

p.

246.

248

THE

He

LAST

PHILIPPIC.

.Ex. 64.

proposedthat the number of days for a public

in Servilius's motion, should be
mentioned
thanksgiving,
increased to fifty,
account
of the number
of the generals
on
they wished to honor ; and that Hirtius,Pansa, and
Octavian should each have the title of Imperatorconferred
them.
He adroitly
managed to bring in his own
upon
services and speak at some
lengthof himself by alluding
the victorious generals
to the proud delightwith which
would
enter as Imperatorsthat templewhere
they were
then sitting,
when they recollected that it was
account
on
that the peoplehad the day before conof their exploits
ducted
him in triumphto the Capitol.
Alludingto Pansa's
wounds, the tidingsof whose death had not yet reached
he has reserved
Eome, he said, Carried off from the fight,
his lifefor the Republic.In my judgment he is not only
an
Imperator,but a most illustriousone, who, when he had
his country either by victory
or
engaged to satisfy
death,
made
good one alternative of his promise; as to the other,
!
He described
gods avert the omen
may the immortal
the gallantry
of Hirtius,
who himself carried the eagleof
next

"

"

the Fourth

the robber-bands' of Antony.

le^ipj^Qiscattered

"was the sun himself that

Happy,"he cried, mosfliappy
day,who, before he hid his rays, saw the ground strewed
and Antony,with a few folwith the corpses of parricides,
lowers,
a
fugitive."As to Octavian,whojiad guardedthe
and repelled
the enemy,
his
camp, and there foughtwith
Mm" the title,
groundfor nolT^ivmg
youthfulage wasjio
"

"

'

for

l\ismerit

those

warriors
departed

due

In

years.

should
thus

happy death, which,

to

country

your
:

deity seems

country 1

But

your very name

to have created

be erected.

He

of

memory

he proposedthat
wTioTKad fallen in battle,
monument

"

his
outstripped

had

magnificent
the
apostrophised
a

"

due

to nature, has

I deem
was

this

men

you
derived
from

been

paid rather

who

were

Mars,

cityfor the world, and

so

bom
that
you

as

debt

for your
the same

for this

city.

THE

B.C. 43.

Death

flight from

in

victory,for Mars

LAST

the

PHILIPPIC.

battlefield

himself

is

249

disgraceful,but

glorious in

selects the

bravest from the ranks.

usually
whom
slew
will
the penalty of their
impious wretches
ye
pay
the
infernal
in
parricide
regions; while you who breathed out your
latest breath in victoryhave gained the dwelling-placeand home
of the
Brief is the span of life given us by nature ; but the
blessed.
memory
is immortal.
of a life nobly rendered
And
if indeed
it were
no
longer
Those

this life of ours,

than

of toil and

who

danger

would

It is well then, soldiers,with

"

lived,but

you

sanctified

now

unsepulchred, either by
when
silence of posterity,
you, almost
been
have
Italian wars,

many
but
that

would

And

their

with

the
the

has

none

could

we

such

by

you"
death.

oblivion
Senate

hands,

own

great and
on

be

in order to win

do

the
the

even

face the

to

as

highestgloryand
bravest

of the

your merit
of those who
now

an

can

in

the

of such

lie

exist, or

the

raised to
There

Punic, Gallic, and

kind

while

never

Eoman

armies

tremity
ex-

renown.

brave

people have
imperishable monument.

honor

an

idiot

For

and

noble

an

been

bestowed.

for you, since we

have received
drove away
Antony in his fury

more

the

greatestblessings. You
he was
city. You repelled him when
attempting to return.
shall therefore be reared on high a memorial
There
buildingof splendid
ness
workmanship, and characters shall be engraved on it the eternal witAnd
shall the language of gratiof your divine excellence.
never
tude
cease
respectingyou, either from those who see your monument
from

you

from

the

"

or

those

who

hear

to address words

turned

then

He

of it."

who^weremourning the

loss of

to those
of^consolation

rektjisa^The passage

may

comparedwith

be

"

But

honors,
honors
have
have
are

had

good

let
are

and

console

us

the

best

oration of

fallen in the Pelo-

givenby Thucydides.Cicero

as

since, ConscriptFathers, the proper

these

upon

in the funeral

one

of those who

Pericles in memory

ponnesian
war,

similar

gallant
their

citizens

nearest

of

by giving
are

so

to

"

is bestowed

glory
them

relatives, to whom

They

consolation.

meed

said :

monumental
indeed

those

parents because

they

produced sucli bulwarks of the state ; to children because they will

because
families examples of virtue ; to wives
they
in their own
deprivedof

husbands

it will be better to

whom

to be

will

like them

eulogisethan
in virtue

mourn

they are
able by any

hope
I earnestlywish that I were
that
words or advice of mine to wipe away tears from all their eyes ; or
them
would make
lay aside their
could be spoken which
any oration
kinds of
various
and
and rejoicerather that amongst the many
sorrow,
is the most gloriousof all has been
that which
death incident to men

to brothers

because

they

in bodily resemblance.

And

the lot of their relatives, and

abandoned

on

the

that

field of battle

they have not remained

(which yet is thought no

as

unburied

nor

piteous fate

250

BEAUTY

suffered for one's

when

OF

THE

PHILIPPICS.

with

their ashes

dispersedin separate
and lowly tombs, but covered
which
over
by a public monument
altar to virtue.
will exist for ever
as
an
They will find it therefore
that by the same
the greatestalleviation of their sorrow
monument
are
the
of
their
faith
the
virtues
the
kindred,
Senate,
proclaimed
kept by
and

the memory
merit

of

matchless
have

country),nor

JEv. 64.

the

perishedby

He

concluded

of what

he had

cruel

most

of those

in

war,

soldiers, the

act
parricidal

name

of

We

may

by moving,in

sure

that he would

that it was

any
not

statements
positive

countrymen
fallen

in

afterwards.

once

for the

people

would

formal terms, the

adoption

of the last

speechof the
record has been preserved.
the last,
for it is not likely

be silent in the Senate when

arrived ;
next decisive victory

than

been

proposed.

orator of which

be

it not

of the Eoman

Antony."

SucETwere the closingwords

greatEoman

which, had

had known

the

have
and,besides,
we

letters that
subsequent

But if it had been

it,the sound of

he

the

of the

news

his

own

spokemore
and his
last,

his voice must

have

reviewingthe
long series of orations which he delivered duringthe second
civil war, it is difficult to express sufficiently
the praise
that they deserve. They are, in my opinion,
quiteequalto
on

their

the

ears

like a funeral knell.

In

of Demosthenes, and in some

respects,
Philippics
haps,
perbe on
difference there may
superior.But)fcwhatever
that they are"astenisSngjefl
this point,
alLmust^agree
of eloquence.It is impossible
to do justice
to them
by a
translation
at least,
by any to which I feel myselfequal.
the beauty of the language,the
exceed
Nothing can
and the harmony of the style.
flow of the periods,
rhythmical
of the Latin language,
which enables the
The structure
speakeror writer to collocate his words, not, as in English,
merely accordingto the order of thought,but in the
best calculated to produceeffect,
too often baffles
manner
the powers
of the translator,
who seeks to give the force
of the passage without altering
the arrangement. Often,
again,as is the case with all attempts to presenttho
"

B.C.

BEAUTY

43.

thoughtsof

the

OF

THE

in

ancients

251

PHILIPPICS.

modern

dress,a periphrasis

be used to

explainthe meaning of an idea which

ear.8
instantly
caughtby the Greek or Eoman
But with all such disadvantages
I hope that even

must

English reader will

be

was

the

recognizein these speeches

able to

1
.

noble passages in which

and
forefathers,

Cicero strove

urged

them

death rather than

welcome

radiant with

freedom,are

destroy. And

can

eloquence.The

to force his

danger,and
for
last struggle

brave

to

every

slaveryin the
glorywhich not
is impossible
not

it

men,
country-

the heroic virtues of their

to emulate

shame,

for very

....

grandeurof the old Roman

somethingof the

even

tion
translathe

to. admire

than armies for

geniusof the orator,whose words did. more
than probable
the liberty
of Eome.
Indeed,it is more
that,
if it had not been

of Octavian

that

but

him, there

for

in the

Senate, would have been

appealto

It

arms.

he

was

Amidst

declared enemies

almost

alone
for
have

in

for instance

of consular

had

grand

so

rushing

the

ance,
to resistthe

peoplein

Home."

friends,he stood

to
hostility

peace.7

weaken

we

antagonist.It

Senate

lukewarm

singleword

no

"

rank

of

determined

his

"

"

and

dishonorable

Consulares, which
men

the

supportof

rapid fate

the

Kestrained

"

the consuls and

powerfuleloquence awhile

whose

"

We

the

army

no

and

the consuls and

secured to them

and

been

against
Antony,

for his

match

no

animated

Cicero who

field

alone,without the supportof

Octavian

was

have

would

With

to express
in ancient

sound

the force of the

the
what
Home.

posal
pro-

every

he

masses

was

by

meant
If

we

say

appellation.If

we

say "consulars"
consuls"
we
run

only

the consuls

we

coin

the
of the

risk of

word

conveying

English,and
impressionthat we

is not

which

the

if "exmean

precedingyear.

496) reproacheshim with

employed
not joining the
and
army
cowardice
for staying in Kome
and reasonable to reproach
againstAntony. It would be equallyfair
Pitt or Canning for not leaving England to fightagainstNapoleon.
7

And

yet

Drumann

(Gesch. Boms,

VI.

252

ANXIETY

this

at

was,

We

period,the
the

it from

know

ROME.

AT

in_which

way

round

him
And

streets.

when

the

had

taken

he

remember

him

cheered

and

The

image

Tie wasreceived

multitude

he

as

walked

his house

from

thronged
along the

Minerva, which

of

64.

Eome.

in

popularman

most

tig appearedin public.

when

JET.

and

we

may

placed in

Capitoline
Jupiter,
justbefore his exile,
down
thrown
was
by a storm and broken, the Senate
We
decreed that it should be restored at the publiccost.
escorted to the Capitol
the
when
have seen
how he was
looked upon
of the first victory
arrived. For he was
news
the representative
of the cause
for which
as
they fought,
it was
and when success
to him theypaidthe homage
came
of their joy.
not yet over.
But the war
was
Anxiety still prevailed
still turned to the
at Eome, and the thoughtsof all were
Brutus
Decimus
there
walls of Mutina.
was
beleaguered
in by a powerful
hemmed
Might he not be forced
army.
by famine to surrender ? Might not Antony, protected
from attack by his fortified camp, be able to take the town
Gaul, make
by assault,and then, burstinginto Cisalpine
But the suspense
himself master
of the whole province
?
did not continue
long. A few hours later in the day
the Senate, the tidings
when
Cicero had last addressed
of another and a final victory. The camp
of Antony
came
the

temple of

had

been

Such

stormed, and
of his

remnant
no

the

doubt

on

the real facts

But

it

were

the fifteenth of

intrenchments,and
another

the

was

himself,with

in full

was
troops,

streets of Eome.

and

he

the

flighttowards

shattered
the

Alps.

report that spread throughthe

in

was

these.

degreeexaggerated,

some

After

his defeat

April,Antony kept himself

did not

venture

battle until he

received

I have mentioned

that

an

by

Hirtius

within

his

try the chances of

ment.
unexpectedreinforce-

to

Lepidus,at

the head of his

SILANUS

B.C. 43.

legionsin

Southern

JOINS

Gaul

and

ANTONY.

253

Northern

Spain,had shown
daughter's
father-in-law,

that his

with his
were
sympathies
althoughhe had made no decisive demonstration. He was
and was
a thoroughly
unprincipled
prepared to join
man,
the winning side,whichever that might he.
So doubtful
he at this time

was

as

the issue of the contest,that he

to

a
actually
body of troops,under
despatched

of Marcus
to

of his

Silanus,one

with
officers,

Mutina, and there wait the

to Dio

Cassius,he

the two

he
hostile camps
for this was
most

motive

he

might

himself

not

it convenient

through Italy,
very
Bosworth

be

to do

of events.

course

According

directions into which

no

eagles; and
cowardlyone

of

the

that
probablythe
but be
personally
compromised,
in case
his officer,
he
ultimately

marched
Silanus,therefore,

so.

in the

much

field,
readyto

orders to march

to carry his

was

the act of

able to disavow
found

him

gave

the command

act

as

positionof Stanleyat
circumstances
tate.
might dic-

approachedMutina it was necessary

still strong,and at
to come
to a decision. Antony was
Brutus
render,
might be compelledby famine to surany moment
Silanus
if the town were
not taken by storm.
even
knew that in his heart Lepiduswished Antony to succeed,
and, actingon his own
judgment,he led his troops into
himself
the camp
of the besiegers.Antony thus found
the offensive. He, therefore,
strong enough to resume
and attacked the relieving
advanced from his camp in force,
and
under
Hirtius and Octavian,but was
repulsed
army
driven back after an
obstinate engagement,duringwhich
But

Brutus
The

when

made

victorious

he

sortie from

the town

to assist his friends.

quiteinto the
troops penetrated

Hirtius fell close to the

tent.
general's

But

camp,

and

Antony made
compelledto

rally,and Octavian was at last

desperate
retire,
carryingoff with him the dead body of the consul.
Night fellon the weary combatants, and neither side could

254

claim

friends

ANTONY.

JE-r. 64.

victory.Antony called a council of war,

advised him
to prosecutethe siegewith

vigor,and decline a
might force his way

hattle.

into

Mutina,

in which

in turn

or

he

was

He, therefore,determined

useless.

and

his

renewed

he feared lest Octavian

But

become

by surroundingit, and

besiegerof his camp

own
cavalry,the arm
be

OF

EETEEAT

then

the
his

would
strongest,
to

evacuate

(or,accordingto another account, his camp

his march
and immediatelycommenced
in
stormed),
direction of the Maritime
Alps, leavingMutina as
camp

his
was

the

the

Brutus
not in a condition
to
was
prize of Octavian.
the retreating
foe. At the moment
pursue immediately
that Hirtius was
and he also
he did not know
killed,
mistrusted
Octavian.
His
in
few
own
troops were
and he had no
and miserablyequipped,
number
cavalry
in
On the next day Pansa
nor
baggage animals.
expired
It shows what was
Bononia.
thought of the character
of victory
of Octavian,that at the moment
he was
pected
susof two frightful
murders.
A rumor
spreadthat
he had bribed Glycon,the surgeon of Pansa, to poisonhis
blow
wounds, and had hired an assassin to giveHirtius his deathin the struggleat the camp.
Niebuhr believes him
of these almost incredible crimes.
to have been quitecapable
Octavian's reputation
His words are
as
early
was, even
that time,such as to occasion a report,
which was
as
surely
not quite
false,that he had caused the surgeon to poison
"

"

of

the wounds

murder
8

Cui

Pansa, and that

Hirtius.
These

bono ?

If
two

we

he had hired

applythe

words

have

cui lono

perhaps been

an

assassin to

of L.
oftener

Cassius,8
misapplied

in the Latin

language. They are constantlytranslated or used

end does it serve
?
To what
Their
sense
good is it ?
To whom
is it an
real meaning is, Who
gains by it ?
advantage ?
the origin of the expression was
this :
When
L. Cassius, who
And
is
said to have been
of stern severity,sat as qusesitor
in
a
man
a
judicii
there
trial for murder, he used to advise the judices to inquire,when
to the guiltyparty,who had a motive
for the crime, who
a doubt
as
was

than

in the

any

of

"

What
"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

256

UNCERTAINTY

much

as
as

confidence

all eyes would

ambition
as

of the

conduct

an

would

moment
or

have

Napoleon;

the

of him

what

the

but

of
authority

neither the

and

been

to his mind.

abhorrent

by

like this.

emergency

as

one

to
opportunity

slightest
reputation
one

seized

by a

bare

idea

he

and

of the

Cromwell,

it must

be

the will oj'Jthe

to

people,
ha.Yfi.
thought

know

Rome'.

We

little of

only

can

when it was
metropolis,
still uncertain
dead,and it was

vast

were

Qctavian would

course

at. sufh

was
illegality

an

we
Unfortunately

actuallypassingat

equal to

not

was

to command

was

the

stillto be,

^f power
or
Caesar,
of

.whom

on

was

the other appear

that the consuls

what

rein

If he

nor

imagine the dismay

known

But

the foremost

was
an

the

The

the Senate

its leader.
then

was

the

been

devolved.

have
naturally

would

had

have

He

againstAntony,if war

war

64.

at this emergency

such

was

never

would

that

to. him.

If he had

to seize.

general,he

there

and

JET.

statesman,as he exerted influence

turned

have

Rome,

at

man

ROME.

"can hardlydoubt

orator,we

an

as

IN

take.

What

would

andTTancus" do ? Would they receive

Lepidus,and Pollio,
to
Antony with open arms, or drive him back a fugitive
Italy? From Plancus Cicero had received a letter only
of the last victory
had arrived,
two days before the news
the
made
He
its contents
and
were
very satisfactory.
of patriotism,
and, better than this,
strongestprofessions
he
He

that

showed
was

reached

his way

on

Antony.

his acts

He
the

told

Rhone,

with
corresponded

Italyto supportthe
Cicero that he had by
to

and

crossed

that

river

his

promises.

consuls
forced
on

the

against
marches

twenty-

April,having sent forward a squadronof cavalrya

thousand
by a shorter route.
strong,from Vienna (Vienne),
he got this letter. He anwhen
in raptures
Cicero was
swered
his joy at the
it on the fifth of May, and expressed

sixth of

Decimus
intelligence.

Brutus

also wrote

to him

on

the

D.

B.C. 43.

BRUTUS

COMMANDER-IN-CHtEF.

257

of April. He bewailed Pansa's death as

twenty-eighth
a
and told Cicero that he must use all his aupublic
calamity,
thority
and prudenceto preventthe hopesof their enemies
from reviving,
that both the consuls were
now
He
gone.
intended to follow Antony in close pursuit,
and allow him
no
haltingplacein Italy. He declared he had no faith

whatever
would

in

Lepidus;

but

not fail them, now

he

in

was

hopesthat

Plancus

that

Antony was beaten. Cicero

endeavour to keephim steady. He himself intended
must
to occupy the passes of the Alpsif Antonycrossed them,so
that he would be cut off from Italy,
if he attempted
to return.
The man
who wrote this was
in earnest,
and
thoroughly
there can
be no doubt of his loyalty
to the Kepublic.He
had defended the authority
of the Senate at the risk of his
and had shown
skill. He was
life,
courage and military
of the consuls-elect for the following
No one
one
year.
else seemed

to combine

in the conduct

conferred it upon
in

claims

many

of the

had

assassins of Caesar.

placedat

been

to the chief command

The

war.

him, and the whole

Italywas

Brutus, who

so

the

therefore,
Senate,

force of the Commonwealth

of
disposal

Decimus

the least active among

not

This fact

the

perhapsnot sufficiently
taken into account when
the appointment
was
made, and
the Senate hardlyappreciated
the power which even
the
stillexercised over
the minds of
shadow of that lofty
name
their countrymen, and especially
the veterans who
over
of the legions.
formed the strength
and the day after the battle.
Let us revert to Mutina
The dying Pansa wished to see Brutus,and he hastened to
to gratify
his
Bononia,the day after the siegewas raised,
wish.

But
that

retraced his
and

met
the way there he was
and
the consul had expired,

on

stepstowards

defended.
gallantly

VOL.

II.

was

He

the

citywhich

had

an

gence
with the intelli-

he
he

immediately
had so long

interview with OctaS

258

ANTONY'S

MARCH

TO

him

vian,and stronglyurged

to

GAUL.

the

cross

JET. 64.

and
Apennines,

Antony's retreat. But Octavian would not stir.

He was
broodingover schemes which the brave and honest
Brutus little suspected.In a letter to Cicero,mentioning
he merely says,
the circumstances,
If Caesar had listened
and
crossed the Apennines,I would
have driven
to me
Antony to such straits that he would have been destroyed
than by the sword.
But
neither will
by famine more
will his army
Caesar obey me, nor
obey Caesar two things
off

cut

"

"

which

most

are

unfortunate."
lost.

days were
in the

towns

could press into his

of

At

from

veteran

of

way

by

had

his march

as

he

his force swelled to

made

reinforcement

welcome

forced march

difficult route, and

most

that

received

troopsunder the

then

was

Genoa,

Ventidius,who

mountains

cious
pre-

placecalled Yada (Vado),on

little seaport,through which
the

road passes, he

Corniche

Genoa, and,

so
service,

considerable number.
Gulf

time two

mean

passed
his route, threw open the prisons,
on
them
and
the neighbourhoodall he

collected from

the

the

Antony pressedforward

direction of the modern

through the
and

In

command

of

he

the

across

placed his
But Brutus

Antony.

only thirtymiles off,having marched

rapidlyby
Kegium (Eeggio) and Dertona (Tortonia),and,

of Antony'smovements, he pushed
gettingintelligence
five cohorts to Pollentia,
forward instantly
which reached

hour

the

placejustan
arrived
captains,

have

there

disconcerted the

mountains,

before

of Antony's
one
Trebellius,
with his cavalry. This seems
to
enemy'splans,who struck into the

to force their way

they expected to

into that

partof
Lepidus. They came

find

Gaul

where

up

with

encampment, on the western side of the Alps,

Lepidus's
the twenty-ninthof May.1 Plutarch
on
gives a dis1

Excluding

leadingacross

the
the

coast

Alps

route

from

there

were

Italy into Gaul

only

two

practicablepasses

in ancient

times.

The

one

HIS

B.C. 43.

mal

ARRIVAL

IN

LEPIDUS'S

CAMP.

259

of the

sufferings
they had to endure on their
journey. He says that Antony who had quitted
much
so
made
no
luxury and sumptuous living,
in
difficulty
now
drinkingfoul water, and feedingon wild fruits and roots.
Nay, it is related that they ate the very hark of trees,and
the Alps lived upon creatures that no
in passingover
one
before had ever
heen willingto touch."
Since his flight
from Mutina, Antony had never
trimmed
his beard. His
hair hung in disordered masses
his neck,and his looks
on
wild and haggard. He had good reason
for intense
were
for his fate dependedupon the reception
he might
anxiety,
meet with from Lepidus. If he declared againsthim
he
lost for ever.
was
Haltinghis weary and famished troops,
and flinging
dark-coloured cloak over
his shoulders,
a
he
passedwithin the trenches of Lepidus's
camp, and began to
address the soldiers. His appealbegan to produce an
when Lepidusordered the trumpetsto sound,so as
effect,
account

"

his voice.

to drown

words.

Lselius and
see

rest may

told in Plutarch's

to confer

Claudius

him.

that
so
greaterpity,
with him, and dressed
secretly

advised him

They

and
clothes,

in women's

without

Lepidus'strenches,assuringhim
would

be

This raised in the soldiersa

"

they resolved
to

The

receive

him, and

Antony, however,had

that

delayto

wish for

this,but

kill Lepidus.

the river that

his army to pass over
that
He was himself the firstman
two camps.

the

the

pass of the Cottian

the

valleyof

Rhone

near

morning

next

marched

was

attack

strong party

if he wished it would
no

sent them

Alps (Mont G"nevre),which

A militaryroad
Grenoble.

partedthe
steppedin,
into

descends

first constructed

was

between
by Pompey to furnish a shorter communication
other
the
The
was
the provincesof Cisalpineand Transalpine Gaul.
Alps (theLittle St. Bernard},by which Hannibal
pass of the Graian
there

marched

Rome.

on

military road
Bk. III.

c.

before

The
the

Cenis did
Mont
pass of the
middle
ages." See Mommsen,

not

become

Gesch.

4.
s

Bom.

