Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero - William Forsyth 1869 - Full - 3rd Edition

LIFE
OF
Marcus
By
FELLOW
LATE
OF
OF
'HISTORY
OF
AT
AND
SIR
HUDSON
ETC.
EDITION
THIRD
TH
JURY,'
BY
TRIAL
HELENA
ST.
Q.C.
CAMBRIDGE.
COLLEGE,
TRINITY
'NAPOLEON
HORTENSIUS,'
WI
M.A.
FORSYTH,
WILLIAM
'
AUTHOR
Cicero
Tullius
20
IL
US
TR
TI
0 NS
LONDON
JOHN
ALBEMARLE
MURRAY,
STREET
1869
Tlte
right of Translation
is reserved.
LOWE,'
2-t"o
:L"C
\ROt
AVAJLAttE
-\
"/
DEDICATION
My
Dear
Lord
this
dedicate
friendship,
and
whose
one
gifts,
for
minds
of
his
setatis
exornat
moria
dignus,
qui
than
ancient
mankind,
olim
great
nominabitur
Believe
Cicero
vividly
"
Vir
Dec.
Mortimer,
1863.
of
intellectual
recal
Superest
nunc
sincerely
ployed
em-
the
to
Statesman,
sseculorum
W.
Firs,
be
uniformly
Orator,
our
name
adhuc
me-
intelligitur."
me,
Very
The
the
and
of
cannot
with
Rome.
gloriam
nostrae
token
splendid
other
the
countrymen
of
of
displayed
of
as
you
Life
and
welfare
the
to
inscribed
eloquence
Philosopher
and
work
conspicuously
so
"
because
appropriately
more
et
Brougham,
yours,
FORSYTH.
PREFACE.
More
than
first
his
published
Tullius
of
had
when
come
the
public.
has
made
better
of
of
faults
The
by
panegyric,
which
as
truth.
a
of
disfigured
of
defects
It
his
a
into
is
the
in
which,
friends
"
remarks
rien
leur
actions
de
d'abstraction
de
leur
;
vie,
or,
the
vous
"
in
si
sont
Cicero
life,
of
her
deceased
ne
con-
vocation,
nous
les
graphy.
bio-
one
nous
pour
ce
than
of
of
leur
is
of
tone
rather
charm
que
the
Roman.
domestic
case
de
say
sufficiently
in
the
Tant
demeurent
savez
to
with
and
chief
caractere,
ils
much
It
not
Swetchine,
subject
which
"
great
does
to
justifies
"
flattery
private
form
the
happily
naissons
and
his
Madame
to
wrote
the
of
language
of
time
so
indiscriminating
orator,
details
as
Rome
entirely occupied
an
the
inconsiderable.
not
and
almost
and
alluding
"
blind
acceptable
of
of
are
opinion,
my
For
letters
work
be
biographer
account
is the
politician
enter
as
new
that
Middleton
when
than
the
as
scholarship,
literature
clusively
ex-
me
might
of
period
country
to
state
and
history
his
appearance
Life
advanced
understood
nothing
occurred
another
The
the
It
Marcus
of
that
this
in
Middleton
Life
during
field
Cicero.
the
of
has
the
occupied
since
elapsed
History
which
Cicero,
Biography
has
century
des
l'etat
abstractions
PREFACE.
qui parlentau
and
the
It
with
that the
so
much
too
character
of
is, in fact, as
the
composition
in which
historical
with
properlysubordinated
form
to
the
far
not
from
the
truth
it all that
is
it of all that is characteristic
its
of
and
orator
surrounded
acting like
And
the
ancients
been
other
more
as
husbands,
much
the
I have
De
so
that
says
if you
as
the
Ouincey
ing
weed-
by
"
would
should
strip
remove
its whole
ciple
prin-
of like
estimate
and
think
privatelife
speaking and
"
with
home.
the
ourselves, and
of them
idea
the
of
regard
to
passions as
gentlemen, the
be
ungrateful in
am
indebted
to
to
fathers,
as
better
shall
we
much
use
him
has
both
interesting
most
Briefen
"
an
of his
of
"
Orelli and
differ
and
Baiter.
Geschichte
greatlyfrom
of the character
prejudicedand
invaluable
history
of Drumann's
althoughI
formed
acknowledge
to
Abeken's
Tullianum
Geschlechtern,
he
not
me
rightknowledge
our
also made
the
in
was
friends
an
them.
Onomasticon
nach
he
only as
not
ourselves
accustom
we
Cicero
ordinary affairs
able work, Cicero in Seinen
contribution
Roms
in the
friends, and
It would
to
that
remove
exhibit
to
men
persons
understand
and
and
but as
politician,
by his family and
familiarise ourselves
how
accessories
vitality."
objecthas
My
himself,
man
colloquial,
you
would
slangvulgarisms,you
is
picture. Besides,
he
historyof
imply, an
the principal
the
I think
when
laid
over-
to
as
the
tedious, and
and
from
away
of
the
seems
portraitof
background
styleis heavy
is
the
not
of
Cicero
it is
is also
is often
individuality
title
figure,but
details
work
Middleton's
encumbered
time,
lost.
coeur."
unfair.
of
Cicero,
I have
PREFACE.
derived
material
most
is
difficulties
for
But
true
also
referred
of fulness
merit
the
unattractive
in
have
book.
made
I believe
use.
has written
after all,the great
But
them
by
their
and
the
much
omitted
I should
have
the
reason
same
if necessary
can
who
neglected.
of their
is
contents
trulysay
be
most
this
For
omitted
in the
a
it has
in the
been
of many
which
ences
of refer-
advanced,
supposed
agreeable relaxation
me
but
I mention
that
completion of
with
For
text.
number
have
siderably
con-
reason
prepared,and
insert
be
volume
obliged very
readilyproduced.
labour
that
to
lowing
fol-
the
the
translations
opinions I
lest it should
pains and
the
can
been
I had
also I have
of the
printedin
swelled
have
details and
glad
been
they
merely
love, and
author
no
been, during a
manuscript.
my
many
in support
shunned
of which
student, attracted
is
than
more
parts of the speeches which
this
I have
size,I have
reduce
to
I have
dantry
pe-
the life of Cicero
assiduous
it would
as
inconvenient
an
dull and
style.
work, but
to
mere
I have
irresistible fascination
written
I had
works
life,an
great period of my
to
authorityfor
himself, of whose
Cicero
is
be
is
work
always
Ernesti.
authorities
that there
notes.
Cicero, which
however,
subjectwhose
the
on
of
but
accuracy,
the
and
cally
unmethodi-
Leben
all the
spondence
corre-
have
most
"
would,
It
the
given
are
and
mention
to
me
reference
Bruckner's
to
admirable
excellent
popular edition
in the
"
clear and
of
they
as
the
order,
chronological
in
convenience
the
from
by Schiitz,where
explained by
are
it is
have
has
arranged
the letters
quoted
assistance
Cicero's letters
edition of
xi
I have
task.
my
labour
I cared
to
of
find
xii
PREFACE.
toils
the
from
perilous
their
even
But
literature.
they
that
of
its
are
duties
models
of
times,
than
of
study
only
in
if
they
ancient
if
to
they
volumes
confine
can
and
hardly
Reports.
and
for
the
need
the
with
of
wholly
seek
for
not
discharge
the
law
first
thought
be
familiar
themselves
precedents
of
it
to
like
anything
attention,
themselves
make
supposed
be
has
qualified
be
eloquence
technical
the
likely
it
doubt,
no
profession
their
and
to
with
their
whole,
less
lawyers
upon
is,
It
subsecivce
although
the
monopolise
of
horce
claims
foremost
and
profession.
my
interests
the
to
occupy
of
the
ancient
to
the
inspiration
CONTENTS
Pages
Chap.
I.
The
Boyhood
II.
The
Student
III.
Cicero
IV.
Quaestor
1-13
1422
Bar
the
at
23-35
Curule
and
Êdile
.
V.
VI.
Correspondence
The
Domestic
and
36-52
Life
53-68
69
Prêtorship
.
VII.
Canvass
for
Consulship,
the
Election
and
80-95
VIII.
IX.
X.
The
Consulship
VlR
CONSULARIS
Mysteries
96-126
I27-I35
of
Bona
the
Dea
Trial
and
of
Clodius
136-152
XL
The
First
XII.
The
Exile
79
Triumvirate
I53"179
180-196
.
Return
XIII.
The
XIV.
Confusion
197-217
at
His
Cicero
Rome"
Speeches
in
"
Trials
Defence
important
several
Ccelius
of
"
Caesar
supports
218-244
.
XV.
Letters
from
the
Gossip
Country
Defence
"
Apology
Distracted
"
XVI.
XVII.
Clodius
The
and
Proconsulate
of
Attack
on
"
Piso
"
Political
Plancius
"
State
of
245-286
Rome
.
Milo
287-307
308-339
CONTENTS.
XIV
Pages
Chap.
XVIII.
XIX.
Civil
War
340-378
Divorce
Troubles
Domestic
Death
of
Second
Tullia
Terentia
from
"
Marriage
379-408
"
"
XX.
XXI.
Death
C-esar
of
409-430
Departure
Vacillation
Return
XXII.
Quarrel
den
Sud-
and
Rome
to
431-450
The
Antony
with
Italy
from
"
Second
Philippic
"
Movements
Antony
of
Octavian
and
451-475
"
XXIII.
The
Embassy
XXIV.
The
Siege
to
XXV.
of
Mutina,
and
chery
Trea-
Octavian
Proscription
The
476-499
Battle
and
of
Antony
500-529
Death
and
Cicero
of
His
"
Character
53"-547
APPENDIX.
Cicero's
Orations
549-55"
.
Roman
Index
Consuls
during
Cicero's
Life
550-552
553-557
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Cicero
from
Medal
Bronze
Magnesia
to
Lydia
in
Site
(from
Forum
Roman
The
Cicero
which
near
Lilybêum,
of
Theatre
face
Title-page
of
Photograph)
19
.
36
Marsala
now
62
Tusculum
at
Cicero's
Town
born
was
the
Arpino,
by
struck
....
Formic
Villa,
65
....
Temple
Capitolinus
Jupiter
of
restored
Canina
by
Cav
80
......
Mausoleum
Augustus
of
92
....
Temple
The
Concord
of
Port
restored
Cav.
by
Canina
Brundusium
of
112
188
....
Pompey's
Theatre
Appian
Road
restored
by
Cav.
Canina
Lanuvium
towards
287
The
Appian
Tibur
"
Pompey
Julius
Way
Regina
"
the
Modern
the
Great
Viarum
294
Tivoli
34o
379
Cesar
.
The
Capitoline
409
Wolf
45i
.....
Ruins
on
the
Esquiline
500
....
Formic,
where
Cicero
was
murdered
.
Tomb
245
of
Cicero
......
53"
547
fiif
IK.
l,Tf;;
jL
S*^*-
11
ARPINO,
'"i
NEAR
'si "' ^'"W^^Sfv"
WHICH
WAS
CICERO
.\:x.
On
the
the
river
to
the
known
the
Liris,
the
as
ancient
thickly
the
the
into
Before
two
island,
at
the
now
the
point
and
where
of
midst
its
called
The
far
not
ice-cold
its confluence
channels
the
in
lofty poplars,
mingled
landscapes,
Liris.
in
flowed
frontier
the
the
the
banks
the
rivers
B
of
little
the
met,
stream
tended
ex-
Fibrenus,
of
Italian
of
waters
the
it divided
small
and
and
lower
another
were
oaks
river
the
larger
Carnello
river
loveliest
with
lay
Naples,
of
grove
been
since
of
rapidly past
di
has
what
channel
winding
kingdom
of
one
waters
Isola
two
of
off, the
with
rushed
in
and
which
hills, below
Volscian
the
Lavoro
where,
east,
Fibreno,
of
Arpinurri.
with
wooded
106-91.
b.c.
northern
di
of
town
to
now
Terra
BOYHOOD.
Garigliano,
the
on
I.
1-16.
one
the
now
and
sea,
of
side
steep
*~$"*~
BORN.
CHAPTER
THE
---2s*
island
ful
beauti-
down,
was
BOYHOOD.
THE
formed, since known

from
Dominican
there
In
the Isola San
as
and
still remains.
this
pleasant spot,
Fibrenus
hills and
amidst
met,
San
or
rocks
woods,
and
"that
not
which
a^dileship,
an
even
chair, and
like
events
in the
alludes
There
Arpinum.
the Tullian
that
long
it, saying, that
to
make
for
out
be
assertion
an
that
so
known
been
as
it
that
is
the
1
of
face
consuls
The
dar the
October,
to
date
R.c.
the
of
for the
107.
it would
Manius
from
descended
Servius
the
year
cultivator
less
progenitors
"
C.
were
calen-
birth would
of the
that
fact
in consequence
his
franchise
those
another
but
Julianreformed
of Cicero's
of
fication
falsi-
Sulpicius
be
time
some
enjoyed the full rights of

of Cicero
The
family name
like
and Q. Servilius Csepio.
Atilius Serranus
According
one
of the
source
with
to
and, alluding to
instance
an
Roman
Republic.
given
was
efforts
the
at
fertile
inhabitants
successful
ciccr
called
the
king of the Volscians,
pedigree
was
the
others, from
and
Pisones,
back
carried
smiled
consul
was
probably derived,
most
was
the
Great
of the
citizens
Plutarch
and
Rome
at
against the Romans.
he
that
received
had
Arpinum
before,
as
republic,open
expulsion of the Tarquins.2
the
after
years
him
by
patricianwho
Tullius, the
ten
honour
family history,said, that
of
descent
Attius,
Rome
at
Rome,
at
tradition
persons
illustrious
an
orations
funeral
the
him
royal
Napoleon,
like
himself,
Cicero
ivory
It
indeed
some
origin of the family to Tullus

without
not
who
waged war
of the
belonged to the
settled in the neighbourhood
been
of
was
gens
office ;
curule
of the
alike.
was
beian
ple-
ennobled
not
magistracies
centuries
third
the
of
the honour
to
the
the
der
step in the lad-
lowest
other
later
had
equestrianclass, and
of
citizen
patricianfamilies
plebeianand
to
and
on
filled any
the
was
all the
which,
all
at
entitled
that
of rank
was,
had
its members
of
is,none
erected
was
Liris
the
born.1
January, B.C. 106, Cicero was
old and
His
respectable,but was
family was
It was
and
of the patrician order.
not
of
Domenico,
in later times
point where
the
at
Paolo,
which
monastery
i.
chap.
to
The
have
Tullios
Lentuli, Fabii,
ancestor
some
of
the
humble
had
table
vege-
complimentary theory
of a personal defect in
in
fact
word
meant
Tullius
wart
alii dixerunt
esse
or
car-
originally
seems
"spring"
rivos, alii vehementes
guinis arcuatim
or
"rivulet."
silanos, alii
projectionessan-
fluentis.
"
Festus.
DERIVATION
1-16.
,kt.
bimcle
OF
the nose.1
on
stillalive when
was
Gratidia
he
he
his
this story of
NAME.
was
introduce
to
it.
strongly opposed
grandfather,and
vation,
innosister
lot
bal-
by
vote
Cicero
that
adds
who
friend of
no
Gratidius, whose
married, proposed
Arpinum,
into
born,
was
brother-in-law
his
had
FAMILY
paternal grandfather Marcus,
Cicero
when
and
His
THE
mentions
Gratidius
was
trying to raise a tempest in a cup {excitabat fluctus in simof old Marcus's

the consul
heard
Scaurus
pulo). When
firmness, he much
applauded it,and said, I wish, with such
and
virtue
have
shown, you had preferred
as
courage
you
The
town."
the arena
of a great metropolis to a provincial
old
gentleman hated the Greeks, and used to say that his
the more
like Syrian slaves
Greek
were
they
countrymen
knew, the greater rascals they were.
had
Marcus
Gratidia
another
the grandfather and
son
named
Cicero's father; and, according to
Lucius, besides
Caius
most
to
genealogists,a daughter Tullia, married
"
"
Aculeo,
Roman
But
knight.
Drumann
daughter, and that Aculeo, who

married
distinguished orator, was
no
and
sister of
the
aunt,
friend
of
L.
mother.2
his
Licinius
eloquence with
Crassus,
himself
and
Antonius
the
paternal uncle of Cicero.3
Cicero, as qucestor in Sicily,
When
about
to
temple of
some
was
had
make
silver vessels which
inscribed
Tullius, he
the
grave
the third
offeringin
an
with
told
his
the
figureof
silversmith
and
will be
Marcus
M.
M.
T.
Cicero
m.
T.
Cicero
m.
(i) Terentia.
about
was
Tullius
Cicero
m.
the
T.
Lentulus.
M.T.Cicero.
Triumvir,
that
advised
was
Cicero, but
would
he
the
:
of the
names
and
he
make
surelyhe
Geschichte
v.
Roms
213.
followinggenealogicaltable
The
useful
for reference
"
Gratidia.
Cicero
m.
Pomponia.
(1) Piso.
(2) Crassipes.
-(3)Dolabella.
of
word.
(2)Publilia.
Tullia,m.
of
Catuli
Helvia.
Quintus
the
public life he
Drumann,
Geschkchtcm,
Plutarch
he
palm
See
nach
when
the
gloriousthan
more
would
days
heraldry,his canting arms
probably have had a vetch for the crest.
that
into
enter
kept his
the
of
says
intimate
by marriage with Lucius,
Scauri
en-
lived in
he
to
it
for the
{ciccr)
vetch
Had
name.
he
to
the
also
change his name

proudly answered
Marcus
names
maternal
to
lawyer
Cicero's
contested
connected
was
to
was
who
learned
grandfather of
the
Antonius,
He
was
he had
that
asserts
j
Q.T.Cicero.
Lucius
T.
Cicero.
Lucius
T.
Cicero.
BOYHOOD.
THE
His
father, who
he
and
life of
he
But
a
also
had
mind
had
his
opportunities. He
family, which
appears
and
literarytastes,
of cultivated
man
the
quiet
in the
gles
strug-
lead
and
according
little better
been
have
previously to
of
measure
dwelling of the
old
the
enlarged
have
to
the
of
bustle
seems
to
i.
health,
engaging
gentleman, instead
and
mingling in the society and
ambition
Rome.
his property
on
weak
of
country
of
been
reside
preferred to
Marcus, had
called
also
was
chap.
The
of Cicero's mother
name
ordinary farm-house.
than
is known
was
Helvia, of whose
family nothing more
Plutarch
tells us, and
this is comprised in the short
what
than
an
she
that
sentence
makes
works.
of
intellect,and
strong
many
that could
be
have
owed
mental
famous
has
the
in such
and
been
not
accomplishment,
fact, what
mothers
of
celebrated
of her
well
seal
to
her
after
Cicero,
of
subject
At
sister.
birth, he
This
the
in
sense
"
been
served
pre-
of his letters,
housewife
that
says
looked
and
she
used
when
even
they
discourage clandestine
and
sake
of
convenience
what
it
as
F.M.N.
was
should
shall
we
that
the
call
his
properly
was
thus
to
Roman
Mark,
Cicero,
Tullius,
Marci
Filius, Marci
Nepos, Cornelia, Cicero ; that is,Mark

Tully Cicero, son of Mark, grandson of
baptismal
given
his
to
to
be
enrolled
tribes;
"hethirty-five
was
bestowed
and
on
son,
In order
citizenship
rightsof Roman
necessary
name
own
Tribe.
of the Cornelian
to enjoythe
it was
"
Cor.
call the
afterwards
dies lustriais.
according
be written
we
franchise
Marcus
good
Ouintus, but no
brother, named
younger
the ninth day after his
usual time, that is on
called the
name,
style,would
M.TulliusM.
or
one
received
was
full
it
imagination
one
house,
biography, although
this
Marcus,1 which,
1
the
mistakes
prevent
in
He
concerns.
that
found
has
anecdote
careful
was
wine-jars in
for the
as
had
surname,
of
son
them
distinguished the
has
Ouintus
sons
the cellar.
visits to
The
to
empty,
were
the
which
"
An
her
domestic
all
up
by
she
that
wit
men.
told
as
shows
which
mother
call
we
and
shrewdness
native
the
made
be
brilliancy of
any
their
have
generally
was
amongst
whom
to
which
it will
cases
as
mothers
ous
numer-
she
instance
an
powers
much
so
of
quoted
in all his
whether
know
to
himself
Cicero
born.
mother
his
to
curious
is
One
well
lady
whatever
allusion
no
woman
was
in
one
when
Arpinum,
of
the
its
'
habitants
lleljan tribe.
were
included
in
the
Cor-
BOYHOOD.
THE
the
but
house,
which
on
of him
alone
His
Cicero
could
in order
education
He
impossible
was
had
in the
youths
of
youth
curious
I should
authority.
be
likely to have
had
there
him
made
and
warm,
form
of
one
the
in
impulsive
But
so.
alas ! how
in the
prematurely
sad
often
!
grave
experience verifythe
He, the
"
are
and
Weary
do
know
not
father left his

his retreat
he
stayed
1
Drumann
assuming
in
dence
Carina?.
streets
It
or
ter.
to
Rome,
It
says
was
Pompey
that
of
one
perhaps
and
father
had
then
a
of
to
reserve,
have
Quick,
men.
he
that
to
did
from
cannot
us
his
own
strong, who cherished

the strife,
perished,
of life ! "
certainty whether
the
of their uncle
care
of
213),
v.
a
sEn.
2
resiHe
and
Arpinum,
superintend their
had
Marcus
education.
or
the
returned
whether
I think
viii. 361, speaks of lattice Cariihc.

Hist, of Rome,
in another
principal saying,
"
He
v.
passage
seems
(Ed. Schmitz).
qualifiesthis by
to have
passed his
30
regions" of Rome.
"
the Ccelian and

was
or
able
lov-
"
fell and
he lived in the
the
are
lines of the poet ?
neighbourhood
(Gesch. Rons,
that Cicero's
lay between
mounts,
Rome
men
young
doubt
not
of
the march
any
under
in the
at
with
with
sons
direct
longingsfor
By the roadside
We
the
early friendshipsburied
mournful
young
Noble
that
no
singularly fitted
was
our
Who
his
in
genial wit, must
and
need
we
of education
Cicero
coldness
no
feeling,he
and
early friendships,
Carina}
dispositionand
companionable
most
their
certainlyhad
few
amiable
nothing of his splendid talents
say
to
that
was
vincial
pro-
with
course
that
believe
to
say
His
more.
in which
nature,
to
called
for this he
inclined
truth, and
is the
contrary
by
at
good family.
Niebuhr
friends.2 But
without
was
remark
of
benefit
procure
usual
doubt
Ouintus
the
both
for
young
no
brother
street
cousins
pursued by Roman
is
in the
the
this
have
to
consul.
times
and
them
placed
house
they might join their
There
there
of
Marius,
that
his
and
they might
therefore
Aculeo, who
that
him
take
to
it
observed
soon
of
seven
ordinary promise,
no
that
which
town.
uncle
of
was
i.
VII., requires
in honour
that he
said
COS.
letters
erected
was
have
must
his father
Rome,
an
it
it be
child
was
determined
to
that
parents
the
still seen
the wall
altar built into
ancient
an
are
show
to
name
no
of
fragment
chap.
youth without any intimate friend ;"and

that a
only in his maturer
Esquiline it was
age
fashionable
house
there.
quar-
Virgil,
true
friendshipwas
and
Atticus."
formed
between
him
of
sense
of the
the
them
him
The
the
his
of
purposes
the
and
Greeks,
was
tongue, but
native
such
object was
Crassus
which
with
teachers
alone
were
Rome.
Cicero
became
extreme
youth,
not
of
Roman
that he
mentions
time
Antonius,
to
and
We
man.
took
delight
Holland
Lady
said
she
child
at
men
regard
to
saw.2
ever
this
but
affected
wished
Crassus
to
time
Rome
over
with
that
both
was
have
his
ii.
1.
time
from
him
far
as
as
gent
intelli-
so
what
first Lord
Holland,
really the
cleverest
life,Cicero
difference
his
Antonius
and
these
to
to
distinguished
so
respecting him
the
he
expressly
he
; and
his
the
Crassus
with
at
the
Antonius,
curiosityof
felt
two
says
eminent
that with
them
between
was
which
the
the
Latin
the
those
of
Greece
narrow-minded
while
prudentissimiviri
language was
up to
native
productions of
Antonius,
bigotry which
patriotism,pretended complete
language and literature of Greece.
Orat.
"
Greek
which
Crassus
eager
miserably deficient,to
ac
his
be
to
of instruction
with
alluding
the
to
venture
for
Ôptimi
language,
reputation of knowing it,

despise it,giving the preference in all things,
to
includingliterature,in
that
In
literature
Greek
days
husband,
period of
advanced
an
her
the
for information
have
must
to
learn
divided
that
believe
Pitt," that
little William
"
to
gratifyingthe
in
to
with
but
him,
in those
him
inquirer,and
an
of
well
can
been
have
seem
that it seemed
put questions
boyish modesty allowed

a
to
of
for the
used
had
"
apply
to
he
branches
Triumvir, who
used
calls
the lectures
composition
with
eloquence
giving
in
or
sons
to
impart
period competent
intimate, notwithstanding
very
only
the
of
grandfather
palm
and
that
at
ately
affection-
speaks
attended
only
familiar
rhetoric,grammar,
as
time
These
acquire those
to
by the reputation of Crassus,
not
so
residence, for
man.1
education.
own
rural
Cicero
perhaps at his recommendation,

same
professorsor teachers whom
and
{in nobis erudiendis)and
brothers, stimulated
two
for
instructinghis
in
excellent
and
wise
most
took
of instruction
means
his
up
metropolis,for
he
pains
took
and
duty,
least,in the great
at
he sacrificed his inclination
probable that
it is very
life to
""" ANTONIUS.
CRASSUS
1-16.
jet.
"
De
"
p. 4.
the
Romans
ignorance
But
Lord
compliance
in
the
of
mistook
both
object of
the
both
Stanhope'sLifeof Fitt,vol.
i.
BOYHOOD.
THE
the
was
would
before
lessened
be
if
audience
Roman
i.
effect of their oratory
the
that
They thought
same.
chap.
they
were
whom
their countrymen
of a nation
supposed to be admirers
so
thoroughly despised. Crassus therefore took care to vaunt
while
Antonius
his preference for everything Roman,
thought
of the
wholly ignorant
There
"
of
the
Plautius, about
Arpinum
at
lectures,which
his
yielded
better
wiser
the
to
plan
aptitude
two,
beyond
the
all
language
then
the
only
histories
Latin
Greek, however,
study
in
Latium,
as
or,
zealouslythan
more
About
born
before
half-a-century
the Senate
passed
Rome.
The
then
the
subjectagain under
Senate, sayingthat men
selves "Latin
duced
schools
new
were
of
Cicero
resolution
rhetoricians
brought
censors
who
called themhad
and
learning,
frequentedby young
introtheir
men
who
of
prose
of
the
and
Cicero,
Lucretius,
poets who
and
and
Ennius,
of
annals
meagre
the
this time
say,
capital.
the notice of the
rhetoricians"
kind
should
the
industry
between
lay
poetry
French
that the
gentleman,
banishingphilosophersand
from
we
in
of
accomplishment
such
of
boy
the
others.
that
us
had
Perhaps
only Latin
dry
at
education
tells
he
Greek.
Naevius,
the
become
Cicero
student
reluctantly
occupied something of the
of
course
And
ourselves.
had
and
Rome,
at
in
was
The
were
from
he
Lucius
was
thought
the
Pacuvius,
were
opened
that
by the
by
Horace.
and
written
was
and
Livy,
and
the
rightlyin giving preference

then still in its infancy,and
Pictor, Calpurnius Piso, and
Fabius
But
enriched
been
not
Virgil,Catullus,
had
allow
to
literature
had
Sallust,Varro,
been
to
parties
was
become
to
friends,who
study both
doubt
they acted
to
was
removed
; but if the choice
for Latin
Greek,
Cicero
wished
exclusively
have
would
and
to
of
himself
there
well attended.
were
advice
devote
he
one
first who
The
young
and
capital,
the
to
when
The
literature
Latin
time
he
call them
days.
school.1
in
for instruction
school
that
supposed
almost
may
in those
the Greek
other
the
we
"
it
article.
exotic
Rome
at
have
to
schools
two
were
education
Latin,
be
plan would
safer
the
amongst
language
It
tion
posi-
same
does
in the
vated
culti-
was
provinces,even
the
considered
was
Greek
and
fashionable
phrases
and
their time there for whole
idled away
days together[ibihomines
adolescentulos
desidere). They declared that

they did not like the novelty,and called
its displeasure
to mark
the Senate
on
dies totos
againstboth
were
of
De
ordered
teachers and
to
shut
up
pupils. They
their
"schools
impudence" {ludum impudenties).

"
Orat.
iii. 24.
B.c.
06-9 1
INTIMA
Greek
quotations
Even
the
AR
WITH
everywhere
were
sturdy Cato
their
and
C Y
CHI
A S.
effeminate
beneath
literature
good society.
despised the nation
Censor, who
the
and
character,
the
in
current
attention
who
of
had
deemed
Roman,
their
last gave
at
the
prevailing Graeco-mania, and, according to a wellold

known
the
in extreme
to
story, applied himself
age
study of the language. Cicero, as might be expected from
his exquisite taste, was
literature ;
passionately fond of Greek
way
to
and
his
letters
his
prove
One
he
that
teachers, who
only imperfectly,
Phaedrus, the
He
who
also
had
in
defence
of
his
His
the
has
intimacy
His
speak Latin
to
not
all.
at
he
instructors, and
of
reputation as
teacher
sively
poet depends exclu-
preserved ; but
delivered
years
not
know
we
of
in honour
poems
of
patron, the
friend, for
and
Cicero
custom
Roman
later
in
was
when
usual
the
to
Cicero
He
Antioch
from
house
which
Glaucus,
into
sprang
place
of
some
line
that
the
he
noble
from
two
with
nostica,
or
popular
at
the
eaten
where
sea,
Greek
that
Rome.
himself,
he
young
of
hero
he
We
poet.
was
told
are
composed
which
fisherman
of
mad
into
changed
by
called
poem
plant, went
certain
he
of
of
had
on
astronomy
"
the
Phaenomena
Aratus,
Although
sense
was
poems
science
Diosemeia
proper
in Cicero
and
sea-god,
which
he made
the fatal spring being afterwards
also
the Glaucus-leap. He
translated
into
as
known
connected
also
very
awakened
have
may
himself
having
the
verse
Archias
with
when
Bceotia, who,
this
Rome
been
be
to
that
Pontius
in the
his
of Rome.
desire
Latin
his
of
with
converse
perhaps
cases
one
the
in
laudatory
Plutarch
the
able
was
his former
verses
families
been
language
peculiar regard.
pupil of the poet Archias.
speech
of
composed
have
it
treasures
learning that
to
old, and, according
the
rich
able
some
to
clays,resided
wealthy Lucullus.
the
of
those
on
in
come
five years
was
and
in terms
became
Greek
to
seem
quotations which
be
might
Epicurean,
of him
speaks
for
practicalreason
thoroughly was,
and
expressions
familiarity with
intimate
contains.
Greek
in
abound
the
great
he
whose
had
word, and
not
subjects
or
and
works
the
were
Progvery
poetic faculty
frankly acknowledged
facilityin
the
composition
of
THE
io
amused
and
verses,
life.
himself
of his
Some
Marius,
which
of
hero,1and
that
his
these,
with
productions
different
long
were
been
i.
periods of
such
poems,
written
of
his
the
as
the
during
epic celebration
an
was
chap.
it at
have
to
seems
his
life
life and
his
Consulship (de sno Consulatii)

Times
in one
(de snis Temporibus). It was
of
probably the Consulship,that the unfortunate
the
exploits; and
and
BOYHOOD.
own
most
on
poems
lines occurred,
Cedant
togae, concedat
anna
laurea
laudi,2
and,
O
fortunatum
jingle of which
the
Seneca,
tilian,and
who
enemies
took
however
clung
with
is attacked
hear
of
heard
have
opinion, that
in
endure
it would
innumerabilibus."
nor
When
Rousseau
addressed
lettre
and
and
Middleton
that time
He
for
which
He
such
lines he
saying,
"
must
favourable
declared
that
Canescet
saeclis
neither
was
Marius
on
poem
would
has
goes
spared
adds
that
not
"
have
the world
lavish
far
so
us
"
as
it had
been
similar
declare
to
poet
an
ode
so
that
Plutarch
Both
his
of
is
poetry,
fragments
with
that
us
the
same
oratorical."
He
things by compari-
more
militaryis
renders laudi l"yrfjjXiJottt], laurea
the
probably one
presses
his
upon
and
Plutarch
convince
to
concedat
there
adresse,
son
that
to
always judges
was
wittilyremarked,
cultivated
inferior
of
copy
fate.
panegyrics
been
Drumann
(Gesck. Roms, v.
221)
ingeniously fixes the date of this poem
Cicero
therefore was
as
B.C.
87, when
old.
sufficient
are
critic
jamais
years
Voltaire
to
with
poetical genius, if
care,
'-'
his
lawyer
qui riarrivera
epic has met