260

and

LEPIDUS

as

lie went

JOINS

ANTONY.

through towards

the

"T.

other bank, he

64.

saw

reaching out their

Lepidus'ssoldiers in great numbers
hands to help him, and beatingdown
the works to make
him way.
self
Being entered into the camp, and findinghimabsolute master, he nevertheless treated Lepiduswith
and gave him the title of
the greatestcivility,
Father.'
he spoketo him, and though he had everythingat
When
his own
command, he lefthim the honor of beingcalled the
general."Accordingto this statement LepiduswUs almost
instrument
in the hands of his soldiers,
and was
a passive
coerced by them
into defection. But we
cannot
accept it
From
of Plancus
the correspondence
as
entirelytrue.
with Cicero,we
know
that Lepidus needed little or no
compulsionto act the part of a traitor.
Thus Lepiduswas
gained,and, if we had onlyPlutarch
as
our
guide,we should believe that Plancus followed his
of that
or
example without difficulty
delay. He disposes
general'sconduct in a singleline, saying, This fair
to Antony Munatius
Plancus,who was
usage broughtsoon
'

"

not

far off with

considerable force."

inaccurate account

of what

necessityof

caution

Plancus

and

was

of

man

his behaviour

in

was

Antony's flightfrom
expressedin
He
and

He

the

very

different

stamp

he

wrote

his

very

the

authority.
he

Lepidus,
heard

of

Cicero,and

to
hostility

in communication

doing everythingin his power

called Antony an outcast and a

to

shows

from

different. When

Mutina

was

this is

and
reallyhappened,
acceptingPlutarch's

strongestterms

said that he

But

the

tives.
fugi-

with

Lepidus,
to keep him
loyal.
brigand,and said that

into his
Lepidus had promisedto attack him if he came
and had begged himself to joinhim.
He could
province,
and
soldiers,
was
more
thoroughlydepend on his own
than Antony's,
afraid of Lepidus's
men
saying, If I could
only come
up first with Antony, he would not stand an
"

CONDUCT

B.C. 43.

hour,so much
do I
"

which

but

cannot

do

may

cured."

beaten

There

was,

before

be

utterly

significantly,
internal ulcer

some

can

so

found

out

and

not
desperate ulcer,"
"

mind, as
Lepidus's
When

ascertained to his cost.

soon

it
very

in

but

added

there is

indeed,a

only in Lepidus's
army,

myself,and

troops."He

fear that

mischief

261

PLANCUS.

confidence do I feel in

despisehis

But

OF

he

Plancus

thus,he

wrote

eightdays'march from Lepidus. He hastened on to

joinhim, but on the way was met by a courier who brought
him not to come, as he could do
a letter from
him, telling
him to wait for him on the
without
him, and directing
was

banks- of the Isara. Plancus at firstdid not

suspectthe truth,

thought that Lepidus was

but

share with him

should

to press forward.

he determined
from

the

perhapsjealousthat he
gloryof defeating
Antony, and
But

he

Laterculus,a brave and honorable

he found

who, when
stabbed

himself

army.

This

to

that his

got another letter

officer of

Lepidus,

bent

treason,

generalwas

on

death, in the presence of the whole

letter revealed

the

extent

of the

mischief.

haranguinghis troops,as has been

before mentioned, the mutiny broke out, and he had taken
to put a stopto it.
or
no
stepsto punishthe ringleaders,
Plancus thoughtit would be madness to go on and expose
forces that
from the superior
his army to the risk of defeat,
While

would
he

was

where
Cicero
to him
to

be

There

Lepiduswas

halted.
He, therefore,
opposedto him.
camp, on ground
fortymiles distant from Lepidus's
he was
by a river in his front,he wrote to
protected
begging that reinforcements might be sent
urgently
he hoped still
in which case
as possible,
as
quickly
able to secure
victoryand "destroythe villains."
be

is

no

reason

to doubt

that Plancus was, up to this

had

loyal
; and if Lepidus
time,thoroughly
himself,Antony would
as
to his professions
and
destroyed,

the

destinyof

the world

been

changed.

as

true

262

AMBITION

and

JET. 64,

allies now

united forces of the two

The

him,

OCTAVIAN.

OF

got within twenty miles

had

marched

against

of his camp

before

approach. He retreated rapidlyand in

the Isara in June, and breaking
good order,recrossing
down
the bridgebehind him, after he had passedit.
But we must revert to a more
importantpersonage than
either Lepidusor Plancus, and see what part Octavian was
playingin the greatdrama at this eventful crisis.
like that of General
His position
respects,
was, in some

he

of their

heard

the Commonwealth

difficult to

the
justify,

It would

father.

instead of

hurt

the vital

at

the

the

be to

and

tune,
for-

with
cordially

murderers

of

his

of the Senate

conduct

of those

one

himself,to the supreme

vigorof

at

perhaps

may

name

to act

actual

Brutus,

Italy. His ambition was

might occupy the vacant

be

the truth to say that he hated

nearer

pridewas
appointingDecimus

It is
we

heir of his

the

were

His

them.
in

be

the

"

bring himself

not

of whom

some

men,

adopted son

should

at this crisis. He

that influenced him

he could

and

unable

understand,however

motives

Caesar's

was

sion
Octavian's deci-

On

the Crown.

and

he stood between

depended the questionwhether there

a
Eepublicor an Imperialthrone.

Eome
not

Cromwell, when

after the death of

Monk,

murderers,

command

of the army

with

the idea that he

inflamed

seat of power,

of

if he could

however
constitution,

destroy
he might preserve
he might best

questionwas how
attain this end.
and
If,while still actingas the officer,
under the authority,
of the Senate,he crushed Antony, he
would, by the very victory,be impartingstrength to
its form.

The

and
republicaninstitutions,

afterwards to overthrow
he

might share

would

them.

the chief power,

find it

more

difficult

If he
even

joinedAntony now
if he could not enjoy

it alone.
It

was

better

for him

to divide the

prizethan

to lose it

2f"4

OCTAVIAN

elevated

to be

was

State, it

the
possible,

hardlybe

with

him

JET. 64.

highestexecutive

office in the

to diminish,as much
as
politic
And
this
of his abusing his power.
than by associating
more
effectually

done

like

man

SENATE.

and

chance

could

the

to

wise

was

THE

OVERAWES

Cicero,the determined

anything like domination,and

the

watchword

of the

mistrust

the

fact not

corroborated

consider

we

are

got

But

proved for

some

so

now

entirely
important

had

time

Senate

to consent

and
abortive,

he took

to
a

He
overcomingthe opposition.
that they would not fight
swear

of

his soldiers to

againsttroopsthat

these writers for any

persuadethe

efficacious method

first

Constitution.

was

name

by contemporary testimony,that I
the whole story.
at liberty
to reject

Octavian's efforts to

more

very

authorityof

that

his election

whose

of

enemy

served with

Caesar,and

then

sent

of four hundred
of his centurions to Home,
deputation
behalf of the army, to claim the donation
as
on
petitioners
that had been promised to the troops,and to ask that the
might be conferred on him.
consulship
a

The

Senate had

time before sent to Africa for fresh

some

and when
they saw the turn thingswere
legions,
taking,
and that they had only the scantyarmy of Decimus
Brutus
which they could confidently
on
relyfor the defence of the
Eepublicagainstthe risingtide of treason that seemed
likelyto engulf it,they despatchedcouriers to Marcus
Brutus
and Cassius,
urging them to hasten over to Italy

with

the forces under

from

Africa,and

their command.

The

their arrival emboldened

troopscame
the Senate

continue their resistance to Octavian's demands.

resolution
in

was

soon

heard

Borne, and

Senate-house.

This

indeed,short

of the

into the chamber

shaken

But

to

their

they saw his centurions

them
knocking at the door of the
is no
mere
figureof speech: it falls,
reality.These rough soldiers came

where

when

the senators

were

sitting,
although

OFFENCE

B.C. 43.

they had

the

demanded

the

and, seizinghis
"

If you

This

them,

was

says that

named

They

the Senate

went
Cornelius,

will not

you

giveit
replied,

told that Cicero

are

out,

fashion,he will certainly

get it."2
inoffensive remark, and yet Dio

surelya very
it ultimately
cost

had

"tterthe

we

in this

canvass

265

outside.

arms

sword, exclaimed, "If

this will!" and

him,

.CICERO.

Octavian,and when

for
consulship
of

BY

their

to leave

grace

still hesitated,
one

to

HIM

GIVEN

read

him

his life. One

heard

would

think

of the

We
Philippics.
that before this a bitter jokeof
know, on better authority,
much
more
his,which was
likelyto give mortal offence,
of Octavian.
had reached the ears
it is
Unfortunately
to translate it,for it is,in fact,a pun.
In a
impossible
letter to him, dated Eporedia(now Jurea in Piedmont),
of May, Decimus Brutus^mentioned
the twenty-fifth
that
on
Seguliushad told him that he and Octavian had been
and that Octavian
Cicero,
a good deal about
together
talking
had complainedof his saying,laudandum
adolescentem,
ornandum, tottendum,observingthat he would take care
not to

never

get the

for him.3

had first told Octavian

angry,

the

and

in his

"

rascal that

the

replyhe

gods,"he said,

was,

point and
3

"

Se

non

commissurum

Pat. II. 62 ; Suet,

in

Aug.

he

the

for
Segulius

avT-f)v.Dio Cass. XLVI.

43.

"

shall

ut tolli

The

soil er

es

get it,"which
bear

the words

possit.""Ad

greatest
takes

Middleton

will be !

not think

12.

Cicero very

made

"

that

ever

or

himself

strongexpressions. May

dies bitten heisst,dann

canvassing, then
sting. But I do

is called

used

This

"

is,or

it, Wenn

story.

confound

2*A"" otfrcosTro/ja/coA^re,
A^erm
translates

that Cicero intended

that he believed that Labeo

added

Brutus

"

advancement

"

of

kind

nor

haben
has
that

Div. XI.

stingof the words

"
"

Abeken

When

this

certainlymore
meaning.
20.

lies of

See Veil.
course

in

to raise up, elevate,"or

meaning of tottere,which is either
of public
to take away,
destroy." If hanging had been the mode
thus :"
translated
execution
at Rome
the passage
might have been
Octavian
complained of your saying, I think that the young man
that he would
and remarked
should be praised,
honoured, and elevated;'
him."
take care not to have such an elevation as you kindly wished for
"

the double
"

"

'

266

OCTAVIAN

make

painsto

some

MARCHES

ON

ROME.

believe that lie

us

MT.

64.

uttered

never

the

to
they were an invention of his enemies
to give him
at
into Octavius,
instil a jealousy
a handle
or
for he thinks it incredible
least for breakingwith Cicero,"

words,and

that

"

"

that

of his

man

prudencecould

so, it is remarkable

with

angry

answer

say them."

But

if

he does

to Brutus

chargeSeguliuswith calumny. He is
the
him, not for inventingbut for repeating

deny them

not

that in his

ever

nor

story.
the

When

army

that the Senate

heard

stillrefused

to

stand for the

it demanded
to be
consulship,
led to Borne ; and he immediately
put his troopsin motion
the capital.
to march
on
They were in formidable strength
and auxiliaries; and,except
besides cavalry
eightlegions,

let Octavian

"

had
the soldiers thajj,
few in
In the

Decimus
to ten

number,

to

Brutus,whose

was

was

army

Africa,who

crossed

the

were

tively
compara-

nothingto oppose them.

happeningbeyond the Alps ?

had been increased from

but consisting
of
legions,
chiefly
mountains

young

seven

and

raw

and

joinedPlancus.
all his professions
of devotion
Pollio,
notwithstanding
the Senate,went over
to the enemy,4and Antony
at the head of seventeen
legions. Plancus saw

was

now

that

victorywould

there

time what

mean

had
recruits,
Asinius

from

come

be

the

on

side of the gros

bataillons,

interestingletter from Pollio to Cicero (Ad Div.

he talks of the necessity
X. 33),written
at the end of May, in which
the empire from
of all rushing to extinguish the conflagrationand save
destruction.
He complains that, owing to the length and difficulties of
In another
the journey, news
was
fortydays old before it reached him.
similar professions
of fidelity.But it
letter,a few days later, he makes
relates chieflyto the conduct
of the quaestor Balbus, who
had
gone off
and
to Africa
after embezzling money
acts of
being guilty of many
enormity. Amongst others he had ordered a wretched
gladiatorto be
half-buried
then
burnt
alive as far as the flames
in the ground and
could get at his body. Balbus
this
after-dinner
as
an
ment,
amuseenjoyed
There

and
and

is

long

walked

and

about

of the
sufferings

with

unhappy

his hands
man

behind

him

mocking

the

cries

RETREAT

B.C. 43.

DECIMUS

OF

267

BRUTUS.

and, careless of honor, like the rest,he led his troopsto

Antony's camp, and made

of
generals.The position
He

the extreme.

common

Decimus

stood alone

Amongst

with

cause

had

become

the

three

criticalin

"

the faithless faithful

only he

with

to oppose
inexperienced
troops,badly equipped,
the veteran legionsof Caesar,who
greatlyoutnumbered
death if he had
He would have died a more
him.
glorious
and fallen on
struck the last blow for his country's
liberty,
the battle-field. But we have no rightto blame the course
for him to face such tremendous
he took. It was
impossible
odds with any chance of success, and his only hope of
safetywas in a rapidretreat. But if he recrossed the Alps
cepted
and descended into Italyhe feared that he would be interstanding
whose underforces of Octavian,
by the superior
with Antony he could no longerdoubt. His object
Brutus in
with Marcus
to effect a junction
was, if possible,
towards
Macedonia by a circuitous route,and he led his troops
the river and force his way
the Ehine, intendingto cross
throughthe passes of the Khaetian Alps. His line of march
lay,in fact,through the modern Switzerland. Although
the order of time,it may be as well to
it is anticipating
He found
that overtook him.
relate here the catastrophe
that he could no longertrust his soldiers. Some of them
began to desert his standard ; and at last he left his army,
his way, as
to make
attended by a body of Gallic cavalry,
hut

he best
have

could,across

wavered.

first distributed

Three

hundred

At

the Ehine.

all events

amongst
horsemen

them

all the

himself

as

He

then

gold he possessed.

still clung to their

with these he continued his weary

deserted him.

these

to
troopsseem
he dismissed them, having
But

leader,and

march, until all but

ten

changed his dress,and, disguising

a town
Gaul, reached Aquileia,

at the head of

268

OCTAVIAN

Adriatic.

tlie
native

his

of

the

his

first
As

Octavian

Senate
future

make

to

him

Africa.

But

hastened

to

join

declared

This

the

the

and

in

Eoman

happened

gates,
form
the

the

times
whatever

telling

him
to

Camillas

told

struck

was

had

necessary

He

off, the

of

Soon

twenty-first
Q.

twenty-second

Pedius

afterwards

of

the

his

as

and

age
his

September,

it

city

rapidly

was

of

year

from

march,

entered

election

revived,

legions

their

on

Octavian

an

hopes

more

army.

their

offering

him,

to

two

affrighted

propitiate

their

deserted

and

with

and

embassy

landing

the

Kome,

moment

of

of

steps

advancing

consul,
on

walls

an

actually

The

conqueror.

through,

the

these

outside

halted

of

hardly

head

their

For

and

alliance.

sent

consul.
heard

they

when

They

master.

his

the

retrace

to

is

he

former

service,

death.

his

new

approached

sought

It

and

the

of

trophy

ghastly

the

by

that

in

Antony,

to

on

captive

had

requited

grasp.

insisted

Antony

murder

to

he

his

shows

Camillas,

hastening

by

within

prize

that

say

and

seized

and

Brutus

04.

Mr.

discovered

was

Borne.

benefactor,
been,

CONSUL.

name,

with

have

may

lie

whose

connexion

been
it

Here

chieftain,

some

ELECTED

as

gone

he

was

colleague.

CICERO

B.C. 43.

RETIRES

XXV.

AND

DEATH

HIS

is good reason
to be

in Eome

Eepublic.1
Accompaniedby
of

his brother
had

retired to his villa at

There

of events.

is

Quintus for the greatness

"

reconciled them,
completely

wait

doubt that he

other

there the

might

have

escapedto Macedonia, if he could have summoned

for ever
But
to abandon
Italyand Eome.
until
hesitated,

usual indecision he

was

sealed the fate of the

Tusculum, to
no

stay

which
spectacle

restored all their old affection for each

and

"

B.C. 43.

64.

hopes,and

misfortune

common

CICERO

to believe that Cicero did not

of all his

the downfall

OF

of
eye-witness

an

269

CHARACTER.
Mi.

THEKE

TUSCULUM.

CHAPTER
PROSCRIPTION

THE

TO

it

too

was

he

"

course

easily
tion
resolu-

with

his

and
late,

the

him.
overtook
Antony's vengeance
Bitter, indeed,must have been his thoughtsas he stood
the lovelyhill of Tusculum, and gazedjacross the
on
Campagna upon the citywhich would soon be occupiedby
his deadliest foes. Was this then the result of allhis untiring

of

bloody ministers

duringthe last six months

eloquence
splendid
Octavian
on
this that he had lavished praises

effortsand
it for

Was
1

materials

The

months

?2
in

composing a narrative of the last four or five

are
unfortunatelyscanty,and the authorities do
Plutarch, Cic. 47, 48 ; Appian, IV. 4 ; Dio Caseius,

for

of Cicero's life

They
agree.
XLVIL
10, 11 ;

not

are

Livy, Fragm.

Seneca

Suasor, 7

Valerius

Maximus,

V. 5.
2

Speaking at
escape of Antony
14.

earlier

"

Shadow

ultimatelyto

the

period

of the

after the battle of Mutina

contentiones

vehementes
XI.

an

tamquam

fights"indeed
Republic.

disappointment felt at
he had said,"Meseque

cr/cia^ax""

they were

esse

videntur.""

for all the

the
ill89

AdDiv.

good they did

270

FIRST

OF

OCTAVIAN.

Senate,and pledgedhis word

the
as

ACTS

faithful servant

that

honors

no

than

he

could

now

made

Constitution,and

and

He

destinies of Kome.

had

his sword

have

must

Plancus.

of Pollio and

He

might be

trusted

declared that

conferred upon him

he had trampledon

be

deserved,and

that he

State ?

of the

JET. 64.

were

more

both

Law

the arbiter of the

keenlyfelt the

Their conduct

showed

tion
deser-

that he

He and Quintus must go forth

put faith in no one.
and exiles,
as
leavingtheir native land a prey to
fugitives
tyrants,who, whether they quarrelledor agreed,would
alike work
the ruin of the Bepublic. It was, in fact,
the slave
alreadyruined,for the trembling Senate was
of the strongest,
and
existed only to registerhis will.
could

in the midst

But,

consolation

one

was

the

signs of

reproach.He
the

times, but

had

singlearm,

combat

done

all that mortal

In

the standard
of his

of

as

men

of Octavian's first acts

Curiae,in

held

all.

It

ominous

more

he

assume

was

which

soon

hearted
faint-

with
aloft,

out

was

armies

to

fault of

no

proper

by

willingto

now

to have his

was

form.

Then

openlyto

foreboded
avow.

had declared Dolabella

the

The
a

the

adoption,
peoplein

he entitled

onlywas

the

kind,and

be slaves.

own

law,passedby

of Caius
proud names
Octavianus, although for upwards of a year
called Caesar by his friends. His other measures
to
legally

of

country,and, by his example,

were

Caesar's son, confirmed

their

do to preserve

eaten into the heart's-coreof the Commonwealth,

and that
One

the midst

freedom,sent

and animated
cheered,encouraged,
had

without

was

could

fickle populace,
he had

the enemies

his that treason

there
disappointment,
He
might have been
and failed to read aright

his conscience

liberties of Kome.

Senate and
his

for Cicero.

in his estimate of men,

mistaken
the

of all his cruel

Julius Caesar
he had
were

been
of

which
changeof policy

resolution of the

publicenemy,

was

Senate,
repealed,

272

SECOND

THE

for
petitors

We

power.

Octavian

and

do

the result

but
negotiation,
upon,

TRIUMVIRATE.

know

not

that

was

led his

JET. 64.

the

details of the

meetingwas

agreed

troops to Bononia, which

alreadyoccupiedby the legionsof Antony. The

leaders met on the twenty-seventh
of November, on
of the

island

Ehenus,

mountain-torrent,which
close

the world

formed,and
This

The

won.

was

to

that

two, and
was

should

brother

Paulus

Thus,

says

them

from

beast

power

one

rather

Apennines,and
the

of

basest

by

The

men.

to death

compacts

Each

Cicero

of the
made

was

terms

war.

swords

satiate the vengeance

the

into

was

spoil.

what their
rightto apportion
did not satisfy
their minds.

of

flows

Triumvirate

fair,accordingto the laws

giveup
;

more

that

were

his
Lepidus,

own

Cicero and

and

than

savage

answerable

lost,and

as

little

river,or

second

divided

was

three

Antony, his uncle Lucius Caesar.

Plutarch,they let their anger and fury take
the sense
of humanity,and demonstrated that

is

they heard

the

victims,to

entered

ever

Octavian

this

But

surrender

other

no

had

conquerors

had

all

be

might

Eeno,

rises in the

Here

Bologna.

to

the

now

was

when

with
possessed

to his rage.

his brother

of the

they

man,

still at

were

Not
proscription.

must

Tusculum, when

moment

to be

was

fly for their lives. They

*^

hesitated

*^
......

whether

should "hasten

join Sextus Pompeius in

Cassius in Syria,
Brutus in Macedonia.
or
or
Sicily,
They
decided on
going to Brutus, and proceededin litters to
there to embark
for Macedonia.
Astura,on the coalstpiniending
they

We

are

told that

not

judge them

to

the

journeythey often halted

each other, and mingle their tears together.
to embrace
notions might argue an unmanly weakness,
This to modern
but
and

we

must

his brother

were

not

on

so.

The

ancients

only ancients

far less restraint upon their feelings

than

"

and

Cicero

but Italians
"

put

and with
ourselves,

MURDER

B.C. 43.

OF

QUINTUS

them

grieffound
passionate
reproachto their courage or
Cicero

that

afraid

was

AND

in

vent

of

and

sorrow

weepingwithout

die, but

to

273

SON.

any

fortitude. I do not believe

him, and he wept,as he

moments

HIS

had

had
calamity

whelmed
over-

often done before in

despair.An

unforeseen

stance
circum-

compelledthe brothers to separate. In the haste

of their departurethey had
forgottento bring with
the means
of support on
them
their journey. It was
that

determined

Quintus should

supplies.No

the necessary
to

and

back

come

to

never

overtake

After

otherwise.

his

Kome, and procure

to

doubt

his intention

brother,but

it

affectionate embrace

an

again.

meet

return

Cicero continued

was

ordered

was

they parted,
his route, and

that his son

Quintus turned towards the city. It seems
stillthere when his father
had been left behind,and was

Quintus

arrived.
with
of

but

him,

concealed

by

find him
make

him, to
but, as

we

of

Unable

his

the

assassins.

prayedthat

he

the

house

same

other the bloodhounds

lurkingplace. They came, but

tured
Quintus,they tor; and, seizing
young
him betray
his father. He noblyrefused,

painforced

from

the

to endure

or

in

of his

infer from

may

forth from

means

some

Antony got scent

could not

himself

one

him

mity
of the accounts,the extre-

cries which

thoughtof

his father heard.

his son's agony,

he

came

and delivered himself up to

hiding-place,
Each
followed.
A heart-rending
scene
might die before the other,and, to end the

contest, the murderers

killed them

both

at

the

same

moment.

and going on board a

safety,
the promontoryof Circeii (Capo Ciras
his escape, and
nothing now to prevent

Cicero reached Astura

vessel,
got

as

cello).There
the head
him

was

of the

shipwas

turned to the open sea, to bear

lution
his pursuers, when a strange fitof irresoseized him, and he insistedon beingput on shore

away

VOL.

far

in

n.

from

274

again.

ASSASSINS.

BY

CICERO

PURSUED

sort of

which
fascination,
him

to have attracted

seems
resist,

to

JET. 64.

he

unable

was

the fatal coast.

to
In

Ezekiel, He heard the sound of the trumpet

He
and took not warning : his blood shall be upon him."
impulse,took, on foot,the
landed,and by an unconscious
destruction.
road to Eome, as if he were
courtinghis own
and spent the night at
retraced his steps,
But he soon
and as he tossed restlessly
Circeii. He could not sleep,
on
the words

"

of

his couch, the idea seized him

and, enteringthe house

the domestic
altar,and

betrayer. But

his
His

understand,for

there

him

once

to

The

vessel

the

sea

reached
Fonnian

more

voyage,

down

Appian
K\V$WVOS.

kinder master

was

their prayers.

"

Let

me

imploredto

continue

die,"he exclaimed,
"

saved

often !

so

"

The

the

in my

day

they forced

"

De
to

the clothes

his

him

landing to

to

With

his track.4

close upon

were

get

into

sea-sickness

was

"

and bore
litter,

OVK

e"/"epeT^V ayHiav

Appian
that

crows

covered

awoke

him

his face.

One

from

his

sleep by pulling

tradition
the

"

"

represents him

murderers

of Euripides when
quietlyreading the Medea
moment
of agonizing terror.
not very likelyat such
a
he destroyed himself
another
by poison. Euseb. Chron.
Drumann.

tionate
affec-

Bell. Civ. IV.

as

by

"

readily
besought

of

attributes

According

away

can

we

December,when, for the last time,he set

and lay
Italian ground. He
reached his villa,
on
to rest. But his slaves got intelligence
tranquilly
zeal

TOV

was

He

I have

that his pursuers

devotion

embark, and he yieldedto

but in vain.

seventh

foot

never

upon

wiser counsels.

morning came

whose

"

die.3

to

country,which
the

the

Heaven

of

vengeance

his

again set sail,but the wind was contrary,and

he
and when
was
rough. He .was .sick and ill,
which his own
the harbour of Cajeta(Gaeta),
near
villa lay,he would
farther,having made
go no

his mind

up

the

slaves

attendant

Eome,

plunge a dagger into

there

with

go to

Octavian, seat himself beside

of

down

breast,to draw

that he would

arrived

According
p. 183,

to

quoted

Sketched

by

Ainslie.

FORMIJE,

WHERE

CICERO

WAS

MURDE1JED.

Vol.

ii.

p.

27?

B.C.

43.

him

MURDER

OF

CICERO.

alonga bye-paththroughthe thick,

but

woods

towards

the shore.

alreadyreached
named

Lsenas.

The

the villa.

They

Herennius,and

Cicero had

band

the

then

leafless,

of murderers

had

headed

turion,
by a centribune Popilius
military

were

defended Lgenas in a
successfully
criminal trial against
the chargeof parricide,
and obtained
his acquittal.
But gratitude
of small account in comwas
parison
of the reward that he would gain
by the death of
his benefactor.
Some miscreant pointedout the path the
had taken,and the assassins hurried
fugitive
throughthe
of them by a shorter road,so as to meet him as
wood, some
he came
When
out.
he heard their footsteps
approaching
he knew

that his hour

to set down

him.
his
"

once

He

the

drew

back

covered

to defend

and stretching
forward
curtain,

think it

with

trimmed,and his face

the assassins

right
"

or

strike !

Popilius,

"

ing
Accord-

with
with

neck,and

hair

and

with his troubles."

worn

un-

Several of

and

instructive

that

have

come

to

the

notice

down

to

us

discrepanciesin

of the

last moments

the
of

the path he had

says that the person who betrayed
freedman
of his brother Quintus, named
Philologus Appian

Plutarch

was

that he

to

it rolled in the dust.5

different narratives
Cicero.

moved

were

It is curious

taken

dust, his beard

pityat the sightof his grey

and ashy countenance, and theycovered their faces
their hands.
But Herennius
steppedforward,and
repeatedblows of his sword, severed his head from

hairs

a
was

stretched

"

shoemaker

his neck

out

and
of the

client of Clodius.

litter,and

says that he
off his head,

Plutarch

Herennius

cut

his Philippics
by Antony's
and Seneca
written."
Appian,.Dion Cassius,Valerius Maximus,
Appian's
Popilius Lsenas who struck the blow.
say that it was
command

and

all

forbade them

"

his person

were

the

ordered his attendants

his chin,as he used to do,with

Plutarch, stroking
left hand, he looked steadfastly
his murderers,
upon

his

"

and
litter,

! if you

to

He

come.

either Herennius
head,called out,addressing

Here, veteran

his

was

account

is that Lsenas

"with three

his hands

pulledhis

blows, sawing rather

head
than

also, by which

out of the

litter and

cuttingoff the

killed him

head, owing to
T

^76

INSULTS

Thus

fell Cicero

of
proscription
three

the

"

the

REMAINS.

noblest

He

and

months,

JET.

victim

Triumvirate.

eleven

years,

CICERO'S

TO

of

the

bloody
exactlysixty-

was

five

64.

days old, when

he

died.
The

hands

with

the head

off,and

cut

were

the murderers

carried them

Antony. He was seated on a tribunal,

in the Forum, when
administering
justice
they made their
through the crowd with the ghastlyrelics in their
way
hands.

His

to

with joy,and
sparkled

eyes

the

promised reward, but added

What
more
preciousgift could
Fulvia than

bitter
words^of

whose

to the

there in
that

spot had

so

It

in the

case

His

She

wife
took

often been

the

then

was

the

his

scene.

taken

and

moulder

hands, to

of which
eloquence,
A sadder sightwas

Borne.6

that

Bacon

if it be

"

His

have

great men
rule

tinuance
con-

exemplified

was

"

no

line became

rapidlyextinct.
the child of so many
hopes gave him, in
uneasiness,owing to the irregularities
"

"

to himself
the credit of
says that Lsenas, to secure
the skull close to a little garlanded image of himself,

awkwardness.

Dio

the murder,
an

It

triumphsof

of Cicero.

only son
early life,some

the

this rule

; and

with

her bodkin.

gazed upon in
is a sayingof

never

his

to

present

felt,and with feminine

often

so

Rostra,togetherwith

mockery of

sum.

lap,addressed it as if it were alive,

insult.
She dragged out the tongue,

she had

sarcasms

nailed

enormous

her

piercedit with

rage

he

an

onlypaid

not

the head of their deadliest enemy

it on
it,and placing
in

to it

he

kept
inscription
upon

it

mentioning

the fact.

century that the tomb

of a
in 1544 in digging the foundations
of Cicero had been discovered
supposed that his remains
monastery in the island of Zante, and it was
of his faithful slaves and secretlyburied.
had been carried there by one
There

Desiderius

was

Lignamineus

up in 1547, that he
into his note-book.
Cicero's

son.

But

in the

storycurrent

had
His

of Padua
seen

declares, in

the tombstone

theory

the whole

sixteenth

was

account

that

which

narrative

and

copied

the

tomb

is discredited.

the

was

he drew

inscription
by

erected

278

surface of history. He

to make

We

himself.

tried

have

hy

extremes

two

it is hetter

And

unmarried,or

ahle

of Cicero

character

of the
it in its

seen

the

died

64.

issue.

just estimate

MT.

I hope,he
foregoing
pages will,

of the

reader

The

CHARACTER.

to have

appears

he left no

at all events

CICERO'S

OF

ESTIMATES

for

ness,
strengthand in its weakand adverof prosperity
sity.
should

that each

materials which

form

his

own

fair

biographyaffords,
of others,on a questionwhere
than trust to the opinions
and
of the writer,
much
so
dependsupon the idiosyncrasy
of his
the pointof view from which he regardsthe subject
the

opinionfrom

Few

criticism.

had

death, he

enemies

calumnies

atrocious

the natural

death

In

of

who

and
praised,

more

his

gave

and
lifetime,

and
lie,
now.

to

currency

him.
respecting

to notice them

memory

heen

Cicero.

vilified than

more

have

men

But

it would

he

these
an

few

after his
the

most

have died

insult to his

Since the revival of

letters,

his name
has heen worshipped
period,
with a kind of idolatry:hut at last there has
writers as unduly
come
a
reaction,and he is hy some
he was
before unduly extolled.
The two
as
depreciated
he represented
of opinion
extremes
hy Middleton and
may
Niehuhr on the one
hand, and hy Melmoth,Drumann, and

and

until

Mommsen

recent

very

the

on

other.

Middleton

so

goes

far in his

Quinceydeclares his ohjectwas, out of

in the person of Cicero,
to paint,
hatred to Christianity,
a
of scrupulousmorality
to show
; and
pure Pagan model
that De

admiration

that
and

difficult times

in most

considerate

have

added

to which
integrity,

element

no

if I had

Cicero

as

would

judge

folly."But

of

he acted with

Drumann

of value.

known
near

self-restraint

Christian ethics could

Niehuhr

him, and
relation who

has

"
I love
says,
I judge of him
as I

had

committed

of
paintedthe portrait

Cicero

ESTIMATES

B.C. 43.

en

noir

OF

In
throughout.

sustained and

his exhaustive work

credit for

in the whole

279

CHARACTER.

elaborate attack upon

hardlygiveshim
motive

CICERO'S

his

singlepure

he makes

and
character,

disinterested

or

of his life. He

course

catches

at

tale of scandal afloat

him, exceptthose
respecting
which charge him with licentiousness,
of which even
Drumann
him ; and whenever there is a
absolutely
acquits
of imputingsomething
it to
possibility
wrong, he imputes
him
in a spirit
of systematic
He
misrepresentation.
never
giveshim the benefit of a doubt,and his criticismis
in reading
that it is difficult
often so unfair,
it to avoid feelings
of anger and disgust.His erudition is immense,and
I willingly
with which he affords
the honesty
acknowledge
of verifying
his assertions,
the reader the means
by the
every

references
copious

that

are

found at the bottom

of every

But it would be easy from them to

page of his work.
and unjustis the view he often
show how prejudiced

takes.
As to

Mommsen, he treats Cicero as ifhe

beneath his notice. When

tone

of supreme

he

speaksof

contempt,and

if all

him

we

positively

were

he affectsa

knew

of him

dependedupon what the historian has told us, we should

than a weak-minded sophist
regardhim as nothingmore
of his
and rhetorician. Fixinghis eyes on the infirmity
conduct,in which there is much to blame and
political
writer thinks himself
somethingto pity,this German
to the splendor
entitledto sneer at him, and is blind even
worthy
just and trustof his intellectual gifts.A far more
estimate of Cicero will be found in the admirable
He

work of Abeken.9
censure

and his

holds the balance even, and in his

is alwaysa
praise

fair and

discriminating

judge.
It may

be said with truth of Cicero that he

9

Cicero in Semen

Briefen.

was

weak,

280

CHARACTER.

MORAL

HIS

JET. 64.

but it is not the whole truth.

These
timid,and irresolute,1
and in some
defects were
counterbalanced,
respectsredeemed
of
at critical periods
by the display,
firm and
He was
as
opposite
qualities.
and
Catiline,

be in the contest with

his

of
life,

brave

as

the very
need

a man

the final

strugglewith
Antony. It would not be fair to judge of Napoleonsolely
at St. Helena, and it is not fair to judge
by his demeanour
and his conof Cicero solely
duct
by his agony duringhis exile,
In the first he was
unmanned
duringthe Civil War.
by the magnitude of his misfortunes,and in the second
of determiningwhich
unnerved
side he
by the difficulty
It is utterlyuntrue
to
ought to follow.
assert, as
Drumann
for right
asserts,that selfishness and disregard
truth

and

and
but not selfish;
egotistical,
of
was
rightwas one chief cause

He
less

would

much

as

have

been

instinct

souls to the

requiredin
too

was

his

was

what

his irresolution.

lot

cast

was

statesman

strong to

do

anxietyto

uttermost, and

He

consistent if he had

more

His

scrupulousman.

tried men's

of his mind.2

prominentfeatures

were

as

allow him

in

been

times

when

which

boldness

virtue.

His

to resort to

was

moral

means

of

his conscience

disapproved.And if he knew he had

felt all the agony of remorse.
acted wrongly,he instantly
Although he lived in the deepshadows of the night which
his standard of morality
precededthe dawn of Christianity,
to elevate it by the
was
as
high as it was perhapspossible
And
that standard
to fall below
mere
lightof Nature.
which

made
1

His

feel dissatisfiedwith himself and

tendency

Laberius,
I would
I

as

Roman

receive

am

etechende

But

oppositepartiesonce
exposed him to
Macrobius
II.
(Saturn.
by
3). He said
knight, who was looking for a seat in the theatre,
recorded

here

you

surprisedyou
Uebrigens erkennt
Feigheit und Mangel
"

ashamed.

between

to trim

stinging sarcasm,

to
"

him

have

Ei^enschaften.

room,

in seinem

man
an

if I had
not

achtung
"

Gesch.

vor

room
as

:"

you
Character
Recht

Boms.

on

which

usually sit

und

Laberius
on

two

replied,
stools."

Erregbarkeit,Selbstsucht,
Wahrheit, als die hervor-

B.C.

HIS

43.

aim

his constant

deceived
the

those

and

right;

himself,and

made

judgment

like De

who,

rather

than

His end
to the

as
scruple

privatelife

in their

wrong

lustre

the

by

and

different

lavish in

praise

troubled
he

by
had

no

his

his name,

surrounds

right and

to confound

commanding genius,his

success.

character

chief fault of Cicero's moral

sincerity.In

others,

gain it

to

which

of
hero-worship

will,and his victorious

The

and

never

forgetall this,and

to

apt

are

men

iron

darkened

Dazzled

kind.

so

Let

and civil
corruption,
Conspiracy,
of his guiltyambition,and his
by vices of the worst possible

means.

was

are

was

power,

instruments

the

were

war

was

times
some-

of his heart.

Quincey, Mommsen,

Caesar,recollect that Csesar

conscience.

although he

great mistakes,
they were

of Cicero,and
speakso disparagingly
of

281

CHARACTER.

to do

was

of his

errors

MORAL

was

that

from

of the words

sense

of

want

expressedby St. Paul,he wished to become all things to

His private
he might win some.
if by any means
all men,
often in
and
his public speeches,
were
correspondence,
he
direct contradiction with each other as to the opinions
and he kvished compliments,
expressedof his contemporaries,
in

conduct

man,

character to

language

there

and

the

cause

they dislike to
under

it

himself,and he blew

his

of his

He
own

paid dearlyfor it,for

is generally
vain man
in

his

of ill-nature to appear

the

of weakness

faults

forgiveworse

kind

their

tribute.

of

ears

will

as

have

it were,

the

sarcasms

as

wearied

has

enough

was

Men

of truth.

for they feel

readily,
and

he

enemies.

many

whose

men

characters he abhorred.

vanity,and

him

it has made

weak

Forum, upon

and whose
disliked,

he

His foible was

the

and

Senate

the

of

injuryto themselves,

exacted
praise
was

more

never

tired of

trumpetwith

countrymen.

and to be

But

laid,

speaking

blast which

it

was

after

282

all

AS

CICERO

harmless

and
failing,

PHILOSOPHER.

would

MT.

have

been

64.

sufficiently

punished with laughter,instead of being treatecT as an

offence to be retaliated by slander.
As
to origia
nality.
PhilosopherCicero had no pretensions
recommend
the
to
His
study of
object was
Greek
philosophyto the attention of his countrymen,
who were
profoundlyignorantof it j_and_no. writer since
succeeded in making it more
Plato has ever
attractive.
It was
said of Socrates,that he drew
Philosophyfrom
made
her walk
the clouds, and
; and
the^earth
upon
She spoke literally
and
this is equallytrue of Cicero.
in an
almost unknown
language to the
metaphorically
Roman
mind, until he appeared.3 He had to coin, in
the very words by which the ideas were
to
instances,
many
character of the
be expressed,
for the unmetaphysical
Roman

intellect had

hitherto

never

conceived

the

ence
exist-

problems which had so long exercised the

of the Greeks.
subtle speculations
Though not a philosopher
like Pythagoras,Plato,Zeno, and Epicurus,
he had
mind
candid
and diligent
as
a
eminentlya philosophical
His capaciousintellect embraced
inquirerafter Truth.
and
his judgment refused to
the whole field of inquiry,
itself in the chains of any particular
trammel
The
sect.
of the

school

which

to

of the New
the

was

he

Academy,

of which

reputedfounder.

that this school

reason

attached

most

Arcesilas

But

it

the

was

himself

was

most

was

the school

(born B.C.

320)

for
precisely

liberal and

the
least

of all. Its distinguishing

feature was
an
prejudiced
lightened
enIt did not dogmatizeso much
as doubt.
scepticism.
Where
other sects peremptorily
determined
what was
True
and what was
False,the New Academy was modestlycon3

Philosophia jacuitusque

literarum

Latinarum.

"

ad

hanc

Tusc. Disp. I. 3.

aetatem,nee

ullum

habuit lumeu

B.C.

CICERO

43.

AS

PHILOSOPHER.

283

tent -with

Probability.Cicero was too sagaciousand too

liberal not to see the weak pointsof other systems. He
laughed at the absurd paradoxesof the Stoics,and his
revolted at the selfish and God-denyingdocmoral sense
trines
of the Epicureans. But he did not reject
all because
of all,for he agreedon
he could not approve
points
many
with both.
Knowing the character of his mind, it would
have been easy to predict,
without knowing the fact,
even
that he would incline to the school of the New Academy. It
of an irresolute man,
a doctrine
was
congenialto the spirit
to hold that doubt

is the proper

keep the
of speculative
questions

when dealingwith
suspended,

mind

Moreover, the

truth.

what
considering

shall be

than
plausible

accustom

can

to doubt
of

himself to

whether

his

is

by

an

to

advocate is indisposed

constantlyemployed
opponent,and
is preparedto

an

he

answer

that

of

He

be said

can

that the

concerned

more

habit of mind

dogmatic assertion.

to
in

state in which

it shall be true.

But

no

he is
make
man

without learning
weigh objections
view is

own

argument has taught

infallibly
right.The

him

that

on

almost

flict
con-

every

questionmuch may be said on both sides,and the result

of fairness and candor,which is
is,or ought to be, a spirit
and dogmatism in
equallyopposed to bigotryin religion,

philosophy.For
from

not

of his

which

the

same

servile imitation

reason,

of

believe,it

Plato,that Cicero

treatises into the

philosophical
enabled to bring out
he was

form

the

of

was,

and

cast most

by
dialogues,

strong and weak

pointsof opposingsystems,without committing himself to

peremptoryopinion.4But, although on
any decisive and
of Things, the
such as the Nature
questions,
speculative
Socratem

quo
(genus disputandi)potissimum consecutijsumus
alios
arbitrabamur, ut nostram
ipsisententiam tegeremus, errore
usum
levaremus
et in omni
disputationequid esset simillimum veri quterere4

inus.

Id

"

Tusc.

Disp.

V.

4.

284

he

was

and

decided

others

and

the

more

And

he

pounder
ex-

of his

the asserter

truths

of

also clear

was

obligation.In

of moral

in his views

was

great cardinal

State.

Future

JET. 64.

than

firm heliever in the

Providence

ORATOR.

he
subjects,

of
opinions

of the
own,

AN

similar

Supreme Good, and

AS

CICERO

his

lofty

in

to Expediency,
preference
the rule of conduct, he is a safer guide than
as
is the best practical
Paley ; and his work, De Officiis,'
quity
which
treatise on
the Whole
Pagan antiDuty of Man
be compared
Ethics of Aristotle may
affords. The
to the dissection of an
anatomist,but Cicero has givenlifeto

unhesitatingchoice

and

Eight

of

'

clothed

and

figureof Virtue,

the

it in

warm

flesh and

in

aggeration
exinvective,

blood.
As

Orator

an

in

his

faults

in style. His habit of

matter, and prolixity

is such
exaggeration

that it is often difficult to ascertain the

the truth

limits within

which

rule,to

the safe side we

from
not

be

on

his statements.
any

or

purpose

excitable

coarseness

are

reallylies ; but, as
must

deduct

I believe that

desire to

temperament

of the

the

As

expressedhimself strongly. Many

intolerably
long,and he dwells upon

general

largepercentage
of this

cause

the vehement

mislead,but
man.

he felt

and

warmly, so

of his sentences

he

was

are

haustive
topicwith an exfulness which
leaves nothing to the imagination.
The pure gold of his eloquence
is beaten out too thin,and
what is gainedin surface is lost in solidity
and depth. The
in a cloud of words : the course
argument often disappears

of the stream

is lost in

difference between
of

the

Greek

him

an

inundation.

This

and Demosthenes.

orator, like that

argumentative. Amidst

the

of

is

The

his

great

declamation

Brougham,

grandeur of

one

is

always

his
eloquence,

and business-like,
and he never
loses
are
speeches
practical
sight of the aim and end he has in view. Perhapsno

286

CICERO'S

such

modulation

of diction,so

free from

disrelish for the

in my

any

next

in

He

of the most

one

was

that
perfectsincerity
not

was

that

his

eternal.
friendships

any

other

of those stern old

He

wealth

perfect,

doted

mony
har-

and

author.

Livy,

of Cicero.

his

He

the

wants

it was

and

men,

he uttered the noble sentiment

and

family man.

and

pure

the

and

but he
excellence,

forgivingof

to confess

ashamed

so

other Latin

the charm

the grace, and

and
fulness,

It is

64.

that,
roughness or obscurity,
is familiar with it,he acquires

styleof

comes
opinion,

Mr.

the model

sentences, and

the reader

as
proportion

in

of

HABITS.

been

despairof
with

AND

stylewhich has
succeedingwriters.

created

He

APPEARANCE

enmities

Eomans, what

that he

mortal,

were

than

more

was,

almost

be called

may

his children, and, until

on

in

his

unhappy divorce,was loving and affectionate to his wife.

To his dependantshe was
kind-hearted master
witness
a
his sorrow
for the death of Sositheus,
and his warm
regard
for the accomplished
Tiro.
and
Of his personalappearance
habits we
know
little
than what Plutarch has told us, and what we
can
more
glean
"

from

different passages

and

meagre

weakness

in

of

diner

was

frame, with

generallytook

late in the

out, and liked merriment

light pleasantryand

of

wit,

for

he

shadow

and

wit.
and

his existence.

over

In

what

the French

inexhaustible

the ancients."

times,and

brilliant

most

left a

wit
But

"

facultyof
call

he is

it had

Niebuhr

stingbehind

such

himself to

evening.

But

"

was

thin

was

had

table,

at

joyous temperament, until publicand

a

He

long neck, and

he accustomed

that
digestion
he

diet,which

in his letters and works.

spare

he
full

man

naturallyof

privatesorrow

cast

says, "the

minant
predo-

his mind

was

his

esprit light,unexpected,
not excelled by any among
"

flavor of bitterness

which

was

neither

in it at

forgotten

B.C.

HIS

43.

GEEAT

287

INDUSTRY.

forgiven.He would have been a match for Talleyrand

at a repartee. It was
only in the later years of his life
that he indulgedin a siesta after meals.
He was
fond of
the bath, and had his body well rubbed
and oiled. He
also took a sufficient quantity of exercise daily,and by
these means,
tion,
a
notwithstanding
naturallyweak constituhe enjoyedupon
the whole
excellent health.
We
find him
than two or
complainingof sickness not more
of his long and numerous
three times in the course
respondence
corhe grew
older he was
troubled by a
as
; but
caused most probablyby
of the eyes, which was
weakness
is no authentic bust of Cicero.6
excessive study. There
Severus possessed
The Emperor Alexander
one, but it is
nor

it

full of

was

he

of what

his lost

include

preparedand
he
frequently

taken
7

from

Et

For

bronze

admirable

Asin.
an

his

death.7

requireno

we

Titus,Diem

tenth

true, if we
certainly
which
were
carefully

of

We

have

how

seen

perdidi!

full worth

consider what

us

never

decora

Pollio

apud

account
'

and

lived. He

title-pageof Vol.

struck by the town

medal

article entitled

let

in the annals of Eome

facies

excellent

than

before the sun

employed in composition
could with less justice
few men
say of

of Cicero, facing the

quidem

valetudo."
8

some,
hand-

this is

and

world,if Cicero had

head

The

was

astonishing.It

industrywere

speeches,most

have been

there would
of the

until

possess littlemore

we

wrote

his
appreciate

To

was

like

themselves

face

intellect

written out beforehand.8

risen,and

had

and

computed that

has been

looks

good

beaming

of mind
activity

His

His

now.

feel assured.

authorityto

part

his

retained

he

and

That

in existence

to be

known

not

ad
Senec.
and

Cicero'

senectutem,
Suasor.

of

blank

tory
the his-

illumines the

I. of this work, is

Magnesia
prosperaque

in

Lydia.

permansit

6.

analysisof his various

in Smith's

Biog. Diet.

works

see

the

288

PANEGYRIC

of

darkness

like

lofty

some

did,
to

who

and

with

the

Ciceronis

CICERO,

light
its

think

of

spoke

vivetque

gloria

all

the

more

omnem

mundo

Veil.

Paterc.

owe

II.

66.

of

waste

him
be

we

the

posed
dis-

historian

saeculorum

genus

all

of
"

shall
of

64.

intellect,

the

hominum

memoria

cedet."

we

judgment

per

glorious
over

rays

"

prophetic

JET.

his

of

sheds

citiusque

rnoriam;
quam

we

more

and

"Vivit

the

that

beacon

wrote,

agree

says:9

with

past

the

And

waters.
he

the

ON

me-

hominum

unquam

289

APPENDIX.

ORATIONS

OF

CICERO.*

B.C.

Pro

P. Quinctio

Pro

Sex. Roscio

Pro

Muliere

his
*Pro

Amerino

Arretina

81

**Oratio in Toga Candida

80

**Pro
*De

(before

in senatu.

Comsedo

Adolescentibus Siculis

Pro

Scamandro

**Pro

*ProM.

..probably

Tullio

Pro. C. Mustio

before
..

..

In Q. Caecilium
In Yerrem

Actio

In Verrem

71
71

**De

L. Roscio

70

*Pro

C. Rabirio.

75
74

L. Vareno

prima, 5th

Aug.

secunda.

Not

Actio

Pro

M.

**De

70

In Catilinam, prima Oratio,8th

In Catilinam,secunda, 9th Nov.

A. Csecina

69

In Catilinam, tertia.

69

In Catilinam, quarta,5th Dec.

Pro

**ProP.

Oppio

67

Pro

Manilia

66

Fundanio

66

**ProC.
Pro

A.

Cluentio

**ProC.
Pro

Avito

..

66

..

Manilio

L. Corvino

**Pro.

ProscriptorumLiberis.
Nov.

Fonteio

Lege

0. Cornelio.

Two

C.