Pliny the younger
nineteen
line
envious."
had
Posterity,the sneering
to
une
sent
once
Cicero's
his
his
prophet.
Voici
old
and
Officiiscalls the
capital
Of
ages,
the
But
day,
own
for them,
De
the
Augur
for endless
his
forget them.
complimentary
some
of
him
"
and
the
Juvenal, Ouin-
parental fondness
enough.
Scaevola
Mucius
Ouintus
it often
of
should
togce
wicked
wits
at
true
armec
the
by
the
in his treatise
and
beginning Cedant
verse
of
as
Romam
ridicule
nobody
them
to
the
laughing
that
care
offspring;
deformed
well
as
consule
me
provoked
tired of
never
were
natam
laudi.
of the line
lingua,which
the meaning
distinctly
inferior to
more
version
laurea
civil
of alliterative
ex-
that
glory. But
jinglein the
he
Horace,
extravagant
in
their
He
not
Est
is
unjust
were
great poet,
finelyexpressed by
divinus
Deus
in nobis, agitante calescimus
is
there
which
much
better
so
afflatus,
poetry
have
would
he
But
himself.
knew
he
and
Ouintus
his brother
than
poet
real
no
illo !
had
it,
made
decided
vigorous versification, and the specimens that

that he was
his writings show
find scattered
amongst
talent
and
Middleton
But
been
have
Virgil
as
detractors
the
frankly confessing that

a
poet
all."
at
could
never
line
in the
without
great
so
none
as
POET
praise as Cicero's
in his
censure.
had
for he
not
was
decried
was
as
Ovid
he
because
and
son,
AS
REPUTATION
1-16.
^t.
for
we
far
superior in point of style and harmony, in choice of diction

had
hitherto
and
facilityof expression, to the poets who
written
in the Latin
language. Their compositions are full
of the
works
Roman
that
for the
such
of
poetry
in
most
in the
youthful genius
At
the
before
formally
the
assumed
had
1
arrived
works
known:
toga pura
the
at
7.
of
"
Homer
Cicero,
1.
so
far
Translations
into Latin
throughouthis
works.
as
grams
of
verse,
2.
The
poetical
they
are
the
his
exercised
of
custom
brought
indicated
the
lines
Four
Suetonius
rius.
De
suo
names.
series of
distinguished men"
in his Vita
he
that
but
apparently a
verse.
and
introduced
was
known
now
OQ
9.
presence,
boyish dress,
and
"
the
are
ln
quoted by
Tcrentii.
Consulatu.
in three
epi-
hexa.
De
suis Temporibus,
scattered
Elegia Tamelastis, mentioned

by Servius
Libellus
in Virg. Eclog. i. 58.
12.
Jocularis,quoted by Quint, viii. 6.
Niaeno-
13.
Pontius
Glaucus.
books.
8. Ma10.
passages
of Aratus.
Prognostica
3. The
of Aratus.
Al(AL0ff7]/j.e?a)
4-6. The
of which
Uxorius, Nilus, poems
cyones,
mena
writings
ceremonies
his
is
Limon
meter
list of the
away
were
there, in his
and
nothing
was
pecus.
a
usual
of adolescence,
age
repandirostrum,incurvicer-
followingis
the
virilis,which
or
who
the
to
the toga pr"texta,
vicum
The
aside
of the lines of Pacuvius
One
Nerei
from
laid
Forum
in the
Praetor
the
the
deface
first
Cicero
weed
to
Ennius,
according
with
was
Catullus, Virgil,
service
and
doubt
slightdegree
no
of
poetical
not
poeticalcomposition.1
of
art
sixteen,
youth, Cicero
Roman
he
of
age
hands
small
when
vogue
I do
in
expressionsas
Attius,
Naevius,
Pacuvius,
authors
and
words
monstrous
no
was
him
to
the
in
It
Ovid.
and
free, and
wholly
indebted
was
it made
advance
Horace,
been
have
to
appear
Cicero's
which
from
barbarisms,
uncouth
most
II.
THE
i2
into
public life.
dress
so
of
dignity
tells
to
coat
instead
reference
of
serious
an
when
age
the
"
and
might
with
coloured
Roman
was
it is
in the
and
station
boy
was
mind
in the
the
custom
or
presented
to
the
other
the
accompanied
crowd
Forum,
the
and
robe
toga
significanceof
of
of rank
believe
to
point
for
Censor
there
that
awaken
the
out
the
in his
path
to
stones
youth
through
offered
at
the
the
home
but
ourselves.
so
Forum
altar
; and
man,
never
was
or
was
his
when
court
along the
up
of
The
the
received
to
the
of
rest
hero
of
of
the
day
the
presents
as
ing
surround-
old
Sacra,
a
in
the
Cato
paved
After
which
sacrifice
was
magnificent temple
spent
was
hour,
on
He
friends
idlers
Via
Capitol,and
Jupiter, whose
was
there,
and
they, that
were
he
performed.
relatives
lack
by
was
applause of the
any
numerous
conducted
was
the hill.
crowned
dress
the
conducted
Forum,
tribunal
amidst
be
be
proposed that the ground should
to make
it a less agreeable lounge.
once
sharp
the
to
change of
him,
to
man
congratulations of
and, indeed,
this the
boy
uniform
young
relation
near
of
ceremony
who
at
of
sort
the
attainment
well
may
plain
the
symbolical
was
of the
We
Praetor, whose
received
ran
for the
was
then
with
as
the
robe
of
dress
called
and
The
white
the
from
robe
stirringsof ambition,
his father
the
republic.
the
notice
to
course
abilities.
a
life
eminence.
The
and
not
embroidered
in it
also
of
of
so
was
persons,
struggle of life,and
clothed
future
impossible
The
costume.
success
unofficial
by
do
to
distinguished
as
reached
had
he
much
was
business
worn
was
the
expressly
boy
and
hitherto
change
"
active
began
which
Ovid
that
temperament
had
border,
worn
And
pura.
the
he
magistrates,
which
he
his
to
toga prcetexta which
in the
cation
edu-
assumes
Roman
i.
manet.
It showed
when
he
and
ante
of
case
engage
precise period
varying according
when
;
his
of the
case
occasion
an
important.
he
in the
nobis, quod fuit
in the
imply that
not
jacket
such
to
change, however,
more
did
English boy
an
Et stadium
The
chap.
than
more
dear
with
us,
This, however,
finished, any
was
of
BOYHOOD.
now
no
in
ties
festivi-
longer
birthday amongst
CHAPTER
II.
THE
Ait.
The
contrast
great
that
before
the
accustomed
pleaders
resort
to
there,
Nor
were
like
those
choose
of
to
of
justice;
the
other,
those
who
law
to
the
only
the
delivered
but
to
however,
The
the
of
not
in
in
the
and
required
pritdcntum
the
easy
stiff
or
formal
mode
gratuitously
in
gratuitous
advice
who
legal
familiar
For
always
was
there
opinions,
of
courts
points
on
assistance.
came
with
it
sometimes
causes
manner
of
and
be,
advocating
students,
to
the
cultivate
cultivating
jurisconsult
Roman
the
climb
to
undertaking
their
fill
fellow-citizens.
was
of
tages
advan-
to
only
man
at
methods
the
their
might
by
was
giving
by
but
suitors
responsa
one
accused,
house
modes
two
which,
of
public
every
practice
aspired
of
might
these
could
they
law
on
who
a
both
who
suffrages
were
defence
purpose
not
of
there
combined.
were,
the
lectures
combined
those
first
honorarium.
an
was
to
extent
that
knew
by
there
might
having
those
to
open
analogy
this
of
public
yet
certain
was
state
and
both
success,
of
It
And
therefore,
object,
popularity,
of
to
ambition
of
The
the
and
of
offices
court,
certain
both.
of
of
of
student
cases,
know,
we
them.
bore
instruction,
ladder
inns
our
which
as
are
we
chambers
young
payment
to
different
which
no
answer
the
by
far
so
attend
to
great
there
admission
obtained
and
precedents
copy
the
belong
very
to
were
which
to
that
There
conveyancers,
or
in
that
so
clearly
bring
life
social
from
is
manners
it, and
taught
was
England.
in
of
Rome
republican
in
realise
to
usages
Law
antiquity.
manner
of
the
modern
and
difficult
eye
90-82.
k.c.
ancient
very
mind's
remote
Rome
17-25.
between
it is
STUDENT.
to
which
modern
conversation,
this
open,
listen
were
tion,
consultasome-
jet.
during a walk
sometimes
during a
language
used
He
the
Scsevola
to
he
to
take
his
of
house,
and
thus
that
was
Augur
his
in
so
notes
the
It
Forum.
assiduously, that
that he hardly
declares
that
and
pupil ;
in the
saunter
himself
attached
15
peristylium of
the
in
times
Cicero
ORATORS.
ON
ATTENDANCE
17-25.
as
kind
emphatic
own
quitted his
ever
and
lectures,
of
side.
his
commit
to the courts
sayings to memory
; following him
when
he pleaded as
when
advocate, and to the Rostra
an
He
thus received
he harangued the people.
practicallessons
and
maxims
in
which
marked
had
he
for
out
himself
formed
and
law,
and
eloquence
in
and
himself,
to
family
same
and
and
attempted
give
was
the
Jus Civile,by writing a systematic
of
lawyers,
most
the
best
like
actors,
spent
He
might
; but
appetite for knowledge
of future
in
at
the
other
no
been
existed
at
then
days
one
and
of
at
her
for the
The
of the
were
the
youthful Cicero.
his desire
motive
no
other
great
study
Army
for
hope
for exertion.
time, except
of
of
looked
and
the
orators, have
imperatively required that

the state
be
should
practised speakers.
of distinction
appeared that
lived to whom
constitution
who
objects
philosophy
knowledge for his
all
stronger
was
sophy
Philo-
chief
two
Bacon
taken
ever
the
day
every
insatiable,and
was
was
of modern
master
those
avenues
time
gestures of
and
the
before
had
"
afforded
Rome.
His
the
;
been
man
place
palmy
opportunities
watched
have
furnished
distinction
Perhaps
Athens
No
boundless.
distinction
eloquent
most
tending
opportunity of atand
orators
pleaders in
truly declared
be
the
to
it ; and
upon
practisingdeclamation.
the great
for himself, that he
Maximus.
no
Roscius
if of any
said, which
be
to
seem
province,"it might
His
he
and
iEsop
oratory
study
claimed
courts
lost
different
reading, writing,and
in
and
his
the
and
Forum
treatise
of orators.
learned
incessantlyoccupied.
the speeches of the
now
of
the
and
who
"
scientific form
calls him
gratefulenthusiasm
with
Cicero
to
Quintus
Augur
Pontifex
the
of
called
the
was
death
the
was
He
he
another
to
of
career
which
was
cousin
Consul,
first who
the
he, too,
the
was
office of
filled the
for
"
and
Scaevola,
Mucius
had
name
the
After
acquire such deathless fame.

of this great lawyer he transferred himself
destined
for
to
at
such
eloquence
the
as
republic
high office
The
the Bar.
two
in
great
And
by
THE
the
Bar
I do
and
narrow
but
in
not
kind
every
concio
or
of
harangue addressed
to
had
of civic honours.
consulship,could
the
people under
suffrage;
in all ages
Pompey
and
Cicero
of
and
in which
noted
he
in the
Greek
taking
orators,
the
at
care
composition, and
kind
the
attempts
and
law, by
Nodes
his
and
attracted
as
indeed
that
art,
most
home,
and
struck
him
delivered
styleby
of rhetoric.
But
I have
written
every
spoken
of
rhetoric,dialectics,philosophy,
him,
and
occupied
in omnium
says,
versal
uni-
to
the
heard
attention.
of
day.
of
most
had
he
works
perusal of
the
votes
of his
at
cultivate his
to
fair
then,
himself
had
speeches
time
in poetry
dies, he
el
the
engaged
turns
which
cessful
suc-
Caesar
study
show
to
soon
the
to
popular favour.
to
and
the
was
speakers
himself
him
almost
well
speak
best
very
the
quaestorshipto
by securing
orators
in
steps in the
successive
amounted
whether
Even
give
to
passport
passages
or
Praetor, or
diligentlydeclaimed
same
of literature
his
surest
was
the
the
to
both
He
the
down
able
devoted
splendid example.
there
the
of the
one
of the
which
be
to
Forum,
oratory
attained
were
therefore
success
be
the
people.
office, from
system
Caesar
considered
was
of
times,
and
Each
only
a
the
cultivate
to
ascending hierarchy
before
in the
ourselves
amongst
eloquence in
law
courts
advocate
an
it bears
of
soldier
chance
display of
II.
CHAR
profession of
which
sense
in the
speech
the
mean
limited
STUDENT.
his
doctrinarum
hours.
busy
mcditatione
versabar}
But
fitted
In
his
he
did
confine
not
for
qualify him
to
nineteenth
himself
in the
success
he
year
quitted
the camp,
and
became
for a time
valuable part of the education
of
it
almost
was
to
high
republic,and
the
if he
It
was
war,
to
therefore
which
can
essential
only
be
to
Brutus,
c.
most
who
and
looked
ward
for-
magistrates of
to
campaign
standard, he
was
the
mand
com-
when,
liable
by the sovereign people.

something of the art of
know
taught by
was
might have
he
his
account
severe
those
conduct
victory deserted
This
life of
gentleman
the great
and
Senate.
for the active
Roman
of
studies
the
and
soldier.
Consul,
legions
pursuit of
Forum
them
case
of
one
especiallyas
Roman
called
As
office.
failed,and
be
to
in the
necessary
the
to
active
90.
service
in the
field ;
MILITAR
90-82.
B.c.
UCA
ED
quarrels in which
TION.
the
republic was
engaged
both
abroad
in Italy and
ample opportunity for this.
gave
Rome
was
rapidly accomplishing her destiny as the future
of Italy was
mistress
The
whole
of the world.
subject to
and
the
her
sway
constant
but
there
inhabitants
relation
the
herself
to
had
special cases,
some
looked
under
the
of
sense
Roman
Roman
open
which
The
mentions
how
A
conference
the
Marsians
hostile
how
the brother
should
Pompeius replied
from
necessity."
"
About
this
as
; and
Consul
friend
owing
to
the Mithridates.
Cicero
On
him,
attached
himself
first and
Strabo,
his
speeches
show
to
leader
who
field.
tween
be-
who
which
as
the
Sextus
an
the
enemy
school
of
accompanied
by
had
quitted
by the
the
the
of
attended
upon
occasioned
war
their
with
Italian
campaign,
as
a
pupil, embracing the
the
as
warmly, inasmuch
return
him
to
the
Rome
from
that
in the
philosopherof
to
the
place midway
by inclination
troubles
his
of
into
war
his
enemy
of the
Athens
from
Academy, came
several
distinguished Athenians,
the
an
Scato
address
this
in
one
of
Marsian,
in his presence
to
the
country
were
out
Pompeius
in
when
Philo, the
time
served
generals took
two
the
Cneius
even
broke
during
was
occurred
shown
camps,
he
last
at
Consul
that
the
of
asked
meeting
they
election
in the
vote
year,
the Great
be
may
It
the
incident
an
courtesy
; and
variously called
nineteenth
his
in
not
War.
Social
only campaign, under

the father of Pompey
he
in
citizens, except
Arpinum
discontent
been
has
the
Cicero, then
could
but
magistrate.
Italian, or
The
the
as
armies,
war,
of
that
in
munities
com-
undefined.
and
Roman
and
towns
dependants and tributaries of the

of
state
part of the Republic itself. This
course
galling to their pride,and they chafed
soldiers for
of injustice. They had
to furnish
than
Republic
things was
different
rightsof
as
rather
upon
the
anomalous
was
the
not
of
philosophy all the more

confusion
that prevailed at Rome
this period during the
at
Marius
and
have
to
Sylla seemed
deadly struggle between
annihilated
of the courts
of law.
the ordinary business
But
another
of study of a practicalkind
there was
mode
to
study
which
of
he
knowledge
did
not
of its
fail to
devote
importance
to
C
his
himself
own
with
future
a
career.
prescient
The
THE
i8
with
resounded
Forum
STUDENT.
the
passions of the people ;

Tribune
was
pre-eminent as
who
crowd
Rostra,
eager
stood
eyes,
learning
and
eloquence
tall thin
youth
the
them
from
the
fierce
at
the
It
may
celebrated
be
spot
that
it
to
to
by
sway
has
he
constant
daily delivered
appeared
in
of
the
of
the
Capitol.
Titus
the
nor
the
but
to
the
he
as
the
be
build
eye
gazes
heights
The
Arch
there
not
was
this
;
of
meet
it from
upon
was
of
not
ruins
now
Forum.1
Cicero
spectator
down
he
care
by the
which
ings
of
take
misled
in
personal
own
in the
days
must
we
himself
description
the
fancy
no
attendant
an
attempt
is
his
of
charm
the
of
describes
and
neck
This
drawn
the
from
speakers, and
the
on
of Rome.
then
interesting
as
how
how
were
Amidst
outstretched
attention
where
mentions
harangues
with
Cicero
portrait,but one
most
interestingpassage
and
art
Sulpicius the
thundered
they
as
democracy
which
appearance,
them
to
rapt
these
amongst
ir.
inflamed
who
popular demagogue.
listened
gazing with
of orators
speeches
the
the
chap.
Colosseum,
of
then,
of
two
conspicuous objects
most
in view.
The
Forum
shape, and
at
the
same
the northern
eastern
of
the
which
of
Concord,
temple
bearing
but
at
name,
built
in
side
stood
corner
of
Temple
(or
on
oblong
was
the
later
_.
period)
columns
some
Close
the
pillarornamented
with
the
which
has
years
been
bare.
In
stood
the
brazen
1
Brut. 91.
beaks
this,but
to
in front, stood
still remain.
a
little
the Rostra, facing
Forum,
within
the
base
the
discovered
of
last few
and
laid
front of
this, again,
Duilian
column
of
ships
taken
"
by
h
O
X
Ph
p
o
fa
j.
STUDENT.
THE
2o
Caius
Duilius
firstnaval
in the
over
the Carthaginians.
and
almost
Via
in the
Sacra
Sacred
(the
extremity
the
to
tolinus
when
dividing it
consisted
like
slabs
of
now,
after
the
been
laid down
procession
temple
two-thirds
the
honour
of
Hill, at
of
whole
its
the
been
There
taberna, which
and
it
was
to
the
During
formed
of Rome,
it
those
fallen
been
still
terrible
his
Molo
the
and
style by
the
into
the
hand
of
the
have
his
by
and
translations
the
his
of
he
and
than
still too
young
of
Rome,
lectures
a
works
to
and
In
had
this
attract
rhetoric
consummate
of
were
quietly pursued
in
to
be
have
if he
before.
years
praises as
doubt
assassin
or
the
fled
Julius
no
was
the
that
rather
would
diligentlylaboured
from
scription,
pro-
blood
Demosthenes
four
the
noblest
died
attended
and
Scaevola, Carbo,
executioner
who
of
demanded
Catulus,
Crassus
had
whom
Rhodian,
public speaker
hand
own
fate.
he
the
orators, and
afterwards
the
He
Forum
Marius
horrors
been
bloodthirsty tyrants
studies.
teacher
rage
long
of
Cicero,
called
bosom
when
ensued
Antonius,
similar
alive,but
time
the notice
there
not
tect.
archi-
Virginius snatched
Antipater
their
up
execution.
and
to
when
perish
to
met
by
dangerous
give
the
booths,
or
as
which
and
despair of
as
should
Antistius
that
sanguinary
Athens
of
graceful
two
beholder,
it
death,
to
temple
with
Êgina
dragged to
put
the
their
at
to
Capitol of
slaked
was
people
the
the
was
had
they
from
coalition, and, amidst
fresh
dishonour.
of terror
reign
as
the sides of the
that
plunged
from
if
as
stone,
between
shops
at
these
he
her
save
of
rows
of
which
look
of
this,and
the
and
colonnades
one
knife
daughter
as
formed
from
butcher's
Cinna
long
The
Stayer of Flight,to which,
admiration
were
Jupiter Capi-
blocks
length, stood
antiquarians think, belonged

rivet the
of every
pillars which
gaze
long
generals
of
side
distance
Jupiter the
or
the
By
southern
triumph.
twenty-five centuries,
some
have
of
large flat polygonal

irregularlyplaced, which
of
the
the
run
Roman
of
Palatine
Jupiter Stator,
to
parts,
from
the
yesterday.
about
led
the
lapse
the
two
which
slate
it and
length of the Forum,
into
which
Way),
they enjoyed
pavement
the whole
Capitol,along
in solemn
marched
victorygained by the Romans
Along
middle,
II
CHAP.
cate
advo-
improve
Greek
of
his
writers,
had
proscription
and
from
the
STUDENT
THE
22
the
returned
Rome,
of
course
Republic
and
Lentuli,
was
law
itself.
exhausted
others
and
restored.
and
the
who
in
courts
II.
CHAP.
had
the
like
Men
been
emphatic
was
Curio,
banished
words
reconstituted,
Cotta,
or
of
fled
Cicero,
and
the
CHAPTER
III.
26-30.
Mt.
IT
was
or,
as
this
at
should
we
What
that
speech
been
But
it
when
he
of
to
able
be
technicalities
of
early
cope
of
sufficient
in this
them
When
age
to
he
trial
Ameria,
which
at
and
he
insight
well
was
to
make
it worth
the
into
is
in
versed
quired
re-
the
that
at
even
Hortensius,
as
facts
the
But
side.
of Cicero
argument
other
life
and
who
tells
twenty-seventh
death,
accused
was
us
delivered
He
and
of
his
while
to
about
the
are
detail
business
same
forward
came
as
speech against Androtion,
in
the
defended
began
in
Forum
Sextus
the
parricide,
acquittedhimself
that
year,
first
Demosthenes
first appearance
his
Chrysogonus.
that
the
on
in his
was
made
for
he
that
is rather
case
knowledge
The
his
delivered
was
profession,and fully able

such
with
an
antagonist
interest
public prosecutor
Cicero
The
some
it.
first of
biography.
that
as
his
"retained"
was
not
understand
to
logical,showing
and
age
law, of which
Roman
It
curious
us
previously.
causes
us.
old.
years
affords
and
one,
to
in
had
he
that
us
it is the
that
down
come
twenty-five
was
complicated
is clear
have
that
mysteries
in several
spoken
had
is
Quintius, for
expresslytells
he
It
ascertain.
Publius
of
case
first brief.
his
now
perhaps safely assume
may
speeches
the
occasion
that
on
held
cannot
we
his first cause;
undertook
advocate,
an
not
was
81-77.
B.C.
Cicero
that
was
case
retained, and
we
who
of
say
this
certain
his
juncture
BAR.
THE
AT
CICERO
so
well
to
flow
criminal
prosecutor
on
of
Roscius
this
being
occasion
rapidly in
upon
CICERO
24
him
; and
his
to
there
public or
forensic
defence
home
hastening
his wife,
French
great
advocate
University of Paris,after
for fourteen
the
career
as
own
in
give
Rome.
serve
the
distance
which
separates
and
enable
followingaccount
from
work
wrote
called Hortcnsiiis,or
ago,
London,
Murray, 1849:
early times the
"In
that
tween
where
of
part
of
and
the
what
uses
basilicas
be-
the
market-place,
well
was
held,
Forum
known
or
and
re-
of
cognised ; but afterwards the whole
the open
in
embraced
the
above
ground
called
description was
generally the
Forum, and chieflyused for proceedings
of
a
judicial nature.
Formerly the
when
ascended
the rostra,
speakers,
they
turned
towards
which
stood
in order
deliver their harangues ; but

Cicero
and
Varro
Licinius, as
Caius
inform
the
the
comitium,
curia
or
close
to
senate-house,
to
us,
or
Caius
Gracchus,
accord-
both
that
shops,
ent
and
before
the
the
age
other
of
physicalaspect
changes took place

Cicero, both
of
the
Forum
as
to
and
to
mode
with
points of
bridge over
are
to
of
made
were
Cicero,
of
by
and
shower
of
in the
Julia. They
these
sur-
and
up
when
a
shelter
interrupted proceedings
At
still later
the
models
into, Christian
centumvirs
of,
were
In
civil
actions,
cognisance of
state
public or
the
but
period
or
churches.
tried
were
under
came
as
were
walking
taking
rain
basilicas
such
differ-
porticoesfor
or
of
Forum.
converted
the
of
of
the old
Porcia, Fulvia,
colonnades
became
they
used
marts
site of
as
convenience
down,
and
the
Splen-
were
by
distinguished
and
Opimia,
the
law
such
"
of it.
halls,which
or
were
names
trials took
in
the
Forum
"
place in the open

air, either
comitium
other
or
part of the
in the former
if the
matter
referred to the
was
"
many
useful
contrast
occupied
rounded
people.
But
brilliant
and
times
courts
as
judges, in
ing to Plutarch, introduced the custom
of facing the Forum, and thereby doing
subject of
of the sovereign decuriati.
homage to the power
"
at
better.1
the
distinction
his
on
the
commerce,
properly the
was
from
did
"
patrician burghers, were
now
yet there
bor-
Advocate,
obscurity
arrived
points of
years
oblong space
curiata,or assemblies
the comitia
the
have
some
have
the
of
defence
stepping-stones
us
to
century, dated
of the courts
but
them
understand
to
us
like
triumph
interesting and
The
when,
Pasquier also,
in
we
be
sufficiently
striking;
are
The
As
clear idea
which
rowecl
made
and
case,
toiled in thankless
it may
a
case
in
fairlylaunched
resemblance
he
of
is told
what
exclaimed
sixteenth
bar.
note
his
the
had
was
in ancient
procedure
our
Cicero
advocate,
an
to
attempt
of
when
period
he
the
at
years
of
speech
turning-pointof
of cow-beef.!"
nonsuit
entrusted
his
Hospital
he
hi.
although
"
Douglas
great
court,
be
to
it of
by
Greenwich
the
from
success
the
was
"
the
the
the
important
reminded
in
from
Voila
"
chap.
speech for Roscius
are
in
BAR.
too
trial
appearance
Erskine's
all his
his
We
THE
cause
state
career.
Thurlow's
the
no
fact
In
care.
first in
was
AT
In
called
the
latter if it
an
inquirybefore
the
basilica
were
of
same
the
time
the
the
the
judices
four courts,
the different
centumviral
for
largeas
at
made
was
tribunalia, in which
members
al
burghers
the
body
sat
despatch ""i
To
elder
the
had
was
business,
Inn,
House
Quintiliantells
Trachallus
who
voice
that
it
and
was
such
once,
othei pleaders. It
the
occasion:
all
different
courts
together in
sat
for
cause
to
we
practice which
eompare
may
the sittingof the fifteen English judges
"
and
Chamber
reserved
when
fore
be-
argued
were
them.
clamour
the open
court,
be
rupted
inter-
of the prsetor
magistrate was
tribune,
or
and
in front
the
counsel
on
sat
the
were
the
benches
or
basilica
to
at
resort
in
present.
trials
been
for
those
kind
to
of
ing
intervensexes
interestingtrials,
Queen's Bench
of
Court
holding the
to
public
have
a
stage seems
temporary
erected, consisting of subsellia
or
when
teacher
of
Latro, had
to
Forum,
to
counsel
for the
he
plead in
like
so
was
conduct
cause
Plin.
the
other
and
sun
rain.
Athens,
cognisance of
judges
had
at
capitalcrimes,
sat
in
the open air ; for which

Antiphon,in one
the
of his speeches, assigns as a reason
which
superstitiousdread
entertained
of being under
with
those
with
blood.
hands
whose
thus
Having
let
courts,
Greeks
roof
same
defiled
were
brieflynoticed
consider
us
the
the
who
were
the
the
the trials were

held.
judges before whom
The
most
general division of jurisprudence
in every
civil and
into
country must, of course,

criminal.
embraced,
were
all the
In
the
amongst
judiciaprivata
"
be
the former
in the
Romans,
latter the
tius
For*
in the
air, that he begged

Ep. ii.6.
from
the
manner
and
murder
Oral,
Inst.
speaking,
who
discomposedby having
the open
*
there
called Heliastse,who
and
rhetoric, named
of
held
In
court
of
verdict
with
purpose
"
of
parties,and a
for the judges.
raised
tribunal
seat
or
I think,infer this from
At least we
may,
in Quintilian, who
a
says that
passage
seats
the Forum
were
mud.
the
Augustus, furnished part of

an
awning for the express
which
protecting the courts
of
nephew
the purpose
"For
judges ;
of both
people
hear
to
the
had
it, with
round
where
pillars,
just as
raised
curiosityattracted
The
galleryrunning
witnesses, and
and
courts.
of
centre
which
of this
business
whom
presiding
other
or
in the
curule
The
affairs.
other
with
tal.
acquitperiod Marcellus, the
later
his face and
affected
plightso
that they pronounced

At
In
compassion,he threw
His
miserable
were
sentence.
the
and
used
their
their
move
the judges
that
in order
legal proceedings might

of persons
who
by the crowd
hall
their
the
cantile
merto
transact
thronged
the
to
shower
trial a sudden
while
on
lated
re-
of Lucius
himself upon the ground, and

clothes became
all covered
not
dais
came
anecdote
an
Maximus
the
of the
accuser
authors, but it will
rest
business
court
conviction.
separatedfrom the
building
appropriatedto
and
chair
of rain
of semicircular order
spaces,
of the
The
for
in the ancient
passages
sufficient to mention
deliberatingupon
consisted
tribunalia
"These
into
the
the
in
Exchequer
removed
that
public trials took placein

air is abundantlyproved by many
That
by Vaterius
Piso, during whose
cases
be
was
any
be
the
he
as
adjourn there.*
crown
he
complained, when he defended Flaccus,

that La;lius,the prosecutor, had chosen
the Aurelian
a spot near
stairs,where a
noisy and disorderly rabble could be
four
banc
same
baths
might
was
Rome
at
stay
town
and
the basilica,and
collected
some
on
these
of
of hearing the
purpose
courts
of the
that
seems
judges
municipal
he pleased
part of the Forum
for holding the trial, and hence
Cicero
other
great annoyance
Sextus
property
the benches
of
selected
named
every
in all the
the
short
would
stentorian
overpowered
heard
the
25
Roscius.
Palatine
one
and
advocate
an
had
the
to
of
us
like
more
Edinburgh
in
of
of
that
own
our
Lincoln's
and
still
perhaps
or
at
in
case
Westminster
Parliament
sound,
the
is
as
at
courts
US.
considerable
making
respected. While
the
murdered
one
night near
much
the
trial
inhabitant
an
he
R O SCI
the
to
was
where
Ameria,
of
however,
return,
Roscius
SEXTUS
DEFENDS
81-77.
b.c.
whose
The
those
x.
the
was
quite
was
duty it
seats
on
of the
The
5.
seat
was
which
counsel,
Tribunal, strictly
of
the presiding magistrate,

distinct from
the judices,
to
were
the
verdict.
latter sat, as well as
called subsellia.
pronounce
the
26
CICERO
AT
THE
BAR.
a
returning from
party of friends.
of Titus
was
brought by a freed man
morning,
next
Ameria,
to
T. Roscius, surnamed
of
the
judiciapublica.
In
have
we
any
themselves
first
told that the good

are
ages ; for we
St. Louis, in the thirteenth century,
de
in the
mass
him, when
wished
to
and
allowed
were
he would
had
present who
he
appeared
determine
suits.
used
their
of
When
to bid
his
parties
"
this jurisdictionwas
presence
exercised
by
the
subsequently, and down to

late period in Roman
history,by
consuls,and
a
very
the praetors.
forms
we
of
number
called
Praetor
peregrinus
of
different
Cicero
twelve.
the
They
attend
tor
Prae-
they
number
In
periods.
there
and
afterwards
but
"
increased, and
were
at
urbanus
appear
did not,
to
the
time
have
been
however,
sonally
per-
give judgment themselves,but were

in many
cases
empowered, and indeed
were
obliged by law, to appoint judges
tribunali
was
or
used
dc
the
was
praetor tried
said cognoscere
piano.
The
before
him
the
either
"
former
when
he sat upon
tribunal,and heard the
argued
as
or
When
de
seat
formally
latter,when,
case
conversing with
standing on the same
"
Strange
as
this may
the custom
addressed
frequently
the
parties
level
appear,
at Rome.
with
it
and
them.
was
doubtedly
un-
Suitors
in
the praetor even
the street, or
at his own
house,
redress of their grievances ; and
for
is the
chambers, where
important business
is transacted
litigation
at
we
when
the
vast
in
causes
this
nected
con-
but
such
no
scene
told by
are
imperial Caesar
of
even
himself
posed
disHe
manner.
that the barristers ventured
to
sume
pre-
much
the good nature
of
so
upon
he descended
from
Claudius, that when
the tribunal they used to call out to him
to
pull him by his robe, or
stop, and
catch hold
even
of his
him
to
attend
they had
to
make.
tribunali, he
number
sat
on
each
side
occasions
body, who
college at
of
their
functions.
there
were
to
have
the
of
of
the
kind
to
on
nary
ordi-
centumviral
of
judicial
little
very
each
aid
little behind
but
de
court
judices,who
constitution
out
or
is
peculiar
Festus, three
tribe, and as
tribes,these would
thirty-five
hundred
and
one
five,which
been
the origin of their name,
in
We
men.
which
his
selected
According
chosen
being
out
formed
were
may
him
were
Rome
his
to
called
of
These
tune
impor-
motions
summoned
of assessors,
amount
leg,and
to the
the praetor held
When
"
round
know
centumviri
the
numbers
that
were
in the
tried
hundred
courts
causes
of
volving
in-
technical
dry and
thus
Questions were
discussed
relatingto adverse possession,
guardian and ward, pedigree, the law of
most
law.
*
Heinecc.
Syutag. lib. iv. tit. 6. ; Polled
Hist. Fori. Rom.
lib. i. c. 5.
Heineccius
says
that this mode
of hearing causes
be
must
not
confounded
with
jurisdiction; for
summary
which
cases
to be
were
marily
many
disposed of sum-
were
It is
some-
analogous
practice
most
sometimes
points of
the case, he administered

frequently
familiar manner
the law in a more
thing
spot.*
occurred,
as
term
raised
not
cognoscere
Suetonius
known
the hearing of all causes,
the
on
said
was
ourselves
judge
his seat.
varied
and
for the purpose.