CalpurnioPisone

This

list is token, with

Dictionary;

but I have

those speeches which

fragments
remains

VOL.

to

remain

give
II.

are

; the
a

added

65

**In

wholly

clear idea of the

62

Clodium
A.

62
.

Pro

Licinio

the

article 'Cicero'
there omitted.

61

61
.

in Smith's
The

60

Biog.

italics denote

only a few mutilated

although imperfect,enough
considerable passages are complete.

asterisks,those of which
those of which,

argument, and where

nerally
Ge-

Archia.

ScipioneNasica

are

et Curionem

assignedto

Philippics,which

lost ; the two

Q. Metelli,

P. Cornelio Sulla

Pro

single asterisk denotes

Concionem

3rd Jan

slight alteration, from

the

6.3

**Contra

Pro

64

the

end of

65

tions
ora-

Towards

Murena.

65
Pro

Othone.

70

delivered.
*Pro

De

da,
Lege Agraria,Oratio secunad populum.
De Lege Agraria,Oratio tertia,
ad populum.

76

..

Pro

Lege Agraria, Oratio prima,

journey to Athens)
Q. Eoscio

Q. Gallic

290

ORATIONS

OF

CICERO.

APP.

BC.

Pro

Valeric

L.

Flacco

59
.

Pro

A.

Minucio

Gallo

55

Pro

Twice

Thermo.

B.C.

Caninio

Pro

C.

Rabirio

Postumo

54
.

defended
Pro

in
before

Ascitio
M.

after

Cispio
Keditum

Post

in

7th

Pro

*Pro

57

Senatu,

57
Reditum

or

56

5th

Sept
Post

**ProVatinio

6th

Quirites,

ad

ad

sua

Pontifices,

M.

Mtmlio

Scauro

54
.

Pro

Crasso
Druso

Pro

C.

De

Eeatinorum

Responsis

54

Pisone

Calpurnio

T.

57

Pro

56

Contra

M.

In

Bestia,

Feb

llth

54
Messio

54
Causa

contra

Annio

Milone

52
Two

Saufeio.
Munatium

T,

56

In

Sextio.

P.

in

Early

Vatinium

March

56

Same

Interrogatio.

date.

Pro

orations

52

Dec

52

Cornelio

Doldbella

50

M.

CsBlio

Pro

L.

Cornelio

Rufo.
56
.

De

**De

Rege

In

Pisonem

Pro

47

Pro

Q.

Ligario

46

A.

Cn.

Deiotaro

Rege
Pace

Senatu,

in

Prima

Philippica

45

March

17th

44

tony)
An-

(against

44

56
.

Alexandrino

56
.

L.

Marcello

Consularibus

Provinciis

**In

M.

De

Balbo

..

Pro

Pro

Pro

Plancum.

..

Pro

L.

Interamnates.
Pro

Sept

Haruspicum

Pro

Senatu

in

De

54

Pro

57

Sept

Domo
29th

..

..

Pro

59

Secunda

Philippica

(against

55

Antony

written

but

not

livered)
de-

Gabinium.

44

Plancio

55
.

Philippics

OrationesIII.-XV.

44-43

EOMAN

CONSULS

291

DURING

CICERO'S

LIFE.

Anno

C. Atilius Serranus
Eufus

P. Rutilius

..-

..

..

"etat.

Q. Servilius Csepio

On.

Mallius

C. Marius

II

C. Flavius

C. Marius

HI

L. Aurelius

Orestes

0. Marius

IV

Q. Lutatius

Catulua

C. Marius

M.

C. Marius

VI

L. Valerius

M.

(orator)

Antonius

Q. Cselius Metcllus
Cn.

...

Nepos

..

Albinus

..

P. Licinius
C. Cassius

..

Crassus

L. Licinius

Postumius

7
..

Ahenobarbus

Cn. Domitius

Flaccus

T. Didius

Lentulus

Corn.

Aquillius

A.

..

Fimbria

Crassus

10

Longinus

11

Q. Mucius

Scaevola

12

C. Cselius Caldus

L. Domitius

C. Valerius

M.

Herennius

14

M.

Perperna

15

Flaccus

C. Claudius

Pulcher

L. Marcius
L. Julius
Cn.

Philippus

Pompeius

L. Cornelius
Cn.

Caesar
Strabo

..

..

Sulla

Ahenobarbus

Sext. Julius

Lupus

17

L. Porcius

Cato

18

L. Cornelius

Cinna

II

C. Marius

L. Cornelius

Cinna

III

Cn.

II

L. Cornelius

Papirius Carbo

L. Cornelius
P. Servilius
M.
D.
Cn.

Vatia

^Emilius
Junius

Sulla

Isauricus
.

Brutus

Cn.

LucuUus

III

25

24

Papirius Carbo

Cn.

Cornelius Dolabella

Mam.

Pius
.

Pulcher

Claudius

..

JEmilius

Lepidus

..

30

..

P. Cornelius
M.
.

Licinius

Lentulus

33
34

..

Claudianus

35

Surse

36

..

Crassus

37

Q. Caecilius Metellus

Q. Hortensius
L. Csecilius Metellus

32

Cotta

Cn. Cornelius Lentulus

Orestes

Cn. Pompeius Magnus

31

C. Cassius Varus

Varro

27

29

Cotta

Aurelius

26

28

..

Catulus

Q. Lutatius

M.

..

..

Poplicola

Aufidius

23

Norbanus

C. Aurelius

Terentius

IV

C. Scribonius Curio

Octavius

L. Gellius

Cinna

22

Cn.

App.

..

L. Octavius

M.

20
21

Q. Caecilius Metellus

II

Lepidus

L. Licinius

Cinna

VII

Decula

Tullius

19

Papirius Carbo

C. Junius

Scipio Asiaticus

C. Marius
M.

16

Q. Pompeius Eufus

Octavius

L. Cornel.

Caesar

P. Eutilius

L. Cornelius

Cn.

13

..

Q. Marcius

Eex

Creticus

38
39

292

CICERO'S

DURING

CONSULS

ROMAN

APP.

LIFE.

setat.

Anno

C.
M.

M'

Calpurnius Piso
JEmilius
Lepidus

L. Aurelius
L. Julius

Acilius

Caesar

L. Manlius

Torquatus

C. Marcius

Figulus

Cicero

C. Antonius

D. Junius

Silanus

L. Licinius

M.

Piso

M. Tullius

Pupius

M.

Calpurnianus

Caesar
Caesoninus

Spinther

P. Cornel. Lentulus

Pompeius Magnus

Pompeius
(alone until

Paullus

C. Claudius

M.

M.
III.

F. Marcellus

Caesar

C. Julius

Caesar, Dictator

C. Julius

Caesar

Licinius

48

Bibulus

49

Valerius

Claudius

L. Cornelius
.

51

..

..

52

II

Crassus

Pulcher

54

Messala

Pius

Scipio

57

Marcellus
Lentulus

Caesar

C. Vibius

Pansa

V., Dictator

M.
M.

58

Crus

uiEmilius

jM. jEmilius
\ Equitum

Vatia

59

Isauricus

60

Antonius, Magister Equitum

Lepidus
Lepidus, Magister)

Antonius, P. Cornelius}
Dolabella, Cons, suffectus

Aulus
.

55
56

Marcellus

("Marcus
C. Julius

53

P. Servilius

50

Nepos

Philippus

Claudius

C. Claudius

III

C. Julius Caesar IV., Dictator

47

Celer

Q. Csecilius Metellus
M.

II

C. Julius

Gabinius

App.

SulpiciusRufus

L. JEmilius

A.

M.

August)

1st

Calpurnius

L. Marcius

II.

Magnus

Cn.

M.

46

Niger

Messala

Q. Caecilius Metellus

Calvinus

Domitius

Serv.

45

Murena

Ahenobarbus

L. Domitius
Cn.

Marcellinus

Lentulus

Cn. Cornel.
Cn.

44

Q. Csecilius Metellus

CalpurniusPiso

L.

Valerius

42
.

43

L. Afranius
C. Julius

43

Tullus

L. Volcatius

Cotta

40

Glabrio

61
62

63

64

Hirtius

INDEX.

294

INDEX.

CORNELIUS.

BEUNDUSIUM.

Brundusium,

; ii.33, 73,

i. 203-4, 219

110.

110, 196.
Brutus, Decimus, ii. 195, 205,

208,

death of,ii,267.

retreat and

163,

ii. 17,

Marcus, i. 193;

letter to, ii. 43.

of,ii. 121.

death

229.

Catulus, i. 79, 169.

Praetor,ii.145.

family council

Cicero, ii.

with

Cedant

togce,etc., ridiculed,i.

arma

12 ; ii. 192.

176.
last
,
"

of,i. 113-23.
accomplices

Cato, M., i. 121, 127, 136, 161, 165,

172; ii.24, 103.

252.
,

i.
orations against,
Catiline,L. Sergius,

correspondencewith,

"

Celer, Q. Metellus, i. 124, 133, 165.

meeting with, ii. 184.

not

thentic,
au-

ii. 232.

i. 3.
derivation),
(conjectural

Cicer

Plancus,ii.8, 23.

Bursa, Munatius

Cethegus,i. 114.
Chrysogonus,i. 24.
Cicero, Marcus, the

elder, death

of,

i. 60.

C.

i.

the younger,

88, 92

; ii.136,

276.

Niger, speech against,i.

84, 277, 284, 307 ; ii. 28, 168.

letters to, i. 207, 235, 246-9,
269, 279-81, 283, 302-3.
quarrelwith, ii. 112, 115-17.
,

uncle of Atticus, i. 91.

Caecilius,
Caecina, i. M ; ii.126.

ii. 139.
Cserellia,
Caesar,Julius, i. 66, 94, 171, 187, 200,
; ii. 65, 97, 105.

299

i.
of, by Cicero),

(firstmention
169.
his

anxietyto

conciliate Cicero,

creditor of Cicero, ii.30.

terms

proposes

to

the

Senate,ii.

77.

with, ii. 99, 119.

ii.121.
a controversialist,
generosityof, ii. 127, 146.
interviews

",
,

approved

trial and
,

phatically
em-

by Cicero,

penal enactment

"

his

"

the

attempt upon

life of

Cicero, i. 231.

Cluentius, defence of, i. 75.

Ccelius,Rufus, i.
8.

Capito,Ateius, i. 276.
Capua, council of war at, ii.84.
Carinae,i. 7.
Cassius,ii. 145, 149, 158, 176.
L. Sergius,
i. 87, 93-4, 106-25.
Catiline,
defence of,examined,
conjectured

257-66

; ii. 12,

33,

36, 42, 101.

Comitia Centuriata, i. 95.
Confiscation

of

Cicero's

property, i.

202.

without
Consulshipunanimouslyconferred,

ballot,i. 96.

Corcyra,ii. 33.
Cornelia (Mother of

the

Gracchi),early

influence of her letters,i. 22.

'

i. 87.

levelled at

Camillus, ii. 268.

of,i.
corrupt acquittal

death of,ii. 8-10.

Clodius,Sextius, ii. 22.

i. 92.

Cassonius,i. 87.
Caieta,ii. 104, 274.
Calidius,ii. 12.
Calvinus,Domitius, ii. 2,

ii. 273.

Cicero, i. 197.

ii. 154, 161, 174.

Caesar,Lucius,

his

"

of

murdered,

infamy of, i. 261.

,
Clodius, Publius, i. 87, 167, 197-201,
233-5, 241-3.

"

of, ii. 152-4

son

Cinna, i. 21.
Circeii,ii. 274.

conspiracyagainst,ii.147-60.
assassination

his

the younger, ii. 99, 141, 178.

,
Proconsulate of,ii. 28-64.
Cilicia,

150-4.

Consul, ii. 144.

and

"

Civil War, ii.87-110.

Clodia, i. 146, 257.

i. 278.
a

Quintus, i. 5, 29, 58, 60, 81,

42-4.

Caius,i. 72,
Cornelius,

85.

INDEX.

295

CORNIFICIUS.

HERENNIUS.

Cornificius,i. 87, 93, 146 ; ii. 13.

Gotta, i. 27, 30, 215.
Furius, i. 248 ; ii. 45.
Crassipes,
Crassus, i. 94, 117, 127, 147, 172,

EquestrianOrder, unjustifiably
upheld
by Cicero, i. 157.
Exile, bis bitter

with,
earlyfriendship

i. 8.

Publius, ii. 5.

F.

Cui Bono, meaning;of,ii. 254

note.

FABERIUS, ii.174.

CumjE, i. 66 ; ii. 28, 100.

Curia Hostilia,Temple of, ii.9.
ii. 3, 7, 68,
Curio, i. 192;

Fabia, i, 106.

100,

103.

Cnrius, Q., i. 141.

Curule Chair, i. 49.
ii. 102,
'Cytheris,

Fasulfe,i. 108, 124.

Famine

riots,i. 224-fi.

Fannius

i. 31.
Choerea,

Fausta, ii.8.
Faustus, i. 267.
Favonius, i. 170.
Fibrenus, i. 1.
C. Marcius, i. 92.
Figulus,

127.

D.

in Senate

DEBATE
Deiofarus

i. 235-8.
described,

M.
,

of Rome

Demoralization

i. 174-6.

First Triumvirate,

Quincey,quoted,i. 42, 54,

26, 63, 72,

of

the time

at

67 ; ii.

91.

Way, originof,i. 92.

Flavius, Q., i. 31, 165.

Fonteius, i. 51.
Formise, i. 55-, 66, 182;

ii. 73, 90,

274.

Calemis, i. 148, 151 ; ii. 113,

211, 215-17, 230.
Fulvia, i. 109; ii. 9, 15,276.
Fundanius, M., i. 75.

Fufius

refuted, i. 232.

Lamias, i. 204.

Flaminian

in rhetoric,i. 29.

tutor

ii. 123.
Nigidius,

Flaccus,L. Valerius,i. 187.

client),ii. 143.
(Cicero's
l^st

Demetrius,

De

of, i. 202-11,

; ii. 5.

276

De

sense

213-14.

ii. 26.
(impeachment),
repetundis

Lustricus, i. 5.
mosity
Dio Cassius, refuted,i. 132; his ani216.
againstCicero, ii.
Diodotus, the Stoic, tutor in dialectics,

Dies

Fusius,M.,

ii. 8.

GABINIUS,

Aulus, i. 71, 196,286,294,

i. 22.
i. 267,
Dionysius (freedman),

270

; ii.

28, 85, 104.

of
,

Magnesia,i. 29.

297.

Dolabella, Cornelius, ii. 54, 82, 108,

122, 145, 158, 171, 232.
,

suicide of, ii.233.

Domitius

Ahenobarbus,

i. 91,

165;

ii. 14.

Drumann,

his

estimate

of

Cicero, ii.

Galba, P., i. 86, 93.

Gallius, Q., i. 97.
Cuniculus, ii.203.
Gallorum
Gallus, Fadius, i. 238.
Caninius, i. 273.
,
Gavius, victim of Verres, i. 41.

Genealogyof the Cicero family,i. 4.

Gnipho,rhetorician,i. 81.

278.

Drusus, i. 281.

Dyrrachium, i. 206,

211

ii.110.

H.
E.

HELVETII,
ELECTIONEERING

84, 129.

Ephesus,ii.36, 70.

at

Rome,

i. 38, 73,

threatened

167.

Helvia, i. 4.
Herennius, ii. 275.

invasion

of, i.

INDEX.

296

NIEBUHR.

HEROPHILDS.

Lucius, cousin of Cicero, i. 29.

Lucretius, Cicero's opinionof,i. 269.

Herophilus(orAmasius), ii.137.
Hirtius,Aulus, ii. 122, 210, 237.
life of

Home

Cicero,i. 285.
30, 79, 127, 142,
; ii. 12, 28.
of,ii. 70.

i. 78.
Lucullus, superseded,

Hortensius, i. 23,
151, 187
death
,

the younger,

M.

ii. 61.

Hybrida,C. Autonius, i. 93.

Hydruntum, ii. 73.
Hypsseus,P. Plautus, ii. 7,

C. Licinius,trial of,i. 74.

Mamertine
prison,i. 122.

MACER,
22.

Manilius, defended,i. 81.

Manlius, Caius, i. 108, 112.
Marcellus,C. Claudius, ii. 68-70, 77.
M. Claudius,ii. 12, 67, 123.
,
Marcus, i. 272.
INDECISION

of Cicero,ii. 89.

poem), i. 11.
(early

Marius

Interamna, i. 282.

Marius, i. 6.

ii. 1.
Interreges,
Testium, i. 47.
Interrogatio

Marsian
Massacre

Issus,ii.41.

ii. 196.

J.

Imaginum,

LABIENUS,

Menippus,

; ii.35.

i. 29.
Stratonice,

defended,i. 281.

Metellus, Scipio (or Pius),i. 45 ; ii.

7, 22, 65.
Middleton, i. 12, 208, 258, 298, 306 ;
ii. 31, 34, 50, 63, 278.
Militaryeducation, i. 19.

ii.82.

150,

275.

ii.8, 163.

Laodicea,ii.38.

of Cicero,ii.41.
exploit
Milo, T. Annius, i. 217, 233-5, 241-3;
ii. 7, 8, 14-21.
defence of,as written,ii. 17-21.
i. 21, 29.
Molo, tutor in rhetoric,
of Cicero,
his depreciation
Mommsen,
,

Latomise, i. 41.
Laudare, meaning of,ii.23.
Lentulus, L. Cornelius, i. 114-193,
215, 271; ii. 77, 86.
,

i. 304
of

Messius
i. 49.

ii.
Laenas, Popilius,

Lanuvium,

Memmius,

Mescinius, ii. 62.

Messala,Valerius, ii. 2.

JULTA, i. 184.
Jits

War, i. 20.
(or Social)
of Centurions
at Brundusium,

letter to, in defence of

i.
policy,

288-93.

ii. 10, 113, 208,

Lepidus,M. JEmilius,

227, 241, 261.

Letters of Cicero, characteristics of, i.

ii. 279.

Mucia, i. 1.46.

Munda, ii. 142.

Murena, Lucius,i. 126.

Mutina, ii. 208.

siege of,
,

ii. 236,

242, 252,

257.

53-62.
ii. 183.
Leucopetra,
i. 130,
Liberce Legationes,
ii.124.
Ligarius,

N.

190.

NASICA,

Liris, i. 1.

Literarylabours, i.

170-1

ii.

128,

138, 179.

Lollius,i. 225.
Longinus,L. Cassius,i. 93.
Lucceius,i. 172, 251 ; ii. 1, 135.]

P.

i.
Scipio,

170.

Naso, Q., i. 75.

Nepos, Q. C. Metellus,i. 131, 133-7.
Nesis, island of,ii. 178, 181.
Niebuhr, quoted, i. 7, 26, 33, 61, 83,
126, 139 ; ii.254, 286.

INDEX.

297

NIGER.

QUADRANTARIA.

Niger,Lentulus,i. 251.
Nomenclatores,
(and system

of

Picenum, ii. 83.

Pilia,i. 245 ; ii.35, 172.
Pindenissus, ii. 41.
Piso, C. Calpurnius,
i. 72, 105, 148,
157, 165, 196, 212, 286.

can-

), i. 39.

"

O.

"

speechagainst,i. 274.

"

Lucius, ii. 218.

Pistoria,i. 25.
Plancius, i. 206, 210, 287.
Plancus, Munatius, ii. 9, 13, 15, 30,
208, 236, 256, 261, 266.
,

ii. 165, 197, 201.

OCTAVIAN,
foul

of,ii. 254.
suspicions
ii.
262.
policyof,
offended by Cicero's sarcasm,

ii.

Plutarch,quoted,i. 74;

265.

forced election of, to

,

consulship,

Pseonius,i. 301.
Poetical
works,

ii. 268.

Antony, ii. 271.

to

overture
,

of Cicero, late in

his admiration
,

ii. 129, 260,

277.

estimate

and

list

of,

i. 13.

Pollio,ii. 208, 227, 266.

life,ii. 277.

Pompeia,i. 145.
Pompeii,i. 67 ; ii. 104.
Oration in the white robe, i. 94.
Pompeius,i. 20 ; ii. 13.
Roman,
essentially
sioned,
i
mpas- Pompey, i. 78, 135, 147, 166, 172,
Oratory,
i. 28 ; Cicero's styleof, ii.
177, 184, 212, 226, 240, 268, 272;

Oppianicus,i. 75.
Oppius,ii. 96.

ii. 65.

284-5.
Ornare

provinciam,meaning of,i. 304.

Otho, Lucius, i, 72,

103.

with,
correspondence
magnificenceof his

i. 137.
Third

umph,
Tri-

i. 160.
,

P.

",

policyof

Cicero towards, i. 161.

estimate

of, i. 177.

his desertion of

Cicero,i. 199.

PACORUS,

ii. 39.
,

i. 171 ; ii. 127, 226.

Psetus, Papirius,

Palatine

Hill

(purchaseof villa),i.

138.

Cicero's loan to, ii. 109.

defeat and death of,ii. 110.

Sextus, ii. 167.

Pomponia,i. 58, 60 ; ii. 168.
,

death of,ii. 245.

Pomptinus,ii. 36.
of,i. 147.
Pontiffs,College

Patrse, ii. 73, 112.

Patro, the Epicurean,ii. 34.

Paullus, L. jEmilius, i. 193, 300

; ii.

68.

Pecuniary positionand

resources

of

Cicero,i. 67-70.
Pedius,Q.,
i.
Petreius,

of Cicero, ii.286.

Consularibus,de (speechin

support of

i. 253-7.
Csesar),

Publilia,ii. 132, 134, 138.

125.

Phgedrus, the

Postumius, i. 127.
Praetor Urbanus, Cicero chosen,i. 73.
PrcBvaricatio,i. 42.
Procilius,i. 282.
Promnciis

ii. 268, 271.

Personal appearance

vacillation of,ii. 85.

Pansa, C. Vibius, ii. 210, 229.

,

sole consul,ii. 11.

Epicurean, early

in-

structor, i. 10.

Pharsalia,ii. 110.

firstrecorded
Publius Quintius (Cicero's

cause),i. 23.
Puteoli,i. 66 ; ii.164.

ii.189, 193, 205, 212,220,

Philippics,

223, 230, 234, 247.

.,

estimate

Q.

of,ii.250.

Philo, i. 20.
Lucius, ii. 218.
Philippus,
bias of Cicero, ii. 282.
Philosophic

QUADRANTARIA
i. 146.

of Clodia),
(nickname

298

INDEX.

TULLIANUM.

EABIRIUS.

Cicero's

under
Sicily,

i.
Qusestorship,

34-7.

Sida, ii. 64, 70.

Silanus,Decimus, i. 126.
narrow
(Senator),

EABIRIUS

escape of,

i. 103-5.
"

Postumus,

i. 299.

Ravenna, ii. 30.

Reate, Cicero's specialretainer

for, i.

Receptionof Cicero,

at

rupture with

of

Rome, on the
Antony, ii.

writer,

Sulla,P., i. 142.
Servius, ii. 135,
Sulpicius,
death

185.

of Cicero's

Restitution
Return

Sositheus, i. 164.
Strabo, Cn. Pompeius,i. 20.
Style of Cicero, as orator and
ii. 284-6.

282.

eve

Marcus, ii. 253.

Sinuessa,ii. 1 98.
,

to

Rhegium,
Rhenus,

Rome,

property,i. 230.

i. 219-24.

218.

of, ii. 221.

funeral honors

to, ii.225.

Sulpicius(Tribune),
earlyinfluence of,
i. 20, 126.

ii. 183.

Sylla,Faustus,

ii. 272.

Rhodes, ii. 70.

Roscius, the actor, i. 17, 31-2.

ii. 12.

L. Cornelius,i. 27, 102.

Sextus,defended,i. 24.
Eostra, first speech (concio)from, i.
,

T.

79.

Rubicon

crossed,ii. 79.
Rufus, Q. Pompeius,ii. 1, 9, 23.
i. 99.
Rullus, P. Servilius,

SACERDOS,

i. 93.
C. Licinius,
of,i. 122.

St. Peter, tradition

Salamis, ii. 47.

Sampsisceramus (nicknameof Pompey),

i. 184.

Sanga, Q. Fabius,i. 113.

,

at

Scola,Cassinius,ii. 8,

Nero, ii. 53.

Tibur, ii. 191.

Tiro, ii. 72, 177.
17.

Scaurus, i. 287.
Rome, i. 9.
14.

Sebosus, i. 183.

Sempronia, ii.15.
Seneca,on Atticus, ii. 201.
i. 300.
Septa (polling
barriers),
C., i. 193.
Septimius,
of Antioch, i. 177.
Serapis,
i. 225.
Sergius,

Serranus, i. 215.
Servilius,Publius, ii.224.

Sica,i. 203 ; ii.182.