causes, he was
did
of most
authorityand
procedure under the latter that

Their
chiefly pay attention.
and
was
originallytwo"
they
must
were
It is to the
he
it is very
certain
that
would
be acted there as
says
the spot.
But after the expulsion of the kings,
upon
The
piano.
of his bailiffs
in
cause
any
he
cases
with
him
were
the
two
Court
he determined
this amongst
to
make
approach
to
amount
an
all who
ask aloud if there
the
of
natives
tribunal,but let the parties

him
the subjectof their dispute,
on
all these
before
summer
to lay himself
at the foot
season,
of Vincennes, and
oak in the wood
his courtiers sit round
member
both
in
which
In
used, after hearing
This
times
in France
sometimes
daybreak
the
speak
the kings of Rome

account
presided at the trials,just as
case
at
another
as
even
ascend
of which
earliest times
middle
king
the
to
as
his death
miles.
fifty-six
well
as
in the
the
was
the
And
Roscius,
III.
of
news
Capito, were
surnamed
family
same
former.
Magnus,
The
of
distance
CHAP.
it
as
very
de tribunali.
obliged to be determined
impossible,however, not to consider
mode
vf settlingdisputes.
summary
DEFENDS
26-30.
."T.
Ameria,
and
the
which
to
latter.
debtor
and
he
attended
he
But
to
Roscii
in
creditor, party walls,ancient

the validity of wills,
short
almost
with
of
the
nected
everything con-
and
rights
liabilities
parties.
But
"
let
us
turn
now
the
to
the
portant
im-
more
27
latter
hitherto
left
been
of
succeed
had
by
idea
no
in
his
the
father's
an
ex
that
of
him
deprive
to
it,if necessary,
also
son,
the death
at
determined
and
passed
cultivation
to
were
lights,easements,
and
The
entitled
was
the
ROSCIUS.
Sextus.
life had
whose
country, where
estate,
of
enemies
Sextus,
named
SEXTUS
post facto law,

criminal
should
because
there did not happen to
escape
be a law
applicable to his
specifically
the
offence.
The
judicia publica.
contrary,
were
trials for the violation of
on
and
established
and particularlaw, as,
interestingclass of trials, some
for instance, the Julianagainst treasons,
nature.
Although
the
Cornelian
they are often confounded
together under
against stabbing and
the name
of judicia publica, this term
cide,
poisoning,the Pompeian againstparriin strictness applied only to a particular
and
bery
a
variety of laws againstbriof them.
division
and
corruption in canvassingfor
They consisted in
fact of four different kinds : 1
Actiones
the judicia populi
public offices. And
of the earlier times, where
extraordinaria; ;
the burghers
popularis; 2. Actiones
tried
and
the
publica
at
Judicia
accused,
Judicia
populi.
large
judged
; 4.
3.
The
'actiones
trials
laws
when
these
were
populares' were
were,
special
the
instance
the
the
of
at
enacted,
supplanted
by
judicia
appointed
lica,
pubpraetor
for the punishment of a lesser kind
and
the
number
of judges was
of
limited
and
chosen
of a particular
out
misdemeanour, and chieflysuch as were
class.
offences against municipal and
sanitary
"But
another
mode
of trying
there was
regulations; as for instance sacrilegious
of
disturbance
the
offences
at
impeding
anciently
Rome, by the apgraves,
pointment
streets
of
or
or
doing anything
commissioners, called Quoesewers,
paired. sitores
imwhereby the public convenience was
parricidiior Quassitores rerum
be
the
mons
Any person might
capitalium. The tribunes of the comcutor
prosein these cases,
and the penalty of
used, in the first instance,to put
So far,
fine was
the question to the people in one
of
a
generally imposed.
actions
the
and
ask
them
to
tarn
them
we
qui
popular assemblies,
compare
may
whether
not
aware
ourselves,but I am
amongst
they willed and ordained that
that any
of
the
fines
in
take
an
portion
inquiry should
place, and that
went,
those
of
criminal
these actions
the
to
much
at
Rome,
informer.
controversy
the
as
between
in this
as
There
'
to
the
try,
coun-
has
ence
differ-
exact
actiones extraordin-
arise' (called sometimes
ordinaria) and
but the better
the
former
judicia extta'judicia publica;'

to be that
opinion seems
embraced
such
crimes
And
the tribunal
and
nature
was
or
which
to
no
sometimes
crime
of
of itself of
the
occurred
other
or
might be.*
case
Romans
special
occasion,
of the whole
of the consuls
the
the
the
Heinecc.
Fori.
Rom.
Syntag
iv.
1.
iv.
18
culprit
form
was
laws
tury
cen-
continued,
discame
it be-
praetors to
themselves, without
trials
on
each
occasion.
On
to
entering
their
of office,it was
determined
year
lot what
particularclass of offences
each
when
Polleti, Hist.
the
the last
authoritybeing delegated
special
any
them
iv. "
of
Liv.
them
iv.
5,
should
ix. 26
take
cognisance of
xxxviii. 64.
See
Heinecc.
11.
cal\eAperfietuee
they were
questiones,
ordinary trials, as distinguished from the
of former times.
special commissions
t Hence
'
Republic this
these
trates
magiswith
put
during
by various
province of the
the
hold
by
dealt
But
and
senate,
For
and
matter,
his trial.*
ticular
par-
was
appointed for
consistingsometimes
as
If the
the
upon
as
affixed ; but it
left to the discretion of the tribunal.
was
people voted for the

accusation, the senate
authorityto
gave
gate
some
immediately to investimagistrates
trial.
the
particularlaw,
punishment
any
the
provided against by
specially
not
were
refer it to the
of the prastors should
who
should
conduct
senate
to determine
one
been
or
AT
CICERO
28
of
his
inheritance,
Sylla'sfreedmen
had
in debt
died
the
property
its
value,
and
former
The
effects, under
and
estate
Not
Chrysogonus.
Erucius
assassin
the
took
of
to
trial is
There
is
with
the
of
the
the
of
the
them
for
Roscii
gated
insti-
been
having
defend
to
most
rest
two
of
son
had
of
holding
this,the
Cicero
that
of
danger
sioner
him
the
against
He
auspices and
whose
under
conducted
proceedings were
have
to
seems
had
in
voice
no
find
we
such
the term
im-
Decuria
to
the
have
writings
senators
body
and
the latter
the
to
firstthey
exclusively
At
confined
senatorial!
amount
they explain
Judicum.
been
the
them
hence
but
the
by the
of
123,
and
It
transferred
equestrian
made
it
until
years,
them
of it, and
By
be
they should
at
with
restored
later
it to
the
kind
every
nothing
list
and
upright
mon
com-
more
was
that
charged
corruption and
Their
of
names
were
inscribed
jury-panel called
or
*
Pro
Murena,
20.
Album
tors.
sena-
law, the Aurelia
at
from
the
form
the
existed,
them
Julius Cnesar reduced
to
by removing the decurise of the
two,
tribuni
rerarii.
The
trial is uncertain
varied
number
; but
that
it
from
contained
were
to
qualified
criminal
not
the
less
serve
of
names
either
and
these
trials,
than 4000."
on
sat
to
seems
to seventy.
fifty
the reign of Augustus, the Album
have
than to hear them
Rome
venality.
of pure
men
; but
character
of vital interest
matter
Lex,
enacted
that the
passed B.C. 70, it was
judices should be chosen from the senators,
the knights, and the tribuni rerarii
;
ferent until
dif-
importance of the
they had to discharge
which
a
at
The
times.
functions
varied
citizens,which
class of
from
order
enjoyed it for nearlyfifty

80, deprived
Sylla, B.C.
their
was
which
author, this
taken
termine the last of whom
were
provinceto deof guilt
the question
or
innocence,
body of the people. These
of judges which
three decurite
taken out of a particular
they were
of Cicero.
have
to
the Cal-
by
use
make
and
privilegewas
mention
other
would
300,
right or
the
constant
speechesand
in the
made
about
to
was
the jurisdictio.This
perium but not
were
moned
sumbelonged to the Judiceswho
by him to sit upon the trial,and
of whom
tribe, which
Gracchus
tence
sen-
trembled
There is much
doubt
purnian law.
as
to their number, which, however, varied
at different times.
Some
imagine that
ten
each
were
originallychosen from
Tiberius
he
most
supposed
into
B.C.
the
had
He
pronounced.
is
Sempronian law,
but
which
first brought
to
court,
authority the
the
Cicero
judge
the
presidentof
the
as
in
was
trials.
sense
acted
one
societyat Rome.
that
Judiaim,
been
seem
the praetor did not sit as

of the word
at these
But
our
calls
the
the other
and misery,and on
imprisonment.'*
tears
trials and
"
he
and odious, threateningon
stern
hand
commis-
'
or
qucestor peculates,
of embezzlement,' which
office of
Roscius
young
conviction, and
of
state
corrupt
Thus
during the ensuing twelve months.
Cicero
why
assignsas one of the reasons
in the
Sulpiciuswas beaten by Murena
for the consulship,that the former
contest
had, as pnetor, obtained the unpopular
on
three
of
destitute
the
proof of
doubt
no
imminent
in
this
liquidating
charge.
The
'
himself
pretence
father, and
his
Sextus
possession
content
accuse
at
for
bought
and
flourishing farms,
of
of
one
that
assert
III.
price miserably below

the
Chrysogonus became
chasers.
pur-
and
Capito
Chrysogonus,
pretence
sold
and
CHAP.
favour, to
Under
him.
seized
was
in his
high
to
BAR.
they induced
and
and
THE
After
cum
Judiall
who
civil
amounted
or
to
CICERO
3o
Chrysogonus
or
and
of
of,
It
the
of
defended
his
his
consider
when
his
former
It
had
classes
educated
in that
The
next
of
lost, was
state.
of
And
in
of the
their
right to
Cicero
"
Maxime
the
it had
says himself, De
autem
gratia defensionibus
quando
accidit
Senate
had
friendship they
Cotta,
to
He
tain
main-
right to
not
tical
poli-
risk
the
and
the
of
deprived
franchise, which
towns
to
the
to
Sylla had
For
the
appeared against
Cicero
Roman
led
of
one
was
refusal
to
deplorable conflict
War.
Social
trial
Italian
the
by
the
ground that she was

had
something of a
exposed
of
how
was
all-powerfuldictator.
the
shows
the
day.
the
on
it, and
accomplished
and
Arretium, whose
of
the
coveted
recognise
"
lady
citizens of Arretium
much
so
of his
contested
was
character
"^the
himself
addressed
opposed
was
advocates
citizen.
offending
he
80,
engaged, at least the

notice, although his speech is
Cicero
any
in which
suit
Roman
have
placed
amongst
for the
not
And
Greek
of
Molo
them
in which
we
behalf
her
knowledge
native
which
one
on
the
he
B.C.
year
the
from
interesting fact,
thank
cause
he
Rome,
in
still did
the
in
lessons
that
fragments
complete.
an
to
celebrated
most
him
his
to
he
took
Rome,
few
of
crime
reputation which
and
at
language
shown
next
become
to
the
came,
to
tion
connec-
fairlylaunched
professionas
Molo
like
seems
the
advocate,
an
Rhodes
is
only
acter.
char-
now
was
as
talents,
family
with
to
man
Cicero
time
possess
his
young
his
fence
de-
wanted
personal
charged
we
for his
care,
for
same
was
he
efforts
from
rhetorician.
familiar
who
preceptor
his
under
again
the
of
own
consider
we
; but
education
ambassador
as
if
notwithstanding
his
gained by
for his
His
"
occasion
admiration
heroism
About
profession,and
had
so
Although
speech.
in.
compassion,
Chrysogonus
esteem
true
convicted
the
to
this
on
whom
of
Varenus,
and
the
more
chap.
court.
greatest
highest
act
still
the
Ameria,
Marius."1
murder,
artfully appeals
the
an
was
and
with
have
of
BAR.
THE
his conduct
excited
together with
Cicero,
of
says
Roscius
rid
get
and
justiceof
fears, and
Niebuhr
AT
ut
et
;
et
Off.ii. 14 :
gloriaparituret
eoque
major,
subveniatur,
si
qui
potentisalicujusopibus
gerique videtur
adolescentes
opes
pro Sex.
ut
contra
Roscio
nos
circumveniri
et saepe
ur-
alias
ct
L. Sullae dominantis
Amerino
fecimus.
.
FAILURE
26-30.
/et.
labours
the incessant
But
tell
OF
to
feeble
constitution, and
his thin
and
of
tear
his
whether
of
parliament
in
the
action
motion
pump
is with
the
That
and
up
down
Very different, however,
was
whole
body
speaker,
nothing
or
The
often
too
only
that is
fined
con-
limbs.
mind,
and
the
sympathetic
himself,
spared
with
the
action
of his
and
soul,
heart
exertion
no
then
that, as
of
of its
utmost
we
of
meaning
pitch
wonder
Dryden
"
his
at
says
the
words
frame.
He
into
action
fire that
in the
the
of
open
Rome.
burned
upon
his
upon
the
tongue
movement
the
excitement
enforced
was
tells
he
he
strained
of
his
of
his
by the
he
that
us
when
limbs, while
of
orator
trembled
his
sway,
spout away."
it with
that
accents
doth
arm
and
corresponding expression in
Cicero's
gestures partook of
and
us
orator.
and
spout,
instinct
was
the
lips,and
Can
impassioned
little
Roman
its awkward
coolly spout,
the
With
bar, knows
bodily
more
less
and
of.
hand,
and
found
to
the
at
much
"
And
his
of perpendicular action
which
monotony
satirical comparison by Moore
of the speaker to
"
His
inherited
see-saw
the
justifies
a
idea
an
or
now
of
colder
our
delivery of
and
make
we
to
with
we,
had
He
demanded
easily form
can
manners,
was
profession,which
than
exertion
had
advocate
young
consumption began to
described
his personal appearance,
the
and
hardly equal to
wear
have
frame
31
his health.
symptoms
We
themselves.
HEALTH.
of the
seriouslyupon
begun
show
HIS
threw
spoke,
and
his voice
air.
which
consequences
followed
Shaftesbury,
fierysoul, which worketh out its way,

the pigmy body to decay,
Fretted
And
He
was
obliged
o'er-informed
for
time
the tenement
to
retire
of clay."1
from
the
Forum
the
and
for Athens, not, as

Plutarch
quitted Rome
says,
whose
through fear of Sylla
displeasure he had, as we have
shrunk
from
not
braving in the discharge of his duty
seen,
but
and
to
cessation
seek, by change of air and
scene,
Courts, and
"
"
from
work,
Old
in these
he
thus
"lie
was
Fuller
the
had
restoration
anticipated Dryden
Profane State
lines ; for in his

describes
the Duke
of
lean
of his
body
of
and
Alva
"
visage,as
health.
if his eager
of his
clog
sage
visit to
Athens
soul, biting for anger
body, desired
through it."
to
fret
at
a
the
pas-
AT
CICERO
32
mother
"
"
charms
of arts
and
eloquence"
the
of
groves
a
town
of
the
was
St.
Roman
a
case
spent their time

some
relatives
society of
the
else
nothing
than
chief
the
busy idlers, as
by
they are described
as
strangers which
and
pleasure of Cicero's
The
his
in
fled
ever
either
but
tell
to
there
were
hear
to
or
thing."
new
by
Athenians
all the
"
Paul,
later, when,
century
for
filled with
and
province,
had
had
although oratory
now
nothing more
was
in.
peculiar
in the
language,
still lingered in
quite at home
philosophy, which
of
Academus,
city which
from
have
was
passionately fond
and
chap.
must
"
He
for Cicero.
BAR.
THE
Athens
at
friends.
and
his
Lucius, and
cousin
residence
His
friend
dear
enhanced
was
Quintus,
brother
and
spondent,
life-longcorre-
him
there ;
with
Atticus, were
Pomponius
months
together and enjoyed the
they studied
Titus
for six
and
Phaedrus
and
which
to
Atticus,
"
the bees
took
of
native
of
of
it
case
himself.
said
have
to
the
was
settled
have
to
As
formerly
lessons
in rhetoric
he
rhetoric whom
./Eschylus
met
labour
his
on
swarmed
had
he
of
Drumann
while
did
studied
and
love,
the
cradle,
lips of the
the
on
of
Cnidus,
to
the
with
on
his
most
under
Molo,
from
so
Demetrius,
journey.
thinks it is
at
Athens
Xenocles
formation
probable that
was
He
of his
initiated
into
of
Magnesia,
he
Molo
had
not
disdain
Eleusinian
subject alluded
to
who
passed
the
sure
plea-
for the
mysteries.
de
of
the
Adramyttium,
as
and
speaker
masters
of
style. And
the
as
mentions
Stratonice, Dionysius
and
Minor,
celebrated
to Rome,
through Rhodes, on his return
did
of welcoming his old pupil,who
Cicero
Nor
lipsin
elocution
and
the
from
of
Menippus
contributed
and
Syria.
by solicitinginstruction
of
Epicurus,
refined
travelled
in
Asia
Cicero
Leaving Athens,
sought every opportunity of improving himself
names
Zeno
"
in his
were
Pericles.
he
now
from
school
especiallyattached
seemed
eloquence
infant
while
those
were
instructed
neglect his darling pursuit the art

plishment,
accomwhich, like every other acquisition and
he
knew
could
only be obtained
by pains and
labour, although
as
Ascalon
Athens,
at
even
of oratory
habits
whose
self-indulgent man,
Cicero,
of
philosophy of the Academy,

they learnt the tenets of the
in the
them
place.1 Antiochus
of the
recreations
Legg. ii. 14.
See the
RESIDENCE
81-77.
b.c.
third
time
some
the
as
The
years.
of
compared
the end
of
two
and,
the
and
Cotta
himself
He
taking little part

through the usual
which
and
to
address
the
candidate
the
people on
gold rather
of
youthful
was
characterised
and
it
this his
to
his
of
lips in
his
that
quence
elo-
his
life.
of
guage,
lan-
full and
subject like
an
himself
returned
had
of
an
law
of
year
in
Rome
advocate
and
before,
eight
was
established,
re-
back
came
the
time
whom
par excellence
courts
it, he
died
this
at
He
completely
was
expresses
Sylla
Rome.
to
were
years
confining
public trials,and
the
politicsof the day. But he rose

to
gradation of offices to the consulship,
almost
essential
to be a popular orator,
in
was
multitude
from
the
wealthy enough
were
the
influence
its way
into
of
Rostra
to
scale, and
enormous
than
fast
was
the
the
an
it
latest
health
His
advocates
chiefly to
obtain
scribed
de-
he
Cicero
Hortensius, the latter
Cicero's senior.
himself
period
his astonishing command
old.
man.
leading
and
he
receive
florid oratory of his
the
to
years
he
as
changed
tuition, and
Nile.
thirty years
almost
33
what
pouring forth from

torrent, and
spread over
of the
now
of
came
inexhaustible
was
his
its banks
doubt, from
no
which
At
which
overflowed
be
inundation
and
metaphor by
may
It arose,
redundant
too
that
river
A THENS.
under
place'himself
kindly corrections
to
him
from
AT
unless,indeed,
bribe
the
trust
to
suffragesof
the
eloquence.
the heart
influence
Corruption
of Roman
tions.
institueating
Bribery was
to, not
shamelessly resorted
only for
verdicts
in the courts, where
politicalobjects,but to secure
the jndices, or, as we
almost
without
inaccuracy call
may
sold themand
selves
them, jurymen, prostitutedtheir consciences
to the highest bidder.
I am
not
now
speaking of the
praetorianor centumviral
were
courts, where civil causes
tried,
but the public or state
trials before judices,who
at this time
taken exclusively from the class of senators.
were
It was
a
between
them
the
and
long struggle
knights as to which body
was
now
should
other
each
It
have
of
was,
was
this
important jurisdiction. Each
accused
the
corruption, and of sellingverdicts for a bribe, and

beyond all doubt, right in the charge it made.
probably about this time that Cicero appeared as
the advocate
of Roscius, the
comic
D
actor, in
civil
suit,and
CICERO
34
delivered
in
of the
matter
Fannius
action
enables
had
Roscius,
to
given
up
the
terms
on
the
requisiteinstruction
but
not
long afterwards
by
against the
for this
committed
was
his
to
own
Fannius
should
does
Roscius
and
the
should
he
half of whatever
and
been
paid
but
commenced
the value
Flavius,
the
farm
He
his
that
Roscius
farm
the
on
agreed
account
for
of
(about
ought
have
to
retained
only
had
had
the
Roscius
sesterces
not
latter
in
by the death
against Roscius
the
for the
Fannius
own
agreement,
Fannius
did
Roscius
that
to
100,000
to
tration.
arbi-
by
Fannius
on
the
incurred
and
sustained
which
the
it,
of
moiety
obtained
from
the
settled
former
partnership account.
that his client
maintained
had
Flavius.
for
but
action
an
that
settled
over
pay
action
an
Roscius,
to
obtained
and
to
from
verdict
elapsed,
that
latter
farm
up
(about ,"90)
against Flavius,
the pretext
on
Cicero
the
of this,according
over
of
which
brought
got
Half
"900).
sesterces
for the loss he had
against Flavius
Panurgus,
10,000
recovered
then
and
this,
regarded
order
an
case
tried,
was
had
recommended
engagement
an
the
as
gave
be
might
it
"
action
an
of
far
stage,
appear
appointed arbitrator.
was
award, but
action
into
enter
not
years
for
Praetor
Roscius
and
expense
conducting
the
to
Panurgus
brought
Several
share
the
upon
how,
"
damages.
Fannius
to
pay
action
went
to
was
to
art.
Before, however,
formal
trouble
to
by his
Fannius.
Calpurnius Piso
make
us
subject-
afterwards
the management
him
to
latter
latter,and
applied
between
accounts
not
killed
the
were
and
Flavius.
in satisfaction of
him
when
that
compromised the matter, but only so

moiety, as he alleged,and Flavius
Roscius
to
Q.
named
man
the
III.
his slaves, named
of
one
gained
received
was
down
come
understand
they
he
whatever
them
CHAP.
it has
to
us
acting, and
in
him
between
BAR.
the argument.
and
Chserea
Panurgus,
instruct
THE
speech which, although
imperfectstate,
an
AT
owed
Fannius
nothing
his
that
So
was
he
consent
to
confident
offered
to
could
plaintiff
in his ledger.
to
plaintiff
such
an
be
issue
may
strength
verdict
in his
be
very
of
case
against him, provided
debt
willing,to
was
evidence
we
the
that the
show
He
of
own
sure
now
claimed
allow
favour
the
;
that he
entries
had
in
the
entered
was
and
he
of
the
tendering
good
infor-
FOE
26-30. ADVOCATE
mt.
he
that
mation
the
between
distinction
or
do
might
with
so
of
wished
and
said
and
interlineations,in which,
to
that he could
client,whose
Has
"
name
I say
who
accomplishments ; whom
is
an
his
in him
it
"
boldly
the
Roman
imputation
he
has
to
Cicero's
of
date
exact
generally supposed
his thirty-first
year.1
rest
skill in
his
of his
account
he
than
man
of
account
one
upon
truth than
more
better
modesty
With
her
lived
warm
affection
some
mysterious
he
His
wife
place
Fabia
was
he
when
Terentia,
was
sister
lady of
Vestal
in
was
spectable
re-
virgin.
happily,and, apparently,with
sides, until he quarrelledwith her for
many
years
both
on
taken
it
but
known,
is not
marriage
have
to
family, whose
by
art
be
his
of
famous.
an
people consider
He
?"
is
the
and
reason,
marriage
terminated
was
divorce.
Plutarch
temper
and
and
Niebuhr
those
who
power
over
led
him,
is the
most
for her.
do
things
I believe
Drumann
lier,
fluenced
to
Greece.
chiefly by
was
the
year
He
the
say
wife
that,
a
to
his
also
she
was
great
exercised
great
he
because
him
upon
I deceive
the
for
enmity
of Terentia
myself,the sequel
amiable
an
was
by
who, unfortunately
drew
she
sibility,
sen-
influenced
remarkable
more
his
in
ing
domineer-
was
much
wife
"
of
and
woman
wife.
thinks
went
that if it
that
places the marriage earit took

place before
and
Cicero
devoted
to
violent
of
description here given
unjust, and, unless
loving
most
woman
very
his
which
the
biography will show
the
It
owing
as,
be
to
him, which
of others.""
be
himself
as
His
; and
woman
him,
to
far
so
surrounded
him
was
happy.
not
was
allowed
real love
no
Terentia
goes
disagreeable
he
had
that
asserts
marriage Cicero
such
honesty than
more
"
inserted
virtue
so
decorum
The
Can
his partner?
Fan-
erasures
had
and
become
who, though admirably fitted for the stage on

on
worthy of being a senator
profession,
yet is most
actor
and
to
has
book,
day-
unjust claim.
his
make
to
actor
an
as
defrauded
Roscius
has
determined
full of
Fannius
doubt,
objected,
Cicero
papers,
opportunity of praising the skill
the
seized
he
when
the debt
loose
no
the
{adversaria).
account
admit
not
made
codex) and
or
put the latter in evidence, but
nius
35
he
But
safety.
ledger {tabula
memorandum
mere
COMEDIAN.
ROSCIUS,
is
in-
text,
it
daughter
nine
and
would
was
follow
that
betrothed
married
at
the
at
age
consideration
assumed
in
the
"
Hisl.
oj Rome,
v.
20.
Cicero's
of
age
of thirteen,
the
SITE
OF
LII.YB.iEUM,
NOW
MARSALA.
CHAPTER
OILESTOR
AND
had
according
lowest
the
Quaestor.
in
the
sius
of
one
Sicily
Cicero
allotted
of
That
be,
one
Republic.
the
at
island
of
it
the
It
was
most
was,
object
fertile
of
of
fact, called
first
Roman
Horten-
province
superior
in
for
granary
year
many
in
Sicily.
years
to
to
the
subject
of
the
He
Peducaeus.
a
of
office
culminated
they
the
spent
and
advancement
and
dominions
the
of
and
year;
and
the
"
quaestors,
continued
the
the
to
Sextus
praetor,
and
ambition
his' immediate
thirty-two,
then,
until
"
following
him,
state
ladder
the
of
one
the
of
in
the
highest
being
age
in
the
when,
years
eligible for
Praetor
to
thirty-one
was
Êdile,
aediles, for the
was
of
of
steps
elected
was
of the
Rome
the
76-69.
age
employments
Quaestor,
.EDILE.
B.C.
law, he
ascending
of
government
left
public
Consulship,
citizen.
the
Roman
The
those
were
the
to
of
attained
now
CURULE
31-38.
JEt
ClCERO
IV.
Rome,
and
38
QUsESTOR
public servant,
of the
be
to
complacency
seldom
with
carrying
^DILE.
him
chap,
iv
the
good-will and
strikingproof was
fidence
consoon
'
characteristic
was
CURULE
inhabitants, of which
afforded.
It
he
and
AND
his
on
lost
Cicero's
of
mind
merits.
own
His
dwell
to
foible
with
self-
vanity, and
was
he
opportunity of praising himself where
He was
thought that praise had been deserved.
pleased with
his
an
conduct
own
quaestor, and
as
of his administration
had
him
Rome.
reputation
us
anecdote
an
and
small
show
to
like
how,
at
in the
fallacious his
since
great world.
of the story
In
bear
must
we
Sicily,the province
Syracuse,and the quaestor
from
his
order
of
expectations were,
time, he
for
sphere
the
that there
Lilybaeum
of the
mistook
one
was
the
the
vinces
pro-
province
distinct
of
point
two
were
and
the
trumpet
understand
to
in mind
in
of
he
limited
hopes that the fame

Italy,and even
gained
good-humouredly tells
to
But
how
pipe of praise in
fame
extended
others
many
in
was
person
the quaestor of the other.
On
landingat Puteoli, near
Baiae, which
then
was
able
fashion-
with visitors,
he met
watering-place,and crowded
him
asked
what
apparently an acquaintance, who
on
had
left Rome,
from
come
Cicero
which
said,
"
angrily,
answered
was.
know
you
Oh
"
! to
This
turning
person,
day he
I have
"
; from
No
"
interposed,and
! don't
What
there
news
Africa, I believe?"
from
bystander
a
"
the
province,"replied Cicero.
my
said the other,

and
what
and
be
just
sure,"
too
much,
Sicily."
Upon
was
the
questioner,
that this gentleman has been
to
quaestor in Syracuse ?"

This
of
little incident
the
his
It
case.
dignity
in his
pockets, which
mingled
'
against
Verves
Two
guide
in
house
was
at
he found
date
not
that
which
could
Lilybreum.
it
Cicero
visited Marsala
Cicero
On
white-washed
that
was
show
the
he
lived when
arrivingthere
house
of
of
"
earlier than the sixteenth century.
the
also
casa
quand
curious
was
said
dove
had
cicerone
that Cicero's
to
the
honest
of
Sici-
Signor
Marsala."
the
was
he
derived
dimoravail
il fit in
that this
guide's father
his son,
come
"
Qitesti,
signor,"
out
putting
really wore
civilisationhe
lian, "fit la
state
so,
Romans
But
turned
and
modern
Cicerone
told by
him
the
the true
to
eyes
angry
crowd.
1812), Kelsall
(London
he
the
Pleadingsof
he
not
"
be
to
use
invention
an
(the ancient Lilybseum)he

his
no
pocket
is
that when
mentions
was
quietly with
his Last
In
opened Cicero's
house
It
where
lived,who,
Marsala.
name
signify"lioniser."
should
like
It is
have
from
lesson
useful
of
danger
his
his
when
On
had
his
duties
of
headed
retired
them
Servile
and
in battle
Five
requisiteage
in
to
to
use
ing
allow-
never
"
visitor, even
desperate
he
when
revolt
Forum
being
hold
to
"
from
Spain.
Cicero
before
He
tinguished
finally ex-
was
back
came
the
to
Spartacus.
leader
the
71, and
B.C.
afresh
"
now
"
people by
busily engaged in the

Italy the insurrection
elapse
thirty-eight
must
years
mined
deter-
time,
himself
betook
was
raged
bold
him
deny
he
and
War
the
by
that
Forum
the
to
the
before
from
; and
close
Rome
to
by Pompey
the
himself
the
saw
rest.
to
advocate,
an
killed
the
for
keep
to
stuck
he
return
the
was
wished
39
vanity. He
popularity, and
his
to
hall-porter(janitor)to
he
while
if he
amongst
words,
MORTIFIED.
affront
henceforth
presence
own
the
absence
from
actual
VANITY
HIS
31-38.
jet.
the
be
would
office
of
of
aedile,
But
public dignity open to his ambition.
having
been
and
sufficient
qualificationin
possessing a
quaestor,
into
the
point of fortune, he was
eligible for admission
the
Senate, and
was
on
accordingly placed by the censors
next
list
roll of senators.
or
That
during the
engaged in forensic
of himself,but
we
fragment
of
three
next
labours
do
not
of
records
speeches
of
one
extant
his
he
them,
Pro
in his
time.
It
B.C.
71.
and
Fabius
and
the slaves
killed
It
some
filled every
legallybe
advocate
men
at
for the
of
to
the
made
Rome,
right
to
them,
and
pulled
down
proud
boast
in
office at
the
him
and
of
age
in
all
perished;
the
the
but
as
by Ouintilian
belongs to the year
between
house
the
Tullius
in Lucania
slaves
of
Tullius,
the house.
after
earliest age
that
years
at
which
he
had
it could
slid). His
at
he
nearly
quarrel
attacked
blank
this
certain
had
{anno
it
the
even
or
aedileship.
of
mentioned
was
account
own
at
period have
of Fabius
public
held
for the
thinks
there
when,
busily
was
single speech,
names
this
Tullio, is
that
seems
as
during
his
attribute
very
Drumann
Cicero's
was
The
M.
70,
to
cause
life.
delivered
B.C.
candidate
what
to
he
years
from
possess
speech, until
thirty-seven,he became
I know
know
we
not
four
or
was
splendid reputation as an
of the most
this time
one
popular
unanimously elected Curule Êdile
followingyear, coming
in first of all the
competitors,
as
or,
should
we
rely merely
not
future
not
At
assiduity,as
had
office
election ; and
contested
Rome
elector
the
in
and
expected
giving
his vote
to
the
of
this
it
purpose
it
duty
ferret
like
the
in
first
of
acts
at
Forum,
with
corruption
voters
with
"
such
on
were
But,
not
resorted
found
this
occasions
so
to
as
that
law
the agents
Julius Caesar
who
was
an
so
the
be
For
voters,
some
by directing
different
the
ants
attendpassages
course
of
one
is
to
universallythe
expression
"
to
with
synonymous
supposed, all the

this.
Bribery and
as
scale, and
enormous
of their franchise
after law
so
used
the
profitable
bid
passed to forsytematically practised
divisores
distributed
dictator, he
they
well be
innocent
the exercise
faces
candidate
was
to
may
on
far
in
act
useful
Of
that
came
punish bribery. It was

such as
particularnames,
When
of the
amusing
many
the part of
(manu prensare)
as
markets.
These
about
on
by
when
along, to
them.
and
the
persons
names.
the voter, and
trade, notwithstanding
to
the
walked
he
writers
beginning to canvass.
arts
employed were
given
civilities
or
or
and
names
the
intelligentslaves,whose
employ
their
courtesy
Rome
hands
that
the
by
noinenclatorcs,and
Latin
hands
venal
to
attention, as
called
were
custom
them
familiar
tellinghim
electors, and
shake
himself,
to
at
each
yet
endeavoured,
with
eve
electors
and
attention
the
on
of
enormous,
in this
to
county
respecting them, and

the ear-flappersin Swift's Laputa
the candidate's
occur
usual
world,
persevering
information
out
shake
flattered
to become
was
respects
the
acquainted
was
at
reduced
resorted
number
candidates
streets, the
the
in
been
punish by refusing to vote,
rival,the
electors, and
them
met
could
become
to
possible,
as
the
as
provinces was
some
personal
he
neglect of which
to
fellow-
the
such
period beforehand, all the arts which are

for a borough or
country by the candidate
of
not
secured
part of
with
did
his
of
canvassing
on
he
care
votes
no
iv.
The
aspirant
days of Cicero.
and
for
a
a
large scale,
long
practise on
to
in
chap.
But
poll.
their
has
carried
in the
Rome
at
the
and
States,
and
system,
of
time, and
no
United
in the
such
to
conciliated
elections.
even
to
means
be
might
citizens
head
took
reputation. He
whereby the favour
upon
of the
neglect any
the
at
say,
.EDILE.
CURULE
AND
QUAESTOR
4o
the
to
was
and
scquestrcs, were
money.1
furnish the candidates
whom
CHARACTER
76-69.
b.c.
It
undertook
was
as
of the
one
of
of
all the
circumstances
Hastings
he
great
Verres
resemblance
nearest
the
at
Cicero
in which
bears
antiquity
that
in which
the
was
elect
cases
few
very
This
trials of
the
Warren
the
41
aedile
as
celebrated
most
one
engaged,
public prosecutor.
VERRES.
and
year
and
which
of
this
during
was
OF
in
end
has
become
ever
appeared
cause,
of
many
its
the
to
latter
he
impeachment
the eighteenth
of
century.
Caius
Verres,
oppression
office
as
The
soil
time
The
temples, the
and
luxury
of
afforded
had
thrown
that
were
cities
were
of
monuments
with
Grecian
of
in
art
in
from
and
the
the
told of
statues,
wealth
of such
government
which
credit
to
and
plunder,and
It is difficult
way.
island
cence;
magnifi-
of
shape
tempting opportunity
to
neglect the opportunity
his
seen,
the
splendid palaces
furniture,attested
The
him
years.
have
we
taste
for
man
as
of
country.
prosperous
exported yearly
adorned
to
for three
government
for
year
Sicilyallotted
of
cultivated,and
inhabitants.
a
the
was
corn
ornamental
the
not
well
costly treasures
pictures,and
island
the
byeword
expiration of his
and
flourishing
fertile and
was
Rome.
and
held
was
large quantitiesof
to
he
the
at
73, the
province, and
Sicilyat that
name
misrule, had,
praetor, B.C.
as
his
and
whose
vince
pro-
Verres
fortune
the
tales
his
search the dark

must
rapacity,and we
annals
of Oriental
We
iniquity to find satraps like him.
his passion for works
of art, which
might admire
amounted
almost
to
for the
it not
he
took
insanity,were
to
means
it.
But
these
series
of cruel robberies.
gratify
were
a
are
He
held
have
the
combined
During that
victims
and
of
of his
violent
long period
duties
and
farmers
of their works
nor
he
three
a
bad
the
put
with
of
the
upon
lust.
the
their
He
favoured
"
with
Caesar
to
such
which
on
a
"
exports
pocket.
own
reduced
By
gary
beg-
to
plundered the towns

the temples of the gods
recommend
was
tribe.
and
He
revenue.
of art,
tickets
the
were
imposed heavy
he
contracts
sparing neither
the private dwellings of men.
Statues
written
unjust ruler.
of land
his
to
seems
inhabitants
produce
money
and
man
into
and
years,
the wretched
rapacity,cruelty,and
interference
the
qualityof
every
unheard-of
commerce,
for
government
will
you
Ccesar.
to
vote
and
you
for
such
him."
pictures and
a
one,
See
and
hope
Sueton.
AND
QUsESTOX
42
jewelled
of
oratory
It
bought them.
which
there
he
formed
used
dreadful
of
out
as
fled
and
his
the
erected
he
made
market-place
himself
This
escaped his
sound
no
had
to
commanded
that
as
to
meet
but
whole
to
collapse of the defence,

writer
upon
De
be
Italy
Gavius
as
tunity
opporhe
was
us
whose
by the
Quincey.
See
to
had
said
long
occasion
that
he
guilthas
to
will
been
"
be
so
artifices of
his collected works,
list would
which
and
the sudden
no
forensic
the
charges which
orations
the
of
ought really to
Verres
criminal
exorbitant
indeed
has
whether
he
through
go
pages
terrible
of the
specimen
prepared,but which, owing
doubt
to
of
there
And
power
the
have
if,
as
cross
view
land.
his
have
might
sum
mockery, that
savage
citizen, he
Roman
serve
transcribe
modern
ordered
Verres
vain.
While
died.
and
may
Verres
in
looking towards
of
crucified
he
the obsequious
were
crucified.
then
and
being scourged
strait, saying in
called
tion
intenBut
there.
Verres
Messana
at
place
of his
secret
no
impeach
horrible
the
were
them,
amongst
man
from
escape
and
headland
the
to
unhappy
they
and
Verres, happening to
governor,
him
condemned
to be first stripped and
was
But
across
had
One
until
the
on
the
saw
the
in the
him.
save
on
ring.
oft-repeated cry, Civis Romanus

would
Cicero, he thought those magic words
says
be
the
had
ring
if Verres
in chains
kept
Here
day,
wretch
poor
lips except
to
and
orders.
of
same
flogged naked
he
by the tyrant Dionysius, and

quarry
citizens
Into this Roman
for malefactors.
for Rome
creatures
arrive
at
by the magistrates,who
seized
was
that
was
a
rapacious. There
Syracuse, called Latomiae,
was
dungeon
Messana.
to
embark
to
the
as
Cupid by
Polycletus,
letter with
him
give
he
Gavius, contrived
named
seal
to
owner
by Verres,
strangled by
pretended
the
stone
prison
thrown
were
cruel
as
was
and
deep
the
marble
engraving, for
well-cut
made
he
impression
But
was
safe
not
was
then
and
by Myron,
Hercules
of
robbed
he
iv.
appropriated
(Canephori) by
basket-bearers
two
alone
Messanian,
chap.
and
owners
instance
one
the
Heius,
Praxiteles,
and
take
To
himself.
to
their
from
torn
were
cups
sEDILE.
CURULE
Cicero
unexpected
deliver.
venture
to
considered
A
raise
that
pressed
profoundly im-
Cicero;"1
article "Cicero."
but
making
in which
there
can
be
but
Verres
were
that
been
till then
not
exaggeration as to the
impressed by the orator,
substantially true.
they were
of
made
rescued
we
"
late
vindicate
to
years
that has
to
expect
may
been
successful
the
see
the
of
memory
of mankind.
execration
the
from
"
when
Robespierre, and
of
character
43
"
charges
doubt
no
has
attempt
"
the
CsECILIUS.
for rhetorical
allowance
every
mode
An
WITH
CONTEST
31-38.
^t.
drag this great criminal to justice,a deputation from

sent to
all the principalcities of Sicily,except Syracuse, was
whom
would
to
they so naturally turn for help
Rome, and
To
the
to
of
Sicily,and
man
called
so
Piso,
of
who
eloquent
most
lived in their memories
who
as
the
from
jurors presided
before
years
Romans
of
were
of the
committed
the
they applied to Cicero to