Terracina, ii.74.
i. 103.
Theatre, tumult at, quelled,
i.
187.
Themius, A.,
Thermus, ii.60.
Thessalonica, i. 206.
Tiberius

Scaptius,ii. 47.
Scavola, Q. M., i. 12,
of education

ii. 29, 118.

Tarsus, ii. 45, 62.

Tedius, Sextius, ii. 9.
Terentia,wife of Cicero, i. 32, 60, 92,
203, 213; ii.71, 109, 136.
vindicated,i. 205; ii. 129-31.
,
ii. 129-31.
divorced,
,

Thurii,i. 203.

Sassia,i. 75.
Saturninus, i. 103.
Sanfeins, M., ii. 22.

Schools

TARENTUM,

Toga virilis assumed, i. 14.

Torquatus, i. 142; ii. 14.
Trebatius, i. 278, 283, 300

ii.

unpopular,i.

185.

2,

84.

Trebonius, ii. 119, 226, 232.

Triumvirate, First,i. 173.
,

Second, ii. 272.

,
Tubero, L., i. 210; ii. 124.

Tullia,i. 55, 60,

219

; ii:53,

104, 108,

112, 117.
death
,

Tullianum
122.

of,ii.132.

(Mamertine dungeon),

i.

299

INDEX.

TUMULTUS.

Tamultus, distinction
ii.223.

XENOPHON.

of, from bellum,

Vedius, ii.52.
Ventidius,ii.258.
Verres,Caius, i, 40-9.
i. 141, 192.
Vettius,Lucius,

Tusculum, i. 59, 62-5, 177, 270; ii.

119, 175, 269.
i. 56,
Tyrannic(tutorand librarian),
245, 249.

Vibo,i. 203; ii. 182.

Volumnius,ii.43.
i. 114.
Vulturcius,

U.

UMBRENUS,

W.

i. 113.

the sky,i. 307 ; ii.1.

WATCHING
Wit of Cicero,
ii.107,286.

V.
VANITY

of Cicero, i. 36, 170; ii.45.

X.

281.

Varius, i. 91.
of Adramyttium,
i. 29.
Xenophon,(Economics of,translatedby
XENOCLES

Varro, i. 210, 212.

Vatinia Lex, i. 189.

i. 21.
Cicero,

Vatinius,i. 75,269, 284; ii, 113.

THE

LONDON

: PRINTED

BY

W.
AND

END.

CLOWES
CHARING

AND

SONS,
CROSS.

STAMFORD

STRKET,

OF

LIST

PUBLICATIONS

ADMIRALTY
Commissioners

WORKS

AIRY'S

ASTRONOMICAL
1836

to 1847.

TO

Bessel's

Refraction

II.

Tables

for

of

Errors

Table

MAIN.

1845."
1847."
1851."
1852."
1853."

to 1858.

4to.

TIONS.
OBSERVA-

Tables.

1
and

Longitude

of

Sines

and

R.A.

of

Errors

and

N.P.D.

Cosines

to

^Ss.

Ecliptic P.D.
Ten

every

V8*.

converting Sidereal

into Mean

Refraction

Tables.

Solar

Time.

2s.

3s.

3*.
Description of the Zenith Tube.
Years'
10s.
Catalogue of Stars.
Description of the Galvanic
Apparatus

1854."

8*. each.

for

Bessel's

GREENWICH.

AT

8s.
Catalogue of 1439 Stars.
8s.
Longitude of Valentia.
Years'
Twelve
14*.
Catalogue of Stars.
6*.
Maskelyne's Ledger of Stars.
I.
Circle.
5s.
Description of the Transit
II. Regulations of the Royal Observatory.

1842."

Third

of Time

Seconds
II.

of Travellers.

ASTRONOMICAL

converting

Logarithms

Use

ROBEKT

MADE

1848

THE

I.

I.

Lords

50s. each.
RESULTS.

into

1837."

Rev.

OBSERVATIONS

APPENDICES

of the

9s.

8vo.

4to.

Royal

ASTRONOMICAL

1836."

and

HERSOHEL,

Post

Woodcuts.

Edition.

for the

ENQUIRY,
F.

by Sir JOHN

direction

by

"

SCIENTIFIC

OF

Edited

Admiralty:

of the

MANUAL

; Issued

I.

Six

II.
1856."

Greenwich

at

servatory.
Ob-

8s.
MAGNETICAL

AND
to 1847.

1840

ASTRONOMICAL,
OBSERVATIONS,
ASTRONOMICAL

1848

to

50*. each.

MAGNETICAL,
1848

AND

1859.

4to.

OF

1859.

Royal 4to.

AUXILIARY

KING,

4to.

ACCOUNT

EIFFE'S
4to.

ENCKE'S

QUADRANTS.

ASTRONOMICAL

MENTS.
INSTRU-

2s. Gd.

ASTRONOMICAL

OBSERVATIONS.

21s.
IMPROVEMENTS

OF

CHRONOMETERS.

IN

2s.
for 1830.

JAHRBUCH,

BERLINER

CATALOGUE

GROOMBRIDGE'S
4to.

4tO.
ING
CLEAR-

OF

MURAL

4to.

BAYLY'S

AND

METHOD

-Be5rwrno""i,1818.Folio.60s.

DIVIDING

OF

1782.

20s.

8vo.

London, 1767.
London,

4to.

2s. 6d.

4to.

METHOD

COOK,

HIS

CONSTRUCTING

OF

London, 1768.

1750

London, 1779.

ASTRONOMIC:

METHOD

BIRD'S

to 1851.

FOR

DISTANCES.

LUNAR

OBSERVATIONS.

TABLE.

TABLES

FUNDAMENTA

"

PLANETS.

OF

50s. each.
1831

BESSEL'S

RESULTS.

OBSERVATIONS

SEXCENTENARY

BERNOULLI'S

4to.

50s.

LUNAR
2 Vola.

to 1830.

50s. each.

Royal 4to.

METEOROLOGICAL

THE

Royal 4to.

to 1830.

GICAL
METEOROLO-

AND
to 1860.

8s. each.

REDUCTION
1750

4to.

RESULTS.

MAGNETICAL

-^

TIONS.
OBSERVA-

METEOROLOGICAL

Royal

Berlin, 1828.

CIRCUMPOLAR

OF

8vo.

9*.

STARS.

10s.

IIANSEN'S

TABLES

1797.

BUTTON'S
NUMBERS.

DE

LA

PRINCIPLES

HARRISON'S
4to.

LUNE.
OF

4to.
HIS

20s.

TIME-KEEPER.

PLATES.

5s.

TABLES

OF
1781.

THE
Folio.

PRODUCTS
7*. 6d.

AND

POWERS

OF

BY

PUBLISHED

ADMIRALTY

PUBLICATIONS

LAX'S

TABLES

the

8vo.

GREENWICH.

at

4to.

ACCOUNT

WATCH.

1767.

MAYER'S

1783

to 1819.

Compared

THE

GOING

OF

HARRISON'S

of

the

LUN^E

MOON'S

4s. 6d.

JUXTA

CENTRE

1824

to

from

SYSTEMA

the

4s. each.

8vo.

1835,

NEWTONIANUM.

2s. 6d.

TABULA

SOLIS

MOTUUM

ASTRONOMICAL

TINGEN,

ET

1756

from

Folio.

to 1866.

1767

SELECTIONS
5s.

8vo.

1812.

1770.

5s.

GOT-

It. 6d.

8vo.

2s. 6d. each.

FROM

1834-54.

4to.

AT

MADE

1826.

1761.

to

ALMANACS,
to

LUN^E.

OBSERVATIONS

from

NAUTICAL

up

TUDE.
LONGI-

2s. 6d.

1822, 3*.; 1823,

THEORIA
4to.

AND

7s. 6d.

OF
4to.

DISTANCES
PLANETS.

LATITUDE

10s.

Tables, 1821.

MASKELYNE'S

THE

FINDING

FOR

OBSERVATIONS
with

MURRAY.

continued.

"

1821.

LUNAR

MR.

THE

ADDITIONS

6s.

8vo.

SUPPLEMENTS,

1828

1833, 1837 and

to

1838.

2s. each.

8vo.

requisite to be

TABLE
1781.

OBSERVATIONS.

ASTRONOMICAL

POND'S

used

with

the

N.A.

5s.

8vo.

to 1835.

1811

4to. 21s.

each.
for

ENGINE

RAMSDEN'S

1825.

EARTH.

THE

for

15s.

4to.
31.

4to.

OBSERVATIONS

for
and

PORTSMOUTH,

DOVER,

between

the

for

OBSERVATIONS

CHRONOMETRICAL
of LONGITUDE

DISTANCE

LONGITUDE

5s.

4to.

1822.

of MADEIRA.

DIFFERENCES

FALMOUTH.

1823.

6a.

4to.

London,

MADK

1788.

1764-1771.

HEMISPHERE.

SOUTHERN

THK

OBSERVATIONS

ASTRONOMICAL

OF

REDUCTION
IN

TABLES.

21s.

4to.

1777.

the

OBSERVATIONS.

ASTRONOMICAL

BAYLY'S

AND

WALES'

with

2s.

4to.

1822.

of,compared

OBSERVATIONS

JUPITER:

and

WALES'

1772.

5s. 6d.

Folio.

1780.

TABLE.
OF

TABLES

MOON'S

the

1787.

LOGARITHMS.

ASTRONOMICAL

TIARK'S

of

STARS.

10

and

SUN,

SEXAGESIMAL

TAYLOR'S

FIGURE

THE

DISTANCES.

LUNAB

CORRECTOR

GENERAL,

TABLES,

the

from

DETERMINE

to

21s.

4to.

Royal

5s.

4to.

40s.

4to.

TABLES

SHEPHERD'S

VENUS

INSTRUMENTS.

LINES.

EXPERIMENTS

PENDULUM

SABINE'S

STRAIGHT

for DIVIDING

ENGINE

OF

MATHEMATICAL

DIVIDING

5*.

4to.

4tO.

10s. 6d.

Edition.

fourth

Fcap.

Reflections
some

on

Quorra

BANKES'

and

(GEORGE)
to the

Time

4to.

of its Causes.

STORY

of the

of

in 1854.

Tshadda

Civil

OF

Treatise.

the

on

(W. B.) Narrative

BAIKIE'S

Machinery and

Manufactures.

6s.

8vo.

Bridgewater

Ninth

and

of

(CHARLES) Economy

BABBAGE'S

an

"c.

of

9s. 6d.

Science

in

England,

7s. 6d.

Exploring Voyage

Map.

CORFE
Wars,

Decline

8vo.

8vo.

CASTLE, with
Woodcuts.

up the Rivers

16*.

documents
PostSvo.

relating
10s. Qd.

LIST

BARBAULD'S

OF

WORKS

in

(MBS.) Hymns

Original
Engraved

BARROW'S

Designs by
by Cooper.

Prose

Small

for

Children.

of

Arctic

Regions, from
Life and

of Adventure

FLOWERS.

AND

BELL'S

BENEDICT'S

(JULES)

Sketch

Journal

Containing
Edition.

BIRCH'S

the

of

during

Woodcuts.

Edition.

the

Assyrian,

Mosaic

Greek,

Medium

the

for

New

the

Books

of

of

Third

Edition.

Parish

8vo.

Edition.

on

3 Vols.

the
of

200

tions.
Illustra-

Writings

of

the

Old

their

and

Veracity : containing
Prophetical Scriptures, and the

Post

8vo.

6s.

the

in

His

First

Three

Duties, Acquirements

Centuries.
and

tions.
Obliga-

7s. 6d.

Use

Right

of

the

Early

Fathers.

15s.

Preached
Post

to

Country Congregation.

7s. 6d. each.

8vo.

the

to

the

Edition.

present state of the law.

4 Vols.

8vo.

Portions
OF

which

PEBSONS.

relate
Post

the

on

Quarterlv Review.

By

R.

Laws

of

MALCOLM

England.

KERB.

LL.D.

63s.
-

RIGHTS

Porcelain

With

7s. 6d.

the

8vo.

and

6s. 6d.

in

COMMENTARIES

Adapted

those

Seventh

12".

ELACKSTONE'S
Third

England.

the

Literary Essays, reprinted from

8vo.

in

Information.

Etruscan.

8vo.

PostSvo.

Sermons

Plain
Second

Church

the

Edition.

Edition.

2s. 6d.

Uncle

Pottery

Argument

Histoiical

Priest;

Lectures
Second

Post

8th Edition.

Post

Fourth

of the

an

Moses,
Acts.

History

of Felix

understanding of
proper
Applied, together with an Incidental
of
Resurrection
our
Lord.
Being the

Coincidences

Testament,

Gospels and

and

for 1832.

Undesigned
and

the
6s.

42s.

stated

truth

LECTUBES

HULSEAN

8vo.

Works

Instructive

and

Roman,

8vo.

Writings,

Argument

of

Post

and

her

Ancient

of

(REV. J. J.)Principles for

BLUNT'S

James.

Is. each.

Endowments

8vo.

to

during
Illustrations.

12mo.

(SAMUEL) History
2Vols.

rous
nume-

Thomas

Woodcuts.

Life

Visit

Rev.

Vital

Variety of Interesting and

Egyptian,

and

Edition.

Fcap. 8vo.

Edition.

Second

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy.

BERTHA'S

With

Amazons

River
Second

Review."

Sixth

evincing Design.

as

15s.

8vo.

Drake.

Essays. By

Quarterly

Mechanism

(SiR CHARLES)
Hand

"

the

the

Travel.

Two

from

Reprinted

the

within

2s.

on

and

years
PostSvo.

2Vols.

time.

Abroad.

16s.

Research

present

8vo.

Naturalist

(H. W.)
eleven

BEES

Post

including
and

Home

8vo.

of Sir Francis

Yoyages

Original Letters.
BATES'

the

to

at

and

Discovery
1818

Kennedy.

Memoir,

Reminiscences
Reflections, Observations, and
Portrait.
From
Age.
Early Life to Advanced

Voyages

112

4to.

Autobiographical

(SiE JOHN)

With
and

Coleman,

"Wimperie,

Barnep,

to

8vo.

the
9s.

For
BBITISH

STUDENTS.
CONSTITUTION

Being
and

the

PUBLISHED

BLAKISTON'S

BY

(CAPT.)
the

Upper

BLOMFIELD'S

Narrative

Waters

OF

COMMON

Letters, and

(GEORGE) Bible
and

Imprisonments
an
Scriptures in the Peninsula.
16mo, 3s. Qd.

Lavengro
Portrait.

Romany
"Wild

3 Vols.

BOSWELL'S

Post

Svo.

Tour

Manual

of

8vo.

Manners,

18s. ; or

Gipsy

and

"

Popular

the Priest.

Second

Lavengro.

to

People, Language,

of Samuel

Johnson,

Edited

by Mr.

of the Races

of the

Life

(Mug.)
chief

Post

Ethnology.
of

and

Scenery,

LL.D.

CROKEE.

ing
Includ-

Portraits.

Royal

works.

World.

Stothard, R.A.
with

Portrait

Designed

and

With
60

Personal

Woodcuts

of

hia

4to.

(SiE DAVID) Martyrs

BREWSTER'S

Old

9s.

Svo.

Thomas

Illustrated

Reminiscences.

Galileo, Tycho

Brahe,

and

the

Hope

its

the

Arts

to

Application

Creed

of the
Post

History, Theory,
and

to

Lives

Fcap. Svo.

Eighth Edition.

Christian.

Stereoscope :

the

or

Edition.

The

One.

than

of the

Science,

of

Fourth

Kepler.

and

Worlds

More

and

its

Lite

(C. L.) History

BRAY'S

their

Post

10s.

BRACE'S
as

Spain

21s.

the Hebrides.

to

8vo.

30s.

(JAMES)
the

of

Sequel

;
8vo.

"Wales:
Svo.

Post

Coloured

Attempt to circulate the

27s.; or Popular Edition,

an

8vo.

The

"

with

18s.

8v

Rye

2 Vols.

in

2 Vols.

Scholar

spondence.
Corre-

post 8vo.

edition.

new

plore
ex-

18s.

the Journeys, Adventures,

or

Post

Language.

Post

to

8vo.

his

Portrait, 2 Vols.

Gipsies

; The

3 Vols.

Edition.

Selections from

Englishman
3 Vols.

sent

Illustrations.

Illustrated

Spain;

the

Zincali, or

Customs, Religion, and

Edition, 16mo, 3s. 6d.

Expedition

Woodcuts.

in

of

with

Edition.

PRAYER.

Borders, Initial

BORROWS

the

Yaug-Tsze.

(BISHOP)Memoir,
2nd

MURRAY.

of

of the

By h-s Son.

BOOK

MR.

sopher
Philo-

Svo.

6s.

Construction,
Woodcuts.

Education.

of

4s. 6d.

12mo.

5s. Qd.

its

Kaleidoscope:
with

its

application

Woodcuts.

BRINE'S

Post

in

BRITISH

China.

ASSOCIATION

the

Fine

Useful

and

and

Construction,

Arts.

Second

Edition.

5s. 6d.

Svo.

(Capt.)Narrative
Rebellion

to

History, Theory,

of the Rise and

Plans.

Post

REPORTS.

Svo.

Progress of

the

Taeping

10s. 6d.

Svo.

York

and

Oxford,

Edinburgh, 1834, 15s. Dublin,

1833, 12s.
Cambridge,
1831-32,
Liverpool, 1837, 16s. 6d. Newcastle,
Bristol, 1836, 12s.
1835, 13s. 6d.
Glasgow, 1840, 15s. Plymouth,
15s.
1839, 13s. 6d.
1838
Birmingham,
York, 1844,
Manchester,
1842, 10s. 6d. Cork, 1843, 12s.
1841, 13s. 6d.
Oxford,
Southampton, 1846, 15s.
20s.
Cambridge, 1845, 12s.
3s. Birmingham, 1849, 10s. Edinburgh, 1850, 15s. Ipswich,
Swansea, 1848, 9a
18*.
1851, 16s. 6d. Belfast,1S52, 15s. Hull, 1853, 10s. 6d. Liverpool, 1854,
15s. ; Leeds.
1857,
Dublin,
18s.;
1856,
1855
Cheltenham,
15s.;
Glasgow
15s.
Manchester, 1861.
Oxford, 1860.
1358
20*.
Aberdeen, 1859, 15s.
13s.

Qd.

LIST

CLASSICS.

BRITISH

Authors, printed

from

Series

New

the

Published

notes.

WORKS

OF

most

Standard

of

text, and

correct

occasionally in demy

8vo.

English

with

edited

Volumes,

tory
elucidain

varying

price.
Already Published.
GOLDSMITH'S

WORKS.

Vignettes.
GIBBON'S

Edited

DECLINE

JOHNSON'S

THE

OF

POETICAL

POPE.

OF

With

HISTORY

HUME'S

Edited, with

Notes.

of

Edited

SOUTHEY.

Albania

Joseph, sometime

Brother

and

other

Constantinople, 1809

"

10.

80s.

8vo.

2 vols. PostSvo.

Edition.

OF

NASSAU.

Select

Cromwell.

(NAPOLEON)

BUONAPARTE'S

FOBSTEB.

By

18s.
Old

an

5s.

Biographies. By

25.

8VO.

Post

Notes.

by JOHN

Asia, to

2 Vols.

16mo.

Oliver

(JOHN) and
ROBEBT

Europe

BRUNNEN

Edition.

Sixth

and

Italy. 2"rd

to

THE

FROM

BUNYAN

in

Illustrations.

Visits

MAN.

WHIT-

Notes, by RET.

Edited, with

SWIFT.

Turkey

Edition.

BUBBLES

46*.

6 vols.

Preparation.

(LORD) Journey through

Third

PETKE

by

Qd.

ENGLAND.

OF

BROUGHTON'S
Provinces

60*.

8 Vols.

Maps.
Edited

Life, Introductions,and

OF

WORKS

AND

LIFE

EMPIRE.

ROMAN
and

Portrait.

ELWIN.

WELL

THE

POETS.

22s.

WORKS.
In

WORKS

F.S.A.

CUNNINGHAM,

Portrait

ENGLISH

3 Vols.

F.S.A.

CUNNINGHAM,

OF

LL.D.

SMITH,

LIVES

BYRON'S

FALL

AND

WILLIAM

by

Edited

PETER

by

305.

Vols.

Confidential
of

King

Correspondence with
Second

Spain.

Edition.

his

2 vols. 8vo.

26s.

latter

of the Duke

Early Campaigns

"

Portugal

BURGON'S
Second

8vo.

85. Qd.

(Rev. J. W.)

Memoir

and

Spain.

Post

Edition.

Post

and

BURNS'

Edition.

BURR'S

Fcap.

Third

Edition.

of

Meaning
Translated

BUXTON'S

and

JOHN

in
on

Woodcuts.

Friends

to

Edition.

Crown

Tytler.

at

Home.

15s.

8vo.

LOOKHART.

GIBSON

Practical

sketching

Post

Greek

numerous

by Rev.

Fraser

Fifth

3s.

8vo.

LEXILOGUS

BUTTMAN'S

Fourth

By

Life.

Drawing,

Plan

Patrick

Wellington in

English- Dictionary of Naval

and

Terms.

Instructions

(G. D.)

of

12s.

Military Technical

(ROBERT)

of

written

Rome,

8vo.

(LIEUT.-COL.)French

BURN'S

Allied

during the

9s.

8vo.

from

Letters
Illustrations.

of the

Blucher

Marshal

21s.

8vo.

of 1813"14.

end

Operations

and

Schwarzenberg

Prince

under

Armies

of the

Memoir

(LORD)

BURQHERSH'S

8vo.

Words,

his

By
Correspondence.
Abridged Edition, Portrait.

Son.

in

chiffly
Fijlh Edition.

Portrait.

Fcap. 8vo.

Instruments.

Examination

With

Memoirs.

without

6d.

Critical

J. R. FISHLAKE.

(SiR FOWELL)

7*.

Surveying, Topographical

ground

Homer
8vo.

Selections
Fifth

2*. 6a'.

Edition.

of
and

the

Hesiod.

12s.

from

his

8vo.

16s.

PUBLISHED

BYRON'S

BY

MR.

Journals.

(LORD) Life,Letters,and
Plates.

Vols.

and

Royal 8vo.

Poetical

Journals.

Portrait.

Works.

6 Vols.

Plates.

Poetical Works.

8 Vols.

24mo.

Poetical

Plates.

Royal

Works.

Poetical Works.
-

Childe

Harold.

16mo.

Childe

Harold.

Vignettes.

Childe

Harold.

Portrait.

Poems.

6s.

Is.

M.

5s.

24mo.

24mo.

2 Vols.

Beppo.

Selected

Beauties.

215.

2s. Qd.

2 Vols.

Plays.

and

Juan

Don

16mo.
16mo.

2 Vols.

and

Dramas

4to.

2s. Qd.

24mo.

Miscellaneous.

6s.

8vo.

12mo.

30

30*.

9s.

Vignettes.

With

and

8vo.

Small

Harold.

80

8vo.

20s.

Engravings.

Childe

With

Fcap.

Crown

Portrait.

Harold.

Tales

HOORK.
45s.

8vo.

Vols.

10

Childe

THOMAS

By

9s.

Poetical Works.
-

MOORB.

THOMAS

By

18s.

Fcap. 8vo.

Life, Letters,

P( rtraits.

MURRAY.

his

from

5s.

24mo.

Poetry

5s.

Portrait,

Prose.

and

Fcap. 8vo

during

made

Notes
From
Provinces.
Post 8vo.
Edition.
Third

CAMPBELL'S
Great

of the

Eldon

Lord

to

Conquest

Norman

From

England.

Second

of

the
Edition.

Considered,

Acquirements

Shakspeare's Legal
ba."l.

8vo.

of Civil

Second

Institutions.

India
Government

With

Government.

and

(Tnos.)Short
Essay

on

English

(JOHN)

CALVIN'S

THOMAS

CALLCOTT'S
130tA

H.

Poetry.

Life.
DYER.

(LADY)
Thousand.

be.

it may
Policy. 8vo.

With

of

Outline

An

of the British Poets.

PostSvo.

proposed

8vo.

an

from

his

Correspondence.

15s.

Arthur's

20 Woodcuts.

With

3s. Qd.

Extracts

Portrait.

Little

Native

12s.

Lives

With

System

and

16s.

8vo.

as

of the

Natives

of the

Account

some

Edition.

Sketch

India.

Modern

2*. Qd.

8ro.

Fcap.

Bacon.

Chancellor

of Lord

Life

(GEORGE)

By

Death
6*. each.

8vo.

Tenterden.

Lord

of

Death

the

Keepers

4-25.

8vo.

3 Vols.

of

Chief Justices

of the

Lives

Crown

10 Vols.

Edition.

Fourth

and
to the

Times

Earliest

the

With

55. 6d.

8vo.

Chancellors

Lord

From

England.

Seal of
in 1638.

Basque
Countries.

those

of Lebanon.

Post

Edition.

of the

Lives

(LORD)

Journey

Druses

of the

Third

Keligion.

their

on

to

3s. 6d.

Recollections
Notes

the

Gallicia, and

(LORD) Portugal,

CARNARVON'S

Fcap.

History
8vo.

of

2s. 64.

England.

LIST

CASTLEKEAGH

OF

from

(THE) DESPATCHES,

of the
life.

official
Edited

of the

career

late Viscount

by the MARQUIS

CATHCART'S

1812-13.

Germany,

of the

CAVALCASELLE
the

Kaffir

8vo.

Early

Painters.

(G. P.)

CHAMBERS'

Illustrations.

Astronomy.

CHANTREY

of

OTTO

By

CHURTON'S
Age

Philip

III.

Small

8vo.

2 Vols.

CLATJSEWITZ'S

IV.

(LORD)

COBBOLD'S

the

German

Life.

Crown

H.)

(SAMUEL
Fcap.

Poets.

G. R.

Third

especialreference

New

Lady.

CORNWALLIS
Peace

the

on

Post

Chinese

Russia*

in
8vo.

10s. 6d.

8vo.

3s. 6d.

by 'a

drawn

Resident.

With

PJates.

24

War,

"

Third

the

Correspondence
House

3 Vols.

of

8vo.

Commons,

42s.

Fourth

Edition.

School

Colonial

Library.]

Lincoln's

at

with

2s.

Inn

Chapel,

8vo.

and

Woodcuts.

by

Principlesof Economy

on

adapted for Private

5s.
Fcap. 8vo.
and

Administrations
Edited

Greek

Education,

Fcap. 8vo.

and

Preached

the

to

5s. 6d.

Edition.

[See Home

of Amiens.

of

Introductions

Public

on

to Eton.

Edition.

and

Diary

Families.

By

Correspondence during
in

India,

Union

"

CHARLES

Ross.

with

Second

the

Ireland, and

Edition.

3 Vols,

63*.

8vo.

(MARY

COWPER'S
to

and

Portrait.

Map.

M.A.

Fcap. 8vo.

(THE) Papers

American

Essay

1812,

Table-Talk.

NELSON)

Knowledge,

Practical

and

of

the

of

(MODERN DOMESTIC). Founded

COOKERY

Brother

Translations.

GLEIG,

Foreign

Edition.

Special Occasions.

on

10s. "?.

6s.

LIBRARY.

and

With

The

(Rev. F. C.) Sermons

COOK'S

cocks.
Wood-

Square 8vo.

ELLESMERE.

Pictures
by

(SiR JOHN)
COLONIAL

Chantrey's

Historical

Campaign

TAYLOR)

8vo.

(HENRY
Classic

Practical

5s.

Abbott, Lord Colchester, Speaker

Edited
Portrait.
by His SON.

COLERIDGE'S
Portrait.

and

Little

the

An

Spain.

PAPERS.

(THE)

COLCHESTER
1802-1817.

of

9s.

8vo.

of Charles

on

16mo.

by LORD

By REV.

R.

(REV.

Works

12s.

15s.

Artist, described

Native

and

8vo.

Words

Story of

of

led to the

12s.

Plates.

(CARL TON)
from

Translated

CLIYE'S

and

Lives

Etchings.

or, The

SPECKTKR.

in Russia

12*.

Descriptive

(ARCHDEACON) Gongora,
of

the

8vo.

JAS.P.MUIRHEAD.

(THE) ;

ROE
Sister.

14s.each,

War

8vo.

Post

(SiR FRANCIS). Winged

Editedby

CHARMED

Edition.

of
Post

of hia

close

8vo.

Kaffraria, which

Woodcuts.

Handbook

the

on

Second

(G. B.). Notices

Flemish

to the

14s.

in

War.

commencement

Vols.

12

Commentaries

Plans.

Military Operations

Termination

the

Castlereagh

LONDONDERRY.

OF

(SiR GEORGE)

and

Caroline

COUNTESS) Diary

Princess

of Wales.

while

Lady

Portrait.

Portrait.
-

Fcap.

Poetical

Fcap.Svo.

8vo.

of the Bedchamber

8vo.

(REV. GEORGE) Life,Letters,and

CRABBE'S

"

WORKS

Journals.

By

his SON,

3*.

Works."

With

his

Life.

Plates.

Yols.

24s.

Life and

Poetical Works.

Plates.

Royal

8vo.

7*.

10

LIST

DELEPIERRE'S

WORKS

OF

of

(OCTAVE) History

its celebrated
8vo.

Authors.

From

Flemish

Twelfth

the

Literature

Century

to the

and
Day.

present

9*.

DENNIS'

Cities

(GEORGE)
2Vols.

DIXON'S

and

of the

(HEPWORTH) Story
Fcap, 8vo.

the

;
whether

LiKUT.-CoL.

Most

8vo.

On

SIB

the

HOWARD)

and

By

Post

9s.

8vo.

for Private

Life

Easy

required.

Principlesof

on

Families.

Adventures;

and

Correspondence.

and

be

Woodcuts.

Founded

Theory and Practice

S. W.

By

FULLOM.

of

5ffiEdition.

Gunnery.

21s.

Military Bridges,
Military Operations.
Naval

"

Portrait.

15s.

8vo.

Plates.

Plates.

Bacon.

and
adapted
Knowledge,
5s.
Fcap. 8vo.

Woodcuts.

(GENERAL

Portrait.

Lord

Edition.

COOKERY.

Notes, Conversations,

From

of

only mediocrity

or

Third

Practical

Edition.

DOUGLAS'S

Etruria.

Expeditious, Certain,

HUTCHINSON.

and

Economy
New

Life

excellence

great

MODERN

DOMESTIC

of

6d.

75.

DOG-BREAKING
Method,

Cemeteries

42s.

8vo.

Third

Warfare

and

the

with

Passages

Plates.

Edition.

Steam.

of

in

Rivers

21s.'

8vo.

Edition.

Second

8vo.

Ss.Gd.

Modern

"

to the

8vo.

Naval,

Fortification,with

Littoral, and

of

ference
special re-

Plans.

England.

By JOHK

DRIKKWATER'S

Edition.

(JOHN) History

1779-1783.
Earliest

With
Periods.

PostSvo.

of

"c.

the

Gorilla,

Edition.

DUFFERIN'S

of

Yacht

Woodcuts.

(THOMAS H.)
authentic

the

to

from

Voyage

High

Life and

Portrait.

8vo.

EASTWICK'S

Visit

KUGLER.
Old

(E. B.)

Directions

EDWARDS'

Turks

(Sia CHARLES)
the

for

the

Italian
2

Handbook

Vols.

for

Travellers, Officers,"c.

Post

Latitudes, being
Fourth

8vo.

up
2s.

the

Calvin.

from

close

some

Edition.

Compiled

8vo.

River

Crimea.

Edition.

From
trated
Illus-

30s.

and
2

of

taking
in the

Painting.

Third

Bombay
Map.

War

of

Notes.
Post

the

of the

Schools

Edited, with

Masters.

(W. H.) Yoyage

to Para.

Llandaff.

15s.

80s.

from

of

Bishop

of John

Letters

Vols.

of

dile,
Croco-

9s.

Europe,

German

the

with

Chimpanzee,

Ape,

Iceland, "c., in 1856.

to

to

the

from

AFRICA,

late

the

EASTLAKE'S

Gibraltar,

Garrison

10s. 6d.

Modern

8vo.

of that

Account

Constantinople by
1"2.

of

21s.

8vo.

Letters

Sources.

of

2s.

Siege

Nest-building

8vo.

Letters

PostSvo.

History

the

Portrait.

(LORD)

Account

the

8vo.

2s.

Illustrations.

(EARL OF)

Second

of

Post

B.) EQUATORIAL

(PAUL

Accounts

DUDLEY'S

Description and

CHAILLU'S

from

Third

BARROW.

Exploits,by Sea and

and

(SiR FRANCIS) Life,Yoyages,

Land.

DYER'S

Defence

Internal

12*.

DRAKE'S

DU

of

Systems

Vols.

Amazon,

Madras, with
Post

8vo.

24s.

including a

PUBLISHED

ELDON'S

BY

(LORD) Public
his

Correspondence

Portrait.

ELLIS

and

and

MURRAY.

Private

Diaries.

Life, with

By

HORACE

Selections

Twiss.

Third

'

Vols.

Post

(REV. W.) Visits

wilh'

piU1',
People.

MR.

8vo.

from
Edition

21s.

Madagascar, including a Journey

to

n"tices

of N*tural

Fifth Ttiounand.

Hi"t"*y,

Map

and

and

Present

Woodcuts.

to

Civilisation

Svo.

165.
.

(MRS.)

Education

Training.

Post

ELLESMERE'S

from

Post

the

Two

of

8vo.

Sieges

German.

Second

Defence

Character,

Svo.

Campaign

of

Temeswar

and

Carl

Von

the

Engineering.

Svo.

ELPHINSTONE'S

Vienna

(CARL)

Radetzky

1812

in
Map.

4to.

Svo.

Music

From

14th

Edition.

Western

the

and

Thousand.

2 vols.

Fcap.

parts

FALKNER'S

parts of
certain

on

the

and

Vols.

Romans,
MBS.

down

to

MABKHAH.

118th

Cruise

10s. 6d.

Svo.

others

Travellers

for

the

among

Islands

inhabited

by

in the Arctic

Nature

Being
appeared

of

of Dr.

Value

the

that

from

the

Seventh

Journal,

late Charles
and

Second

Butler, on

Catholic

Roman

Milner

Doyle.

Manual
and

the

to

Book

of Dr.

Selection

in

8s.

Svo.

Works

Evidence

Church;
Dr. Lingard, and on

Edition.

for the

Use

Svo.

of

Second

of Manures.

the
with
some

16".

Farmers.
Edition.

A
Fcap.

5s.

RECEIPT-BOOK.

FAMILY

bis

(FRED.) Muck

Treatise
Svo.

Post

of

have

Letters

(BISHOP OF)
on

By

Peace
7

355.

the

Reign.

TIMES."
which

of the

to the

to

3s. 6d.

"THE

Remarks

18".

6s.

Journal

PAPERS

Theological

the

Svo.

Library Edition,
Svo.

by

AMERICA.

LITERARY

EXETER'S

Invasion

English Vocabulary,

16mo.

FROM

India"

Map.

of Utrecht

Pacific,including the Fejees, and

Plates.
Svo.
16*.
Negro Races.

Polynesian

and

Nations; particularly

Peace

Victoria's

12mo.

(ADMIRAL)

Regions.

ESSAYS

Queen

IN

Western

German

with
Hebrews;
Special Reference
and
in Kgypt.
Illustrated.
Svo.

Asia

from

of

Edition.

Ancient

And

First

Woodcuts.

ENGLISHWOMAN

the

10s. 6d.

History

Fourth

of the Most

Egjptians,

the
of

year

ESKIMAUX

Piedmont.
the German

24".

MOUKTSTUART)
Periods.

(HISTORY OF)

the

Turks.

Prom

Russia, from

Versailles, 1713-83.
MAHON.
By LORD
Svo.
93s. ; or Popular Edition, 7 Vols.
Post

of the

the

in

of the Ban.

of

ERSKINE'S

by

History, Biography, Geography,

on

Mahomedan

of tliH Assyrians,
the Discoveries
iu

Moral

12s.

(HoN.
and

of

Crown

Essays

the

on

2s.

Camp

Clausewitz.

Poems.

ENGLAND

of

Post

Campaign

ENGEL'S

Hints

65. 6d.

of General

Hindoo

with

Is. 6d.

(LORD)

Translated

The

of

Svo.

Useful

Receipts.

Collection

Fcap. Svo.

5s. 6d,

of

Thousand

Valuable

12

LIST

FANCOURT'S

OF

WORKS

(CoL.) History

to the

Close

FARRAR'S

A.

(REV.

8vo.

17th

of the

of

Century.

Yucatan,

from

With

8vo.

Map.

Sermons

S.)

its

Science

on

Discovery

10s. 6d.

in

Theology.

9s.

Critical

Christian

Being

the

(F. W.)

Origin

of

Researches.

ef Mexico.

from

FELLOWS'

Plates.

the River

2 Vols.

(SiR CHARLES)
in the

particularly

more

8vo.

16s.

Modern

on

Tour

Potomac

8vo.

Texas

to

Slave

and

the

States

Frontiers

26s.

Travels

Province

the

through

Researches

and
of

New

Lycia.

in Asia

Edition.

Minor,

Plates.

Post

9s.

FERGUSSON'S

(JAMES)

Restored:

Essay

an

"Woodcuts.

8vo.

taken

-Palaces

Assyrian

Persepolis
Architecture.

Persian

the

on

Spot.

By

of the

Different

in

World.

With

History of
above

the

With

work.

(T. P.)

Concise

and

all

and

in

Illustrations.

Modern

Caravan

Being

Styles prevailing
860

'

8vo.

Medium

of Architecture.

Account
the

Gill.

Major

Countries

graphs
with 75 Photo-

India, described

of

Temples

Popular

the

and

and

16s.

Handbook

FERRIER'S

Nineveh

of

Ancient

on

Rock-Cut

8vo.

Ages

26s.

pleting
Styles of Architecture, com-

Illustrations.

312

in

Journeys

8vo.

31s. 6d.

Persia,

Afghanistan,

Herat, Turkistan, and Beloochistan, with Descriptions of Meshed,

and
Second
Edition.
8vo.
21s.
Candahar, "c.
Map.

History of

"

FISHER'S

the

(REV. GEORGE)

Schools.

First

FLOWER

Afghans.
Elements

Fifth Edition.

18mo.

GARDEN
Reprinted

18mo.

Principles

Fifth Edition.

Illustrations.

An

Catalonia, Granada,
PostSvo.

FORSTER'S

(JOHN)

First.
-

an

Use

of

Use

Schools.

of

By

Essay.

REV.

THOS.

JAMES.

Is.

Fcap. 8vo.

and

Glaciers.

14".

for

Spain,Andalusia, Ronda, Valencia,

Gallicia, Arragon,

Navarre,

Third

"c.

Edition,

30*.

Gatherings

"

for the

Yolcanoes, Geysers,

its

PostSvo.

(RICHARD)Handbook
2 Vols.

the

for

Geometry,

Algebra,

of

Quarterly Review."

"

the

of

21s.

8vo.

Is. 6d.

(THE).

from

Map.

Balk,

1*. M.

(C. S.) Iceland;

FORBES'

FORD'S

the

to

8vo.

based

Language,

(G. W.)

America,

reference

Lectures, 1832.

Bampton

5s.

Fcap. 8vo.

FEATHERSTONHAUGH'S
of North

in

Thought

of Free

History

Religion.

from

Arrest

Chapter

Debates

3s. 6d.

Spain.

Post

8vo.

of the

Five

Members

of

English

on

the

by Charles
Post

History re-written.
Grand

Remonstrance,

8vo.

1641.

the

12*.

With

under
freedom
the Plantagenet
Introductory Essay on English
Post
Second
Edition.
8vo.
12s.
Sovereigns.

and

Tudor

Oliver

Cromwell,

Charles

Churchill,

Edition.

Post

FORSYTE'S

8vo.

Samuel

Daniel
Foote.

De

Foe,

Sir

Biographical

Richard
Essays.

12s.

(WILLIAM) New

Life of Cicero.

Post. 8vo.

Steele,
Third

PUBLISHED

FORTUNE'S

BY

(ROBERT)

Countries
of the

of

Tea

MR.

Narrative

China, between

Plant.

Third

of

the

Woodcuts.

Edition.

Yedo

of

Japan

of those

PRANCE

8vo.

and
and

of Louis

FRENCH

the

Post

in

8vo.

From

the

8vo.

GEOGRAPHICAL

The

Art

By

Mrs.

; or, Hints

DOFF

Nzw

GORDON.

Navy.

(OLIVER)

and

by

Being

Naval

of

Edition.

Daring

Fcap. 8vo.
A

Works.

(RIGHT HoN.W.
Speeches

63 ; also his

60s.

8vo.

of

the

New

E.)
on

By

or, Anecdotes

of

3s. Qd.

Printed

Edition.

Edited
by the Author.
30s.
Vols. 8vo.
(Murray's

Vignettes.

the

of

Epitome

an

6s.

Autobiography.

Vols.

by

revised

editions

Fall

his

Maps.

12mo.

of Recent
Commentators.
Woodcuts.
7s. 6d.
Post 8vo.

Thousand.

New

Decline

SMITH.

the present

Woodcuts.

Researches

the

Deeds

(EDWARD)

GLADSTONE'S

cuts.
Wood-

by Marius, to

Preceded

Gibbon)

Ninth

SMITH.

GOLDSMITH'S

Shifts and

Edition.

graphical
by the Royal Geo-

Tliousand.

the

of

Edition.

work, incorporating

British

the

on

Third

Published

Fifteenth

Student's

(The

60, and

cuts.
Wood-

Foreign Legion"

by Lady

Countries.

Empire.
Edited, with Notes, by Dr. WM.

last

of the

the Invasion

History
A

the

the

to

Thousand.

8vo.

MABKHAM.

(EDWARD)

the

Trade

7s. 6d.

Roman

GIFFARD'S

56th

Translated

Wild

in

(HISTORY OF). From

time.

Dr. WM.

tals
Capi-

aud

15s.

Soldier

(THE) Journal.

the

to

Agriculture

MARKHAM.

of Travel

Society of London.

above

Sea.

at

Conquest by the Gauls

By Mrs.

available

Post

GIBBON'S

and

Journey

of the

8vo.

of A'od-el-Kadir.

(FRANCIS)

Tea

2s.

Contrivances

GERMAN

Coast,"
a

Notices

Illustrations.

Algiers ;

Prisoners

GALTON'S

the

to

6".

(THE)
and

Being

With

Philippe.

12mo.

Visits

the

on

Peking.

(HISTORY OF).
Death

Two

16s.

China.

Countries,

13

full Descriptions
1843-52, with
years
2 Vols.
Woodcuts.
Post
8vo.
18*.

Chinese," Inland,"
1853-56.

MURRAY.

PETEB

British

Classics.)

Statements

Financial

Tax-Bills, 1861,

and

of the British

Army

on

from

HAM.
CUNNING-

of 1853,

Charities, 1863.

8vo.

Story

PostSvo.

Orleans.

New

and

ton

R.) Campaigns

G.

(REV.

GLEIG'S

of Sale's

Narrative

Washing-

2*.

Post

of Waterloo.

Battle

of the

at

Brigade

in

8vo.

Afghanistan.

3s. Qd.
Post

8vo. Is.

GORDON'S
from

(SiR ALEX.
(LADY
French

AmberPost

in

Algiers.

The

Prisoners

(HENRY)

Personal

2.

Legion.

GOUGER'S

DUFF)

8vo.

Sketches
From

the German.

From

Post

DUFF)

of Liberation.

the War

of

3". 6d.

8vo.

Post

Munro.

of Sir Thomas

Letters

Life and

Post

Clive.

Lord

of Robert

Life

3$. 6d.

PostSvo.

German.

Witch
8vo.

Scenes

Life,and

of German

the

85. 6d.

8vo

Trial

craft.
Witch-

for

2s.

1. The

Soldier

of the
From

Abd-el-Kadir.

Foreign

the

French.

2s.

in Burmah.

Second

Narrative

Edition.

of Two

Woodcuts.

Years'

PostSvo.

ment
Imprison12s.

OF

LIST

14

GRENVILLE

PAPERS.

(THE)
of

4 Vols.

Traditional
8vo.

of

History

the

HALLAM'S

(HENRY)

Accession
Seventh

of

the

Henry

Edition.

of

8vo.

8vo.

Centuries.

Fourth

Fcap. 8vo.

Historical

"

Europe,

"

HAMILTON'S

and

ARMY

the

the

Second.

Middle

Ages.

Vols.

8vo.

16th

and

36s.

Selected

from

the

Works.

History
of

LIST.

England,
10

Verse

in

Portrait.

of

Europe.

Fcap.

Vols.

8vo.

Prose.

and

8vo.

Middle

"

Post

Ages
6s. each.

With

face,
Pre-

7*. 6d.

in North

Africa.

PostSvo.

(Quarterlyand Annually.)

8vo.

12s.

10s. 6d.

21s.

HANNAH'S

(Rev. Dr.) Bampton

Elements

Human

and

(J. H.
savage

in

Holy

Animals.

Post

8vo.

(SiRFRANCIS) Horse
Journeys

Bubbles

from

Emigrant.
Stokers
8vo.

Fcap.

and

the

1863;

Barbary, its

his Rider.

and

the

across

the

for

Divine

8vo.

wild

Tribes

and

2s.

Descriptive Essays.
"

Lectures
Scripture.

Western

DRUMMOND)

Rapid

Brunnen

PostSvo.

Post

Post

8vo.

of Nassau.

8vo.

5s.

2s.

18s.

16mo.

5s.

2s. Qd.

8vo.

Pokers;

Pampas.

Vols.

Woodcuts.

N.- Western

or,

Railway.

Post

2s.

Defenceless

Faggot

State

of French

Fortnight in
"

the

Characters.

(JAMES) Wanderings

and

George

2s.

(ARTHUR) Remains;
Memoir,

from

England,
of

Europe, during the 15th,

Literary History

and

of

Death

during

Edition.

Literary Essays

"

last work.

10s. Qd.

30s.

of

Literary History

"

8s. Qd.

8vo.

305.

Europe

3 Vols.

the

to

Times

of Alexander

112s.

Post

History

Seventh

Vols.

Edition.

17th

HEAD'S

Post

Earliest

the death

8vo.

Ary Scheffer.
Papers. 8vo.

Constitutional

History
Tenth

with

of

Collected

the

From

generation contemporary
Edition.
Fourth
Svols.
Maps.

(MRS.) Memoir

HAY'S

Ancient

Woodcuts.

Race.

close of the

Great.

the

HART'S

Zealand

of Greece.

(GEORGE) History
to the

of

DIAEY.

and

Mythology,

New

Private

PRIVATE

105. Qd.

GROTE'S

"

and

his

each.

16s.

8vo.

Polynesian

(SiR GEORGE)

Public

the

Being

Grenville, including

George

Correspondence
Edited
by W. J. SMITH.

GREY'S

WORKS

(SiR EDMUND)
Verbs.

Fcap.

8vo.

of Great

Britain.

Post

Sticks.

2 Vols.

Post

8vo.

12s.

Ireland.
Shall
4s.

Map.
and

Will;

or,

8vo.
8vo.

Future

12s.
12s.

^Auxiliary

PUBLISHED

HAKD-BOOK"

BY

MR.

TRAVEL-TALK.
NORTH

the

Rhine

GERMANY,

to Switzerland.

RHINE.

(In

(In the

Ulm

and

to the

TO

TO

LIVES

OF

of

Post

their

2 Vols.

THE

EARLY

Works.

By

8vo.

8vo.

the
the

Pyrenees.

CKOWB

Alps

and

of

Dutch
8vo.

Schools.

24s.

PAINTERS,

CAVALCASELLB.

trations.
Illus-

Savoy,

and

Piedmont.

SWITZERLAND.

TO

Normandy,

Loire, Seine, Rhone,

Maps.

Post

Post

Brittany, the

French

Alps,

Garonne, Dauphine", Provence,

and

8vo.

KNAPSACK

8vo.

and

10*.

GUIDE

TO

FRANCE.

Post

(In the Press.)

PARIS

SPAIN,

ENVIRONS.

ITS

A"D

PORTUGAL,

Lombardy,

Modena,

CENTRAL

the

AND

SOUTH

1 Vol.

the

Ruins

Greek

Mrs.

LIVES

JAMESON.

by

OF
OF

8vo.

Post

8vo.

8vo.

10s.

9s.

10*.

ITALY

ROME.

AND

Edited

Post

Map.

Sir

(In

Svo.

CHARLES

EASTLAKE,

EARLY

ITALIAN

the

Press.)

the German

From

Italian Schools.

THE

PAINTING
Woodcuts.

DICTIONARY
LAJDT.

Post

Map.

R.A.

Woodcuts.

30s.

PostSvo.

PROGRESS

AND

12s.

Sicilies,Naples, Pompeii,
TO

Temples.
The

Edited

KUGLER.

Venetia,

8vo.

Palermo, Messina, Catania, Syracuse,Etna,

of the

PAINTING.
Vols.

80s.

(In Preparation.)

PostSvo.

SICILY,
and

Post

Map.

Post

Map.
GUIDE

KNAPSACK

"

Liguria,

of St. Peter's.

Two

ITALY,

Valencia,
PostSvo.

PostSvo."

Map.

ENVIRONS,

Vesuvius.

and

2 Vols.

Lucca, Tuscany, Florence, The

Patrimony
ITS

(Nearly

8vo.