He readilyconsented
Verres.
there
was
influential
of the
it
powerful
impossible
was
events
of Verres, named
be
prosecutor,
point
with
delivered
Cicero
and
him
his famous
The
court
had
to
speech
speech
it
of
on
prosecution ;
Verres
over.
by
on
but
had
the support
avoid
trial,the
best
be
to
the cution
proseat all
or
it,
make
conduct
to
the
he
cause
undertook.
called
and
prcevari-
to
contest
of the
assert
this
the
ture
crea-
been
right to
all-important
proceedings,when
or
De
he
Divinatione,
his claim.
argument
Cicero
of
accuser
As
/;/ Ccecilium
preliminary question was

decided
the
Metelli.
forward
the first stage
at
of this law,
backed
was
Rome,
at
put
the
provinces
an
triumphantly vindicated
and
The
with
Sicily,was
in
; and
adversary at a trial. A
Quintus Caecilius Niger, who had
that is,collusion
his quaestor
body
Scipios and
betray
practicewell known
was
"
got
altogether to
would
who
one
some
This
be
of the
families
the
as
the
to conduct
connections, and
for him
of
themselves
to
averting the danger seemed
sham, by employing a friend
for
plan
catio
and
ex-governors
forward
come
"
Calpurnius
profoundly convinced
to
preliminary difficulty
friends
by
Sicilians availed
and
the
as
appointed some
administration
corrupt
The
republic.
how
shows
this
been
praetor, had
try offences
to
necessity for
the
by
over
fame
tribunal,consistingof
"
his
Lucius
author,
its
people
of
By the Calpurnian law
day
of
name
of the
tribune
of his
advocate
zenith
in the
then
was
first quaestor
the
as
this
called divinatio, because

alone
without
occasion
is
any
a
the
evidence.
masterpiece
of
AND
QUsESTOR
44
For
art.
cutting
It
Hortensius
in
that
Cicero
He
sham.
If
showed
that
they
unfitted him
could
not
Greek
at
and
would
still be
disparity
prosecuting
the
that
client
this is what
Yet
easy
un-
an
only speak
and
not
then
you
been
.
and
Forum
causes
Lilybceum,
him
I,who,
who
committed
Besides, he had
and
Latin
such
Rome
at
and
important
an
have
none
as
accuse
his
lect
intel-
who
few
or
devoted
all
of the
even
the
time
same
I could
learnt
it
Sicily,
He
cause.
had
it
required. And
will say perhaps,
have
everybody knows,
been
he
in
not
qualifications?1I wish indeed

study from my earliest youth to
constant
the courts, that
and
"
reconciled.
undertake
to
all these
my
been
prosecuting an innocent
you were
of Caecilius towards
Verres
was
been
Even
possess them.
"
the memory,
the eloquence which
nor
"
You
modesty, he alluded to himself.
possess
it has
all events
so
at
difficult for
well-affected
then, with
said
It requireda man
great and difficult a case.
the attention of his audience.
If he had
attract
but
the industry,nor
neither
friends
impar
an
oppressions of Verres, and how could

The
character of
guilty himself?
had
conduct
to
Athens
he
quarrelled,they had
had
with the frauds

up
he
another of that of which
in the
is innocent
the
mixed
more
the
antagonist
begin to be afraid that

pretended enmity
yourselfwould
You
Do
his
with
them
said, be
of
of
merits
imagined than
mind
passed.
sur-
suggests.
man."
'
the
the
effect of the
be
iv.
been
never
contrast
to
can
antagonist defends
Addressing Csecilius
"
order
counsel
chap.
exaggerate
ludicrous
more
opposing
it has
Tt would, he
suspicion produced in
counsel
by the speech of
whom
to
of Csecilius.
what
.EDILE.
irony
purpose
advocate,
and
congressus ;
between
two
his
an
deficiencies
the
and
sarcasm
suited
as
CURULE
I did
had
such
have
age
from
spare
! but
at
endeavour
to
practice
undertaken
the
of
cases
make
myself more
apt and ready for forensic business
the day approacheson which
I shall be called
Heaven
! when
I, I say, so help me
defend
but
tremble
disturbed
in
in every limb."
not
am
to
a
client,
mind,
only
upon
to my
to
care
"
He
went
opponent.
an
for
had
he
he
into
knew
and
would
so
was
of
of
him
mode
of
you
in the real combat
his wits
with
cope
your
would
so
that
His
the
would
whichever
mind
get
gestures and
very
of
would
his
desert
eloquence,
him.
But
testing his capacity :

"
"
cannot
But
dilemmas,
and
as
antagonist.
Hortensius
nothing
say
Ccecilius,to-day," said Cicero,

word
of that written speech which
for you, made

up of scraps of other
of the prosecution,
and
the conduct
this rehearsal
to
that
an
caught.
confusion,
him
as
with
be
orator,
great
easy
him
Hortensius
styleof speaking,
and
arts
Caecilius
would
afraid of
not
was
all his
perplex
confound
an
If you,
change
the
he
encountered
he
turned
of
action
"
He
pitiable state
there
that
become
puzzle him
way
say
often
would
what
to
to
on
men's
able
with
fierce and
me,
can
answer
; if you
me
schoolmaster
some
orations, I shall think

to
do
what
eager
your
duty in
must
we
adversary ?"
the
think
you
venture
can
has
composed
not
cause.
will become
unfit for
But
if in
of you
46
AND
QUAESTOR
ship for Rome,
where
CURULE
he arrived
chap.
months
nearly two
iv.
he
before
expected.
was
The
great object of Verres
If the
trial could
tensius
in
Lucius
of
The
jury
along, and
be
would
men
of
remainder
the
present
the
prosecution
with
long speeches
easy
for Hortensius
within
the
He
baffled.
distinguishhimself
therefore
He
usual
The
judices were
This
senators.
the
tell its
this
at
of
fiftyyears, during
knights. The court met
been
It
an
was
of Mount
many
the
and
exciting
Taurus,
cities of
y"gean,
the
from
thronged
steps of the
from
the
Grecian
every
to
that surrounded
it,on
the
scene.
of
area
the
the
of
been
after
transferred
the
From
Black
Sea, from
islands
forum,
house-tops and
of
Sicily,deputations
porticoes
the
the foot
many
of
and
president.
was
"
market-town
In
them
to
man,
mainland, from
city or
the
exclusively from
temple of Castor,
honest
shores
Rome.
temple, in
at
it had
in the
memorable
in the
case
his witnesses
restored
which
Glabrio, the city praetor, a just and
to
tale.
own
period taken
jurisdictionhad
so
criminal.
the
the
be
less
cared
opening
be
finished
to
not
convict
to
manner,
being
bring forward
to
of
cessation
to
than
If
it would
day,
and
the
to
games.
usual
from
earnest,
the idea
evidence
the
case
days during
determined
in
length
the
was
and
to
case
was
orator
an
resolved
and
let the
and
as
abandoned
manner,
once
Cicero
thoroughly
was
day
the
prevent
But
year.
in
from
continued
to
festivals
rely.
terrified
or
few, owing
conducted
were
it,as
last
at
could
business
were
by
had
its slow
drag
The
year
of
holding
or
by bribes
tired of
begin to get
Hastings.
Rome,
at
constituted, would
would
frequent interruptionscaused
then
and
Sicily. Many
now
with
tampered
impeachment
the trial of Warren
with
the
on
The
by threats.
Verres,
sittingby becoming tribunes

by repeated challenges Cicero
whose
honesty he thought he
would
witnesses
office
be praetor
of
Hor-
upon
enter
of
lowing
fol-
the
escape.
friends
would
delay.
was
out, until
would
fast
Metellus
now
would
praetoriangovernor
the court
(judices),as
offices ; and
obtained
He
were
Marcus,
disqualifiedfrom
other
he
Metellus
the members
be
that
were
Metelli
The
of Glabrio
instead
rather spun
already consul-elect.
was
January.
and
chances
his friends
and
put off, or
be
the
year,
ÊDILE.
and
on
in the
on
the
the
nades
colonover-
TRIAL
31-38.
jet.
looking declivities, were

of
stationed
heirs
impoverished
and
off
47
dense
and
crowds
eager
their
guardians, bankrupt publicans

bewailing their children carried
corn-merchants, fathers
and
VERRES.
OF
harem, children mourning for their parents

praetor's
in the
praetor'sdungeons, Greek nobles whose descent
traced
to Cecrops or
Eurysthenes, or to the great Ionian
the
to
dead
was
Phoenicians
and
Minyan
been
priestsof the Tyrian Melcarth,
the
Iah
Zidonian
'
all these
multitude
the casual
from
and
houses,
crucified
local
yet
Roman
national
nor
the
rescue
The
with
trial
which
Cicero
opened
he
evidence
In
respected
neither
boasted
that wealth
would
of
7th
the
the
by the
in fact
of the
appearance
Gods."1
the
and
is known
was
temple-robber
of the
August,
case
it
scourged
had
the Nemesis
because
complained
the
compel
to
from
had
of
name
merely
witnesses
speech
short
whose
on
relied.2
it he
Verres
the
who
violater,and
the
on
Intcrrogatio Testium,
to
the
and
man
began
introduction
who
shrines,and
of
with
and
flocking,'
came
criminal
citizens, who
murderer,
the hand
from
more
kindred
of spectators
by thousands
and
by the approaching games,
behold
partly by curiosityto
claimed
or
had
ancestors
swelled
was
Italy,partly attracted
and
and
whose
bitterly of the attempts made

jury to stifle the prosecution.
by
He
hinted
intelligibly
enough that a bribe had been offered to
He
himself.
spoke boldly and openly of the shameful
tent
exto which
judicialbribery was
carried, mentioning cases
that
were
who
had
notorious,
taken
his
amongst
guilty.
Well
senators
should
the
there
years
1
Rom.
'
which
Art.
retain
of
state
with
what
he
it
in Smith's
even
Gr.
and
Biography.
The
we
other
possess
were
Verrine
written
orations
but
not
senator
distributed
acquittal, and
Nulla
existimantur
verdict
in
esse
depended
of
judiciis
judicia.
whether
judicial jurisdiction,and
the
trasted
con-
the
knights had that jurisdiction

declaring that then for fifty
suspicion
of
delivered
bribed
verdict.
by Cicero.
They were
pubcondemnation, and remain an imperishable monument
nf his
industry,ability,and eloquence.
lished
five
of
exclaim,
when
now,
be
to
verdict
the issue
their
was
accused
that of
give, himself,
jam
on
things
not
was
"Verres"
that
court
to
prosecutor
might
rcligio,nulla
the
warned
the
then
severitas, nulla
He
from
money
the
others
amongst
fellow-jurorsfor
from
money
and
after the
AND
QUsESTOR
48
He
told them
would
the
that
confident
so
elect,and
that when
his supporters,
I
Curio
crying out,
"
election
has
secured
he
said,
such
failed
in its
duty,
whole
body
of senators
would
other
some
admitted,
that
the
The
have
all the
but
article
he
of
We
acted
now
charge separately,and
he
Caius
Verres,
he
rapaciously and
allies,and
off from
The
Sicilyforty millions
examination
the defence
broke
been
hand
bad
of
the
down
at
and
has
has
made
Hortensius
of
which
required the
of advocates
from
at
Verres
our
besides
ried
car-
to
to
seems
lost his
Rome
of his
Cincian
to
have
temper.
the
one
the
law."
days, but
abandoned
(in violation
services
and
nine
and
then
put only a few questions and
It was
that Cicero
during the contest
on
things
contrary
Hortensius
He
jokes.
he
mally
for-
by
in many
lasted
cross-examination,
evidence
citizens
of sesterces
once.
to
first.
men,
witnesses
at
the
Roman
cruellytowards
nefariouslytowards
gods
clusion
con-
the witnesses
concluded
he
whilst
in the
transferred
hear
forward
brought
find
to
it
prosecution was,
produce
to
of
If
present.
be
and
speeches first,
intended
that
say
in
course
was,
the office,the
jurisdictionmust
usual
stating that which

"
the
fit for
to-day's
;"
composed
impossible
more
him,
never
in Rome
escorted
embraced
nothing
as
be
men
class.
to
afterwards,
each
be
and
fear
consul
Martius
Verres
existed
it would
as
declared
acquittal." There
courts
iv.
procrastinated until
Campus
you,
an
since
to
up
chap.
friends that he
was
illustrious members
and
august
the
congratulate
tribunal
be
Hortensius
ran
you
Verres's
only
from
returning
was
ÊDILE.
were
get off if the trial could
followingyear,
by
CURULE
be
case.
castic
sar-
law
tous)
gratui-
valuable
image of the
Sphinx, one of the spoilshe had brought from Sicily,and while
cross-examining a witness he said, You
speak in riddles ;
I cannot
understand
"Well!"
you!"
interrupted Cicero,
accepted
as
present
"
"
that's odd, for you

Verres
to
get
to
and
are
over,
the
after
and
soon
heavy
Marseilles
the
works
told
that
that
saw
he
and
trial
have
with
of
away
He
also
was
a
art
Antony
Sphinx
the evidence
slunk
began.
fine
was
from
imposed
carried
afterwards
to
too
was
Rome
upon
of
his
off from
placed his
solve them."
for him
strong
the
on
condemned
large portion
he had
home
at
to
him.
third
day
banishment,
He
retired
ill-gottenwrealth,
Sicily;
name
and
in the
we
pro-
CURULE
76-69.
DUTIES
OF
scriptionlist
because
he would
b.c.
the Triumvir
which
vases
yEdile, which
a
curulis1),
jus imaginum,
hall, which
and
entitled
the
age
house,
ings
on
its shield.
These
by
who
persons
They
offices.
proper
when
the funeral
Pliny
mention
the
but
show, and
time
the
and
busts
replaced by
to
appear
the
of
like
shades
to
their
have
of
statues
and
these
rostra
have
gibbering
witness
silent
in
In
durable
to
must
of
set
and
masks
they
the
Polybius
discontinued,
more
worn
the
descendants.
been
of
insigniaof
Both
seemed
were
round
that
from
ghosts summoned
solemnity the obsequies
masks
chairs
think
but
cannot
quartermasks
ancestors,
and
delivered.
of the
the occasion
on
deceased
of
we
is of the
family they
curule
was
hall
or
and
cases,
ornaments
in
sat
Rome,
blackened
painted
striking resemblance*
hideous
atrium
the
the
the
oration
the
originals;
presented
all
with
of them
some
same
represented
decorated
were
the
in his
of ancient
portraitswere
of
mask
waxen
the
to
magistrate who was

as
family was
proud of
"
wooden
marble
the
of
in
{sella
also
; and
English family
an
generallyin
of members
of funerals
times
Roman
show
chair
Chancellor's
Lord
of ancestors
days
enclosed
wax,
in modern
as
curule
emblazonment
family
it could
which
"
the
to
in former
the
of masks
number
right
the heraldic
ennobled
Corinthian
some
the office of Curule
on
privilegeof placing his
the honour.
to
entered
like the
Hall
or
was
fact
in
the
ivory
in Westminster
chair
by
of
seat
"
part with
not
Cicero
him
gave
49
coveted.
followingyear
the
In
sEDILE.
Pliny's
and
were
and
costly
materials.2
The
of
of Curule
duties
of Public
Works,
They
while
of the
as
Aulus
word
he
duties
in
were
nearly the
Commissioner
functions
besides
number,
so
First
the
that
gous.
analo-
are
"
two
same
one
plebeian"
it is
hardly
had
says,
of
to
Gell. {Noct. Aft.

curulis
early times
mark
two
of
in
equivalent to
nearest
points
some
by Cicero
the care
They
point out the difference.
public buildings {cedes)and especiallythe temples, also
worth
the
in
and
were
aediles,whose
The
is that
office in this country
an
detailed
are
against Verres.
his orations
such
yEdile
from
certain
of
honour
the
to
derives
iii.)
currus,
because,
magistrates in the
republic used as a
be
carried
to
the
in
senate-house
which
2
See
was
seat
carriage [currus) in
called
Sir G. Cornewall
bilityof Early
183.
Roman
curulis.
Lewis's
Credi-
History, vol.
i.
QU.ESTOR
5o
of the
and
streets
CURULE
AND
markets,
sEDILE.
chap,
policeof
superintended the
and
the
city. They also provided for the celebration

exhibited
the
great religiousfestivals at Rome, and
honour
in
games
were
passionately fond.
so
and
expense,
salary attached
aedile
could
draw
of
cost
the
so
the
to
themselves
higher
down
to
shows
the
such
pictures
Claudius
contrasts
the
conduct
chapel
of
which
he
when
had
they
He
upon
1
all
conduct
of
their
in
the
off from
exhibited
other
in many
Cicero
Greece
says
and
of
that
the
Atticus
Greek
for the aediles

for this
of art,
works
Cupid
in
of
office
restoringit
Plutareh
to
Hortensius
tells
in
and
statues
magnificent
during
ways
with
sacristy or
aedile,the
a
by
Sicily,
in
Heius's
lent
that
marble
of Messina
and
It
that
us
his
memory
play
disthe
aedileship,
of
his
duct
con-
Rome.
the usual
sources
Scaurus.
mentions
Sicily,and
made.
at
Atticus,1.
are
Cicero
borrowing
plundered
been
magnificence of
others
native
of
quate
ade-
an
have
aedile
and
Verres
Cupid.
they filled
quaestor
form
zEmilius
famous
who
Cicero
the
tacles
spec-
expense
names
for
Thus
wealthy
an
ruined
men
of the
to
whose
friends
have
must
times
gratitude for his services,and
as
lavished
possible splendour, and
statues.
carried
Sicilians assisted
of
and
of Verres,
same
these
those
from
Heius,
his
the
Metellus,
out
in
all
-borrowed
Praxiteles,from
and
office,
ambitious
Many
festivals of the year,
the
with
Forum
they borrowed
Caius
of
were
extravagance
Spinther,and
during
purpose
as
as
frequency
year
who
the
just
outlay they
state.
as
while
customary,
adorn
the
conspicuous
fillingthe office
us
Julius Caesar, Lentulus

to
the
any
which
But
they exhibited, incurring
games
hardly possible
conception. Amongst
their
was
of
honours
it is
handed
was
upon
their
those
It gave
shows.
Romans
there
differ in the
during
in
annual
the
resources.
England
in
differed
Rome
fund
own
by the profusion and
and
which
his
towns
that
any
the
opportunity of buying popular favour, with
admirable
view
office, or
of
able
entailed consider-
course
appear
entertainments
of
public
not
except
their
aediles
the
upon
an
the
to
of
which
of
deities
This
it does
in corporate
mayors
and
different
of
iv.
shows
and
games,
avoided
popularity,and
ransacked
islands
for
of
works
ship.
"
could
rely
unnecessary
to give eclat
Domo, 43.
art
Pro
but
to
his sedile-
DEFENDS
31-38.
jet.
him
much.
thing
At
on
balked
of their
In
the
Caecina
of
he
He
civil
Fonteius
and
side
in
like
not
would
the
be
to
have
criminal
in
speeches
imperfect shape.
an
of extortion
Gaul
of
praetorian government
for
corruption by
Cicero challenged the other
accused
of the
believed
their
upon
the testimony
of
and
Could
oaths.
who
men
and
case,
the
both
possess
only
do
neglect his profession as
not
we
cost
province.
produce a singletrustworthy witness or piece of
Gallic witnesses
the charge.
to substantiate
were
to
be
to
the
was
inhabitants
the
action, and
did
not
to
necessary
stingy aedile
Fonteius
defended
held
was
people
did
the former
had
years,
it
The
Cicero
delivered, but
three
scale.1
meantime
in
time
same
51
sedileshipdid
his
that
spectacles,and
the consulship.
advocate.
an
the
liberal
chance
poor
says* himself
He
expense.
FONTEIUS.
belonged
to
which
nation
not
credit
they give
to
dence
evi-
tained
re-
of human
day the horrid and barbarous custom
sacrifices ?
Were
they to be frightened by the threats of
those
cloaked and trousered
{sagatosct braccatos)foreigners
that
to
"
"
who
a
fresh Gallic
the
besieged
and
shame
and
knights
evidence
their
were
of Gallic
witnesses, but
threats.
One
of
the
Roman
that
Gaul
their verdict, not
gave
they
because
because
they
charges against
senators
believed
the
terrified
were
Fonteius
was,
of the
orders
which
subject, and
obeyed. Another
duties
wine
upon
advocate
dealt
in
Quanquam
be
was,
that
this
given
which
in
way
charge
with
which
to
the
; but
highest character
supposed
had
Fonteius
the
tate
reached
news
provincials
accepted bribes to relieve some
if they
the burden
of making roads, or to take no notice
this Cicero
disposed of by showing
badly made
; but
from
of
be
would
acquitted ? These were

pillaged the Oracle of Delphi,
It would
be a disgrace
Rome.
he had
that
the
if the
Capitol
there
that
were
had
ancestors
the
declaring
Forum,
if Fonteius
war
whose
men
and
by
in the
swaggered
those
that
testimony of
had
been
intelligoin
inveterasse et jam bonis
nostra
lieutenants
orders
had
quoted
Roman
had
exacted
on
been
illegal
in which
speech
He
the
influenced
he
the
part of
is lost.
his
to
his
stances
in-
numerous
nobles
discredited, because
the
of
they
were
by personal enmity against

civi-
temporibus
the
splendorsedilitatum ab optimisviris
postuletur. De Off. ii. 16.
ut
"
AND
QUsESTOR
52
and
accused,
the
as
argued that,
who
Gauls,
These
like him.
He
his
and
mother
sister
become
might
women
him
to
vestal
brother
could
lavish
affections.
that
nightly vigils,was
the
be
that
said
than
them
he
Vestal's
be
the
upon
Caecina
of his
deceased
built
wife,
temple
of
consecrated.
and
The
new
one
however,
in
man,
from
the
in
also
of
the
by her
up
It
cerned
con-
it should
not
influence
next
with
lightning
civil
her
to
of
struggle for
empire
ejecting
claimed
sedile
struck
in
right
the
newlysolemnly
lightning,
by
fourteen
by fire,not,
but
set
on
between
before.
years
consumed
was
turned
heir.]
heaven,
It
war.
be
in
Capitol was
been
Sylla,B.C. 83,
destined
used
he
the
on
had
one
been
curule
as
which
question
which
office
in
case,
The
had
left him
had
of
of
time
the
rage
the
who
old
was
that
she
that
tears.
more
the
property
Jupiter Maximus
in the
burnt
had
illegalforce
year
The
her
people
make
to
landed
Cicero's
During
whom
altar, kept
Caecina, interesting.
some
Fonteia,
prayers.
point, whether
from
care
take
man
Other
to
them
Gauls
of
impossible
for
appeared
Roman
threats
the
It would
the
of
embrace.
on
by
them, with
only being
the
upon
such
men
lose
to
but
iv.
disbelieved.
before
his
to
extinguished
not
honour
Let
burnt
afford
mothers,
the
was
of
be
to
stood
clinging
and
virgin,her
everlasting fire
he
as
wives
vestal
her
could
Rome
chap.
evidence
Fonteius, ought
when
pointed
^DILE.
fortiori,the
hated
times
not
were
CURULE
the
hand
fire
and
Vitellius
of
stroyed
deand
Vespasian.
1
To
this
be
referred
and
Pro
known
period most
probably may
Matridio
speeches Pro
latter is chiefly
Opfio. The
from
the
few
fragments
found
in
Quintilian.
Aurelius
and
seems
Oppius
Cotta, governor
to
have
the proconsul.
drawn
was
qurestor of
Minor,
of Asia
his sword
upon
CORRESPONDENCE
54
Senate
sunk
DOMESTIC
6-
proud title of Pater Patrice, and

lowest depths of despair when
he is
fugitiveexile
he
writes
from
is
charm
in
comparable
his
by
that
letters
which
to
has
antiquity
bygone
Cicero
events
he
as
in his weakness
the
"
statesman
the kind
of
now
in
master
his
with
his
which
he
laid bare
and
clinging for support.
cey
his innermost
them
In
"
passion" here
by a domestic
we
To
written
history,or
his soul,
De
Quin-
lulls of
of
extension
and
sympathy
of
deep
angry
literature
Greek
of
be
day
of
for
not
object
relatives
comparison
father
an
one
secret
into
for the
by
lating
vacil-
speak
with
his
in
see
and
might
to
rative
nar-
strength and
the words
suddenly
scheme
it
whole
quote
say
no
We
in his
thoughts, yearning
come
upon
the
To
friend.
that
out
us.
the affectionate
"
private letters
poured
nothing-
yet timid
warm-hearted
and
"}
husband
have
attain.
to
advocate, and
consciousness
but
public,
friends,in
the
"
he
unfrequentlytheir
him
politicalcorrespondence,
view, and
made
bold
the fond
"
wandering
realitywhich
behold
We
we
not
hope
ever
can
was.
another
at
that while
spared
and
nothing of their exquisite latinity,
playful wit, they have a freshness and
of
v.
tears.
in these
all
tells his wife
and
Rome,
is blinded
There
"
chap.
by the
in the
them
LIFE.
with
Roman
ancient
some
jurisprudence ; there again upon
lem
probfrom
the
quiet fields of philosophy." They show that
of genial soul, and of a most
he was
kind
and amiable
a
man
disposition what Dr. Johnson would have called a thoroughly
"
"
clubable"
he
is
he
indulging
makes
atmosphere
Caesar
Romans
not
Trebatius
of
the
courts,
he
But
that
word
There
he
modern
was
of
had
one
or
is
indulged
notions, offensive
he
attacked
the fault of
Piso and
the
the
scholar
refined
his
and
so
language which
to
good
taste
Gabinius
article
had
and
and
"
left
the
in his
man
gentle-
the
I do
single
speeches.
is,according
even
decency,
Anton)'.
in which
Cicero."
the
under
serve
tirbauitas.
in
Works,
when
correspondence
plain-speakingtime
Collected
irony, as
polish which
It is not
occurs.
when
and
expressive word
of
than
who
soldier
of that
the whole
vulgar idea
often
always
more
and
lawyer,
turn
to
home
at
more
the
by the
in
never
little pleasant banter
described
think
is
fun
no
coarse
when
in
in Gaul.
; and
He
person.
But
he
to
as
that
lived,
jet.
CHARACTER
39.
rather
of the
than
Shakespeare
born,
and
How
her
to
in the
his
promise
him
that Tullia
of
contract
days the pride

the shore
on
letter to confess
himself
We
would
which
"
with
he
that he
stiffest and
bored
is in
"
villa
by them
to
he
is
fondness
for books
his
it seemed
raptures with
as
a
writes
to
him, there
amounted
if his
house
and
amuses
the
upon
beach.
Atticus,
to
has
acted
in
like
the
and
to
had
got
He
had
with
ornamented
tells
his
arranged
soul ; and
so
place ; and
capital opportunity
passion.
is
the
sell
is
he
says
the
of
complain
to
Tyrannio
when
book-case
penning
fuissc),for
neighbours,
librarian
lounging
politicalepistles.
tempted
they annoy
purchaser.
he
he
as
youthful
him
letter
knows
he
country
that
that
the
"
child,"
work,
they roll
telling
son,
there
germanum
Formise
at
Atticus, that when

books
humour
no
of his
therefore, while
His
Antium,
of
for breach
only
see
and
asinum
{me
troublesome
for
life. We
that he
elaborate
most
his
visits of
near
himself
of
genuine donkey
From
his
as
counting the waves
not
willinglyexchange
says
against him
his
calls
him
remind
afterwards
of
significant
so
to
"
often
his sister in his
with
was
his villa
at
was
Atticus
he
aristocratic
most
delight of
and
Italian
speaking
that
friend
diminutive
action
an
"
who
playfullystyles him,
he
in which
Tulliola, as
present, and
him
find
Cicero,"
honey-sweet
of
coarseness
his
giving
modern
brought
to
or
him
endearing
her
had
the age
to
Tullia, or
and
make
to
hear
of the
Latin
ancient
55
gentle nature.
own
little
use
LETTERS.
the occasional
attributed
it is to
the
from
making
"
his
HIS
just as
be
pleasant
message
man
must
not
OF
he
is in
the
gay
in which the precious

parchment-covers (sittybte)
find him
time
at one
begging his friend
kept. We
colours of the
rolls
were
send
to
glue the parchments,

parchment to make
of
account
his
him
of his
to
to
two
part with
assistant
and
to
librarians
bring
He
indexes.
of his
possess
"
Atticus
clever
slaves
one
such
set
and
of
them.
thin
tells Atticus
what
the
means
having
was
help Tyrannio
made
would
manuscripts
as
at
we
were
copies
Athens
not
of
no
ings
sav-
on
in
scripts
manu-
by some
give
now
put
skin
on
library,as he is putting by his

able to purchase it as a resource
his
(viudemiolas) to be
old age.
library" Cicero
By
which
with
to
board
to
a
CORRESPONDENCE
56
trireme
the
at
6-
Piraeus
villa .?1 In
culan
the
of
state
the
refreshes
himself
with
seat
at
of Aristotle
over
his
In
Tiro
for
another
he
In
and
in
indulges
which
had
that
he
and
the crowd
the
that
carried
der
hundert
has
re-
extent
der
Denk-
that the number

maintained
1847),
literaryproductionswas
greater
of
thousands
them
to
also
down
come
the
on
books
in
mentioned
such
by
gulus caused
Sir
in
of
that
700,000
incidental facts
thousand
of his
George Cornewall
says,
relied
Alex-
library at
says
of
any
He
us.
Pliny, who
memoir
this view, and
enable
to
to
the
that
the classics must
statement
existed
andria, and
made
copiesof
in existence
been
have
times, and
in modern
as
that
that Rebe
copies to
The
son.
Lewis
in his
if he
jidcliter.
late
combated
Inquiry
into
the
accusative
the
then
Palatine
Cyrus,
had
too
finding
picture he
Amidst
him,
with
was
draws
the world
life.
attended
he
Hill,
narrow,
been
domestic
he
thought
friendshipof
as
was
troops of
"
the Credibility
of Early Roman
history,
vol. i. 197,
whether
there
or
in
Horace
the
It may
"
were
before
crsten
of
than
bust
his freed-
who
he
begirt as
had
ancient
with
Atticus,
hall, and
writer, in
im
another
adverb
is the
hollow
JahrKaiserherrschaft (Berlin,
und-Glaubcns-Frciheit
the
At
and
on
true
multiplied
were
Geschicliie
entitled
work
his
the
German
Rome,
to
with
Now
that
How
courts,
as
copies of books
which
in ancient
a
on
house
happiness of
sober
the
tells
aware
the
interestingcontroversy
An
centlybeen
to
not
thronged
to
sit in
his wealth, and
as
by his architect
between
and
custom,
his
Cjwpsedia.
calm
the
he
of
made
contrast
Pirmtm,
correct.
when
perhaps
the
that
more
windows
was
and
supports
chair.
Latin
old
against criticism of Atticus,

right in putting the prepositionin
was
as
pun,
the
pratd) of others,
et
of
use
Tus-
himself
been
been
fault with
the
the
of
some
he
admits
have
would
[vicos
that
house,
v.
disgust at
rather
purchase books.
playfullyfinds fault
to
that he
but
would
Crassus
envy
acres
defends
Pircca,
case,
not
inaccurate
an
maintains
before
does
of his letters
one
man
of
that he
says
his
and
that he
curule
chap.
in
evident
was
says
in
Cicero
anxiety
country
than
head,
LIFE.
to
literature,and
despise the broad

it only in his power
has
it
his friend's
well-known
can
of all his
midst
totteringto ruin, he
was
he
consigned
public affairs,when
Republic
time
and
DOMESTIC
be doubted
hundred
copiesof
existence
at
of
invention
Virgil
time
one
any
printing."
He
supported this view in a learned article

which
appeared in Eraser's Magazine,
See also Merivale's Hist.
April 1862.
Rom.
vi. 233.
The probability
is, that
neither side is altogether right. It is
extravagant
of
the
copyists
but
printing-press,
the
is
scarcity of books
prices at which
they
treme
the
Martial
sell
that
suppose
could
rival
the
says
that
well-bound
(perhapshe
for about
the
to
means
of
were
his
of
ex-
by
sold.
would
Epigrams
only the first book)
five denarii,
English money,
refuted
his bookseller
copy
efforts
power
idea of
or
3s.
6d.
of
OF
MODE
68.
b.c.
SENDING
joke freely,or
that
"
he
words,
other
In
whom
to
crowd
he
is not
the
with
one
whom
in
sentiment
faces
can
sorrow.
Bacon,
as
but
are
gallery
where
tinklingcymbal,
he
his soul
same
and
company,
talk is but
57
unburden
can
expresses
is not
pictures,and
of
there
that
friends,"he complains
LETTERS.
there
is
love."
no
How
Rome
ancient
in
either
was
going
to
the
near
or
were
he
that
had
confide
could
and
opened
had
of
charge
letter
it
ground (bitstum)of
I propose
in
Cicero's
style
men
"
varied
him
affectionate
who
in
his
the
near
us
who
burial-
Atticus
to
also
these
show
the
eminent
two
sincere, which
was
their
of
of
idea
good
and
never
lives, and
in
"
seal.
The
wood
smeared
of which
line of Plautus
Stilum, ceram,
To
as
of Buthrotus, he
had
was
have
these
tabelliE
with
must
were
wax,
et
be
thin
and
of
him
as
been
man
are
elevated
written
rim
upon
tabellas
thread, and
the
tablets of
an
"
were
sealed with
border.
or
/'.
e.
"
bound
the
wax
signet-ring,
his
associated
Cicero
a
cousin,
of
son
distinguished by great
stylus
with
only
Verres.
of
year
Adriatic,
his
of
seen,
(Baa//.
added
death
the
"
the
recently
alluding in feeling
the
to
we
despatched five
was
enumerated
the
coast
Lucius
the
four
requisite,
latter part of
western
prosecution
loss, and
speaks
letter
the
begins by
brother
had,
things were
iv. 4, 64),
et linum."
the friend
of
sorrow
excellence, and
every
in
Cicero
estate,
Lucius"
Before
it
vicissitudes
calls him,
he
deplored
with
instance
early letters
between
as
Epirus on
neighbourhood
an
of
language
with
frank
the
the
purchased
uncle
these
existed
all the
in
in
as
of
first letter written
Atticus
or,
being
only by death.
the
where,
few
friendship that
friendship as
terminated
to
he
its
one
to
robbed
they will give

of thought,
habits
and
during
In
mentions
detail, for
somewhat
cordial
danger of
owing
and
whom
to
Basilius.
notice
to
attacked
being
whom
to
hand
he
Atticus
from
despatched
happened to be
were
person
at
person
; and
them
conveying
they
frequently complaining
Cicero
read
its contents
post-office
no
who
important letter without
an
lost
he
where
find
the
of
trustworthy
no
of
mode
friends
by
residence
We
addressed.
was
tabellarii,who
or
purpose
There
only
called
couriers
by
P1
sent
the
and
for the
express
letters
these
were
greatly
endowed
sweetness
These
scratched
with
when
the
together by a packknot of the stringwas

and
stamped with the
58
CORRESPONDENCE
of
disposition.
fertile
He
of
source
refers
next
domestic
unhappy disagreement
ponia, who was
hasty temper,
DOMESTIC
6-
for
Ouintus
of Atticus.
but
easily vexed,
many
and
Ouintus
which
will
relates
afterwards
unamiable
on
to
Cicero
be
stand
well
matched
on
her
of
Terentia
Cicero
to
sister's part, and
abandoned
the
Ouintus,
brother's
he
; and
why,
he
also
letter
which
to
might appeal
had
he
him
as
him
Other
in
nothing
as
topics in
doctrine
trust
what
Atticus
or
an
the
is
same
adverse
was
all
after,as
asked
Lucceius
points of
and
tionate
affec-
him,
until
shall have
In
tells Atticus
how
say
as
at
her
this
with
ence,
interfer-
to
appease
junior,and
he
earnestly he
him
to
the
that
treat
to
his
to
of this work.
written
him
of
speaks
displeased
had
duct
con-
blind
good
letter
two
are
to
interested,
Cicero
point of law,
possession has
no
to
him
to
him,
employ
for they
his
had
of
matters
but
about
takes
and
prove
re-
which
had
is
very
case
much
day.
present
offices
a
also
that the
application in
good
ness
busi-
occasion
tells him
question of guardianship,which
the
at
English lawyer would
say
had
his
period, he
the kind
husband
known.
now
his friend in
of
he
admonish
Atticus
certain
correct
and
offender.
an
which
to
her
later
many
years
was
that
says
brother,
sulky
of
read
to
always
induce
Ouintus
Cicero
the
to
affection.
and
of
to
at
at
subsequent part
now
am
alluding he
herself to
Pomponia
endeavoured
proper
to
in
in
which
naturally took
not
knew
pleasant
which
relate
to
touchy,
accompanying
his praetoriangovernment
to
was
unhappily they quarrelled many

occasion
call
little anecdote
her
entertained
Cicero
it is
in
terms
offence,
his letters,and
Atticus
reason
once
Minor.
faults,but
his character
Pom-
and
capacity of quaestor,
Asia
of
displeasure at his brother-in-law's
idea
in the
in
Atticus
probably the
most
was
of
Pom-
and
may
the
"
Pomponia did not get

frequent quarrels of the illtress
Pomponia, caused
great dis-
and
and
his
also
man
take
to
dignity. A
one
appeased,
soon
exhibits
The
together.
pair, Ouintus
both
in
mentioned,
mood.
very
her
was
wife
was
"
inclined
v.
years
his
been
to have
a
ponia seems
lady rather apt
and jealous of her imagined rights what
we
and
chap.
subject which
annoyance
between
sister
to
LIEE.
in
ciling
recon-
quarrel ;
and
,et.
Cicero
He
Epirus, and
be
in Cicero's
he
seems
concludes
she
and
from
his
59
little purpose.
to
purchase
recent
to
anything
get
villa
"
which
there,"
he
repose
from
all
rest
is the
first mention
and
in
for
I find
rheumatism
darling Tulliola
I love
that
shall
The
occurs
again
not
is
have
last
; and
that
compliments
words
to
Be
"
are
"
brother."
letter,which
next
limbs
their best
send
like
you
the
in
mother.
his sister and
the
Atticus
This
toil."
deal
that
assured
do
but
so,
on
A.
writings of his favourite villa at Tusculum, which

have
to
He
bought only a short time before.
the letter by tellingAtticus that Terentia
is suffering
his
him, and
In
done
Tusculan
own
alone
place
and
good
had
ONI
remember
to
for his
suitable
troubles
my
him
begs
in that
says,
POMP
congratulates Atticus
next
"
AND
that he
him
assures
may
US
QUINT
39-
short, Cicero
of
complain
to
promises that
him
as
negligent
plenty of
a
correspondent, and begs his friend,who has

He mentions
that Fonteius
leisure,to copy a good example.
of Rabirius
has purchased the house
cus
Attiat Naples, which
had
had
brother
Ouintus
ponia,
The
seemed
now
he
in which
manner
It
is
death
the
subject is this
He
then
of
he
death
1
daughter
Paler
Tullia
nobis
"
Ad.
Alt.
the
so
We
sentence
a.
and
excessive
are
d. viii. Cal.
that
his
on
to
We
grief for
so
truth
say
very
have
sorrow
that he
dismissing
the
reading.
the
was
therefore
father."2 But
of
the
appropriate
looks,
Cicero
that
country
says
for
unfeeling.
learn
verse
reseen
the
the
the
loss
death
derided
was
surprised to
summarily
is,that what
find
the
we
me," probablyto return to Arpinum.

is the conjecture of Madvig, De
Ascon.
Coram,
p. 71, quoted by Dru-
left
This
i. 6.
strongly suspect
reading of
was
shortly
decessit
and
we
enemies.
so
This
yet
Pom-
piece
next
out
language of genuine
and
of his excellent
Decembris.
cold
the
Lucius,
and
his
25 th of November."1
look
to
villa.
unfeeling ;
deplored in
by his
noticing
Atticus
Tusculan
being either
it
him
ask
their
at
all he
the
on
with
terms
the usual
father, and
own
that
says
the
accept
we
father died
to
his
and
of his cousin
for
his
My
off
for
least, cold
of his
"
turns
ornaments
that
of
staying
communicates
intelligenceis disappointing, if
and
good
on
both
they were
Arpinum.
near
be
to
that
and
residence
thoughts of buying
some
the
is Pater
that is, "My

not decessit,
discessit,
true
nobis
father
maim,
proves
Gesch.
of it.
Poms,
v.
213,
who
np-
6o
CORRESPONDENCE
call
sentiment
in whose
Romans,
for it
look
to
as
classic
It
hordes
public
subdue
citizen
life.
The
length,
extravagant
swallowed
the
up
there is
had
affectionate
buhr
love
remarks
for parents
that the
possessed it in
hence
comprehend, and
he
which
the
felt
from
divorce
these
first letters
tells Atticus
He
event, which
mentions
L.
F.
1
Hist,
in the
of Rome,
language
this Nie-
Roman
; but
one
Romans
could
for the
at
grief
His
daughter Tullia."1
be a violent exception to
shall
we
have
to
sider
con-
for his
justified
be
parents."
is
ever
appliedto
family affection.
to
denote
the
It
love
lady
young
its works
had
of
is
rings, ordered
(Cordova)
place, where
and
abstinent (frugal),
Frugi means
Cicero, in Verr. de Signis, puns upon
the name
and that of Verres
(brush or
of
besom), contrasting the conduct
C.Pisoni
then
was
only
stvefltSicilyclean
art, with
the
abstinence
of
of
praetoriangovernor
Frugi, who, when
of Spain, having broken
of his gold
one
of
offspring.
his domestic
Titlliolam
"
Verres, who
love
But
manner
The
Niebuhr
tender
glimpses of
daughter Tulliola, his darling
goldsmith
attend
to
him
of
Corduba
in the market-
he
publicly weighed out

ring made in the preof bystanders, to prevent the possence
sibilityof its being said that he had
gold
2
Fronto,
Calpurnius Piso Frugi. This

thought full of interest to him,
laconic
iii. 30.
aropyr]
than
especiallyused
one's
to
have
most
cpiXoaropyia,"the
whether
other
any
In
the
tpiXoffrogyia,
few
cannot
few
that his
should
we
for one's friends and

doubt
to
Upon
; and
or
get
we
Frugi despondimiis?
translates
to
can
(delicice
nostra:),is betrothed
he
not
which
his
of
of his character
he
Greek
laughed
appears
whether
the
"
was
death
state
that occasion.
on
life.
he
that
the Roman
children.
and
degree
Terentia
hereafter
In
the
at
general rule
conduct
says
feelingwas
Cicero
The
Aurelius
an
almost
and
to
affections.
Marcus
corresponding with
word
no
to
comparatively nothing
Emperor
he
carried
there
was
social
and
individual
in which
passage
Rome
paramount
was
private
letters of the
of the
one
and
; the
everything
was
of country
love
of
poured forth
Roman
Empire.
was
essentially
the
people
Republic of
of the
mance
Ro-
Germany
and
and
mere
forests
dark
the
from
came
absence.
the
for
reason
amongst
than
more
look
to
architecture
something
is
Scandinavia
to
life of
The
this
ancient
vain
as
v.
chap.
the
to
be
Gothic
of
suggests
North, when
their
it would
traces
sentiment
and
for
unknown
wholly
writings
And
ruins.
illustration.
the
almost
was
LIFE.
DOMESTIC
"
and
had
plundered it.
a
new
This
looks
certainly
caricature of caution.
like
CORRESPONDENCE
Gi
is
it the
call
some
Emperor
Sylla
villa in
round
the
"
of
Alban
lake, Eustace
which
led
woods
the
to
THEATRE
favourite
It
stands
on
together
by
one
the
on
turned
in its
anciently
When
I
of
autumn
employed
to whom
and
visited
a
now
the
This
Crabra,
spot in
the
was
by the Aldobrandini
family,
bers
excavating cham-
it belongs,in
which
saw
and
Ferrata,
abbey
walks
says
the
once
of Greek
hills
beautiful
or
that
mill, meanders
Aqua
Marino
It is bounded
streamlet
workman
solitary
pavements,
an
mount.
the
shady alleyin
Grotta
Tumuli,
windings.
called
1859
the
Alban
deep dell,with
having
of
place
as
TUSCULUM.
AT
villa of Cicero, and
villa,just
describing the
of
to
villa,and
writers
mentions
town
alley continues
same
Some
After
locality.
the
v.
possiblythe
very
of
owner
bought it.1
different
quite a
the
chap.
Cicero's
But
Tiberius.
become
Cicero
before
the
The
have
may
was
villa
LIFE.
real site of
is the
certainty that this
no
DOMESTIC
6-
stream,
the
now
they
were
the
south
and
recess
the Marana,
is alluded
and
grouped
the rock, and
falls from
through
as
on
monks.
to
disinterred
appears
diswas
by Cicero.
from
their
sleep
of ages.
2
just 258.
Classical
Tour
through Italy,ii.
kt.
Eastward
rises
westward
the view
fixes
south
orchards,
Mount,
Cicero
from
interestingview
the
the
it is
Grotta
of
have
the
and
capital of the world

!'
pulcherrimaRoma
Rerum
if
Melmoth,
and
empire
of
his
"
this
to
that
lum
Tuscu-
site where
the
borne
theory
ancient
other
and
Eustace,
have
would
never
most
theatre
is
been, it
Alban
"
insuperable objection
supposed by Middleton,
to
triumph
and
Jupiter Latiaris.
the
fully three miles from
Cicero's villa reallyoccupied the
Ferrata
the
tutelary divinity of the
the
of
the
"
surely an
; and
vineyards
of
of
temple
the
on
portico enjoyed the noblest and

that could be imagined to a Roman
'
But
it;
his
temple
glorious labours
of
Campagna,
beyond
summit
the
the
with
the
over
succession
it towers
victory and
of
seat
presents
crowned
with Tusculum
mountains
distant
behind
and
once
consul
the
and
63
crowned
once
descends, and, passing
gentle swell
VILLA.
loftyeminence
Rome
on
Thus
TUSCULAN
THE
39.
it is
writers
of Tuscu-
name
lanum.1
The
villa itself
of the
model
miniature.
that
which
It
here
was
hours
that
together
Vaccino
the
on
the south
Atticus
the
which
I've
spent them
But
search
accidentia),
like
pillars,
of the
which
the
to
delightful
many
each
of
Rome,
those
enjoyed
and
up
Campidoglio.
bustle
and
Capitol
leads
might
say
to
the
not
on
toys,
Arts
The
After
which
neighbourhood
all,
in such
we
matters
impossible, and
say
be
must
with
wine,
deep Philosophy,
Poetry
loved, for they, my friend,were
"
of Tusculum
content
to
certaintyis
Livy, "Kama
where
lusts,or
or
of
Wit, Eloquence, and
guess
the
side
passed
noise
demy,
aca-
"
"
call it his
open
road
lofty themes,
in retrospect of
conversations
it in
as
with
modern
and
resemble
exercise-ground, a
same
corridor
on
from
away
the
(the Forum)
Cicero
together
communing
other
of
side
the
playfullyto
was
seen
possible on
to
as
so
palcestra or
or
still be
may
by the
the Campo
from
it
to
colonnade
Rome,
at
used
(which perhaps
xysius,
added
closely as
as
Athens,
at
fact, Cicero
he
gymnasium
and
Academy
In
and
arranged
was
rerum
was
standum
thine ! "
favourite
est, ubi
derogat antiquitasfklem."
resort
certam
of
rebus
CORRESPONDENCE
64
the
old
nobility.1On
Roman
villas of
the
scattered
that Cicero
so
he
friends, but
and
the
road,
Above
this
all
to
the
house
Atticus
than
of
art
joy
he
an
in
bust
and
mentions
statues
in
Pentelic
of
Mercury
which
that
Atticus
tells
hobby
take
not
and
care
Besides
Cicero
had
lay
v.
were
Metellus,
and
acquaintances
little out
library. To
termed
he
of
add
it,to
give
with
urgent
more
him
send
grounds
which
books,
and
of
great is the
Hermathena
Minerva
on
be
with
discovered
afraid
figures
add
of
some
the
to
sures
trea-
of the Vatican.
the
of
and
heads,
and
Museum
pedestal ;
square
bronze
double-
"
pictures from Megara,
in the
voluptatis mcce)
est
expense
he
and
"
it
"
He
his
was
would
take
him.
repay
his
was
was
to
marble
be
to
hoc
{genus
nothing
or
contained
are
of his
expressively
and
Mercury
perhaps yet
may
hill
Catulus,
villa
own
arrival of
the
at
headed
of
the
Lucullus, Lentulus,
midst
his villa and
expresses
he
chap.
days meant
begged him
manuscripts. He
opportunity of picking up for him works
ornament
to
he
as
entreating him
in
lose
to
never
his
thought
was,
in those
course
Brutus,
in the
was
soul ; and
declivityof
things, Cicero's passion
house
Balbus,
LIFE.
certainlydid.2
it
as
the
Cassar, Gabinius,
Crassus, Pompey,
Varro
DOMESTIC
6-
house
and
Rome
at
which
villas, of
other
residence
Tusculum,
at
the
principalwere
situated
the west
of Italy. Following the direction
coast
on
from north to south, they lay respectively
the following
near
towns
Antium,
:
Asturia, Sinuessa, Arpinum,
Tusculum,
many
"
Formise,
Cumae,
he
Antium,
near
in
before
time
situated
of
the
the
on
headland
of
of
his villas at
"
Hie
the
Tusculum
Brutus
Gaudebas
Porto
cum
2
manuscripts
which
were
and
Formige
tui ;
; hie
were
chased
pur-
short
was
waters
breezes
a
good
saved
plundered by
Attice, Tulli
ingentesqueprocellse
fori,et raucoe
fragor abfuit urbis."
Oxford Prize Poem, 1829, by Sir Eardley Wilmot.
awavrCocn. et habet alia 8vcrxPVa"ra- Ad. Att. vii. 5.
Familiaribus.
Devium
cool
here
Conticuere
Cicero
the
had
spot.
he
blue
He
the
villa
d'Anzo)
the
upon
enjoyed
sociique aderant
sermone
Lepidus, only
down
Cicero
which
town,
(now
looking
and
the
M.
Antium
death.
many
B.C., from
45
retirement
quiet
library, and
in
his
Besides
Pompeii.
house
Mediterranean,
and
when
had
year
his
and
Puteoli,
"
"
B.c
RESIDENCES.
NUMEROUS
HIS
68.
65
exile
of his
brought
villa lay in an
Asturian
His
at Antium.
seat
to his country
island which
formed
was
by a river that here emptied itself
of shady
surrounded
into the sea.
It was
by a thick wood
satellites of Clodius
the
trees, in
alone
the
while
of
solitude
mourning
the
time
which
he
at
used
of his
death
for the
to
were
pass
whole
days
daughter. Formiae
"
CICERO
far from
not
was
villageof
Clodius,
the
of
on
It
afterwards
was
hill above
not
the town,
far from
and
villa there
restored
adjacent park that he

Antony. He purchased
the
FORMI/K.
Cajeta (Gaeta)
Castiglione. His
but
VILLA,
was
laid
town
in ruins
or
by
and
it
the
emissaries
residence
his return
favourite
Baiae, the
was
modern
by Cicero,
murdered
by
his country
after
the
from
near
was
in
Cumae,
banishment.
watering-place of the
CORRESPONDENCE
66
fashionable
world
the
mentions
At
of
names
great distance
no
the
of Rome
seaside, where
Annexed
to
he
the
gave
it was
of
the
it had
East.
his
Academy
; and
his
death
villa
the
and
it
he
had
the
that
here
tained
enter-
his
return
this residence, but
populous,
was
After
visitors.
many
Antistius
C.
of
property
the
size.
once
after
to
too
on
Tusculanum,
he
neighbourhood
became
was
here
attached
The
that
(Pusauolo)
his
at
as
Rome
to
way
much
was
complained
Vetus,
which,
drawback.
one
he
and
to
Brutus.
considerable
of
villa
on
He
Puteoli
was
had
building
name
this
Marcus
and
Varro,
chap,
neighbours he
his
amongst
Pompey,
he
Julius Caesar
from
; and
from
LIEE.
DOMESTIC
"
Hadrian
Emperor
was
buried.
His
and
Pompeii,
been
residences
know
so
up
Terentia
which
by
was
services
rich
be
to
as
the
instances
Roman
derived
only
to
career
was
limited
that
of
he
capacity was
mode
of acquiring wealth
provincialgovernment.1
open
says: "Almost
through which
in
sculpture
Grecian
could
create
This
only
Roman
fortune
(al-
and
and
ways
and
might
The
certain
most
Rome
for
whole
was
of course,
matter
large
advantage
to
shoot
in
and
at
as
have
statesman,
allowing
marrying
could
manufactures.
or
commerce
followed,
commerce
Cicero
directlypaid.
to
a
public man
the
Quincey
channels
nobleman
become
adorned
and
But
advocate
an
neither
De
nothing
fifteen different
or
Rome,
at
extent.
either
from
benefit
no
lords
cotton
no
were
flourished
of
masterpieces
an
art
There
How,
such
he
then, did
We
his wife
took
he
that
the
^3500,
support
proprietor of fourteen
with
exquisite taste
with
about
of
cost
him.
by
got
to
to
boast
advocate.
an
equal
sufficient
it his
he
fortune
many
inherited
He
of denarii,
made
villas, all furnished

many
has
did
the
bear
to
purchased by
were
all the
means
he
as
rest
that
no
And
expense.
for his
all the
myriad
able
he
was
establishments
Plutarch
was
how
many
villa,but
from
to
after the
implies, and
keeping
Arpinum
city which
the
from
course,
Naples, close
from
miles
few
lapse of twenty centuries.

from
what
sources
question naturally occurs,
derive
which
the possession of so
the wealth
Cicero
His
lay
called, of
so
was
disinterred
The
so
villa
Pompeian
"
of
means
since
man
series of divorces,
2et.
OF
SOURCES
39-
the
possession of
frequent instances
the
office
of
often
and
he
allotted
laid
office
after his
from
this
him
such
the
and
It could
so
many
luxury
at
the
position of
the
distant
of
masters
and
support, and
were
transmitted
in
people.
place
of
Roman
For
which
he
The
it.
character
as
influenced
did
purity
by
receive
bribe,
any
presents from
imagine that they

been
regard
anxious
most
were
to
for
"
personal security,with
before
cent
the
Cicero's
conduct
he
; but
for
resource
Collated
and
of
of
bute
distri-
to
such
accepted
public
be
to
undoubtedly
can
we
easily
they
have
must
propitiatethe
secondly,
even
the
forty
grand
provincial
government.
Works,
had
votes
of
never
as
he
the gain of twenty, thirty,or

per
the
the door
Rome
goodwill and
the
refundingthe last dowry, but still

these
replacing it by a better) were
two
sea
risks, or to
on
lendingmoney
embarrassed
municipal corporations on
or
buy
at
large in amount,
secure
it
course
doubt
no
foreign suitors, and
still
good landed
money
some
interests
to
he
his
of
was
Dyrrachium
opened
allowed
nor
and
and
whose
that
believe
me
bribes,
client
as
disinterestedness
and
value
call them
senate
men
favour
enormous
duty,
employed
were
their
state
lavished
was
money
of
mentions
custom
Cicero
policy of
the
was
foreign
the
it in
in
But
leading
and
his
live
period.
patron
patron, and
was
agents
makes
Cicero
Such
and
of
it became
and
instance,
senators,
presents
relation
defend
interest,to
corruption, for
the
the
enabled
to
her
and
hardly
can
between
always defended.
to
We
been
rapidly advancing
presents
them.
established
influential
his
to
consular
pro-
have
which
conciliate
to
for this purpose
cases
many
avowedly
was
commonwealths
and
kings
rich, and
was
world,
he
exile, some
earlier
It therefore
Rome.
assume
from
becoming
of the
mistress
when
estates, and
Rome
participated largely in both.
not
the provinces
of
therefore
not
much
of
modes
pro-praetorian
that wealth
of
other
two
were
did
too
were
either
his return
derived
possessor
affluence
there
he
that
He
after
until
unscrupulous
take
to
Consul.
of
charged
colleague Antonius
his
consulship.
source
be
to
what
the
and
ex-governors
with
also
and
government
years
Consul,
or
pro-consularpowers
declined
him
to
the
down
67
Cicero, however, declined
exercised.
government,
for
of
accusation
oppression and
the
avarice
pro-praetorianand
were
Piaetor
of
extortion, show
with
to
WEALTH.
HIS
"Cicero."
"-
CORRESPONDENCE
68
of the matchless
favour
DOMESTIC
e"-
and
orator
LIFE.
foremost
chap.
of
man
v.
Rome.
of acquiring wealth
unobjectionable mode
in ancient, as
in modern
was
times,
by legacies,which
has
deemed
honourable
of
been
an
source
riches,
always
for
the
resorted
acts
to
of
are
provided no unworthy
purpose
In the second
Philippiche makes
influencingthe testator.
received
of boast that he had
it a matter
upwards of twenty
million sesterces
(about ^178,000) from legaciesleft him by
other
The
and
his friends.1
But
he
also
borrowed
was
almost
exile
from
without
after his return
scruple,and
constantly in debt.
proconsul,Caesar had lent

800,000
sesterces, equal to about
^7000.
have
been generallyopen
Atticus
to
seems
Cilicia
to
not
himself
as
wished
money
was
often
increased.
under
to
lay
impression of
for
credit
the
his
the
on
he
whose
was
he
plied
sup-
his friend
other
and
he
hand,
he
of
repayment
which
thereby
were
this for the
did
of
purse
low
was
embarrassments
that
of
sake
might be useful
But
this writer, throughout his
to
can
produce an unfavourable
of Cicero.
He
never
gives him
men
him.
all he
work, does
But
of
him, and
to
cases
credit
went
sum
The
some
friends, the
says
obligationsto
elaborate
his
and
Drumann
his
others.
from
arrear,
interest,and
when
in
however,
money,
loan, and
largely to
in
The
it.
gift but
borrow
to
lent
the
of
security for him
became
him
as
freelyavailed
he
Before
character
services
attributes
the
action, and
single disinterested
selfish and
his conduct.
He
is
most
to
unworthy motives
much
in his
as
was
prejudiced against him as Middleton
be trusted
favour, and neither of them
can
as
a
biographer,
when
the subject in question is not a matter
of fact, but of
It is not clear that he
opinion affectingCicero's character.
lent
interest
at
money
believe
at
that his
in
put money
to do
object was
his pocket, or make
debtors.
Political motives
with
in
him
Pompey
at
inducing
the
him
1
for conduct
Ego
enim
Philipp.ii. 40.
to
of
which
we
the
shall
ducenties
the
see,
well
may
services
not
to
of
his
perhaps had weight

to
a
large sum
very
the Civil War,
by
we
action, and
of
use
little deserved
amplius sestertium
events
kind
advance
influenced
as
all
at
have
may
him
outbreak
quite as much
gratitude which,
of
all ; and
he
but
he
was
bably
pro-
exaggerated feeling
entertained
towards
it.
acceptum
hsereditatibus
retuli.
"
this,and
then
building,and
the
people
of much
their
theatres
to
hitherto
spectators.
This
in
rise to
tumults
Covent
Garden
shall
of the
which
the
in
was
of
should
It
senate.
extremely
bill
the
be
of
consuls
the
about
for
him
that
there
into
contact
who
public
iniquitatibus.Ad
gave
P. riots at
It
became,
the
author
the
extent
his
of
nothing
every
says,
he
tarn
Aft.
of
with
esse
nunc
that
was,
at
to
state
Romre
the
its nature,
of
what
Rome,
the
affairs
telling
bring a
with
worse
to
of
and
Atticus,
to
rascality.1In
delight
tion
elec-
the
and
letters
canvass
the
was
Calpurnius Piso,
through
growing
were
exercitatum
u.
kind
disgust at
turns
i.
like
was
excitement
stringent in
extant
go
but
senators,
gives a lively idea

to
in the
seat
result
C.
Consul
office had
his
less
the
protect themselves
to
The
off.
another,
the
or
suspended,
was
put
was
was
he
and
nihil
and
guilty of
were
office
public
obliged
; business
earliest
with
city, which,
"
of
were
and
expresses
rapidity ;
it reveals
to
those
this time, Cicero
candidate
letter he
tribunes, was
strongly opposed by the

The
popular with the masses.
brought forward by
law.
ultimatelybecame
written
the
popular
un-
century.
present
was
magistrates
one
of the
opposition
incapable
withdrawn,
Scito
of
that
was
In
most
O.
the
to
of the
rest
some
militaryguard
was
compared
early part
enacted
great that the

of
the
It
political
corruption in high places at Rome.
penalties bribery
punishing with the severest
elections,and
was
though
carried,and Otho
difficulty
extremely unpopular in consequence.
see,
bill for
offence
be
may
third bill,and
depth
by
and
Otho,
might be expected, a
republic like that of Rome,
Cornelius,another
and
so
dressed
ad-
Lucullus
as
however, with
Caius
at
by Lucius
with
indiscriminately
sat
was,
measure
we
was
lence.
vioand
clamour
importance, excited still more
of seats in the
to assign separate rows
object was
the equestrian order next
to the
senators, for the
knights had
as
that
expense.
proposed
was
believe
had
he
while
Forum,
vi.
less
Its
was,
them
make
to
at
bill
second
it in the
displayed
enriching himself
The
chap.
popular with the mob, Gabinius

Lucullus
the magnificent palace which
of
made
SHIP,
him
render
picture
P TOR
PR.
THE
7o
man
same
in
the
incredible
his
the
thought
*"'
of
quam
candidates
omnibus
kt.
ELECTED
40-41.
PR^TOR
URBAN
library he had
his,friend to keep carefullyfor him some
had
purchased for him at Athens.
Although, owing to the confusion
villa,and
Tusculan
for the
comitia
against him,
by the
both
on
was
the
third
attempt,
he
competitors
seven
Urbanus
Praetor
election
still at
was
out
with-
adjourned
when
And
centuries.
valid
prevailed,the
that
chosen
all the
followed, and
result
same
of
Atticus
which
books
had
71
there, begging
twice
occasions
votes
formed
was
result, Cicero, who
unanimous
last, on
the
election of praetors
definite
any
the
US.
place,
take
did
at
of the
the head
poll.
Next
the
office
the
criminal
66,
B.C.
year,
the age
at
assumed
forty-one,Cicero
of
The
most
City Praetor.
it
of a judicialnature
important part of his duties was
; and
usual
to determine
was
particularjurisdiction,
by lot what
civil or criminal, each praetor should
exercise
during his year
of office.
Cicero happened to get as his division of labour
of
of
Praetor
courts
Urbanus,
provincial governments.1
in their
inconsiderable
required
in the
wealth.
part of the
criminal
judge both
firmness
generally
were
He
to
had
soon
these
preside at trials
of
men
formed
This
business
other
and
of extortion, embezzlement,
magistrates accused
offences
had
all events,
at
; or,
or
no
and
Rome,
at
prits
cul-
honesty, for the
and
and
influence
powerful
great
opportunity of displaying both