Granada,

Map.

Romagna.

ITALY,
and

ROME

Herculaneum,

and

Post

Maps.

Piedmont,

ITALY,

Marches, Umbria,
-

Navarre.

and

LISBON, "c.

NORTH
Parma,

Map.

Ronda,

Andalusia,

Catalonia, Gallicia, Arragon,

and

Post

FLEMISH

GUIDE

FRANCE,

Post

(In the Press.)

Rivers

of

TYROL.

the

9*.

KNAPSACK
8vo.

and

12s.

SWITZERLAND,
Post

THE

German, Flemish,
Woodcuts.

AND

Bavaria, Austria, Styria

GUIDE

WAAGEN.

Notices

Maps.

BELGIUM

Press.)

Alps, the Tyrol, Hungary

Sea.
Post 8vo.
Map.
10s.

Black

and

PT

by D".

with

BELGIUM,

10s.

Bavarian

PAINTING.

Edited

the

GERMANY,

Austrian

KNAPSACK
8m

PostSvo.

GUIDE

SOUTH

HOLLAND,

Map.

PostSvo.

Salzberg, the
Danube, from

15

English,German, French, and

'KNAPSACK
THE

MURRAY.

by RALPH

IN

ITALY, from

PontSvo.

OF
WORST?*.

PAINTERS,

CIMABUE

to

BASSANO.

By

12s.

PAINTERS.

ITALIAN
With

Chart.

Post

By
8vo.

6s. 6d.

LIST

16

HAND-BOOK"GREECE,
and

Macedonia.

Maps.

TURKEY,

Pyramids,

Svo.

"c.

(In the Press.)

8vo.

Nile, Alexandria,
Post

Map.

8vo.

Post

8vo.

MADRAS.

Cairo,

15*.

Peninsula

2 Vols.

AND

Constantinople,

Minor,

Post

the

"c.

Maps.

BOMBAY

of

Sinai,Edom,

21s.

Post

2 Yols.

Map.

24s.

NORWAY

DENMARK,
8vo.

15s.

8vo.

12s.

THE

BALTIC

AND

LONDON.

MODERN

Sights and

SWEDEN

and

Maps. ; Post

RUSSIA,

the

Asia

PALESTINE,

"

Syrian Desert.

8vo.

"

Islands,Albania, Thessaly,
15s.

Maps.

Sinai,

Mount

SYRIA
and

Ionian

Post

Thebes,

EGYPT,
the

the

Malta,

Mesopotamia,

Armenia,

WORKS

OP

of

Objects

Interest

in

FINLAND.

Maps.

Complete

Guide

the

Metropolis.

Post

to

all

16mo.

Map.

3s. 6d.

ABBEY.

WESTMINSTER
KENT

AND

Woodcuts.

SUSSEX,

16mo.

Canterbury, Dover,

Rams-

Brighton, Chichester,
gate, Sheerness, Rochester, Chatham, Woolwich,
Post Svo.
10s.
Map.
Worthing, Hastings, Lewes, Arundel, "c.

SURREY,

HANTS,

Kingston, Croydon,

Southampton,
Guildford, Winchester,
7s.6df.
Post Svo.
Maps.

AND

BUCKS,

BERKS,

Portsmouth,

OXON,

Reading,

Uxbridge, Wycombe,
Aylesbury,
of the
of Oxford, and the Descent
7s. 6d.
Windsor.
Post Svo.
Map.

WILTS,
Chippeuham,
"c.
Map.

AND

DORSET,

Post

Wight.

Windsor,

Eton,

Henley, the City and

Thames

Maidenhead

to

Wells,

versity
Uniand

Salisbury,

Bath, Bristol, Taunton,

7s. 6d.

Svo.

AND

DEVON

Reigate,
of

Isle

SOMERSET,

Sherborne,

Weymouth,

and

CORNWALL,

Exeter, Ilfracombe,

Sidmouth, Dawlish, Teignmouth,

Plymouth,
Devonport,
Post
Launceston, Truro, Penzance, Falnioutb, "c.
Maps.

Linton,

Tor-

?uay,
s.6d.

Svo.

NORTH

SOUTH

AND
Snowdon,

Beaumaris,
Pembroke, Tenby, Swansea,

narvon,

WALES,

Bangor,

Car-

Menai
Straits, Carmarthen,
Conway,
2 Vols.
The
Post Svo.
Wye, "c.
Maps.

12s.

CATHEDRALS
Winchester,
With
Canterbury.

OF

Salisbury,
110

Illustrations.

CATHEDRALS
Oxford,
Illustrations.

OF

Peterborough,
Crown

ENGLAND"

Exeter,

Svo.

CATHEDRALS

Southern

Wells,
Vols.

Crown

ENGLAND"

Norwich,

Ely,

Edition.

24s.

Lincoln.

sion,
Divi-

With

90

18s.

OF

ENGLAND"

Western
Lichfield.

sion,
Divitions.
Illustra-

Svo.

FAMILIAR
Third

Svo.

Eastern
and

Bristol, Gloucester, Hertford, Worcester, and

Crown

sion,
Divi-

Chichester, Rochester,

QUOTATIONS.

Fcap. Svo.

5s.

From

EnglishAuthors.

OF

LIST

13

COLONIAL

AND

HOME

for

adapted

and

all circles

for their

acknowledged

Published

2s. and
follows :

heads

as

LIBRAEY.

of

Readers,

classes

interest

By

JOHN

13.

2s.

FRANCIS

CROSS.

MILMAN.

14. THE

WATERLOO.

OF

3s.6d.

GLEIG.

R.

G.

REV.

LIFE.
3s. 6d.

GORDON.

A.

BATTLE

By

BARROW,

GERMAN

OF

SIR

5. CAMPAIGNS

TON.
WASHING-

AT

GLEIG.

IN

ALGIERS.

2s.
16.

By

FRENCH
LADY
FALL

OF

JESUITS.

THE

By

3s. 6d.

CAMPBELL.

THOMAS

2s.

GORDON.

DUFF

POETS.

BRITISH

THE

3s. Qd.

MAHON.

LORD

By

ESSAYS.

17. HISTORICAL

7. THE

STEF-

OF
2*.

FENS.

G.R.

By REV.

By

2s.

SKETCHES

By

DRAKE.

2s.

WAYSIDE

THE

VIENNA.

OF

ELLESMERE.

15. AUTOBIOGRAPHY

6. THE

8vo.

distinctive

two

TALES.

LORD

CAPT.

BCNYAN.

SOUTHEY.

SIR

OP

12.

2s.

AND

By ROBEBT
LIFE

under

SIEGES

By
By

GORDON.

DUFF

3. CROMWELL

"

selected
Post

Authors.

HISTORIC

2s.

AMBER-WITCH.

LADY

Works

A.

11. THE

By

GIBRALTAR.

OF

DRINKWATER.

2. THE

arranged

AND

BIOGRAPHY,

HISTORY,
JOHN

of
been

"

CLASS

1. SIEGE

Series
having

ability of the

and

each, and

3s. Qd.

at

WORKS

2s.

9. LIFE

TALES.
CONDE.

OF

REV.
MA-

By LORD

19. NORTH

SALE'S

By

By

BRIGADE.

a. B. GLEIG.

REV.

20.

CLASS

1. BIBLE

IN

SPAIN.

BORROW.

3s. 6d.

2. GIPSIES

and

6. MOROCCO

AND

By
8. NEW

THE

LADY.

2s.

SOUTH

WALES.

MEREDITH.

19. THE

2s.

FROM

BALTIC.

20.

H.

By MBS.

AMAZON.

MANNERS

"

CUSTOMS

WEST

LEWIS.
10.

INDIES.

IN

SIB

JOHN

22. PORTUGAL
OF

PERSIA.

MALCOLM.
OF

23.

HERMANN

MELVILLE.

14. MISSIONARY

LIFE

By REV.

2 Vols.

IN

Each

BAYLE

25. SIERRA

ADA.
CAN-

H.

IN
W.

ST.

JOHN.

LEONE.

Ss.Qd.

2s.

J. ABBOTT.

%*

7s.

LIFE

LIBYAN

THE

By

work

may

he had

GALLICIA.

AND

By Rev.
24.

OMOO.

AND

MEXICO.
3s. 6d.

CARNARVON.

LORD

BUSH

A.

RIP

it!
TYPEE

By

By

3s. 6d.

FATHER

2s.

G.

2s.

SKETCHES

11. MEMOIRS

By M.

OF

ByREV.C.AcLAND.

By G. F. RUXTON.
9. THE

By

2s.

21. ADVENTURES

2s.

3s. 6d.

EDWARDS.

INDIA.

SPAIN.

FORD.

RIVER

W.

By SIB

2s.

By RICHARD

MOORS.

HAY.

By
3s. 6d.

JOURNEYS.

B. HEAD.

18., GATHERINGS

2s.

THE

FROM

SPORTS.
ST. JOHN.

17. PAMPAS
F.

LAND.

MANGLES.

By J. DRUMMOND
7. LETTERS

By

By

2s.

16. HIGHLAND

Is.

HOLY

THE

IN

IRBY

INDIA.

2 Vols.

MADRAS.

FROM

LADY.

CHARLES

IN

HKBEB.

5. TRAVELS

By

By GEOBGB

3s. 6d.

4. JOURNALS
BISHOP

SPAIN.

OF

BORROW.
3 "

ADVENTURES.

15. LETTERS

By GEORGE

G.

By REV.

B.
AND

TRAVELS,

VOYAGES,

2s.

3s. 6d.

GLEIG.

R.

WAY.
RAILF. B. HEAD.

SIB

MUNRO.

OF

LIFE

2s.

By

3s. Qd.

WESTERN

8". Gd.

HON.

10.

2s.

CLIVE.

LORD
OF
G. R. GLEIG.

18. LIFE
8. LIVONIAN

separately.

3s. Qd.

AUSTRALIA.
HAYGARTH.

2s.

DESERT.

By

2s.

By

LADT,

PUBLISHED

IRBY

AND
the

MANGLES'

8vo.

Post

Preface.

JAMESON'S

to

Edition.

With

JESSE'S

Post

and

and

Tour

Royal

of the

Lives

Neur

Life. TJiird

Country

Edition.

Eighth

Galatians, and

(BISHOP)
2 Vols.

Fcap.

and

(REV.

S.

Love."

Art.

as

Fcap.

of

"Practice

Thessalonians,
30s.

Edition.

Portrait.

Romantic

the

Interpreters

Illustrations.

Crown

Tongue,

from

his

from

Fcap.

his

of

Alps

the

8vo.

Manual

la.6d.

8vo.

leas-frequented "Vals"

Tour

; a

of

Northern

18s.

their

Antique

Gems;

of Ancient

History, and

as

Origin, Use,

and

of Aucient

illustrative

42s.

8ro.

Y!TH'S

EDWARD

Love."

Valleys

and

Extracted

Extracted

Divine

Italian

W.)

Illustrations.

to the Latin

Qd.

9s

Is. 6d.

the'Holy Altar.

(REV. C. W.)
Value,

Second

British

8vo.

8vo.

Apostles' Creed.

the

of

to

Prayer"

all

the

to

2 Vols.

Edited

18s.

Approach

Piedmont.

Epistles

Edition.

LAYMAN.

Post

Woodcuts.

Second

By

of Divine

Practice

Portraits.

(Murray's

Qd.

22s.

8vo.

St. Paul's

on

Life.

8vo.

through

Including

CBOKKB.

English Poets.

eminent
vols.

Romans.

Exposition

KING'S

Boswell.

by the late MB.

NATURALIST.

(Rev. B.)

JOWETT

KING

of

James

By

most

CUNNINGHAM.

OF

JOURNAL

of

from

Italy.

in

10s.

8vo.

"

History.

Edited

Hebrides.

the

to

by PETER
Classics.)

"

Painters,

Painting

6s.

Life.

(DR. SAMUEL)

JOHNSON'S

KEN'S

WOLF.

6s.

8vo.

the

and

12s.

870.

Occupations

Natural

in

Gleanings

of

Progress

Fcap. 8vo.

TENNIEL

Italian

Early

Post

Scenes

Woodcuts.

Edition.

the

Translation,with

by

2s. 6d.

the

Woodcuts.

(EDWARD)

Nubia, Syria, and

A New

Woodcuts

8vo.

of

Bassano.

Cimabue

19

Egypt,

JSsop.

100

Lives

(MRS.)

in

of

With

Thirty-tighth Thousand.

MURRAY.

2s.

Fables

(Rsv. THOMAS)
Historical

MR.

Travels

Land.

Holy

JAMES'

BY

Latin
Use

for the

Grammar;
of Schools.

or,

an

Sixteenth

Introduction
Edition.

12mo.

3s. 6d.

Book;

or, the

English Translation

for the

First
Syntax, and
Classes.

KIRK'S

Prosody, with

Fourth

Edition.

(J. FOSTER) History

Portrait.

2 Vols.

an

12mo.

of

Latin

Accidence,
Use

of Junior

2s. 6d.

Charles

the

Bold,

gundy.
of Bur-

Duke

Sro.
c

LIST

20

KUGLER'S

Schools

Italian

SIB

CHABLES

8vo.

80s.

Edited, with
Vols.

LATIN

GRAMMAR

Book

First

and

LA

YARD'S
With

EDWARD

Painting.

Woodcuts.

of the Middle

Ages

18s.

the

For

Use

of

Ylin's);

the

or,

Translation

for

Accidence,
Classes,

Junior

2s. 6d.

and

Nineveh
and

Researches
of the

Remains.

its

Discoveries

Chaldean

an
Devil-worshippers ; and
Sixth
the Ancient
Assyrians.

amidst

Christians

Enquiry

Being

the
the

Plates

and

Babylon

Assyria.
the Yezedis,

Manners

and

rative
Nar-

of

Ruins

of Kurdistan

into

Edition.

of

Arts

and

Vols.

Woodcuts.

36s.

Nineveh
of

Arts

Vim's).

English

or

8vo.

Post

3*. 6d.

12mo.

with

12mo.

Account

an

of

Edition.

8vo.

EDWARD

(KiNO

(A. H.)
of

Woodcuts.

Edition.

Prosody,

Edition.

Fourth

200

'(Ki*o

Sixteenth

Syntax,

Second,

of the

Handbook

With

Renaissance.

Schools.

2 Vols.

Schools

Flemish

WAAQEN.

Notes, by

Woodcuts.

24s.

(M. JULES)

and

Edition.

and

Dutch,

8vo.

Edited, with

Painting:

Third

Notes, by DB.

Post

LABAKTE'S

of

EASTLAKE.

German,

WORKS

OF

Second

8vo.

2U.

Account

Popular
Woodcuts.

LEAKE'S

Post

8vo.

of Nineveh.

Second

Travels

of

Edition.

in Northern

Plates*

15th Edition.

Athens,

Plates.

with

2 Vols.

Greece.

Questions

Disputed

Result

Thousand.

With

6s.

(CoL.) Topography
Antiquities.

the

being

Fourteenth
Expedition to Assyria.
Or
Fine
8vo.
80s.
Paper, 2 Vols.

8vo.

on

its

30*.

4 Yols.

Maps.
Ancient

of

Remarks

8vo.

60s.

Geography.

Map.

6s. 6d.

8vo.

Numismata

and

Hellenica,

Supplement.

of Twelve
descriptive Catalogue
Notes
Historical.
and
Geographical

Thousand

With

Completing

Greek

Map

Coins,
Appendix.

and

with
4to"

63s.

Peloponnesiaca.
Degradation of
LESLIE'S

(C. R.)

in

for

England.

3s. 6d.

8vo.

Painters.

Young

With

from

his

Correspondeuce.

PostSvo.

Life
2 Vols.

Edited

by

TOM

TAYLOR.

Selections

Portrait.

2 Vols.

18s.

""

of his

tions.
Illustra-

10s. 6d.

Autobiographical Recollections, with

"

LETTERS

Science

Handbook

PoBtSvo.

15s.

8vo.

Works,
8vo.

FROM

of Sir Joshua

and

Sketch

of his

Reynolds.
Cotemporaries.

With
By

an

Account

TOM

TAYLOB.

(In the Press.)

THE
MADRAS.

SIERRA

BALTIC.

By
LEONE,

By
a

LADY.

By

LADY.
Post

LADY.

Post
8vo.

Post

8vo.

2s.

2s.
8vo.

Zs. Qd.

PUBLISHED

LEWIS'

BY

(SiR G. C.) Essay

8vo.

of the

some

Lord

Provincial

Words

THERESA)

Friends

of

Dependencies.

illustrative

Portraits.

(M. G.)
West

Journal

Indies.

LIDDELL'S

(DEAN)
Art.

of

LINDSAY'S

of Craw

Personal

Folio.

of the
Second

Claim

of the

Earliest Times

History

of Literature

Rome.

Post

Lindsays

; or, a

With

Edition.

of

of

7s. 6d.

Memoir

3 Vols.

of the

Official

Svo.

Earl

James,

8vo.

from

Extracts

the

from

Abridged

Woodcuts.

Papers

24s.

and

of Crawfurd

Montrose,

in

created

1488.

in

Theology

9s.

or, the Journal

LATITUDES;
Edited

Gushington.

by LOBD

DUFFERIN.

of the Hon.
With

24

Plates,

21s.

HISTORY

ARTHUR'S

Travels

in

Africa.

South

TALES.

LIYONIAN

(J. G.)

LOCKHART'S

Popular Edition, Post

with

System

Fcap.

of Plants.

(SiR HUDSON)
Napoleon
45s.

of

Botany;

Modem
_

Natural

Calendar

Woodcuts.

Edition.

at

Letters

Ballads.

and

Dangers

in

(MRS.) Instructions
and

"

the

from

Historical

Edition.

4to.

Fifth Edition.

Burns.

Suggestions
Containing
Theology.
Edition.
Second
present difficulties.

Directions

of

Missionary

6s.

and

21s.

Or,

2s. 6d.

Svo.

(BISHOP OF)

LOUDON'S

of his
Svo.

Illustrated

Notes.

Life of Robert

Author

Spanish

Ancient

Translated,

Romantic.

Post

2s. 6d.

2s.

PostSvo.

Baltic."

the

By

Fcap. Svo.

Account

Illustrations.

LADY

By

20 Woodcuts.

(REV. DR.) Popular

LIVINGSTONE'S

LONDON'S

ENGLAND.

OF
With

Thousand.

120th

CALLCOTT.

Svo.

the

the

Retrogressive Movement

Svo.

LOW

from

Impulsia

LOWE'S

the

the Negroes in the

From
With

Dukedom

Original

Scepticism ;

LISPINGS

LITTLE

his

15s.

"

4to.

of
With

Narratives.

Philosophy.

and

History

Balcarres.

the

to

in

tion.
Origin of the Collec-

among

Rome.

and

Report

"

Balcarres,

Gallery.

Pictures, and

Empire.

Thousand.

turd

of

Portraits

28s.

Lives

(LORD)

Houses

of

the

8vo.

25tA

Contemporaries
of

42s.

Residence

and

2s.

History

2 Vols.

Work.

and

of

Student's

above

8vo.

PostSvo.

Establishment

to the

and

Vols.

Herefordshire

in

4s, 6d.

and

Clarendon,
of the
Descriptive Account

used

12mo.

Chancellor

With

of

21

Government

adjoining Counties.

(LADY

the

on

MURRAY.

12*.

Glossaryof

Mil.

Letters

St. Helena.

the

to

Svo.

Svo.
a

Second

of

Safeguards
Theological

Svo. 8*.
Modern

Student

under

9s.

Gardening

Operations

Fcap.

for

for

Every

With

Ladies.
Month.

Eighth

5s.

Popular
Edition.

Introduction
Woodcuts.

the

to

Fcap. Svo.

6s.

and Journals, during the Captivity

By WILLIAM

FOBSYTH.

Portrait.

3 Vols.

MILLS'

India

(ARTHUR)

of

(DEAN) History

Christ

of

Abolition

Ihe

to

3 Vols.

Edition.

Popes

the

Paganism

to Modern

Character
Evidence

of

Life

Vols.

of Nicholas

the

and

Fall

War.

Post

MILNES'

considered

as

With

Woodcuts.

300

Plates.

3 Yols.

Fcap.

Fcap.

18*.

Svo.

Is.

8vo.

Cross.

Tale

Carlist

of the

2s.

LORD

DOMESTIC
and

Economy
New

Apostles

10s. 6d.

30s.

of Jerusalem.

Svo.

Period,

36s.

Selections

HOUGHTON)

from

Poetical

Fcap, Svo.

MODERN

AND

Life

8vo.

and

Principles

on

for

adapted

of

Families.

Private

5s.

MOUNTAIN
Mist."

the

Fcap. Svo.

Life

Knowledge,
Fcap. Svo.

THE

(THOMAS)
6 Vols.

and

Woodcuts.

Sunlight through

MOORE'S

Founded

COOKERY.
Practical

Edition.

MONASTERY

CHURCH.
Woodcuts.

Letters

of

Author

By

16mo.

4s.

Lord

Plates.

Byron,

18s.

Letters

and

of

Lord

Portraits.

Byron.

Royal

9".

MOTLEY'S

(J. L.) History

Death

of

William

the

United

of the

Silent

to

MOOHOT'S

Siam

(HEBRI)

Travels

and

MOZLEY'S

J.

Primitive
MANUAL

Doctrine

of

(GEN.)
India.

of

Garibaldi,

(GENERAL
R.

GLBIO.

and

Edition.

(ADMIRAL)

MUNRO'S

Third

Pen

Account
Francis

SIR

Post

Post

the

II., and

THOMAS)

Svo.

Pencil

of

3s. 6d.

Lao;

Narrative

Svo.

the

of

Practical

Treatise
FALKNEB.

Sketches

during

Svo.

the

on

Second

Tour

7s. 6d.

Italian

and

14*.

Svo. 7s.6d.

FREDERICK

Victor

Life

the
of

Svo.

By

Plates.

the

30s.

Baptismal Regeneration.

Farmers.

from

Account

Predestination.

on

Manures.

Properties
Fcap. Svo. 5s.

Edition.

Notices

of

(The) for

Chemical

MUNDY'S

Treatise

Embracing

detailed

Svo.

Illustrations.

B.)

of Dort.

Synod
Spain; and

Cambojia, and

Discoveries.

(REV.

Netherlands

the

English-Dutch
struggle against
2 Vols.
Portraits.
Spanish Armada.

G.

6 Yols.

Edition.

the Earliest

Svo.

Horace.

of

Works.

(R. MONCKTON,
Works.

in

Second

from

of the

Svo.

Works
Svo.

Jews,

(CAPT. E. A.) Wayside

MUCK

V.

3 Vols.

Conduct

Christianity.

Poetical

Times.

and

Crown

"

of
New

Empire.

Christianity; including that

Latin

"

of

the. Roman

in

Birth

the

Christianity,from

Pontificate

the

to

broughtjdown

Map.

72*.

Svo.

an

Existing

Edition,

Second

Judicial.

36s.

8vo.

"

of

the

of

Summary

6d.

10s.

MILMAN'S

in 1858;

Political,Fiscal, and

Administration"
8vo.

WORKS

OF

LIST

24

Revolution,

Emmanuel.

Letters.

Post

By

Svo.

the

with
12*.

REV.

PUBLISHED

MURCHISON'S

BY

MR.

(SiR RODERICK)

Mountains.

Royal

With

Russia

Coloured

Siluria

MURRAY'S

CUASB,

THB

"TUB

FBOM

ELLBSMBBB.
It.
TIMES."

DBBBS.

Edition.

READING.

LOBD

By

AND

TRBODOBB

DEEDS
THB

NAVAL

OP

HONEY
yEsop's

NlMROD

ON

MAHON'S

JOAN

HEAD'S

EMIGRANT.

2 Vols.

TURF.

It. Grf.

BBAUTIBS

MUSIC

AND

NAPIER'S

Third

Edition.

Life

and

Portraits.

1". 6rf.
BACON.

OF

GARDEN.
SPANISH

Gd.
3t.
LIFB.

FKOM

the

2t.C4.

BALLADS.

BYRON.

OF

2t.6a.

It.

HISTORY.
NOTES

from

2*.

It.

Quarterly Review."

"

Post

Crown

from

bis

Journals

Post

8vo.

48s.

and

A.

H.

by

M.P.

BRUOB,

8vo.

Napier; chieflyderived

Charles

Sir

General

Life,of

10". 6d.

8vo.

Edited

Letters.

Sieges of the Peninsular

and

Battles

Portrait.

2 Vols.

Second

Letters.

ALMANACK.

NAUTICAL

2".

LIFB

ON

12f.
It.

Is.

(SiR WM.) English

War.

It.

ADDBBSSKS.
REJECTED
It.
liiNt's
ANQLINS.
PKNM'B
ON

Reprinted

DRESS.

Fcap. 8vo.

42*.

1".

ROAD.

KOBWAY.

TAYLOB'S

2t.

taining
con-

8vo.

2t.6d.

WELLINGTON.

ART'S

LUCAS

2t. 64.

Rocks

EGYPTIANS.
ANCIBNT
GUILLOTINE.
TUB

FLOWBB

2t. Cd.

DINING.
\i.M.
LITBRABY
ESSAYS.

HAI.LAM'S

THE

oi

LOCKH

It.
FABLBS.

NKPAUL.

OF

Vols.

Plates.

ARC.

OF

TUB

ON

MAUBKI/S
CAMPBELL'S

It.

DARI.NS.

TUB

OLIPHANT'S

Ural

all classes of Readers.

HOI.I.WAY'S

1".

BEE.

JAMBS'

ABT

HOOK.

Oldest
and

NiMJtOB
ON
WILKINSON'S

It.

MILMAM'S
FALL
JERUSALEM.
OF
MAHOJI'S'-FOBTY-FIVB."
3t.
OF

the
"c.

published :]

are

2 Vols.

the

For

CROKKR

LIFB

and

Sections.

Map

History of

Third

[The following
WBLLINGTON.

Music

Europe

Plates.

Maps,

; or,

RAILWAY

ESSAYS

in

25

4to.

Organic Kemains.

NlMRODON

MURRAY.

Royal

(Publitfad

Qd.

2s.

8vo.

Vols.

Portraits.

Edition.

ly Authority.)

NAYY

(Quarterly). (Published by Authority.) Post

LIST

8vo.

2s. 6d.

of his Life and

(ROBERT), Memoir

NELSON

2 Vols.

arranged

to the

up

1855.

year

the

of

Poor-Laws.

English
Poor-Laws.

Scotch

and

2 Vols.

26*.

8vo.

Woodcuts,

Dean.

Officials,Gentry,

and

(SiR HARRIS)

NICOLAS'

has

COURT-HOPE.

WILLIAM

On
the

existed

the
"

Chace"

in

of

Peerage
Present

this
80s.

The

Turf"

and

Woodcuts.

its

of

successive

The

biting
Exhi-

England.

of every
the
since

State

Country

8vo.

Quarterly Keview."

Forest

3s. Gd.

PostSvo.

Commonalty.
Historic

Origin, Descent, and

the
which

Dean,

of

Forest

the

of

Personalities

the

10*. 6d.

PostSvo.

"c.

of

Historical Account

G.)

H.

(Rev.

from

collected

28s.

8vo.

Irish

NIMROD

Singapore.

30*.

4to.

(SiR GEORGE) History

2Vola.

and

Tariffs of all Nations;

(C. N.) Customs'

NICHOLLS'

Rev. C. T.

26s.

8vo.

NEWDEGATE'S
and

Malacca, Penang,

of

(LIEUT.)Straits

NEWBOLD'S

By

10s. Qd.

8vo.

Portrait.

M.A.

SECRETAK,

Times.

Road.

Fcap.Svo.

Title

age
of Peer-

Conquest.

By

Reprinted
3*. Qd.

26

LIST

OF

(R.) Field Sports

O'CONNOR'S
and

Fishing

OXENHAM'S

of France

Notes

(REV. W.) English

early Proficients
of Composition
Rules

PAGET'S

ill

and

Woodcuts.

8vo.

PEEL'S

CABDWELL.

MB.

PENN'S

New

PENROSE'S

Ninth

Edition.

Post

and

from

their

from

in

and

Iron
above

8vo.

PHILLIPS'

With

PHILPOTT'S

on

parts of the

POPE'S

of

4to.

Part

of Dr.

Evidence

500
and

Introductions

Art

Ancient

the

Folio.

Plates.

of

the

and

52. 5*.

Extracting

of

Division

Jurisprudence. 8vo.
the

Smith,

The

the

12s.

Geologist.

Coast

Scenery,

the

and

Life

and

unpublished
Notes.
By

REV.

Dr.

Inhabitants.

"

Church

Ling-ard, and
8vo,

New

on

with

WHITWELL

with
some

16s.

Edition.

Edited

the

Butler, on

Edition.

Letters.

Yorkshire.

Ancient

Catholic

Works.

of

Charles

late

Second

Doyle.

Limestone

II.,30s.

Sea

and

to

Coast, and

Part

"
Book
of the Roman
parts of his
of Dr.
and
certain
Milner
Works

nearly

NEW

taining
ConLIFE,

Portraits.

ELWIN.

(In the Press.)

8vo.

(REV. J. L.) Five

PORTER'S

Palmyra,
2 Vols.

Lebanon
PostSvo.

Handbook

8vo.

and

of
24s.

Years
other

With

in Damascus.
Scripture

Sites.

Map

Travels

and

to

Woodcuts.

21s.

for

Geography,

the Peninsula
Post

the

William

Mountains,

(ALEXANDER)

of the

40

Second

On

I.,20s."

(BISHOP) Letters

Remarks

of

Construction
With

the

Yorkshire,

of

Plates.

Theological

player.
Chess-

and

Is.

Architecture,

or,

MARCH)

the
on
Essays
Climate,
8vo.
15*.
Edition, Plates.

Second

STANHOPE

7s. Qd.

8vo.

Rivers,

Is. Qd.

8vo.

SPENCER

Geology
District.

"

Memoirs

(JOHN)

Portrait.

EARL

of the

aid

8vo.

Angler

an

8vo.

the

Steel, forming

(CHARLES

PHILLIPP

by

Post

21s.

Illustrations.

Work.

Earnest;

facture.
of Manuadapting th^m to various
purposes
Fuel, Fire-Clays, Copper, Zinc, and Brass.

and

Division

First
Illustrations.

for

Survey.

in

inculcated

by

Athenian

exhibited

Ores

on

Edition.

7s. 6d. each.

Fcap.

(JOHN, M.D.) Metallurgy;

Metals

Third

Woodcuts.

8vo.

Hints

(F. C.) Principles of

PERCY'S

3s. Qd.

Remarks

Science

made

Edition.

Woodcuts.

Optical Refinements
Buildings at Athens,

With

Edited

Vols.

Maxims

(RICHARD)

Prefatory

12mo.

Economical.

Philosophy

Memoirs.

(SiR ROBERT)
and

Edition.

Transylvania.

Natural

Principles
Sports of Youth.

and

Toys

fourth

Metre,

Sport

of

First

Elegiacs ; designed

Versification, with

18s.

in

(Dr.) Philosophy

7s. 6d.

for Latin

Social, Political, and

2 Vols.

or, the

12mo.

of Latin

Elegiac

(JOHN) Hungary
their' Condition,

Art

the

in

Hunting, Shooting,

; or,

Woodcuts.

the Continent.

on

for

PARIS'

WORKS

Syria and

Palestine

History, Antiquities,
Sinai, Edom, and the

and

includingan Account

Inhabitants

Syrian Desert.

oi these

Maps.

Countries,
2 Vols.

28

LIST

RUXTON'S
among

Wild

of the

Disasters

in

(SiR ROBERT) Brigade

Defence

in

Adventures

and

Rocky

tains.
Moun-

Post

Afghanistan.

SCOTT'S

Secular

(G. GILBERT)
and

Future.

SCROPE'S

Post

Svo.

Second

SELF-HELP.
By
SENIOR'S

and

SHAW'S

5Qth

Letters, "c.

and

Notes

LEONE

SIERRA

SIMMONS

on

Svo.

of

Period

Works,

and

Portraits

Industrial
Post

and

Conduct.

6s.

of his

Portrait.

Svo.

9s.

Early

Life.

Svo.

10s. 6d.

Literature.

English
SMITH.

WM.

Post

to

Friends

5th Edition.

Svo.

Engineers
with

Stephenson;
of

History

Edited,

Svo.

7s. Qd.

at Home.

By

14s.

; from
account

an

the

Svo.

Earliest

of their

Communication

Inland

3 Vols.

Biography

of

Story

in

cipal
Prin-

Britain.

63s.

Iron-Workers

and

Tool

Makers.

Stephenson's Life.

George

Woodcuts.

Post

6s.

With

Self-Help.
Post

of

Central

of
30s.

7s. 6d.

8vo.

8vo.

Svo.

; Memoirs

DR.

of British

Illustrations.

and

Svo.

Character

Post

in Letters

of Robert

Death

University

3s. 6d.

Lives

to the

the

Volcanoes

CHBISTIB.

Manual

Courts-Martial.

(SAMUEL)

SMILES'

D.

W.

Described

Post

6d.

3s.

Popular Education.

Illustrations, by

LADY.

before

Medium

1'housand.

By

Student's

(T. B.)
with

Svo.

2s.

sent
Architecture/Pre-

Extinct

(LORD CHANCELLOR)
his

8vo.

9s.

Preached

(N. W.) Suggestionson

With

of

Account

an

Post

Post

Domestic
Svo.

Illustrations

SMILES.

SHAFTESBURY

Kara.

Illustrations.

Edition.

With
SAMUEL

GLEIG.

R.

8s. 6d.

(G. P.) Geology

France.

and

Baliol)Sermons

of

(Master
of Oxford.

of

Edition.

Second

G.

REV.

Siege

(HUMPHRY)

With

Afghanistan.

By

of Jellalabad.

SANDWITH'S

Prairies

12s.

the

with

Mexico;
of the

3s. 6d.

Journal

(LADY)
8vo.

in

Animals

and

Tribes

PostSvo.

SALE'S

Travels

F.)

(GEORGE
the

WORKS

OF

8vo.

of Character

Illustrations

and

Conduct.

6s.

Workmen's

Earnings, Savings,

and

Strikes.

Fcap.

Svo.

Is. 64.

SOMERVILLE'S

(MARY)

Portrait.

Post

Svo.

Physical Geography.

9s.

Connexion
Edition.

SOUTH'S

Woodcuts.

of
PostSvo.

(JOHN F.) Household

Seventeenth

Fifth,Edition.

Thousand.

the

Physical

Sciences.

Ninth

9s.

Surgery
Woodcuts.

"

on
cies.
Emergenor, Hints
4s. 6cZ.
Fcp. Svo.

PUBLISHED

SMITH'S

(DR. WM.)
Biography,

BY

Dictionary
and

Geography,

Greek

and

8vo.

42s.

of

the

Natural

29

Bible;

History.

Biography

3 Vols

51. 15s

and

cuts.
Woodcuts.
Wood-

Mythology.

6d.

Vols. 8vo. 30s.

8vo.

Woodcuts.

18*.

Classical

Smaller

"

Crown

8vo.

20tfi Thousand.

Dictionary.

8vo.

Thousand.

cuts.
Wood-

7s. 6d.

TJtousand.

25th

Latin-English Dictionary.
12mo.

cuts.
Wood-

Is."d.

20th
Dictionary of Antiquities.
Crown

7*. 6d.

Latin-EnglishVocabulary

for those

Cornelius

Nepos, and Cse.sar. Second

Part I.
PrincipiaLatina

Antiquities,

Edition.

Geography.Woodcuts. 2
Latin-English Dictionary. 9ih Thousand.
Classical
Thousand.
Dictionary. I0th

8vo.

its

Illustrations.

Antiquities. Ind

Roman

8vo.

3 Vols.

MURRAY.

105s.

8vo.

MR.

Edition.

Containing

"

and

Exercise

with

Book,

3rd

Vocabularies.

Part

"

reading Phaedrus,

II. A

3s. 6d.

12mo.

lectus,
De-

Grammar,

Edition.

3s. 6d.

12mo.

Reading-book, containing

"With Notes
Mythology, Geography, Roman
Antiquities, and History.
and
3s. 6d.
12mo.
Dictionary. Second Edition.
Latin
Part
III.
A
Poetry Book.
-

Containing:" Hexameters
12mo.
3s. 6d.
Prosody.

and

Part

"

Containing

Rules

of Synonyms,

aud

IV.

Latin

with

systematic

Graeca ;

Delectus, and

of

Composition.

Prose

copious
course

Examples,
Exercises

on

Explanations
the
Syntax.

12mo.

Student's

Grammar,

By H. E. BUTTON,

Vocabularies.

M.A.

3s. 6d.

Greek

Grammar.

By

Latin

Grammar.

Post

Grammar.

Abridged

CURTIUS.

Professor

Post

7*. 6d.

8vo.

Course.

Greek

First

Exercise-book,with

SrdEdition.

Smaller

Greek

12mo.

3s. 6d.

12mo.

3s. Gd.

Latin

STANLEY'S

Plans.

8vo.

Jewish

Plans.

Sermons

"

Second

St.

Post

Paul's

8vo.

Edition.

Woodcuts.

Post

Memoir.

Epistles

ApostolicalTeaching.

to

the

'Second

Corinthians.

of

TJiird

Canterbury.

Edition.

Is. 6d.

8vo.

the

Second

work.

ADDRESSES
Second

SAMUEL.

7s. 6rf.

in Connexion
Palestine,'

Map.
Bible
in

above

TO

16s.

Evangelical and
8vo.

8vo.

Edition.
-

Second

18s.

Sinai and

"

above.

Church.

ABRAHAM

From

8vo.

Historical Memorials

Sixth

on

Edition.

the

from

16s.

Church.

Edition.

Second

above.

the

from

Eastern

the

of

8vo. 7s. Qd.

Abridged

Grammar.

(CANON)History

Edition.

the

Syntax,

3s. 6d.

12mo.

of

Eclogse Ovidianse; Latin

Pentameters;

AND

Edition.

with

their

History.

16s.

Land.

Holy
Edition.

Woodcut*.

CHARGES
8vo.

10s. 6d.

OP

Being

Extracts

from

Fcp. 8vo. 2s. Cd.

BISHOP

STANLEY.

With

LIST

30

Piince

Ihe

H.B.H.

of

Lives

"

Post

Highlands.

of

some

of

Edition.

his

With

; or, the

Wild

12

8vo.

2s.

Woodcuts.

Square

Story of

the

Little Brother

and

Sports

Natural

History

the

of

3s. Gd.

the

in

Adventures

Woodcuts.

Life

(EARL)
M.S.

Post

16mo.

Jupiter Ammon.

"STANHOPE'S
from

Seventh

Cromwell.

in Boots.

8vo.

(BAYLE)
of

Tour
of

2s. Gd. coloured.

Illustrated.

(CHARLES)

Oasis

the

Notices

Church.

the

and

Roe

Charmed

Sister.

ST. JOHN'S

of

Bunyan

plain, or

Is. Gd.
"

and

during
with

East,

8s.

Book

(OTTO)Puss

SPECKTER'S
12mo.

the

7s. Gd.

8vo.

Post

in

8vo.

(EGBERT)

SOUTHEY'S

Wales

of

Visited.

Places

the

Preached

Sermons

(CANON)

STANLEY'S

WORKS

OF

Papers.

8vo.

William

of

Second

Desert

Libyan

Post

With

Pitt.
Portraits.

Edition.

and

the

2s.

Extracts

Vols,

PostSyo.

42*.

Miscellanies.

"

Second
and

(GEORGE

STEPHENSONS'
Third

(Tnos.)

STOTHARD'S

Csesar

of Julius

V*

Smaller

of

Involution

England
of 1688.

1868.

to

of the

Basedv

OF

HISTORY

12mo.

Empire,

GREECE
With

the

1852.

the

of

Establishment

By H.

and

Art.

8vo.

7s. 6d.
SMALLER

HISTORY

the

W.

Post

8vo.

L.

With

Epitome

; an

BKVAN,

ROME.

OP

9th

Art.

8vo.

By

7*.

Gel.

3s. 6d.

the

Earliest

Times

3s. 6d.

of the

ANCIENT

OF
II. A.

History

Edited

of the

the

Woodcuts.

Decline

Researches

Post

8vo.

by

DR.

WM.

SMITH.

of

7s. 6d.

GEOGRAPHY.

By
Woodcuts.

7s. Gd.

P. MASSH.

Edited

ENGLISH

by Dr. WM.

ENGLISH
B. SHAW.

WK.

the

12mo.

Thousand.

THE
GEORGE

and

Crown

Incorporating

Empire.

Roman

MANUAL
REV.

Times

by DE.

Empire.
History of Literature
25th Thousand.
G. LIDL-ELL, D.D.
Woodcuts.
Crown

Commentators.

Recent

by

the Earliest Times

from

of the

GIBBON
of

ROME

OF

HISTORY

Earliest

Edited

WM.

Fall

Work
Woodcuts.

Literature

Roman
History
Conquest.
'25th Thousand.
Woodcuts.
SMITII, LL.D.
(Questions. 2*.)
HISTORY
12mo.
os1 GREECE.
%* A SMALLER

to the

and

on

Invasion

the

3s. Gd.

; from

the

7s. Gd.

the

from

; From

Second

8vo.

Post

Woodcuts.

to the

21s.

of Italy in

Twenty-fifth Thousand.

FRANCE

OF

HISTORY
SMITH.

4to.

21s.

History of England.

Establishment

to the

and

7s. Gd.

8vo.

Post

the

Portrait

Reminiscences.

Architecture

History

the

Continued

HCMB.

DAVID

to

Personal

60 Woodcuts.

Marble

8vo.

HUME.

With

and

Plates.

Ages.

Middle

5s. Qd.

Forming

Engineers."

of British

and

Portrait

Brick

(G. E.)

STUDENT'S

Life.

With

ByMrs.BBAY.

STREET'S

Lives.

ROBERT)

Lives

8vo.

21s.

8vo.

Illustrations.

"

Smiles'

of

Volume

Post

Edition.

Edited

by DR.

WM.

SMiTH.Post

LANGUAGE.

SMITH.

Post

LITERATURE.
8vo,

7*. Qd.

8vo.

By
7*. Rd.

*%

T.

PUBLISHED

SWIFT'S

BY

MR.

MURRAY.

31

(JONATHAN) Life, Letters, Journals,

JOHN

FORSTEB.

Svo.

and

Works.

SYME'S

(PROFESSOR)Principlesof Surgery.

5tk Edition.

TAIT'S

(BISHOP) Dangers

of

8vo.

Notes

(HENRY)

THOMSON'S

Safeguards

from

Life.

New

(DR.)

Sermons.

Svo.

10*. 6d.

Yols.

Post

1789,

of

(M. DE)

and

FAMILY
the

turning

PRAYER;

arranged

Pages backwards

and

forwards.

2s.

TOCQUEVILLE'S

State

France

of

of that

Causes

the

on

before

the

Translated

Event.

Revolution,
HENBY

by

REEVB,

14s.

Svo.

TRANSACTIONS

Series.

I. and

Vols.

(H. S.) Political

TREMENHEERE'S
bearing

its

Times.

Modern

on

from

Selections

2 Vols.

Post

Three

(PATRICK
M.A.

and

Post

Woodcuts.

TYTLER'S

(REV.

VOYAGE

the

to

Portrait.

Eldon,
Edition.

Third

Svo.

an

their

on

of

account
General

nomena.
Phe-

14*.

J. W.

By RET.

Memoirs.

FRASER)

With

Alps.

Experiments

preached

(REV. DR.) Sermons

VENABLES'

Chancellor

Life of Lord

15s.

BURGON,

Harrow

in

School.

6d.

10s.

8vo.

Svo.

9s.

8vo.

VAUGHAN'S

Ancients,

Post

Illustrations.

of the

Glaciers

Observations

Years'

of the

2s. 6d.

Svo.

Correspondence.

his

OF

Svo.

21s.

Svo.

(JOHN)

TYNDALL'S

Fcap.

Private

and

Public

(HORACE)
with

II.

Experience

Sahara.

(H. B.) Great

TRISTRAM'S

SOCIETY

ETHNOLOGICAL

THE

OF
New

LONDON.

Scenes

L.) Domestic

R.

of

Author

Mauritius.

By

Treasures

of Art

Post

in Russia.

Svo. 5s.
Post

PADDIANA."

"

9s. 6d.

Svo.

(DR.)

WAAGEN'S
Account

With

IDA.

AUNT

Chief

Collections

1832.

Svo.

Public

Being

an

for

Children.

Young

By

of

Results

the

Reform

Bill of

5s. "d.

(JAMEB)
Edition.

Britain.

5s.

16mo.

Woodcuts.

(SiR JOHN) Practical

WALSH'S

Great

of

Story-book

TALKS.

AND

in

Paintings, Sculpture, Manuscripts,

from
Obtained
Personal
tion
Inspec"c. "c., in this Country.
4 Vols.
Svo.
to England.
Visits

of the

Miniatures,
during

Life.

Correspondence.
Portrait.

Selections

With
Svo.

By

JAMES

J. P. MUIBHEAD.

P.

from

his

MOIBHEAD,

Private
M.A.

and
Second

16s.

Origin and Progress

By

Theology.

2s.

Illustrations.

OF

the trouble

save

Royal Svo.

WATT'S

Inn

Zealand.

MANUAL
to

as

WALKS

14s.

24*.

THREE-LEAVED

in

Modern

Fcap. Svo.

(ARCHBISHOP) Lincoln's

8vo.

TWISS'

and

Svo.

9s.

TAYLOR'S

so

By

(In Preparation.')

Plates.

of his Mechanical

3 Vols.

Svo.

45s.

Inventions.

32

LIST

OF

WORKS

WELLINGTON'S

PUBLISHED

(THE

DUKE

Compiled
Campaigns.
COL. GUBWOOD,
C.B.

from

BY

MR,

MURRAY.

OF) Despatches during

Official and

8 Vols.

8vo.

Authentic

other

by his SON.

Vols.

I.

Selections
Orders.

COLONEL

By

WILKINSON'S

(SiR

Manners,
Revised

and

and

in

With

Dalmatia

and

Hertzegovina,

and

Woodcuts.

2 Vols.

On
of

Dressed

or

Woodcuts.

with
several

WILSON'S

to

the

Illustrations.

Post

(GENL-

Invasion

of

Edition.

8vo.

12s.

to

Plates

Map.

Necessity

andria,
Nile, Alex-

Post

8vo.

for

15s.

General
laying

on

out

Illustrations

and

Detailed

Information

and

with

Life,
JOSIAH

the

his

from

Extracts

BATEMAN.

for

Is. 6d.

18mo.

Map.

tralia;
Aus-

South

Second

Edition.

9s.

Secret

ROBERT)
and

Russia,

to

Artisans.

Rev.

By

Handbook

of

History

of the

Retreat

French

the

French

1812.

Army,

Second

15s.

Travels, Personal

of

Diary

Services,

and

in Spain, Sicily,
and
during Missions
Employments
"c. 1812-14.
2 Vols.
8vo.
26".
Russia, Poland, Germany,

Events,

Turkey,

Memoirs.

Autobiographical

"

his

Nations.

the

Thebes,

"

Man's

and

8vo.

SIR

Private

Public

8vo.

Journey

Slavonic

Remarks
; with
With
Coloured

Farmer,

of Labourers

Journals.

and

with

the

the

Gardens.

(BISHOP DANIEL,)

Letters

Post

Life,
Edition,

18s.

Advice

Classes

2 Vols.

Sinai, "c.

on

(G. B.) Working

New

all Classes

among
Geometrical
8vo.

Egypt.
Mount

and

Colour,

Egyptians.

Woodcuts.

on

42".

8vo.

42s.

for

Taste

General

of the Private

Montenegro

Cairo, the Pyramids,

Diffusion

Account

Remarks

8vo.

Handbook

500

Papers.

and

2 Yols.

Ancient

the

other

18s.

Parliament.

of

and

Despatches

8vo.

G.) Popular

Condensed.

"

Mostar

J.

By

20*. each.

his

from

Customs

and

8vo.

GUBWOOD.

Speeches in

"

IX.

to

various

21s. each.

Supplementary Despatches,
Edited

his

Documents.

Life

Early

down

to

the

Peace

up

the

Containing
of

Account

an

2 Vols.

Portrait.

Tilsit.

of
8vo.

26s.

WOOD'S

(LIEUT.) Yoyage
River

WORDSWORTH'S

(CANON)

Attica.

Third

Edition.

Greece,

Map.
of

600

History
Woodcuts.

of

Greek

Royal

with
Post

Table

8vo.

of the

Contemporary

Source

8vo.

14s.

in

of

Athens

the

and

8s. 6d.

Art, by
8vo.

Account

Historical
G.

SCHABF,

F.S.A.

New

28s.

Schools

of

of Italian
Italy.

Painters
By

LADY.

6s. 6d.

(DR. THOS.)Life
PEACOCK

the

Tour

PostSvo.

(RALPH). A BiographicalDictionary

WORNUM

YOUNG'S

with

With

Edition.

Journal

Plates.

to

Pictorial,Descriptive,and

of

Badakhshan.

and

Oxus, by Kabul

Indus

and

JOHN

and

LEITCH.

Miscellaneous
Portrait

and

Works,edited by
Plates.

4 Vols.

8vo.

DEAN

15*. each.