Macer
Licinius
Caius
important case.
an
qualitiesin an
of Asia
Minor,
had, while holding the praetoriangovernment
been
guilty of great oppression and extortion, and, being
accused
his misrule,
had
under
suffered
by the provinces which
he was
his trial before
a
put upon
body of judices,over
whom
Cicero
he
did
not
(togasordidd) which
to
He
order
at
Atticus,
Postulatur
de
Flutarch
"
says
that
he
took
to
the
was
his
destroyed
and
died
trial from
that he
was
he
a
compassion.
with
himself
tells him
Maximus,
tion
prosecu-
overwhelmed
so
Cicero
bed
under
an
dress
mourning
and
sympathy
either
apud me,
prsetorem pripecuniis repetundis. Pro
Coj'neiio Fragm.
mum,
confidently expected
for persons
and
Crassus,
of
relation
assume
excite
to
to
so
usual
was
the result that he
grief.2 Writing
of
it
even
however, convicted,
was,
shame
in
wear
was
his support, he
and, relying upon
acquittalthat
Macer
presided.
died
or
that
his
own
but, according to Valerius

watched
balcony, and
the
convicted, and
of
close
when
saw
he
the
knew
Cicero,
PR.ETORSHIP.
THE
72
conduct
the
of
the
on
occasion
; and
people
he
adds
English judge
an
conviction
if he
result
had
what
would
that the
credit
"
value
more
is
the
Cicero
in
whose
neck
he
take
would
Cicero
much
neck,"
He
also
Aulus
and
tried
the
charge
man
named
The
the
of
indictment
of
husband's
presidingjudge, take
the
black
cap,
that he
condemned,
would
as
not
he
died
robe
put
sent
a
messenger
but not
accused
himself
into hi* mouth.
his
as
you
have."
his
property
He
then
reminds
speech
Cicero
it.
Cicero's
got
to
the
condemnation
of
might
have
almost
di
in
which
was
Borgia.
and
Not
her
sometimes
first
punish
-
for stand-
endured
by prisoners when
viction
lands
to
and
the
contest
formerly in this country
ing mute,
the
of
of the peine forteet dure, the
ment
cate.
advo-
comprised
married
daughter
was
murder,
wickedness
Lucrece
her
of
also
tale
so
lost ; and
colleague
own
that
Upon
not
now
accused
was
by forcing indictment
This
when
judge, Cicero
profession as an
man,
him
replied
I have
who
us
insolent
see
in
guilt with
say,
confiscated.
instantly suffocated
napkin
we
therefore
and
be
off
should
of
impudent
an
you
seems
death
point
that
request, which
his
Cluentius,
in
the
before
came
almost
criminal
Fundanius
Naso,
pre-eminence
[prcztexta),or,
O.
of
which
like
Vatinius
conspiracy to procure
Oppianicus.
discloses
a
melancholy
after her
the
jest on
that
and
"
of
Habitus,
mother
siding
pre-
had
sarcasm
neck,
rude
of
case
Sassia,
exercise
M.
The
praetorship.
the
the
question about
; but
office of
sign
no
check,
say
Cluentius
before
make
Yes
"
the
defended
the
consider.
to
make
to
thick
petitionor
time
from
titude
gra-
much
understand
tumours,
some
the
filling
debarred
tell him
with
should
we
To
Vatinius,
retorted,
Although
to
how
occasion
an
short
praetor he would
were
on
Romans
swollen
was
which
on
the
praetor,with
sittingas
the
offender's
shows
mentions
the rule.
to
character.
unscrupulous
long
the
good taste,
bench
that
thought by
said
gained by Macer's
the populace than
from
Plutarch
the
on
remember
bull, was
palm
hear
to
us
verdict.
exception
must
not
he
This
right, nor
never
justifiedan
if Jie
startle
vi.
from
golden opinions
with
flowed
been
pronounce
fell from
said
him
to
have
personal infirmity,but
we
him
won
acquitted.
of
of the trial was
thought to be in the power
praetor, although the judices,or jurymen, alone
right to
It
"
that could
benefit
any
of
was
had
chap.
they dreaded a conbe followed

by forfeiture of
goods, if they pleaded to the
and
were
found
guilty.
67-66.
DEFENDS
cousin, Aufius
Melinus,
B.C.
an
from
his affections
in-law
there
wife
strongest
and
brother,
relative of Melinus
put
Sassia
of
first refused,
did
caused
days
Sassia
were
wooed
deaths
The
son-
his
poisoned
of
murder
of
near
Oppianicus
tion,
proscrip-
of her husband
attracted
her
had
he
three
she
of
few
scruplesof
The
married
Oppianicus
by
nuptial presents,
not
says,
family.
course
murdered.
and
Cicero
such
the
at
alive,and
sons
with
in
She
marriage.
"
children.
Oppianicus
was
of the
one
abandoned
most
having unsuccessfullyattempted to take off

his trial for this crime,
by poison, he was
put upon
and
villany;
Cluentius
and
her
of his lists of
offered
be
to
of murdered
of
career
them
as
won,
had
interest
the hint, and
removed,
now
and
the
of
two
he
encumbered
be
to
understood
Oppianicus
but
wish
not
inducing
of
arms
the
one
murder
ground that
the
on
in
her, and
to
in
Oppianicus, being equally smitten,
and
his addresses
paid
This
death.
alienate
to
arts
By and by, however, Melinus,

of Oppianicus
against whom
procured
through the
and
love
she
and
tyrant Sylla, included

to
the
to
suspicion that
was,
"
all her
"
the
with
the
him.
conceived
soon
last succeeded
at
flew
enmity
the
was
own
the
incurred
having
mother
employed
then
married
openly
and
She
73
the
his wife, and
her.
divorce
to
for whom
passion. She
adulterous
him
CLUENTIUS.
being convicted,
endeavoured
to
distributed
sentenced
was
bribe
his
amongst
judges, and
of
some
that
for
them
large
had
He
banishment.
to
had
purpose
of
sum
money,
which
they took, but, notwithstanding, pronounced a verdict

of guilty. For
this offence
afterwards
they were
put upon
their
five
trial and
in exile
convicted.
Oppianicus died
years
after
his
death, Sassia
by
son
Cluentius
of
be
to
defended
his
bestowed
former
wife, and
Cluentius,
It
and
subornation
an
after
narrative
the
elaborate
one
marriage
to
her
accuse
this
which
already given,
be
of
But
of
examination
upon
his
own
that
son
anicus,
OppiCicero
the
least
perjury.
his
longest of all
of abridgeadmits
ment.
of
one
after
husband,
occasion
shocking history
of
years
deceased
on
delivered
it is also
chieflyin
her
was
in
him
urged
It
and
revealed
daughter
caused
poisoned.
three
and
her
having
speeches,but
incest,
condemnation
the
crime,
as
murder,
it consisted
facts, it would,
merely repetition to
THE
74
condense
to
attempt
PEÊ
the
the accusation, which

into
conspiracy
to
strange
in
only
When,
him
at
the
take
once
that
to
not
the
do
his wishes
but
admitted
he
urged
the
instances
into
that
the
But
which
he
said, a great
his
forensic
of the occasion
mistake
had
he
friend
no
struck
he
he
the
adds, "just
said
or
done
That
for her
that
he
bound
his real
the
is turned
away
son-in-law
with
had
the
It was,
sentiments
in
adapted to the exigency

apparently with approval
startling saying of
of
any
his
An-
speeches
inconvenient
an
if
as
the
did
men
we
have
with
immorality
her
of
remember
not
committed
the
have
to
seems
orator
the
described
is
same
house
an
outcast.
no
for
the incestuous
worth
quoting.
had
with
her
no
spread
adorn
mother-in-law
religiousceremonies,
have
we
writing."
herself,while
The
more
remark, for
what
it to
son-in-law
been
nuptial couch, which two years before she

daughter on her marriage, she bids them
in
case
cited
by
advocate.
might, when
Cicero
in which
prepare
he
had
and
be
an
have
to
brought justice
had
as
in
had
quoted against him, be able to deny

the words.
have been
Clearly he would
follythan
language
marriage of Sassia
'
case
was
unless
The
the
"
liked
Hansard.
to
were
he
which
in
to
for
mentioned,
censure
in order
them
look
They
never
uttered
with
his
favour,
the
speeches
and
refused
to
he
and
down
that
in his
merits
verdict,
merely expressed
certainly without
from
Cicero's
honest
an
Cicero
speeches.
passage
tears,
complied
Attius, and
was
acquittals which
perverse
tonius, that
side
of
one
give
to
contempt.
written
other
from
jury
he
"
that he
the
on
acquittal
about
anxious
point of law
prosecuting counsel,
was
of
opinions
he
on
passage
where
the
his
him, with
says
told
he 'would
and
secure
more
Cicero
and
he
complete defence.
advocate
quoted
was
not.
was
him,
him,
entreated
he
saw
defend
would
abandoned
"
Cluentius
to
offence
criminal
touch
not
Cluentius
safety ;
reason
of
The
But
and
for this
Cicero
to
law did
the
his
than
which
senator,
declaring that
so,
vi.
part of
to
respect
this
made
objection which
charge.
character
with
the law
of
safe,as
was
chap.
With
argument.
therefore, he applied
he
on
to
case
SHIP.
charged Cluentius with having entered

get Oppianicus convicted, it seems,
that
say,
TOE
daughter
weds
one
and
to
her
give
jet.
TRIAL
40-41.
the
bride
all."
of
bill
dark
delivered
this year
support
CLUENTIUS.
the
amidst
away,
Cicero
OF
gloomy
and
his
of
one
in
brought
75
the
by
finest
then
Lucullus
in the
the
in
but
of late the
had
mutinied
the
obvious
and
exalt
in the
effect
the
field.
of
the
in the
liked
to
to
see
proposal
his
the
was
so
Some
precedent
turned, and
be
only
Caesar
think
that
with
the
may
not
his
such
of
grant
was
reasons
favourite
popular that
power
who
Various
a
was
the
the
Rome
at
man
writers
this measure,
to
increase
to
soldiers
first sight,strange
at
his support
for
set
upon
had
Pompey
it.
oppose
command
of his ambition.
way
against
war
first been
would
of
for
The
fame.
Tt appears,
which
Manilius
in
campaigns of
successful,
brilliantly
fortune
reputation
the
people, and
was
at
assigned for this.
be
have
of
tide
likely to stand
may
had
East
his
Julius Caesar also giving
find
to
of
zenith
speeches
tribune
of
in
the conduct
superseding Lucullus
Mithridates
and
conferring the supreme
Pompey,
forebodingsof
object
ample
himself.
hoped one day to have conferred
upon
But
refined
this, perhaps, is too
a
view, and
gives Caesar
credit for too
Macchiavellian
long-sighteda policy. A more
but
theory,
wished
the
he
as
powers
Pompey
The
measure
to
their
this
and
with
people,
to
he
the
the
people,
Rostra,
upon
in
have
failure,or
possession of
power.
Catulus
strongly opposed by
the
may
of
the chances
follow
asked
from
them
and
speech
whom
they
he
could
if
they persisted in trusting everything to

carried
The
off by a
he was
mischance
?
loud
shout, exclaimed, "Upon
a
you!" and
him
pleased
so
first
at
hopes
Pompey,
which
Catulus
Hortensius.
probable, is, that
exposed
envy
was
addressed
less
be
to
and
obloquy
rest
the
not
that
he
ceased
to
struggle against the
bill.
The
speech
the first concio,

from
had
the
The
wards
He
him,
was
boasted
seems
to
and
have
as
acquitted,
that
he
which
politicalharangue,
says
his
in it that
incessant
prevented him, from
result
Cluentius
or
interesting,
independently of
Rostra.
deterred
had
is
been, that
Cicero
had
after-
"thrown
Cicero
hitherto
his
occupations
addressing
dust"
its merits,
in
of
offadisse judicibus)
Fragmm.
See
delivered
modesty
an
cate
advo-
people there,
the
the eyes
as
as
Onom.
the jury (tenebras

trial.
the
at
"
Tull. ii. 165.
THE
76
he
but
emboldened
now
was
of their favour, as
three
it
times
shown
unmistakeable
He
how
showed
against the attacks

possessions in Asia
and
powerful kings as Mithridates
Tigranes
their
allies
in the
were
the
on
make
ought
as
self-denial
"No
feelingof
of
booty ;
indulgence
in the midst
himself
His
His
one
success
been
nay,
of
As
of the
"
For,"
which
said
we
are
and
he
be
of Grecian
terested
disin-
think
to
course
did
selfand
in the Asiatic
art
off,he
cany
not
allow
even
in the
with
"
his
in
They
Pompey.
also
no
such
must
not
opposed the
bill of
the
opposed
the
to
to
that
prayers
Hortensius, who
command
supreme
the
of
of
case
the
full
"
approbation
good
rapacity
that
this
governors
on
been
of Marius,
commander
in
the
account
who
had
self.
him-
but
express
power
Catulus
of
the
soldier
by foreign nations
the
much
Scipio Africanus,
it is difficult to
of
that
was,
required
merely
Cicero,
concentrating so
answer
of Rome
not
held
accessible
and
remarkable
so
Heaven
had
his
man,
"
honour
should
his destined
affable
on
danger
one
before
Pompey
his
skies
would
pirates,and what
Roman
empire if his authority had then
tried to
Catulus
the bugbear with which
to
of
The
Asia
of
against
of the
done
works
appointing Pompey
frighten them,
often
that
Mediterranean
hands
from
been
authority of
by the
for
in the
ask
bestowed
prevailed ?
the
trait
por-
pleasure ; no
delightsto
famous,
explore cities,however
was
had
war
had
become
splendid
to
The
; he
to
Gabinius
have
gentle
was
remember
the
all these
that
"
bill, but
in
to
repose.
ventured
as
misled
him
tempted
exploits in
even
be
nature
all.
drew
generals thought they might
other
at
He
aside
him
attracted
of toil he shunned
look
to
him
turned
ever
curiositynever
which
towns,
avarice
military
"
licentiousness
no
:"
showed
to
carry
to
qualifications
He
praised
verse,
re-
pass
fit to
"
warrior, and
rather
distinguished general
genius, virtue, authority,success.

united
in Pompey.
qualitieswere
of him
be
to
suffered
most
four
only
revenues
own
dwell, but
not
such
two
for not
had
arms
the commander
of
character
the
up
Their
was
There
campaign
necessary
of
their
help,but
said, he would
he
question,Who
the
to
their
danger.
which,
on
on
implore
utmost
of him,
put forth all her strength to protect
her
did
evidence
election
unanimous
praetor.
should
Rome
their
vi.
chap.
the
by
by
repeated, as
that
was
PRÊTORSHIP.
have
good
odium
of
the
gone
man.
in
pression
opout
PR.ETORSHIP.
THE
78
law
allowed,
Manilius, he
would
he
sit
did
as
had
purposely appointed
delivered
Rome
the
afforded
; and
wealth
not
an
if
even
let
slipsuch
an
be
the
far
so
He
candidly tells
not
dare
that, with
must
body
of
Italy,and
incur
he
the
of mind."
families
of
the
attain
to
did
to
but
wealth
of
riches
indeed, but
consulshipin view,
must
that
afford
he
dignity,but
in
supreme
at
amongst
canvass
and
Rome
hazard
to
in the
ancestors
had
to
one
been
of
rest
year'sabsence
of
verifying the proverb, Out

belong
he did
elapse before
"
not
not
alive."
years
electors,both
not
care
contempt
actively prosecute
risk of
whose
taken
honour,
covet
Two
could
He
ness
disinterested-
covetous
offending man
us
he
immense
sin to
the most
law
province
might truly say,
am
qualifiedby
meantime
Rome.
leave
the
out
he
if it be
And
I
to
that
was
by
concerned, for, had
have
to
of honour, and
"
is
would
suppose
He
his refusal.
of
of
praise of
of money
provoke
modes
declined
praetorship,
accept a provincial
to
the
to
enough
and
opportunity of amassing
mistake
he
man,
golden
cause
covetous
and
the love
as
avaricious
been
it would
is entitled
He
he
the
refused
temptation, and
glittering
in this
was
cautious
or
his
of
close
the
at
It
the law.
pale of
the
within
yet keep himself
at
ambition.
command
in the
to
rapidly accumulating
virtuous
were
might enrich himself
he
government.
was
of
claim
to
forward
the
go
Cicero, however,
the
man
entitled
was
looked
was
means
; and
jealous of Pompey."
length of a Verres or an Antonius,

numerous
impeachment by his avarice,there were
to
which
and
certain
most
self
him-
do
to
prizes in the lotteryof
best
of the
one
as
people
undertake
to
so
the
place before
invective
against the
were
which
provincial government,
do
his
Cicero
prsetorship
of his
close
The
consented
he
bold
who
those
and
him
on
likelyto
not
judge.
taking
a
towards
the
were
This
"
vi.
only day on which

that
adding significantly,
called
and
otherwise
act
another
before
Plutarch,
says
to
Manilius
of Manilius.
people again, he
oligarchical
party
the
try him
help
to
the defence
accordingly,
not
to
praetor
as
tried
by getting him
loudly applauded him,
At
wish
and
wished
who
those
he
chap.
the
sight
cratic
old aristo-
senators,
and
who
VET.
ANARCHY
40-41
seemed
themselves
think
to
it as
looking upon
statues
or
pictures
had
all
to
or,
"
in
seated
been
the
curule
which
felt
is
position for themselves,

competitors who
of
side
start
historic
an
with
The
affairs
Let
prey.
"
essential
to
form
condition
of
Rome.
of
state
its
bears
anarchy
of Athens
few
on
the
of
the
order, had
no
only
her
sway
Naraque
invidia
sulatum
mere
antea
aestuabat,
et
credebat, si
name,
critical.
the
definite
form
and
pleraque nobilitas
quasi pollui conquamvis egreenm,
gius,
had
Hist,
in
law
no
The
lost their
Cat.
of Rome,
even
say
and
world, and
homo
noviis
Sallust, Bell.
The
it occurred
recognised
the laws
Rome.
all directions.
in
during
hundreds,
nearly the whole
over
in such
thing altogether.
different
some
it is
disordered
Athens
of
and
time
country
of
Rome.
this subject
on
immensely
a
bition
am-
saw,
this
that
citizens, who
mere
his country
says
of
rather
or
their
on
He
which
to
was
against
leave
to
with
quite
hand,
ambition
not
condition
personal objects
their
a
was
'
was
the
assumed
other
thousands,
make
to
feeling than
never
comparison
no
republic,and
small
Rome,
a
There
had
influence.
occurrences
of
he
advantage
Niebuhr
what
notion
complete anarchy
anarchy
a
clear
have
of
evils
tremendous
and
"
struggling upwards
in
nobler
the
fact, a. parvenu
homo
resolution
quote
me
in
race
family
no
was,
who
eminently
was
had
forefathers
enormous
comprehend
To
the
his
feelingly deplored, the

was
the
was
influenced
of
state
run
and
Perhaps, also, there

which
those
He
his
novus
by
office
that
He
against
and
name
of
monoply
show
chair.
contend
England
in
to
to
term,
own
difficultyto
the
hall
his
79
hereditary right.1
of
in
his
use
entitled
kind
ROME.
OF
v.
23.
15.
public
Re-
power."2
adeptus
c.
sued
pur'
foret."
TEMPLE
OF
CAPITOLINUS.
JUPITEK
RESTORED
BY
CHAPTER
CANVASS
FOR
obtain
THE
CONSULSHIP
ambition,
following
comitia
in
the
consulship
and
although
he
year,
of
17th
July,
This
was
the
was
he
great object of Cicero's
next
could
for
the
election
that
done
the
with
well
in the
not
form
of
the
during
was
to
him
the
day
until
the
at
the
candidate
in their
of
tribes, held
tribunes,
of
his
that
modern
to
an
mentioned
as
it
is
impending
canvass
that
to
the
usage,
He
the
on
"
free
but
in
tells Atticus
begin shaking hands

facerc), which
was
as
to
PRENSANDI
Rome
at
eve
address
an
intelligiblemanner.
[initium
voters
on
and
on
understood
county
It
intends
he
elected
65.
B.C.
equally plain
an
as
people
independent electors," according
and
be
not
of the
ELECTION.
65.
himself
assembly
Martius
Campus
the
AND
B.C.
42.
announced
tributa, or
CANINA.
VII.
JEt.
To
CAV.
in
an
English borough
dissolution
his
interesting letter
brother
or
essay
of
or
Parliament.
Ouintus
known
dressed
adas
De
c.
65
CTIONEERING
ELE
TA
Consulatiis.
Petitione
It
and
is
best
mode
as
while
worth
the
the
in the
seat
that much
; for
human
seeks
to
Never
Rely
the
of
utmost
told
us
care
to
have
as
Numbers
of young
oratory when
troops of
the
your
them
they
admirers.
show
their
goodwill of
men
You
success.
believe
that
hear
Pompey
Catiline
to
are
Ouintus
to
be
you
both
draws
when
be
show
to
and
will
not
am
what
took
with
of
in the
order
of
and
of the
some
has
Take
to
You
(publicani).
the
municipal
you
and
colleges
you
to
friends.
whom
state
them
himself.
taxes
is Rome.
Demetrius
your
the
the
(novus homo)
place
improve
of
varietyof
into the
beneath
ground
parvcim
farmers
flattered and
descend
you
low
Think
have
clubs.
get lessons
in
speak, and you are attended

by
them
all
this
that
is
the
Impress upon
zeal and gratitude. Show
that you have
of consular
rank, and that they wish for
you
must
your
them
canvass
one,
and
assiduously,
opinions agree
political
that
aristocracy,and
you
{minime popularcm fuisse). Let
seemed
secure
"
eloquence,and
the
ever
"
ago.
flock around
men
could
ancient
candidates
equestrian class, many
advocate,
an
of the
if it
consulship; the
of
of every
many
defended
to
the
all the
side
given
its contents,
between
as
on
power.
whole
the
boroughs,
time
know,
pains Demosthenes
and
display the number
your
time
as
quite as applicable now
ever
same
everywhere, and whovoices"
of the people,
sweet
of the
on
almost
your
the
therefore,
may,
mistaken
centuries
"
powers
your
was
is
Ouintus,
all
for
tioneering
Elec-
curious
gives a
of
is the
yourself
to
say
upon
advice
nineteen
we
of
much
most
gain "the
and
cajolein England
candidate
It
contrast
am
nature
(itlay, as
am
forget,"says
to
Capitol),
and
of the
Rome
cajoled at
Forum
It
of
that he
proves
ability.
abstract
short
And
appear
"
and
Commons.
resemblance
times.
flatter
of
give a
to
modern
must
and
Manual
of
state
House
points of
then
Rome,
society and customs

if at the present day an
account
were
by which an aspirant to Parliament
insight into
shrewdness
of much
man
called
be
may
Tactics for Ancient

a
CTICS.
"
it
are
by
them
know
only with
was
no
the
gaining his support.

cut-throats
profligateand
and
"
the
portraitsof these
G
two
those
with
means
of
of
radical
that if you
view
make
have
attaching
Antonius
and
needy men."
in the
blackest
82
ELECTION
colours.
that he
had
people,
forced
him
the
to
Marius,
off his head, which
his
streaming through
The
Quintus goes on :
"
make
the
them
those
honour
use
"
to
with
must
then
you
in the
your
reference
freedmen,
has
that
gratitude is
who
the
they
occasion
careful
we
cannot
have
should
be
too
popular agents
to
of all the
franchise,
and
induce
know
your
in
Try
it will be
and
but
for life.
Secure
active
colonies
in
assist
to
make
Get
you.
zeal
the
as
off
you
if
they
not
and
the
possess
the
their
in
good
heart
by
Italythat
You
different
candidates
were
acquaintance of
as
many
of
as
point is the
graciousness of manner,
requiresflattery,
votes.
soliciting
This
and
times.
friends
much
as
other
at
be your
men
with
is not
contest
they will
and
now
friendships,however
about
purpose,
for
canvass
by
possible. Provincials and rustics will,if you

them
personally,fancy that they have the honour of
useful and active
also most
are
friendship. Young men
electors
the
contest
Let
you.
that
know
you
attach
and
favours,
that
believe
towns
neighbourhoods
themselves.
for your
many
about
Remember
gossip.
forming them
in
neighbours, your
your
get anything from
scrupulous
be
to
court
enlist in
to
care
their debtor.
you
You
daily life.
Take
of future
to
wider
goodwill or
obligations to
make
men
policy to make
merely during the
names
hope
under
are
serving you
who
has
you
domestic
livelysense
yourselfthose
those
depends on two
own
popularity.
slaves, for public report
your
generallyits originin
man
fore
there-
must
to
friends.
your
may
yet attained
than
fellow-wardsmen,
your
clients,your
to
of
number
show
may
envy
You
Success
canvass
all who
consider
favour
to
hand, with
and
friends
and
of your
your
that the word
friends, remember
your
meaning
succeed.
to
his hair
families
not
zeal
the
things
As
exertion
have
enemies.
consulship,your
of the
every
consular
of
praetorianrank, who
of
by
in his
up
elevation,
your
oppose
then
fingers.
pride
"
make
held
he
him
seized
then
He
burnt, and
were
the
of
Rome.
of
streets
bodies
He
blood
perhaps
the
dead
spot where
mentions
especialfavourite
an
torture.
frightful
to
struck
M.
flogged through
be
to
put him
and
caused
vii.
chap.
of Catiline, he
enormities
other
Amongst
CONSULSHIP,
THE
TO
The
personalapplication.
next
Take
care
to
make
art
the
of
popularity.
assiduity,and
acquaintance
jet.
ELECTIONEERING
42.
of the
You
necessary.
please those you

and frequent the
and
over
night
and
door
of
the
attention
doors
them,
is
man,
with
you,
the
for you
trials.
of those
visit you.
that
him
that
the
at
men
in their
that
entertain
you
"
As
in every
Bear
the
friends
but
nothing
Your
shape.
all
see
that
things
to
must
all
do know
promises
made
to
them
and
men,
to everybody.
civility
readiness
and
alacrityto
the
other
saying
If you
do
by
so.
them.
can
Men
candidate.
of
petitors.
com-
coaxing
know
candidate
show
must
oblige
like
to
have
If you
them,
must
attention
voter,
be
that
your
to
Epito
candidates
be
must
he
Rome
is not
flatteringand
use
at
conspicuous merit
while
they are full
prudence
the
first business
you
guard.
in
got off
good-will towards
and
a
of
you
have
you
on
of
essence
very
into
gives
and
your
right
Go
defended
mind
in
is essential
It
you.
friends
your
the electors,you
to
let them
become
the
be
to
hearts.
Tell
credulous.
and
pretend
him.
It
Your
treachery.
mise
pro-
When
put himself
especiallyif
be
you
you
it.
canvassers.
time
If
others.
know
tries to
have
with
that you
see
makes
about
agents
pleased
them
to
to
some
"
your
are
who
to
your
countenance
as
doubted
and
you
same
has made
charmus,
of
crowd
whom
trickery and
envy
train
only
you
act
Let
never
you
importance,
clients
to
not
suspect him,
you
persons
open.
you
one
any
pretend
you,
same
not
about
their civilities
that
believe
is full of
of
of
speak
and
But
house
your
plenty of people
daily with a
have
always
train
your
if the
that
and
consequence
; for
Show
assure
to
heart
canvassing.
thinks
Forum
that
others
deceiving
who
show
throw
home,
at
to
stay in Rome
to
and
and
to
reason
same
to
conversation
the
accost
it is
contest
banquets
give them, and
everywhere. Be accessible
your
have
to
levees
out
have
also
but
It is base
and
all comers,
to
care
your
notice
the
is of little use
Take
attend
Attend
and
enough
must
you
"
do
to
day
is open,
repels it
"
Forum
friends
get your
looks
your
self
your-
appearance
election
an
It is not
canvass.
again.
over
in
an
is essential.
Flattery
adapt
must
Force
assuming
are
daily life,but
in
83
them.
know
you
you
natural.
it appear
blameable
and
that
while
habit
against your
to
show
electors,and
make
TACTICS.
are
show
liberal
asked
ELECTION
84
promise something which
to
undertake
to
CONSULSHIP,
THE
TO
against
cause
yourself civilly,
pointing
excuse
under
which
be
to
are
prevents
compelled
I have
"
declined
heard
those
who
looks
and
decline
of
it said
"
on
will make
an
C.
Cotta,
his
services
case
where
manner
perfect adept
to
to
that
the
that
more
had
of
attention
to
them.
up
up
and
of
an
vice.
much
Let
As
of
will
trial before
all. Or
of
if
on
you
Make
the electors that
may
risk
with
could
pay
Pompey
is
is bound
state
much
to
your
made
intrigue,trickery,
much
arrogance,
hatred,
and
much
against bribery, let

they run if they have you
that you
them
see
With
the prospect
be
took
possible
Rome,
found
only
make
and
not
it would
and
he
on
contend
them, they will perhaps

you
he
interest
full of
ploy
em-
were
or
that
own
bear
to
a
could
if he
know
in
are
to
have
narrowly.
they do,
you,
vented
pre-
justifiedthis
that
sure
pride, much
competitors feel what

closely and
if
duty
he
him,
the eclat
nations, and
much
for their prosecutor.
them
all
have
he
clients
his
you
where
imagined,
about
thinks
that
assembly
had
felt
talk
Give
success.
You
the
of
that his services
everybody
side, and
malevolence,
annoyance.
your
your
he
as
people
Remember
canvass.
And
of
plenty
far
so
that
your
you
promising
retainer')in every
retained
he
than
have
popularity.
with
habit
where
services
had
who
leisure
cases
heartily on
his
giving
person
in
care
but
by
important business,
in the
was
advantage.
often happened
it
retainers
your
that of
canvassing (in ambitione
at
best
impossible to
of
he
that
say
the
required by
Take
they
enemy.
; and
ground
"
offence
no
accepting a
(we should
say,
he was
applied to, except cases
them
be
you
gracious than
more
was
'
him
he
sorry
Men
taken
are
more
accepted the retainer.
If
than
words
by actual benefits received.
the
with
previous connection
plea of some
artifex),used
the
are
that when
advocates,
some
opposite party, you will probably give

the plea that you
are
occupied with more
you
you
refuse.
to
their
case
obligation
protesting how
and
you,
the
out
vii.
stance
perform (as for inmust
friend),you
cannot
you
chap.
so
not
watching
are
of
attempt
criminal
bribery
at
asm
supported by the enthusi-
bribery will
be
of
no
avail."
86
ELECTION
Manius
who
Curius,
did
houses
of the
kind
be
can
the
to
CONSULSHIP,
THE
instance
no
belong
not
instance
no
TO
chap.
pointed
social
of
out
occurred
all."
at
The
consul
aristocracy,and
vii.
probably
curule
great
appointment to themselves, and looked with

the utmost
to
man
jealousy upon the attempt of any "new
force his way
The
time
had
to that proud pre-eminence.
it was
by, as Mommsen
truly remarks, when
gone
any longer
possible to take a small farmer from the plough and place
the
kept
"
him
the head
at
the
of
merely the capital of

of
Italian
an
of the
fee
Sardinia
confederacy, but
civilised
some
time
and
in
June,
the
in
who
told him
vote
for him, but

be
there
impending
and
years,
the
confident
so
the
uses
unless
noon."2
In
guilty by
Sine
negatur.
fuco
"
He
; and
and
of
Ad.
ac
the
until
jury
fallaciis more
Att.
i.
had
held
guilt
"
decide
words,
majorum
"
and
Si
judicatum
erit, meridie
non
sun
can
ready
lucere,certus
It is
has
then
was
his
provincial
for two
become
Cicero
But
conviction, that
will
Catiline
writers.
sibly
pos-
besides
But
command
his
that the
sage
2
and
acquitted.
of
I.
certain
were
there
to
provincials. Clodius
Catiline
is
style,1
disqualifiedto
was
was
i.
I.
that
by the
he
jury which
head
flat
intend
not
stand.
whose
Galba,
with
met
Cornificius
and
pected,
ex-
premature
others, who
The
Catiline
his
other
did
they
he
Roman
old
pecuniary corruption in
strong expression
provided that
in
then
P.
indeed,
that he
by
was
who,
calls his
that
impeached
now
prosecutor
candidate
not
in
west
apparently
those
One
electors
Catiline, over
was
of
Aquillius might
of Africa.
government
Atticus, who
says
Antonius
were
trial for
the
ceremony
and
was
to
Cicero
for Cicero.
candidates,
these
at
now
them
governed
Italy.
of which
competitors.
from
without
Caesonius
was
and
east
date
names
field,but
refusals
downright
the
and
{prcepropera
prensatio),
canvass
was
his
the
addressed
tells him
be
she
part of
any
this year,
already
was
as
letter written
would
to
the
held
tributaries,and
completely
as
Athens, Cicero
at
not
was
the chief power

or
territory,
tress
was
rapidly becoming the mis-
She
world.
her
were
officers
In
is
limited
for Rome
Africa, Egypt, Syria, Greece, Spain, Gaul, Sicily,and
her
community
to
be
competitor,
does
only
shine
not
be
declare
declared
that
erit competitor.
how
extraordinary
been
he
"
misunderstood
Ad.
the
Aft.
this pas
by several
mt.
does
sun
shine
not
Catiline
tampered with.
; and
cause
the
here
But
learned
jury
Catiline
in this
about
quarter of
useful
of
all
; and
not
we
the
is
get, and
coalesce
to
proves
beyond
defend
him
have
he
able
be
it is
case
of the
impeachment
date
of the
But
been
letter,and
letter
they
"
L.
not
were
that
to
to
and
on
mentioning
the
Cicero,
in
consuls
elected
that the letter
can
names
the
be
but
by
1
posed
dis-
more
This
time
that
in what
meant
in the
is the
what
But
to
those
him
defend
it refer ?
does
case
African
of
in
however,
the
Summa
here
of
names
the
same
consuls
universal
The
for
accusatoris
the
voluntate.
the
time
"
Ad.
as
the
former
had
taken
other
any
custom
was
being
i.
instance
by
event
an
2.
get
conclude
then
year
that
means
would
This
may
Alt.
cannot
consuls,
dating
writer
Roman
elect.
that
clear,
hypothesis
embezzlement
aware
of
spoken
office.
we
It is
charge.
adopt the
we
Catiline's trial for
of consuls
year
to
the prosecutor.1
with
will be
did
for
difficulty,
written
not,
found
wished
we
disappointment."
he
actually in
not
was
before
am
the
intended
chronological
Catiline,
out
at
defence
unless
place.
of
this
informing Atticus of the birth of

Julio Ccesare, C. Marcio Figulo cousulibus."
consuls until the year after Catiline had
acquitted
that
and
At
if it turns
Cicero
defence
charge,
one,
that
as
by the Africans.
refer
over
of Cicero
; but
the
that
prove
the
the
that
this letter that Fenestella, and
therefore, that
to
show
to
begins by
"
tried
jury
canvass
bear
to
on
him, rely
son
in the
me
all doubt
; and
did
defence
acquitted,that he
is
follow
Cicero's
just such
most
that he
passage
the
lived
the
"
possibleunderstanding
who
The
remarkable
the
with
differentlyI shall
letter
next
very
defended
of
one
convincing
hope, if
is
are
in the
many
Pedianus, who
the arguments
the best
have
Cicero
Cicero, says
competitor. We
my
that
later,and
contemplate undertaking
moment
the
shortly
wrote
on
find
we
puzzled
commentators
right. But
possess,
was
betray
to
who
Asconius
century
has
grammarian
impeachment.
I think
Asconius
which
Augustus, declares
of
prosecutor
Catiline
also bribed.
were
Fenestella,
men.
the
from
money
87
point of fact,however,
Clodius
difficultyoccurs
the death
after
took
He
In
mid-day."
at
acquitted, for
was
CATILINE.
OF
PROSECUTION
42.
to
the
mark
and, besides,
Cicero
this
in
speaks
Some
writers
fact that
in the
tried under
for
was
in the
they
his
say
intention
the
Rome
to
come
Jiouori
these
words
consul
;"
and
it
the benefit
And
he
in
letter
was
Figulus
January,
written
be
the
contest
the
election
64,
and
say,
as
you
the
before
would
to
was
take
could
Atticus
give Cicero
Upon the whole
in
the
of
request
next
blank
the
Atticus
elect.
two
in
second
his
as
wish
the
to
canvass.
therefore, and
their
year
1
time
have
been
in the
course
of
no
Lucius
this
Caesar
and
have
Dio
Cass.
37.
10.
have
and
and
resided
at
that
was
Figulus
Rome
it is not
renewed
91.
as
B.C.
vasser,
can-
the
written
were
the
for the
period there
Sulla, 29.
But
wras
complied with
consulship.
Cic. pro
as
which
believe
during that
correspondence,
Cicero's
the year
tJicn
to
to
decided,
election
Caesar
to
appears
for
an
Rome
in
be
If then
that the letter
assumes
years,
after
in
inclined
am
to
at
use
help
any
friend, and
three
or
of
65, when
B.C.
year
consuls
should
64, when
B.C.
of
election
during
care,
year
place
rightwhich
is
hypothesis
assistance
that
be
or
over.
saries
adver-
meaning
originallyintended."
the
in
friends
his
my
Cicero
Take
"
for him
anxious
to
and
actually consuls, the January here referred

January of the following year, B.C. 63.
were
must
to
letter,
Caesar
with
opposed
not.
not
same
obvious
the
that
friend's
of his
on
goes
be
natural
was
did
generallybelieved,
was
Now,
will
who
"
is,
it
cate,
advo-
have
of Lucius
influence
his
exert
fore.
nostro
have
Rome
to
he
the
is very
he
that
nobility,who,
the
amongst
consulship
tells Atticus
Figulus, Cicero
to
the
it is
refers when
Catiline's
In
writer.
been
that
which
difficulty,
other
of
have
assume
as
appear
great
any
date
they
second
the
absolutely certain that
by
to
bears
which
to
offences.
to
impending, that Cicero
was
remains
there
adverted
seen
Sylla j1 and
it is all but
although
But
alleged
murder,
Africa,
twice
was
different
if not
trial,as then
this second
Catiline
years
in
of
time
two
embezzlement
for
was
illegalviolence,
committed
by
was
trial
prosecutions for
different
first trial
The
of these
course
two
he
that
mentioned
already
actual
an
as
vii.
was
pending.
standing while
the difficulty
by relying on the
get over
to
try
chap.
Catiline
letter of
second
his
disqualifiedfrom
law
CONSULSHIP,
THE
I have
But
competitor.
to
TO
ELECTION
88
is
until
PROSECUTION
65.
b.c.
chief
The
It
is
of
interest
whether
fact
Cicero
enough that
OF
the
is
question
89
Catiline
the
not.
or
seriouslycontemplating
him
find
of
independent
actually defend
did
we
CATILINE.
the
ing
using language with respect to the approachplies
imhave
been) which
(whatever the charge may
intention, and
trial
that
think
of
shall
as
If
professionof
the
in
we
same
with
client.
His
and
to
And,
fact of
his
if his assistance
with
find
make
to
case
any
it
Cicero
to
seems
later
much
Caelius
with
hint
to
the
in
in
thought
But
his
him
an
Catiline, and
ally in
known
as
attacked
past life.
his
the
him
The
and
of
and
had
date
candi-
that
trial,but
his
at
his
to
which
a
relieve
former
intimacy
formerly been
character,
firm
Atticus
order
had
man's
for the
of Caelius at
defence
from
we
had
and
faithful friend.
and
the fact,that
with
that he
intended
to
was
upbraided
truth
courts
acquitted hoped to have him

he delivered
Senate,
a speech in the
Toga Candida, in which he furiously
if he
in
the
in
to
services
canvassing
explanation at
this view
told
His
in
there, in
him
remarkable
himself
that
reconcile
canvass,
oration
he
citizen
long after he
very
defend
that
to
him
He
wider
successful
Catiline
with
different.
much
an
accused
was
fit.
therefore
arising
estimate
it is difficult
become
defend
to
the
optionalwith
was
adopt the
his speech in
odium
good
have
to
thought
to
of his life ?
Catiline, declares
it
generally practised
cause
we
period
from
deceived
concern
under
be
of
Rome
at
he
as
he
common
Are
as
and
allow,
only ready
not
consulship.
not
But
to
Cicero
ready
not
to
the defence
qualify himself
It is
for public office.
view
been
difficulty
no
does
understood
conceived
was
gratuitous, and
were
some
undertake
required.
we
in
not
in
profession
there
than
or
appear
be
bring the charge home

he
is by
rare
cases,
it fails to
except
to
is
advocate
discretion
had
Rome
would
advocate
modern
possible that
if
implied obligation
The
bitterlyattacked
of his
character
moral
or
guilt or innocence
duty is merely to deal with the legal evidence,
the accused.
the very
there
Catiline,
as
man
he
the
show
to
in ancient
England,
the
such
afterwards
soon
advocate
an
for
matter,
himself
he
of
could
How
secured.
been
defence
see,
it is in
as
the
in
appearing
whom,
the
had
packed jury
is, that
him
we
with
must
all the
not
infamy
look
for
of
his
perfect
ELECTION
9o
consistency in Cicero, nor

politicalend in view, he
to
have
been
of the
one
Christian
the
and
the
covered
the
In
earth,and
take
to
into
electors
with
well
stand
rich
the
letter shows
same
cheated
been
made
Satrius
of
Satrius
But
been
had
friend
of
nobleman
Domitius
Cicero
whom
upon
"
object of
Caecilius and begged
usurer
dropping
Cicero
his
like
much
was
for
to
be
and
case,
counsel
; but
reason,
he
you
the
time
himself
distress
view,
wished
will think
1
it
against
on
Cum
to
he
on
man
"
say
Romae
be
and
he
besides,
showed
his
his
his
was
influential
and
retainer
our
Cicero,
chieflydepended
He
pointed this
the
but
for
out
the old
displeasureby
ground that
the
who
was
that Atticus
that
like
to
him
wealthy
brother
acquaintance. Writing to Atticus,

for not
appearing against Satrius in
puts
conscious
goes
And,
says
and
Varius
with
both
to
decline
to
alleged,
Cicero
terms
ambition.
offended,
excuses
uncle's
his
he
as
goods to his
action
(something
use
Ahenobarbus,
in
Caecilius,
his
elections.
other
at
to
this time
at
was
of money.
intimate
on
was
attaining the
to
an
considerable
of
Quintus
brother
brought
modern
September
nobody.
large sum
he
call
may
(the
Atticus, had,
trover)against Satrius, and
counsel.
and
Caecilius
; and
of
out
he
offend
and
assignment of
fraudulent
action
Varius
by
we
from
anxious
of
that
votes.
secure
miserly uncle
and
for
canvass
being Piso's lieutenant,
of
one
thing
some-
Atticus
what
stay there
how
every
his
Cisalpine Gaul
and
less,
fault-
his intention
told
go
order
canvass
he
darkness
"
announced
this year,
pretext
him
people,"was
principle.
he
in
of
the
opportunity of
the
character
commencing
and
been
ancients, and
morality, when
and
of
vii.
have
to
thinking
the
January, under
to
far
from
darkness
Lombardy)
and
The
the
Christian
July
legal vacation1
to
to
am
gross
from
in
perhaps
Piedmont
candidate
becoming a
the consulship
a
nearest
letter in which
same
of
should
the
highest Pagan
different
very
of
virtuous
most
; but
gentleman
him
I believe
approach
to
respects
some
was
means.
and
purest
chap.
surprised to find that, with a

not
as
scrupulous as he ought
be
the
about
CONSULSHIP,
THE
TO
reasons
would
If you
of
his
like
did
friend, and
the
guess
to
ambition
forum
judiciis
he
refrixerit.
take
not
in
true
harsher
prevented
me.
jet.
BIRTH
42.
Well,
it is
since
race
if this
even
but
anxious
that
reference
during this
that
year
consulibus,filiolome
friend
I have
Figulus
a
son,
talk
and
had
of Catiline
The
consuls
Caesar
name
for the
Caius
and
the
next
Thermes
would
not, he
foresaw
himself
of
the
which
Flaminian
is the
through which
crossed
would
Molle.
But
gate, which
del
in after
be
birth of
Julius
that
assumed
Roman
His
custom.
to
to
on
Lucius
were
Atticus,
formidable
written
competitor
not
time
del
Milvian
of
exist
Cicero
until
the
Popolo, at
Popolo, the
the
It
Rome.
modern
years
the
over
in the
did
the
and
consulship.
had
letter
Caesar
to
pletion
popularity arising from his comthe
work
he had
Way, of which
Flaminian
known
the
as
Way is now
Porta
the Tiber
mate
inti-
had
superintendence. This
Corso, the principal street of
from
the Capitol to
the Piazza
of
in
an
of his
account
on
the
tainly
cer-
passes
of the
64,
It is
expressed a hope that

Caesar's colleague ; because, if
Lucius
that he
then
He
B.C.
to
Cicero
year,
be
family by
my
Figulo
to
event
an
Figulus,who
and
Marcio
was
that
For
consulship of
to
year,
Thermes,
previous
letter which
Tcrentid.
prospects
own
Marcius
was
not
me
Catiline,it
Ccesare, C.
the
adoption, according
on
originalname
in
his
for
born.1
scito,salva
in
the
of
was
son
doing well."
is
and
of
defence
increase
an
what
see
you
it is
date
Julio
L.
that
Terentia
For
announcing such
of
Know
"
for.
pardoned,
good-willof everybody.
the
only
auctum
stiff mode
be
I may
necessary
intended
91
so."
his
thus
commences
that
right in the
am
Cicero's
to
how
do
to
SON.
I strive
acquire
to
think
and
running,
am
Assuming
letter
so,
bagatelle that
no
only to retain
certainlyam
has
be
OF
Via
old
extremity
Flaminian
Flaminia
bridge, the
there
north
runs
was
the Aurelian
gate,
and
passed
modern
no
wall
Ponte
Flaminian
was
built,
wider
circuit
than was
embracing a much
occupied by the
sary
city in the days of the republic. It is perhaps hardly necesRome
is almost
to
mention, that modern
fined
wholly conwhat
to
the Campus
and
was
Martius, then a green
and
public buildings,
plain,with a few monuments
grassy
and
M. Agrippa
erected
the
where
afterwards
some
years
1
Middleton
Figulus
were
places the
birth
actually consuls.
in
the
following
year,
when
Lucius
Caesar
and
ELECTION
92
TO
and
statelyPantheon,
which
was
by the
Cicero
and
was
Catiline
were
Antonius
C.
families had
This
held
soleum
mau-
of
lamented
so
had
Galba, both
six
of
petitors.
com-
patrician
Hybrida
to
the class of
OF
offices of state
only
equestrian order, and
could
Cicero
placed
they looked
they had in
him
at
proud
upon
their
wealthy
all but
and
field, and
and
the
; and
felt by the
were
beautiful
first occupant
beloved
so
actively in the
now
MAUSOLEUM
of the
family, the
his
Marcellus,
Longinus belonged
chair
that
vii.
of the deceased
son
(a younger
orator), L. Cassius Longinus, 0. Cornificius,and C.
Sacerdos, all of the plebeian class. But both Antonius
and
Licinius
placed
chap.
of Rome.
These
rank,
of
the young
whole
CONSULSHIP,
Augustus
ashes
the
for
THE
and
was
an
power
that is,their
"
AUGUSTUS,
entitlingthem
candidate
boast
of
the curule
to
whose
family
to
the
against the pretensionsof

upstart, and
of
he well
knew
wealth
and
the electors.
omnipotent sway amongst
unblushing bribery and corruption of
jealousy
one
whom
the
means
For
defeating his election.
and
influential,
was
public dignities.
no
great disadvantage, owing
nobles
as
nobiles
influence
On
such
all kinds
they
had
casions
oc-
were
ELECTION
94
the
Campus
which
Martius,
The
off into
their
century
should
each
septum,
and
each
was
furnished
which
to
written
end
placed
were
the
tickets
the
numbers
taken
were
of the individual
which
and
its vote
The
vote
other
So
of
great, however,
and
of
number
of
Cicero
the
the
following
the
his
suffrageswere
power,
He
was
who
were
merchandise,
1
Pro
Verr.
2
Me
and
futurce.
"
In
omnes
ordines,
the
century.
the
election.
as
number
consul
the
of
an
upon
the
did
votes
a
me
In
by loud
next
greater
majority, and
been
nowhere.
consuls-elect
for
actually assume
triumph of Cicero was
His only claims to their
not
and
his unsullied
of rank, and
quam
Italia,me
majority
depended
have
became
men
ready to buy
against such
signo voluntatis
the
taken
was
small
to
abilities
i. 9.
cuncta
by
appear
by
opposed
of
him
had
January. The
of the people.
splendid
custodes,and
popularity,that the electors,
although they
credit
greatly to the
voted
the
suit.
of
1st
had
The
Antonius,
year,
wished
the
beating Catiline
therefore, and
office until
fate
by lot
Antonius
competitors
deposited
he
and
majority of the people,1
Cicero's
was
the
prczrogativa centuria,
the
chosen
of the
shouts.2
of votes,
rest
the
of
vote
resorting to ballot, proclaimed
unanimous
the
wish
and
ninety-seven,and the election

the majority of the whole.
was
instead
called
was
At
probably smeared
most
the
it he
tickets,on
he
called
called
entered
century
announced,
generally followed
centuries
votes
tablet
generally determined
of the
centuries
the
first
of the first century
indication
of the
then
was
he
on
sheep-pen,
for whom
scrutineers
a
on
off
which
candidates
by
fenced
candidates.
into
determined
votes
came
boxes
or
which
to
As
it.
by lot
enclosure
an
the
members
out
result
The
of
or
pricked
were
wax.
That
urns
all the
when
and
vote,
into
told
were
diribitores,with
names
of the candidate
name
with
the
Martius
passage
passed along
voters
"
its likeness
ovile, from
of consuls,
decided
narrow
by officers,called
were
other
the
of the
then
ponticulus,led
called
election
Campus
was
first.
vote
barrier,"or
"
it
centuries, and
side, and
the
in
vii.
chap.
following manner
in the
assembled
people
the
determine
to
conducted
was
CONSULSHIP,
THE
TO
acter.
char-
wealth,
and
freelyas they bought

temptation he could only
as
uni versa
voce
Pisonem.
civitas non
prius tabella
priorem consulem declaravit.
JET.
rely
and
of
the
is
in
society
impossible
some
of
Rome,
at
utterly
bad
sound
and
virtue,
services
as
could
the
as
tone
of
years
heart
reject the
and
Bad
was
thus
advocate
an
as
orator.
the
that
95
long
by
which
degree
genius
an
believe
to
not
his
as
demoralised
classes,
upper
fame
his
and
statesman,
for
popular gratitude
upon
state
CONSUL.
ELECTED
42.
amongst
civil strife,it
of the
people
respond
bribes
the
was
to
that
was
the
call
freely
were
offered.
Most
his
find
we
was
much
know
for
time
of
only
when
he
year,
who
by
illegal means
The
speech
acquitted.
the
and
canvass
had
been
too
excitement
of
his
Cicero
probably
the
duties
defended
of
in
other
lost, but
it
this
At
the
praetor
of
obtained
by bribery and
successful,
and
to
year
all
events
and
engaged,
was
having
words,
was
election
advocate.
he
Gallius,
O.
accused
was
is
an
trial in which
one
"
of
with
busily occupied
the
that
ing
preced-
his
office
corruption.
Gallius
was
CHAPTER
VIII.
THE
CONSULSHIP
Mt.
ClCERO
had
attained
the
As
such
Consul
of Rome.
of
year
his
of
honourable
coveted
day
of their
he
made
office
in
the
"
neither
nor
the
"
and
obtain.
usual
of
1st
people
January
it would
will, Conscript Fathers,

to
the
with
enmity with
the
at
discharged
able
be
This
time, the
only
praiseworthy in
denial, and
look
conscience
lot, in
case
to
him
to
the
it
were
his
him
better
won
reward
over
the
if
if
to
it
advantage,
a
such
an
promise
they
at
are
himself
the
act
at
are
clared
debe
less
of selfof
approval
his
Sallust
colleague Antonius, by
that
might fall
having than
the
one
tracy
magis-
they
his fellow-citizens.
his
of
tribune
not
was
that
sought
office could
the
in the
province
worth
he
as
; but
himself
regard of
already
resign to
freedom
he
in this
tribunes
in which
way
the
assumed
noble
myself
indeed,
was,
commit
solely for
of
despise them
and
and
dignity
and
that he had
agreeing
Republic,
the
he
nor
this
made
speech
that
power
demean
so
myself."
with
he
chastise
to
day
honour,
in the
on
provinces which
very
nor
be
And
oppose.
consuls
two
publiclydeclared
"
naturally
in the first
the
on
expiration
was
lots for the
draw
Senate
which
to
the
for
was
province, an
which
preferment
was
the
at
of
government
Cicero, however,
crowded
anything
enmity
says
it
entitled
was
provincial government,
as
own
the
to
inauguration to
to
was
he
He
ambition.
of
summit
lucrative
and
much
each
office
63.
B.C.
43.
to
his
which
obtained.
Antonius
Cicero
and
it
made
it up
and
himself
exerted
the
did
97
lots
at
"
himself
once
with
alpine
Cis-
retain, but voluntarily
not
Metellus
Q.
get it assigned to
to
drawn,
were
prize he
contented
This, however, he
and
when
tempting
"
Antonius,
to
over
LAW.
Afterwards,
got Macedonia
Gaul.
gave
AGRARIAN
PROPOSED
63.
e.c.
Celer.
At
the
by three
of them
of his
outset
very
remarkable
brilliant achievements
forward
Rullus, the object of which

called Decemvirs,
with
as
self
distinguishedhim-
as
one
tribune
to
create
ten
with
or
also
were
booty
hands
to
taken
in
have
the
commissioners,
lutely,
dispose absothe public lands
sale to purchase
if
and
Pompey,
Cicero
gives of the measure
against it, they would
of
masters
the
whole
part is lost.
He
him,
him
to
meet
them.
between
the
the
his
in
become
Senate
in
in
the
deemed
it
speeches,the
abilityand
He
power.
professedto
measure
the multitude
Rome,
and
first to
last he
be
the
already
account
which
uncontrolled
Republic.
He
of which
speech
those
let
and
the
the
not
to
accept
from
is remarkable
part
of relief for the
one
great
supported
people decide
multitude
difficult
first
who
prudent
more
prize
in the
the
first of which
had
all the
was
fact
the
a
Forum,
Rome
impassioned argument
in
of
from
over
trust
challengedRullus, and
They
in two
as
may
challenge,but Cicero harangued
Rostra
its
we
revenues
bill in the
opposed the
control
such
except
war,
of
entire
Servilius
P.
exceptions,of the whole of

of the state, and
of the
out
proceeds of the
which
settle colonies
other lands in Italy on
to
They
lex
to
power
few
most
bill called
the
for five years,
first
of the
"
by
was
The
orator.
an
eloquence."
of
brought
was
he
career
triumphs
by Niebuhr
is characterised
agraria
new
the
for
play, for
populace of
to
that
that day
thronged the Forum
listened
with
must
at first have
unwilling ears to a speaker
whose
boon.
them
to make
object was
relinquisha proffered.
But he succeeded, and
He
told the
by a simple method.
was
people that the proposed Decemvirate
nor
nothing more
less than tyranny
would
in disguise. The
commissioners
ten
be ten kings,the name
hateful
Roman
From
most
to
ears.
and
startling
happen if the
impressed
no
doubt
bill
an
passed
this
upon
his
exaggerated
into
II
law.
hearers, and
pictureof what
drew
would
98
THE
He
CONSULSHIP.
began by thanking
proud position in which

opposed
not
the
to
of
not
the
Gracchi, whose
service
heard
agrarian law, he
his
assist
and
At
immediately
sent
to
He
that
he
declared
and
to
support
one
which
word
liberal
with
honour
have
be
the
But
who
taken
brought
oratione
and
him.
to
full determination
the
in
declined
published,and
and
it with
was
their
into
they
been
bill beneficial
an
in darkness
measure
read
to
frame
to
admitted
it had
copy
were
{re non
intended
to
that
began
consul
such
of
been
their interests,
to
right
of the
sense
popularis) could
readilyand
defend.
But," he
"
heard
it if it
a
tribunes
concocted
last he
had
wisdom
deliberations.
their
at
co-operation,and
secrecy.
the
anxious
was
was
therefore,as consul-elect, he first
When,
that
that he
declared
He
agrarian law as such.
thought it a crime to praise
an
and
measures
it mentioned
counsels
stood, and
principleof
the State.
to
he
vm.
in the
placing him
for
people
those,he said,who
was
one
the
chap.
"from
continued,
the
find that nothing else
is intended
under
pretence
done
or
than
the
first
chapterto the end I

of ten kings, who,
creation
the
of the
agrarian law, are made the masters
all the provinces, the whole
the kingdoms,
public treasury, the revenues,
republic,
in short, the whole
of Rome,
the free nations
I assure
world.
that by
you, men
this specious and popularity-hunting
agrarianlaw nothing is given to you, but all
the
and
beginning of
name
of
an
"
thingsare
the
conferred
on
few
individuals
is made
show
of
granting lands
to
people, but in fact they are

deprived of their liberty the wealth of
what
is
privatepersons is increased,but the public wealth is drained ; in short
of a tribune of the people,whom
the worst
scheme
feature in the whole
by means
intended to be the protector and guardian of freedom, kings are
our
ancestors
tablished
esRoman
"
"
"
in the
state."
struck
Having
this
throughout his whole
chord, he
speech,and
the commissioners
to
were
of their
to
power." He drew
Sinope and sending a
pursuing his
while
had
he
all this
put
up
by his
won
"
of
career
to
he
numerous,
the
ludicrous
in
sale the
lands
And
with
the
used
"
of them
when
and
must
he
be
he
showed
in
the
East,
which
off,"as
great
the
then
him
general
object of
Italyto be colonised
contemptuously Rullus
Senate, quoting
drained
was
attend
to
to
going
in
how
that
who
the
reference
declared
satellites
of Rullus
Pompey,
pointment
ap-
which
retinue
and
it
upon
proposed
regal
sketch
to
summons
the
the ministers
namely, the purchase of lands
spoken
had
as
conquest
sword.
by citizens of Rome
had
have
"
changes
make
to
invidious, described
more
the
rang
"
the
if
the
expression
populace
was
too
forsooth, said Cicero,
jet.
he
speaking of
were
excellent
the
or
the
to
colonies
plant
them,
not
The
It
was
to
distribute
desperate
opposition
and
of the
the
fertile
of
the
foreignsources
accidents
them
the
alarm
from
of
Campania
enemies,
Such
which
and
is
on
brief
very
Cicero
Rullus
exposed
been
regard
to
empire.
in
Capua, and
of Campania.
piracy
home
to
of
and
the
revenues
by the produce
dependent
Of
war
plainsof
abroad
was
safe
vicissitudes
outline
all other
were
revenue,
no
they forget,
they ignorant that
hazards
the
and
was
and
Did
when
public revenue
and
war
had
of the
maintained
Were
State.
war,
been
ports of Asia
the
were
Italian
had
the
of fortune
choosing
herself,
against Rome
rich Campanian
lands,
war
the
to
lands
of
plains
Salapini ?
of
power
domains
public
levy
revenue
armies
Campanian
the
of
colonists
surrendering the
of
of
source
arid
the
old, and
impolicy
lost,their
the
of
asked, how, during the
were
to
be
the
to
in the
bulwarks
5000
all
portant
danger of allowing so imoccupied by a large body of needy and
republic in
might then establish a new
who
men,
settle
to
them
warned
city to
abandon
to
their ancestors
Italy,but
them
amongst
Cicero
a
he
of
part of the plan
But
policy of
class of
its franchise,
liberties,
the
men
of
protectionagainst danger,
towns
mere
as
like
settled
be
these
to
trust
as
its
99
not
pestilentialmarshes
sites for colonisation.

to
and
people
delightsof Rome,
festivals,and
safe
not
was
LAW.
sewer,
the
its
and
Sipontium,
or
Would
pleasures and
of
AGRARIAN
sink
citizens.
its games,
It
ON
SPEECH
43-
from
use
Syria, when
the
of climate
of the argument
the
on
what
The
the
revenue
attacks
or
of the
of
of soil.
speech
delivered.
his
and
the spot, but
colleagues did
not
to
he
him
answer
the report that the
abroad
they spread
venture
wished
reason
why he attacked
the
the
partisans of Sylla in possession of the lands

assigned to them by the dictator,and feared
soldiers
which
had
and
been
lest
they might
the
title of
was
measure
because
to
secure
by the operation of the

called
He
therefore
to
was
proposed law.
speak at
upon
another
the absurdity of
he briefly showed
meeting, when
the charge by pointing out
that the bill expressly confirmed
no
motive
these
words
be
those
settlers,and
that
on
"
deprived of
account
They
are
for
them
that
therefore
opposing
preparing
an
it.
army
he
He
could
have
ended
with
against
you,
CONSULSHIP.
THE
ioo
against
Rome
against
Pompey
summoned
let them
bill
next
measure
of his
power
just, but
his
men
crime
fault of their
of
many
of them
It seemed
ban
civic status
the
had
made
there
before, and
years
equestrian
there
Whether
to
the
had
not
law,
hitherto
;
but
The
or
had
so
this
year
the
been
from
he
The
was
knights clapped their
received
hands
actually by
now
in the
and
four
reserved
for
public shows.
in giving effect
its unpopularity,
theatre,
entered
with
never
author
were
of
he
quelling
in
the
was
conscious
appearing
testine
in-
therefore
people had
and
until
that when
and
succeeded
he
their
it.
theatres
delay
Otho,
happened
Cicero
abandon
way.
men
into
power
claim,
he
if the
retaliation, and
particularseats
at
whether
of
their
of which
by which
class
always thought
consequence.
same
law
abstained
it
of
the
for the
forgiven Otho
the
in
tumult
in Rome.
just in politics
danger, lest
was
popular
is not
purposes
the
be
is
tyrant'slaw got
the
it for
use
what
But
speech in opposition to
his eloquence persuaded them
to
Almost
immediately afterwards
a
longing,
influential,be-
first families
the
to
any
by the strong
and
all events
at
case
would
strife
them
by
of
under
hands, they might
from
torn
Never
forfeited
rights,not
restored.
present
suffered
confiscated
candidates.
numerous
did,
always expedient, or
In
families
justice to take off

only common
actively prosethey lay, and they were
cuting
the
to
was
Senate, the object of which
petition to
their
but
were
act
an
which
under
a
is not
be
to
opposed
and
had
but
becoming
civic
to
own,
They
eminently
therefore
he
that
iniquitous law decreed
incapable of holding any public
be
tyrant.
as
itself
in
was
most
should
juster title
or
who
the
marvellous
the
exerted
vengeance,
disqualifiedfrom
office,and
so.
that
was,
only proscribed individuals
not
their descendants
have
since
public meeting,
result
inexpedient, and
time
had
he
which
one
objects of
by a
property, and
their
the
was
the
were
arm
at
you
The
which
on
oratory,
the
at
Sylla
had
address
to
me
and
forward,
come
rejected.
The
who
them
speak themselves."
now
was
it.
you
generals. Let
ten
they have
against Pompey ; Capua against

ba*nd
of
desperate men
; against
liberties,and
your
viii.
chap.
it at
storm
applauded
of
I know
ginning
the behisses.
him.
THE
102
before
These
had
was
in
the
the
of those
often
so
of his client.
short
so
speech, the
far
denied
had
that
and
crime,
was
obeying the
the
the
shouts, and
that
there
Roman
have
made
which
are
few
have
was
some
Rome,
do
Why
sign that
he
"
That
not
it shows
less
noisy
back
a
The
many.
I should
foolish and
could
clamour
since
they thought
keep
down
interrupted by
me,
much
right
Saturninus,
never,
you
are
you
putting
killed
no
was
did
would
How
clamour.
your
people, however,
would
if
silent
purpose,
it
wished
having
could
believe
be
have
you
voices,
your
proof
concerted
dis-
that
you
?"
The
of
consul
me
become
already
here
stand
his
Hortensius
But
in
he
it comforts
but
he
Rabirius
ignorant citizens, but
some
are
by
who
me
the
be
for the
assist
that
of
of
to
for
Roman
people who
me,
are
the
disturb
not
honour
the
clear
so
sorry
all.
his fate,and
declared
he
was
at
to
advantage
thought
never
himself
consuls
to
capital punishment
people, he was
stopping suddenly, he exclaimed
of
enemy
does
sessed
pos-
remains
Saturninus,
crime
one
speech
for
what
He
armed
was
the
call of
for Rabirius
claim
had
When
sedition.
slain
deserved
Saturninus
as
had
before
By
Labienus
enough
citizen.
if it
bad,
as
the
to
by hanging ought
he
it ; but
this
simply this
was
Roman
the
gather from
can
Rabirius
that
assert
we
than
then
tribunes
limited
proof that
He
advocate
the
which
more
death
and
against
sentence
not
as
was
was
argument
odious,
was
time
it
crucified
Martius.
Campus
Labienus
guilty.
be
to
his
adroitlyturned
said
So
defence.
in
He
found
was
slave.
was
power
abused,
Cicero
half-an-hour, but
the
of
capricious acts
and
that
in
assembled
multitude
that his client
meanest
Cicero
Caesar.
Lucius
sentenced
the
people, and
the
to
like
Martius
Campus
and
death,
to
vm.
praetor called
denied
Rabirius, however,
condemned
appealed
the
and
who
by Hortensius,
killed Saturninus.
He
Caesar
Julius
were
defended
was
chap.
special judges appointed by
two
Duumviri.
He
CONSULSHIP.
been
augur
an
mode
again
this
such
had
condemned
year
as
expedient to save
of stopping the
where
unfavourable,
were
reverence
well
as
him.
business
was
not
and
Rabirius
Metellus
Celer,
praetor, bethought
There
of
was
almost
self
him-
always
public meeting at
paid to legal formalities
a
iET.
CATILINE
THE
43.
CONSPIRACY.
It
superstitiousobservances.
and
could
only
the
on
other
flag,and
while
on
go
of the Tiber.1
side
broke
thus
the
on
Metellus
assembly.
the
up
that
seems
flag waved
103
pulled
Labienus
prosecution : the judgment of

for nothing, and
to
tacitlyallowed
go
was
comitia
Janiculum hill,
the
abandoned
the
down
the
afterwards
the
duumvirs
Rabirius
was
saved.
Cicero, also, in
who
purnius Piso,
He
Gaul.
in
but
was
letter
it
had
who
the
Piso
The
had
with
sense
the
as
He
well-
accused
was
of the
one
Caesar, who
sway.
their
was
the
prosecution, and
speech is lost ; but we
destiny was
Cicero
know
He
he
conspiracy.
born
was
approaching,for
now
the great Catiline
himself.2
Cicero
as
year
his
Sergius Catalina
Lucius
same
acquitted.
was
deal
of
praises him,
having unjustly punished
The
crisis of Cicero's
to
the
reigns at Warsaw."
defence.
C. Cal-
pacificatorof the Allobroges ;"
conducted
Rome,
at
Cicero
ruler.
in
subject to
were
undertook
that
the
defended
year,
proconsular government
severe
"
also of
of extortion, and
patron
and
order
"
the
the
pacificationmuch
saying,
Gauls
held
stern
of
course
Atticus, as
to
was
known
the
106,
B.C.
belonged
to
in
of
one
the
same
the oldest
The
Sergian gens traced
patricianfamilies in Rome.
its proud pedigree back
of the companions
to Sergestus,one
His
M.
of Êneas.
grandfather was
Sergius, a soldier of
Punic
he received
war
distinguished bravery. In the second
of the
twenty-seven
and
wounds
Berlichingenin
von
iron
an
was
wars
steeped in murder
of Sylla he killed
and
tortured
Cicero,
and
Rome.
1
The
originof
early times
signalthat all
If it
notice that
the
was
was
doubt
no
safe
hauled
were
on
his
of
down,
hand
head
that
The
lived
Etruscan
it gave
approaching.
through
observance
its
It
He
civil
brother-in-law;
kinsman
the
intrigue with
an
as
his
Gratidianus,
bloody
was,
and
own
Marius
hoisted
the
bold
desperate man.
In the
his earliest youth.
suspected
flag was
invaders
with
like Gotz
but
right hand,
drama, he supplied its loss with
from
his
was
this
was
death
to
carried
He
in
side
Goethe's
Catiline
one.
lost his
of
streets
of
Fabia, the
of the custom
long out-
necessity.
may
be
that
Augustus
year
of Cicero's
interestingto
Caesar
was
born
consulship.
mention
in the
THE
io4
CONSULSHIP.
sister-in-law of Cicero, and

the
vestal
death
was
his
murdered
who
objected
says
of
no
in
one
to
having
was
it that
not
are
before
was
seen
be
the
colours
child
such
was
almost
And
As
in the
of
case
have
attempts
some
character, and
his Histoire
vices
with
to
is due
that
say
such
The
anything
would
if so,
been
accept
the
those
is
of
and
; and
then
he
Much
hopeless task.
the
length
I shall
bestowed
; but
be
found
that
him, in his defence
poraries.
contem-
this
"
But
the
if
we
contemporaries
have
been
fectly
per-
probabilitieseighteen
to
the verdict
reverse
positivetestimony
with
whom
has
occasion
such
of
vate
pri-
then,
nothing
must
is laid upon
have
in
meditate
not
tombs."
of
the
himself
In
likely to be
worth
from
lived, and
his
III. hints
his
more
and
attempt
stress
Catiline,
apologetictone,
an
could
who
upon
"
conflagration:
are
man
reason
afterwards
it will
upon
Cicero
portraitwhich
which
to
in
statement
pronounced,
whom
amongst
ruins
afterwards, and
years
was
of
time
nature
Napoleon
and
unanimous
opposite
whitewash
to
Catiline
over
never
one
of
case
only the
biography
character
well-known
which
reign
to
at
his
amongst
massacre
as
of
being steeped
politicalparty ; and
on,
is
charge
is
victim of calumny.
common
adds, that
history and
respecting the
hundred
the
there
of
of
goes
were
senseless
so
of
not
may
vices
the
Emperor
violence
the
Emperor
have
records
the
you
heart.
made
the
as
and
of art,
in
against Catiline
to
But
true.
him
inconsistency,he
some
also
so
Cesar
Jules
that the accusation
and
that
himself
honest
recently been
represent
de
I know
administered
qualitiesof
each
Verres,
he
made
that he
and
giftof nature
wanting nothing but an
Thus
Niebuhr
rejectthe story
when
monster
have
his character
declared
Orestilla,
him
may
time
better
by the
we
on
in
to
family.
which
in
Cicero
contradictorycharacters,
with
the
at
and
deceived
is said
with
compared
dark, though
earth
on
her
in
offence
an
Aurelia
marry
stepson
his associates."
to
to
can
too
slaughteringa
oath
order
viii.
tried
was
completely diabolical, that
so
historythat
described
of his
in
he
rely upon
may
an
"
him,
son
own
She
virgin.
penalty of such
was
acquitted. He
she
; but
vestal
capitalcharge, for the
chap.
he
the
associated,
inconsistency
drawn
to
of
of
quote
praise as
Ccelius, who
Catiline,
at
more
the
had
orator
once
b.c.
qualities.He
of his moral
not
Catiline, is praise of
with
intimate
been
; but
says
compass
the
basest
off
his
remains
enough
in the
drawn
how
remorse
him
the
one
exaggeration,
the
worst
whom
he
of
use
their
wished
of immense
was
then
and
gathered around
became
the pimp and
seen,
that
in
by
Rome.
them
had
elected
was
his office became
of
means
For
means
him
His
opponent.
then
he
from
an
in
enemy
praetor, and
of
governor
Africa.
and
ment,
embezzleby Clodius of extortion
the charge, but
on
acquitted. Cicero had,
already crossed the path of his ambition
;
tried
knew
by
He
daggers whenever
He
showed
accused
have
resolute
unsteady step,
pleasures,
exacting
murder.2
to
expiration of
after the
was
his
and
eyes,
their licentious
the
he
the
preying on his soul.

and
dissolute youth of Rome,
return
we
men
picture to the life of the brawny giant,

stings of a guilty conscience
; his pallid
was
of
pander
bloodshot
his
cheeks,
of
of
history.1He
Rome's
time
"
with
tortured
and
as
the
from
his
Saul,
prodigious strength. Like
higher than any of the people."
upwards he was
has
Sallust
and
Catiline
stamp
will for
we
to
ing
ripe,and, throwodious
villany of
were
in all the
allowance
until
and
shoulders
as
to
period of
worst
stature
He
what
Make
nature.
virtue
consummate
many,
plans
forth
stood
mask, he
the
his
thought that
fact
in
was
originally
was
simulated
deceived
have
to
intellectual and
that he
admits
He
105
his
afterwards
ends.
seems
he
when
came
he
that
virtuous
hypocrite, and
CATILINE.
OF
CHARACTER
63.
as
plan
armed
he
consul
find
obtain
to
was
would
violence
the
make
his
most
consulship,
himself
master
been
this purpose
he had
ing,
gradually collectof his emissaries
in different parts of Italy,a
of
band
needy and disaffected men,

ready for any desperate
Faesulae
was
enterprise. The
place of rendezvous
(the
modern
that commanded
the
northern
Fiesole),a town
pass
of the Apennines, and
looked
its lofty height
down
from
the
upon
valley of the Arno.
towards
of
camp
1
It
is curious
maintain
undertaken
that
to
which
paradox.
the defence
the other
north, is still pointed
Hannibal,
ingenuitywith
and
the
On
where
the
see
some
De
of
tells
tradition
perverted
men
will
Quincey
has
Judas Iscariot,
Coleridgethinks it not improbable
Job's wife has been calumniated.
For
side
the
out
us
Bell. Cat.
Flor.
iv.
Epit.
102.
5
1;
6 ; in
"
15
Veil.
the
of
ii. 4 ;
see
pro
Sallust,
Plut. Sail.
Pat.
the
Cartha-
of Catiline
Cat.
;
ther
it,far-
site
that
the character
Calio, c. 5,
of
ii. 34;
c.
32;
Liv.
THE
106
CONSULSHIP.
ginian leader halted on his march

Faesulae
of the Thrasymene
lake.
his
Caius
creatures,
of
army
signal for
the
await
Catiline's
chief
the
motely
for
of
and
for
during the
unless
he
was
called
whose
property
he
levelled
was
of
of
he
previous day
to
next
appear
and, with
came,
the
two
were
people), one
other
take
in the
bodies
of which
he
immediately
armed
the
measures
they
resolution
caperet.
"
The
the
election,
testator
this
doubt
no
of
ing
keep-
the election,
hired
he
in
Cicero
for the
the
of
election
the
26th
day
time.
On
the
was
in
law-
new
rage,
Senate
the
plot against
off,challenged Catiline
put
him
to
his
Catiline
face.
comitia
head
avowal,
consuls
weak
He
a
"
bold
with
head.
no
lived, it
deemed
tit consoles
infirm
with
the
were
held
ne
Senate
full power
the
next
day,
be
not
alarm
in
to
quid detrimenti
the
however,
should
"
and
head, the
would,
right,by passing
viderent
Senate
the
(meaning
state
was
had
but
his
as
gladiatorial
the
murder
held
lawful
be
excuse
with
comitia
answer
ment
banish-
that the
warned
comitia
with
{lit
audacity of his nature
semper
his
avowed
Cicero),
design, saying that
Hearing
wanting.
and
in
got the
overawe
knew
to
reckless
the
that while
care
He
and
and
any
of the
to
men
was
for the
not
object of
meeting
and
day,
offence
before
and, frantic
discovered
strong
was
as
there
and
by the will of
so
The
consul
fuit apertissimus,says
there
do
for the
life,and, getting the
his
to
attack
fixed
the
but
October,
old
groups,
forward
years
disorder.
the
at
day
the
bribery ;
exhibit
to
like Catiline
to
were
The
consuls.
two
himself;
Martius,
Campus
of
of armed
and
at
assassins, who
office
inherited.
tumult
create
upon
bodies
in their pay
and
period
candidates
deprive
to
of
canvass
it should
that
enacted
public
shows
was
his
in
success
the
years,
candidate
one
revolt.
unscrupulous use
brought
prevent this,if possible,Cicero
people to pass a law which punished the
for ten
of
centurion
place themselves,
to
chance
in
consulship lay
the battle
before
occupied by
was
orders
directed
were
Rome
to
veteran
whose
under
Sylla,
they arrived,
Manlius,
vm.
chap.
take
such
well-known
re$publica
and
Cicero,
putting on a breastplate of glitteringsteel that all might see

the realityof his apprehension of the danger that threatened
Martius
surrounded
to the Campus
him, went
by a body of
êt.
TO
PLOT
43-
ASSASSINATE
Catiline
attendants.
armed
did
ruffians, but
consul.
The
the consuls-elect.
declared
were
furious
Catiline
destruction
obstacle
of.
the
of
the
visit
to
whose
their
pay
the
plot just in
the
When
assassins
the
day, the 8th
next
Stator, the
of
ruins
the
of
news
silence
; not
plot got
the
to
temple
and
acquaintance spoke
who
senators
and
were
to
of
meet
Jupiter
The
when
with
were
dawn
Forum.
Catiline
ominous
an
and
him,
to
guard.
gray
Senate
received
was
an
Roman
his
on
in the
wind,
of
pretence
in the
in the
still seen
are
his seat, the
left their
when
moved
near
he
away
places.
that Cicero
then
was
which
rid
got
conspirators,got
the
November,
great
morning,
closely barricaded,
summoned
in the hall he
an
approached
It
of
nefarious
himself
showed
and
Cicero
admittance.
his house
it
be
put him
to
planned
The
next
the
of the
time
reached
found
they
morning
denied
him
two
him
according
one
fellow-
and
must
made
differently
given by
under
respects
his
and
he
murder
of
repulse
sword.
and
house
mistress
intelligenceof
the
his
to
Murena
Laeca,
are
to
Licinius
he
and
names
undertook
Fulvia,
custom.
Cicero,
was
admission
by gaining
of
city by
way
authors1
fire
of
Catiline
second
Porcius
band
riot,and
night
of
his
strongly-guarded
and
This
very
house
of the party
different
early
that
at
their
in
Two
and
conspirators met
the
without
place
107
with
the
Junius Silanus
defeated.
again
was
attack
to
took
election
there
was
venture
not
CICERO.
and
rose
forth with
burst
that passionate
appeal :2
"
long, Catiline, will
abuse our
patience? How
long will that fury
lengths will your unbridled
audacityextend ? Do
stand unmoved
at the sight of the guard that garrisons the Palatine at night
you
that patrol the city the terror
the watches
of the people the concourse
of
well-affected
citizens
this strongly-defended
the
place of meeting for the Senate
How
"
baffle
of yours
you
what
To
us
"
"
"
"
"
looks
and
have
plans
your
to all here ?
the
been
Which
L.
What
Sallust
times
mentions
all those
discovered
think
you
were,
we
C.
you,
live in !
Cornelius
around
Do
of us,
night before, where
formed?
*"
The
these
dates
:
"
The
of
the
first
Do
the
you
persons
What
and
Catiline orations
was
de-
of
conclave, the plot you
morals
in
November
the
in
met
you
state
livered
on
not
see
the
;
the
is disclosed
Senate
fourth
December.
on
in
the
the
on
second
followingday
people
speech
feel conscious
that
you
that
is
known
conspiracy
you
your
is ignorantof what
did last night and
you
only Cornelius.
names
not
Vargunteius; Plutarch, Marcius

Cethegus ; Cicero (pro Sulla, 6)
and
are
of
countenance
3d
of
Senate
to
the
the
8th
the
people
third
December
on
The
the
of
to
the
the
5th of
THE
io8
Senate
is
of all this
aware
the consul
"
I say ?
Aye,
marks
and
out
even
CONSULSHIP.
to
comes
it, and
sees
the Senate
his eyes
each
designates with
chap.
yet this
of
lives !
man
takes part in the
viii.
Lives, do
of the nation
council
slaughter. We, on the

other hand, brave men
that we
do our
we
duty to the Republic if
are, fancy that
his furyand
to escape
his weapons.
we
Long ago, Catiline,you ought,
manage
by the consul's order, to have been led forth to execution ; and on your head ought
hurled the destruction which
to have been
long been plottingagainst us
you have
one
for
us
all."
And
He
he
so
went
the
reminded
Saturninus
Senate
against the state,

Catiline
of
Catiline
the
him
called
detested
presence;
him
brigands who
his
past
career
his
own
hand,
it should
judge
to
from
was
sprung
to
the state.
the
be
hastily or
him
It
destroyer
drowned
him
the
I will
victim
Senate-house,
and
chief
of
leaders
terrible
Since
of
"
He
be
a
driven
am
of
ruin
all."
Senate
house,
was
of Rome.
as
mere
tempted
atnot
that he
them
services
many
patrician,should
like
his
Cicero,
voice
!
"
was
which
glaringfuriously
headlong by my
He
which
quitted
house
conferring at his own
conspiracy, and assuring them
a
and
rose
Parricide
stopped, and
mitted
com-
punished.
the
man
the
by
son
been
been
rendered
a
his
had
Catiline
he,
to
explicit,lest
more
not
and
after
patrician "householder"
joined
against his
the infamy of
of
crime
had
Traitor
then
Inquilinus,a tenant or occupierof

Perhaps the meaning is, that Cicero
a
with
Here, however,
common
the
he
hasten
murder
invective
saviour.
Catiline,
must
extinguish the conflagrationof

the
in
him
not
Republic,
cries
"
punishment
began by imploring
harshly, and reminded
all sides.
on
around, exclaimed,
enemies,
would
so
the
loud
by
assailed
he
family which had

not
was
likelythat
of
roots
levy war
the
its
provincial,1
mere
upbraided
of this terrible
He
If
scaffold, the
would
he
Rome,
that the criminal
speak.
this
was
He
undisguised rebellion.
rid the
to
city of his and their
he wished
to justifythe cry which
he
that
or
the
to
associates, and
that
known
apology
His
and, alluding to
said
the end
to
face
to
be
if
his
in Rome,
At
his
for
and
exile from
were
Face
country.
and
an
away
him
conspiracy
accomplices in crime,
in open
upon
for
and
reproached himself
almost
his
Melius
and
death
to
put
But
indignant eloquence.
Gracchi
remain.
with
when,
therefore
sent
he
would
of Manlius
camp
been
live.
to
conspiracy
overtake
said
of
the
how
prematurely dragged
was
the
and
strain
Servilius had
and
allowing
in
on
with
that
am
the
the
he
from
the owner.
distinguished
"lodger" as compared with
THE
no
CONSULSHIP.
each
fidelityof the conspiratorsto

the
that
plot concealed,
offered
But
for
the
availed
in Rome
might
sounded
the
made
be
had
in their
been
personally acquainted with

it
disclosed
plot was
the
to
treachery
the
from
first,or
were
compromising themselves,
Senate, they, after
the
secret
nation
at
information
to
the
the
he
people
finger of Providence
of
the ambassadors
the
Gauls
patrician nobles,
useful
therefore
Roman
probably
was
that
was,
the
they promised to aid

But
whether
they intended
frightened at the idea of
to
favour
curry
the
was
with
he
their
the
in
declared,
nothing less
was
could
who
For
"
of
patron
afterwards
Rostra,
the
communicated
dressing
adthan
have
expected
people like
discontented
splendid offers
preferthe safetyof
and
of
and
made
to
Rome
to their
the
resist
to
result
restless and
flames
They
The
immediately
the
from
modern
Alps,
and
who
This
Cicero.
of
whose
little hesitation, revealed
some
and
Rome,
this time
at
Umbrenus,
wished
or
Sanga,
Fabius
O.
to
them,
of their power.
utmost
ously
dexter-
if the
country,
them.
to
be
favour.
through
ambassadors
freedman, who
their
in
Cicero
limits
conspirators thought that

kindled
in Gaul
beyond the
diversion
whole
the
with
the
be
forward.
came
to
was
a
Allobroges,1
people
the
nearly identical
; and
could
war
happened
from
large reward
which
of
vm.
closelywas
so
informer
an
There
envoys
territory was
Savoy
not
occurred
soon
himself.
some
other, and
notwithstanding
discovery,
opportunity
an
chap.
them
by
own
advantage ?"
The
he
advice
heartily into the plot,and

the
to
of
evidence
written
their countrymen
truth
of the
story
accordingly written,
seals
named
them
was
Catiline
to
was
Plutarch
by
says
vouch
enter
which
Furnished
One
accompany
them
there
were
only
two.
was
the
these, the
of the
them
were
bore
with
of all that
for the
Letters
tors,
conspiraand
they passed through
as
informed
two
Rome.
leave
to
tell.
to
them,
amongst
to
Vulturcius,
kept
have
Cethegus.
prepared
to
credentials
as
they would
and
of Lentulus
ambassadors
Cicero
for
and
to
obtainconspiratorsby ing
this view
they, at
guilt. With
which
they might show
papers
home,
at
pretend
the
entrap
their
meeting, asked
next
they should
that
was,
gave
duce
intro-
Etruria.
going
on,
jet.
CONSPIRA
43.
his
and
he
set
out
the
praetors
in
took
city walls, across

they came
up
after
the
to
the
spot
scuffle in which
with
guard
he
nightfall,and
at
them
soldiers
swords
drawn
were
carried
were
taken
the
spread, and
crowd
from
consul's
of
might
be
without
fear of
he
would
He
told them
this,and
lay the
matter
four of
invite
Gabinius, Statilius,Lentulus,
"
his
house.
hands
time,
They
the
damning
hint from
on
Sulpicius to
and
all
proofs of
house
ready
The
for instant
Senate
and
with
the
flushed
crowded
midst
the
"
of the
in their barbarian
but
knights, with
The
Senate,
the
commotion
that
there
of
case
he
was
public danger
public council.
of the
Senate, and
principalconspirators
that
he
to
"
At
daggers
in his
the
same
the praetor
directed
search
and
to
come
held
he
treason.
for
arms
there
found
were
weighed
Atticus
to
at
down
was
their
the
imagine
cord,
Con-
arrival.
He
conspirators,and
attended
consul
of
four
of
Temple
for Cicero's
the
with
by
strong
procession
his lictors and
look
elate,and
as
it
their
his face
coming victory; the uncouth
attire ; the
temple
in the
met
throng,his
with the consciousness
unconcern,
to
Cethegus
streets
It is easy
citizens.
discovery.
and
and
importance
no
Cethegus
and
envoys
approached the temple
Gauls
of
impatiently waiting
him
fasces in the
and
their
by this time
passed through the

guard of
the
soon
use.
had
were
they
him
advised
before the
the ambassadors,
the
to
eager
an
knew
knowing
great quantity of swords
took
go
little
came,
of
meeting
by
before
course
it stood
as
event
causing such
that in
summoned
to
messengers
of
be
house
of the
They
matter
to
in
He
grounds.
immediately
sent
out
for rashness
censured
no
bringing the
sides,
the letters
filled
was
both
Cicero's
to
news
friends.
turned
contents
good
house
inquiring
the letters before
lest if their
The
them.
and
forward,
on
just as
open
of
two
post themselves
rushed
brought
prisoners. They were
the day was
beginning to dawn, and
anxious
directed
and
them
made
to
were
envoys
parties,at each end of the Milvian bridge

Molle),about a couple of miles from the old
When
which
the Allobroges would
pass.
Ponte
the
The
in two
ambush,
(now
journey
take
to
1 1 1
accordingly.
measures
their
on
ARRESTED.
TORS
ing
guilty conspiratorsaffect-
by the
fear of
guarded by
head,
and
some
terrible
body of armed
Cicero
entered
it
accompanied
the
but
after
with
body
of
slaves
and
the
and
were
instructed
books
; and
city should
foretold
that there
be
set
on
was
was
free
he
knew,
clean
furnished
him
city,in order
BY
found
of
body
it
them
by
had
amined.
ex-
to
to
cut
him
arm
off
CANINA.
CAV.
slaughter were
raging within the
next
were
brought in. They told
assured
had
and
send
to
the
him
made
the
be
to
all
Catiline, urging
to
conspirators had
which
oath
written
Lentulus
Rome
that the
Senate
discover
Lentulus
RESTORED
fire and
in
offered
Vulturcius
that
CONCORD.
ambassadors
The
and
approach
OF
fugitiveswhile
walls.
truth
unfolded
called
was
VIII.
senators,
were
He
Senate, Cicero
the
instructions
TEMPLE
the
custody
confessed
He
letter and
outside.
little hesitation
some
CHAP.
Cethegus, who
Vulturcius
tell the
would
of it.
breast
in
of
order
if he
and
tell,and
to
By
and
left
were
had
pardon
Lentulus
by
rest
tale he
CONSULSHIP.
THE
I 12
augurs
a
fire and
was
that
given them
into
written
in
he
massacre
was
to
letters
that
they
Italy; that
the Sibylline
cavalry
dispute as
the
them
upon
the
to
be
the time
begin.
king of
when
the
letter
thread
make
them
entreated
to
he
had
told
perform
what
those
for them.
bold
in his
arms
choice
The
he
him,
and
was
next
said, Yes
asked
! It bore
ambassadors
that he
dumb
great
sat
silent.
asked
whether
recognised his
his grandfather ;
of
written
his
in
speak
word, but
he
; and
by Cethegus
last he
the
told
was
At
defence.
own
to
was
effect
same
he
first he
and
on
of
letter,however,
he
likeness
letter
The
crime.
dertaken
un-
of collecting
upbraided him for using it for such a purpose.

significanceought, he said, to have deterred him
Cicero
and
had
fond
was
of the
production
the
ambassadors,
Cethegus had put

explain the discovery
to
answered
weapons.
Lentulus
so
had
the
this time
to
when
house,
confounded
He
Up
front,and
broken
Cethegus, with its seal unacknowledged the seal to be
to
He
what
good
113
In it he
opened in his presence.
and
people of the Allobroges that he
was
Senate
the
promised
CONFESS.
shown
uncut.
letter
the
his, and
then
was
and
would
CONSPIRATORS
THE
63.
b.c.
at
was
refused
seal.
and
Its
from
as
that
libertyto
to
say
the
began to
ambassadors
and
Vulturcius, pretending to be ignorant of
the object of their visits to his house.
Suddenly, and to the
surprise of all, instead of denying what they alleged, he
at
it ; and
avowed
which
that
at
Vulturcius
short
was
Catiline
rabble.
to
visible
guarded,
made
separately handed
about
be
for
dealing
held
in
aediles
their
with
and
he
a
without
it
as
to
his
seal
The
signature.
any
writing,
hand-
and
consternation.
all quarters,
to
safe
different
letter
It
urged
of the lowest
even
Lentulus, who,
he
relieved
persons,
There
custody.
as
them
who
became
difficulty
hardly
it by abdicating
of
Spinther, one
was
praetor, could
of
assigned to Lentulus
lius
relative,Cethegus to O. Cornificius,Stati-
was
Orders
to Crassus.
were
Julius Caesar, and Gabinius
the
and
Cicero
mentions
of five others ;
arrest
given for
a
conproof of the clemency of the Senate, that it was
to
also
given
produced
tulus
him by Len-
was
brought in, and he too at first,

his guilt,but ended
by admitting it.
full confession
all
they were
; and
over
arrest, but
his office,and
the
signs of
letter
now
was
like the others, denied
Statilius also
been
admitted
collect forces from
Gabinius
answerable
had
Lentulus
showed
and
another
moment
declared
for Catiline.
but
rose
cross-examine
THE
ii4
the
with
tent
who
Cicero
the
to
to
the
foul
him
from
consul
their
late
he
all that
crossed
had
that
if he
very
different
and
the
and
him
vented
pre-
the
that
says
away.1
him
from
of
Temple
the
only
was
told them
fearing that
he
might
took
escape,
pains
had
been
have
not
been
have
manifest
had
such
for Lentulus,
set
never
be
show,
to
have
things might
would
such
and
He
trap which
contained
Caesar
as
however,
were,
hurried
would
He
lend
to
people.
the
Catiline
rest.
that
adds,
party
refused
Rostra, which
in Rome
the
the
and
letters which
to
him
induce
to
being
Plutarch
and
of
he
They
addressed
remained
issue.
say
hard
knights approached
to
done
fall into
Cethegus,
that
lettingCatiline
had
to
to
evening, and
over
been
for
reproached
as
him
the
in
tried
Caesar
swords.
bers
num-
wide-spread conspiracy.
Piso
accuse
the
vni.
of the
out
men
Sallust
round
distant, and
paces
fool
with
his cloak
now
Concord
few
of
attacking
threw
was
to
some
temple,
the
scheme.
nine
and
it is needless
so
threatened
It
evidence
plot,but
himself
left
Sallust, Catulus
suborn
to
in
implicated
to
chap.
of these
punishment
were
According
CONSULSHIP.
of his
evidence
seal
his
set
guilt.
of
happened they should
recognise the hand
cidence,
whose
Jupiter Optimus Maximus,
statue, by a singular coinIn
what
had
erected
was
while
and
the
machinations
down
Cicero
did
An
attempt
Crassus
in the
to
conspiracy,but
He
implicate
failed.
named
had
been
Tarquinius, who
his
to
just apprehended on
join
way
Catiline,was
brought before the Senate,
man
and
he
declared
by Crassus
the
to
measures
tors
refused
cries of
false.
the arrest
by
rest, but
he
had
tell Catiline not
to
heartened
that
hasten
to
rescue
to
to
and
take
the
insinuates
dis-
and
But
the
that
And
some
it
was
asked
of
disclosed.
But
if
guidance of
ever
pride or
in which
them
from
however
it
no
too
it,but there were
obligaprivate
many
tions
to the wealthy noble.
They reof
motion
the
solved, however, on
that
the
information
Cicero,
was
false,
and
that Tarquinius should
be impris-
did
them
believe
who
oned
under
were
until he
disclosed
had
who
person
the
evidence.
the
"
of
an
the
suborned
Sallust
the
adds,
the
to
give
that
he
declare, that
calumny
accusation
of
name
him
afterwards
Crassus
author
himself
was
whole
moment
Forum,
the
the
to
success
heard
sena-
tale,and with
indignation insisted that

Sallust
sent
be
of Lentulus
to Rome
them.
believe
been
the
saw
and
forget himself.
not
allowed.
made
was
his
this
justifiable,
vanity was
might fairlybe
even
plot unravelled
the
morning,
very
through
senate-house
the
upon
of
that
on
conducted
piously attributing
heaven,
Capitol
conspirators were
looking
while
the
in
which
libertyentirelyto disbelieve.
Cicero
was
we
are
at
jet.
of honour,
mark
the
reward,
no
to
be
memories,
men
rewards
your
live
; it will
the
to
homes,
it
as
them
on
his conduct
enemies
their
called
had
my
be
to
will
I feel
forgotten,is
be
never
In
"
will be perpetuated
; it
of literature ; and
of my
the
recollection
his
protectionagainst
with
already dark,
them
dismissed
and
provoked,
then
was
fame
"
exclaimed,
the annals
in
all honours
simple gratitude.
private talk
your
glory, but
his
wished
He
day, which I trust will

the safety of the city and
consulship." He
the
subject of
endure
same
consecrated
he
115
to
in their
up
of Rome,"
the
be
and
that
summed
CICERO.
monument
no
of that day.
everlastingmemory
and
TO
DECREED
HONOURS
43.
to
admonition
an
worship Jupiter,the guardian of Rome's safetyand their own,

and to relax nothing of the vigilance which
they had hitherto
be long
be his care
not
that this should
displayed. It would
to
that
required,and
He
then
crowd
retired, escorted
the
to
house
celebratingthe
speak
to
As
happened.
had
He
it
he
that
for
eager
had
also
did
given
brother
his
Ouintus,
trusted
and
his country.
in her
but
his
he
opinion that
own
woman
Publius
spirators,
con-
Nigiand
envoys
bestowed
of
to
friends.
Allobroges'
Catulus
him
against the
husband
Father
"
of
good
the
and
encourage
timorous,
most
the
ashes,
otherwise
was
her
to
to
nor
and
the
bright
Cicero
on
the
Lucius
country."
entitled
was
to
to
crown.
public thanksgiving
services
"the
"
declared
of
from
for the
she
as
in the Senate
glorious appellation
also
his
intimate
were
Vulturcius, and
civic
'"
dying out,
was
just
had
that
portent
omen
resolved
tender-hearted
of his
Rewards
Gellius
good
distinction,"excited
as
dius, one
was
venture
Terentia
afterwards
a
I will
which
might
man
no
of
the altar
on
Terentia,
neither
nature
him
virgins,were
of
Dea,
soon
suddenly leaped forth
what
adds
that
informed
vestal
Bona
which
upon
says,
the fire
vestals declared
execute
the
occupied by
was
own
the
and
of
mysteries
him, and
to
flame
Terentia
Plutarch
his
friend, for
hereafter, and
more
intrude.
came
of
with
who,
women
enjoy lastingtranquillity.
his way
on
by the cheering
should
they
he had
rendered
"
to
in
the
gods
preserving,"so
city from conflagration" the
Italy from
war."
An
was
unheard-of
citizens
honour,
decreed
ran
from
which
for
the
the
tion,
resolu-
massacre
hitherto
n6
CONSULSHIP.
THE
civilian had
no
for
it
enjoyed,
chap.
been
having
reserved
vm.
exclusively
military success.
There
were
well
was
the
These
distributed
to
The
the
Silanus
met
that
would
the
for
for their
safe
should
allowed
to
Cicero
seems
the
with
almost
upon
his
hearers
crime,
and
their
execute
to
his countrymen
find
would
he
that
Mr.
tence
had
"
been
Merivale
under
mans
that
the
Cicero
the
of death."
hold
the balance
he
that
whatever
he
himself
but
cared
round,
if he
child
fell
the saviour
But
demanded
sen-
this is incorrect.
honour
but
man
of
The
utmost
impress
for the
For
believed
the
to
son
to
to
what
that he
attacks
their
in their
who, with
them
both
by the gratitude of
victim
youthful
the
he
"
on
great
be.1
might
;
between
quite ready
was
not
be
mate
consum-
to
care
too
it were,
as
his
of
it
of
arguments
was
their
sentence.
evenly
took
consul
as
that
should
speech
the
punishment
no
{History of the RoEmpire, i. 137) says,
himself
in
in close
sible
respon-
their
of
He
in dungeons
be
one
no
and
only safety
not
was
himself,
that
declared
kept
penalties;
to
put
death.
should
next,
up
of
there
remission
be
one
first.
speak
to
should
that
; and
consul,
as
distributed
towns
judicial fairness,he
commended
he
enemies,
"
Italy,
over
Silanus,
on
short
severe
summing
walled
safe, and
was
risen
sentence,
might happen
under
hereafter
show
to
all
long speech
and
those
affectingto
sides
and
hands,
Cicero,
be
towns,
confiscated
opinions, and
two
in
punishment
Italian
have
art, while
and
rose,
custody
propose
the
following year,
life ; that
be
to
the
conspirators
ber,
5th of Decem-
called
and
conspiratorsshould
imprisonment
property
of
the
opinion that they
then
certain
amongst
with
it.
them,
for any
vote
deal
to
the
his
as
Julius Caesar
proposed that
of
copies
sent
take
to
statements
number
under
were
senators
the
determine
to
for
death.
he
the
followingday,
before
it
also
how
the
on
matter
gave
He
accused
of
copied by
was
consuls-elect
the
the
graphy
steno-
provinces.
Senate
brought the
of
had
although
Rome,
and
answers,
people.
and
arrest;
the
four
question
next
under
directed
he
the distant
to
while
and
questions
informers.
and
and
known,
Cicero
examination,
down
reporters in ancient
no
all.
that
of his
who
care,
recollection
danger only
He
can
called
be
made
speech is to say that it showed

inclination to the capital
sentence,
to
upon
of
no
his
dis-
nS
CONSULSHIP.
THE
enlarged by the
for
Tulliamim,
middle
the
in
Numidian
into
lowest
irony: "How
of
S.
called
from
which
The
Palatine
Cicero
hill,opposite
(Plutarch
went
guard. He took him

Spinther, and
the crowded
Forum
off
turning
then
turning
waited
the
to
below, he
announced
in
voice,
loud
Romans,
"
void
to
the
the
to
all
until
the
/"
"
by
tulus
Len-
through
Capitol,when
the
Mamertine
the
other
The
gaoler.
brought by
the
prsetors
in
the
gloomy
were
so,"
says
inauspicious language,
and
over,
silence
in awe-struck
stood
for
thither
and
Sacra
to
the
on
relative
of the traitors
the doom
Vixenint
his
executions
multitude, who
prison,
attended
strangled
were
it,
heaped
stood
Via
nearly to the foot of

over
right he crossed
and
place,'2
Cicero
of
custody
him
The
above
of the
Senate)
along
returned
in
formerly stairs
of Concord,
the
the
from
down
or
been
has
confined
was
with
the
killed.1
Temple
says
stands
mouth
and
conspirators were
same
vaults.
the
delivered
condemned
the
to
the
to
there
prison,and
four
to
It
yours!"
But
the
to
up
Lentulus
in which
of
ages
hill.
the
let
madness
in
bath
the
Jugurtha
being
Falegnami
thrown
were
that
On
lapse of
lead
to
criminals
house
dei
in the
used
say.
is this
declivity of
Gsemoniae
it is difficult to
out, either
cried
of
name
until
death.
to
vni.
Mamertine
dungeons
two
Giuseppe
which
ground
against the
up
the
of
cold, Romans,
church
the
on
reason
starved
king was
gloomy depth he
its
small
what
the
took
it
the
called
not
was
for
and
ages,
was
it
whom
from
second,
chap.
by crying
out
Plutarch,
the
"
that
those
name
dead."
are
He
descended
house.
The
shouts,
and
it
into
the
people thronged
was
perhaps then
told
by Appian, hailed
light,"says Plutarch,
1
According
dition
lower
The
St.
to
Peter
dungeon
confined
tra-
in the
reign of Nero.
apostle here conseveral
of
his
to
and
that in order
fellow-prisoners,
obtain water
to baptizethem, he created
miraculous
a
springin the floor of the
Whatever
with
him
round
Cato
that
to
through
"
delicious
"
as
"
we
are
bright
from
streets
legend,the spring
the
own
acclaiming
also,
the
his
and
the
its water
is
stillexists,
the
story is that the

the gaoler and
vault.
returned
father of his country.
shone
Catholic
Roman
was
in
him
"
and
Forum,
may
be
thought
of
Plutarch
spiratorswas
Cicero
to
the
says
that
each
of the
likely; and another account

signs that duty to the prsetors, ns
very
in the
text.
verted
con-
brought separatelyby
prison, but this is not
as-
stated
jet.
QUESTION
43-
lamps and
lightsfrom
torches
him
119
the doors, and
at
up
the tops of
behold
to
set
LEGALITY.
OF
the
houses
returning with
in
showed
vomen
honour
of
Cicero,
of the
train
splendid
the
and
principal
citizens."
He
his
life,and
trouble
yet it
of
without
trial
the
be
to
It cannot,
instant
in
tried
the
and
the
When
the
for the
death
he
saying, as
to
for
does,
only thing required

that the
consuls
but
"
had
the
to
Senate, they
that
upon
Let
Hist,
!
us
of
the
body
the
of Rome,
v.
was),
sentence.
all.
at
The
no
power
given
of
death.
This
sovereign people,
how
is
Niebuhr
and
the
to
them
the
is
was
Roman
that
spirators
con-
and
the
legal
indeed,
authority
"
of
power
life and
by referringthe question
abdicated
the
threw
and
power,
responsibilityof the decision.2

to
Catiline.
25.
quitting the city he
On
that
was
this
of
act
the
brutal
most
should
who
Mommsen,
depreciatesCicero
possible way, and hardly ever
every
speaks of him except in a tone of conbk. v. chap. 5),
tempt, says (Gcsch.Rom.
"The
humorous
is selfeature,which
in
'lorn
wanting
in
an
to
was
is true,
supreme
absolute
the
law,
execution
with
justified
that
question
no
their
remember
turn
now
had
already
trial
the
tried
France
had
of
nature
penalty
invested
fact
of
the
signatures."1 It
their
in
decreeing
law.
make
been
in
he
infamous
been
not
inflict the
There
"
gave
must
we
XVI.,
the
was
had
by
to
identity of
and, perhaps,this
death
Louis
lost, according
were
the
of
therefore, understand
cannot,
prove
overshadow
to
Convention
(however
prerogative
expressly provided
in
forth
hence-
was
conspirators made
judicial tribunal, and
constitution
sole
the
of
National
his associates
not
was
the
duct
con-
citizens
Roman
and
and
his
to
that the Senate
punishment
convicted
and
the
was
and
Rome
which
enemies,
ot
sorrow
from
death
to
accusation
of his
only question left
Senate
by
the
think, be doubted
as
voted
Lentulus
it
death
1793
and
infinite
distinctlytraced
put
was
watchword
mistake.
been
of
moment
of his life.
rest
great
had
proudest
his exile
see,
be
may
this
; and
the
as
beginning
shall
we
He
day.
this
to
the
was
his fortunes
this
on
back
him, for, as
to
the ruin
the
looked
always
historical
tragedy,
be consummated
tyranny
and
most
least self-possessed
Roman
statesmen,
consul
first democratic
and
all
that
post
old Roman
to
the
to
destroy
freedom
people."
"
'
was
by
timid
that
the
of
'
raised
the
to
palladium of
the rightof appeal
the
joined Manlius
and
of the
his rebel
with
Gaul,
into
strong,
Faesulse.
of the
had
been
the
that
army
entrusted
city. He
and
Metellus
Antonius
and
lay
the
there
Etruria
Catiline
was
thus
and
in
hope
of
Apennines,
be
left,and
no
force
intending to
his way
to
whose
wooded
with
his
came
up
who
no
who
had
the
contest
he
doubt
the
did
gave
ensued, in which
When
Catiline
thickest
body
the
of
the
of
midst
countenance
fierce
When
rli Catilina.
where
of Catiline
I
was
at
ascent, close
stand
to
he
to
Pistoia I
just then
escape
legions
to
his followers
lay
with
ahead
his
; at
this
a
lost he
He
of
lieutenant
desperate struggle
fought like lions,
fell covered
both
rushed
sides.
into
the
to
all events
him.
no
the
His
wounds.
soldiers
own
still breathed, and
moments
habitual
was
his
slaughter on
was
fit
convenient
to
officer.
dying
saw
so
at
command
slain.
of
in his
expression which
the tomb
the
foot of
the
far
found
heap
wore
buried
Roman
day
and
enemy,
afterwards
was
the
terrible
that the
saw
Pistoia),
Apennines,
But
and
with
defeated
were
broad
Gaul.
veteran
Catiline
to
and
the
up
and
brave
east,
town,
consulship,had
for the
the
the
the
across
right
bay. Antonius,
the
idea of destroying the
man
his colleague in
friend, and was
his
formerly
west
his
turned
of
modern
(the
fires.
by Fsesulae,
On
side
spirators,
con-
the
at
like
not
gout, and
the
compelled
was
been
Petreius, a
but
rebels
the
with
Pistoria,and
of
into
companions
north
therefore
Pistoria
the
two
south.
north
in
above
rise
ranges
of
between
He
safety.
for
remained
direction,towards
that
made
valley of the Arno,
the
command
track
the
to
along the
marching
the
placed
from
up
Pice-
against Catiline
Cicero
on
of escape
avenue
coming
was
could
the
into
the
the
in
The
Rome
while
marched
closed
the
of
and,
from
Antonius,
to
of
pass
one
force
to
thousand
the
was
direction.
advance
to
was
that
in
passage
prepared
twenty
who
arrest
crossing rapidlyto
his legions,
the heights with
Rimini,
possession of
the
he
considerable
the
of
Apennines by
the
Celer,
far from
took
bar
to
as
than
Metellus
not
territory,
Faesulse,he
less
lay with
praetors this year,

nian
Rome
crossing
O.
But
heard
he
conspiratorsin
forces, not
viii.
chap.
when
in Etruria, and
execution
march
so
CONSULSHIP.
THE
i2o
stern
same
He
was
in
his
and
bably
pro-
knoweth
man
day.1
street
there which
bears
the
name
of Tomba
CICERO'S
6%.
b.c.
'o-
It is
strikingproof of
that, at the
in the
and
deliver
FOR
ORATION
of
midst
of
in defence
elastic energy
of the
moment
very
the
MURENA.
of Cicero's
of the
explosion
the
most
awful
one
of his
friends
121
mind
conspiracy,
he
able to
was
danger,
a speech distinguished
by its lightwit and good-humoured raillery. I allude

Niebuhr
tries
speech Pro Murend, the tone of which
by
"
It is very
to
which
he
been
state
has
man
looks
taken
which
that
their
people
feel
I
of his sentiments.
it
has
and
trifling,
stoic
speaks
highly
ridiculous
; but
his cheerful
the
speech
and
all
this
in the
world,
he
little ; and
he
little is their
All
natural
pression
ex-
myself experienced this

I have
centuries
witnessed.
Thus
in
expressed
looked
been
occasions,
only the
is
before
his
and
the
in
the
as
upon
the
to
had
Cicero
well
their
out
ship,
consul-
Catiline
as
were,
carry
of
forgot that
Cicero's
of
conspiracy.
associates
as
expression
historian
end
of
treated
innocent
the
city
here
are
the
But
crisis of
very
left behind
the
at
sentiments
mind."
of
just quitted Rome,

knew,
and
delivered
was
of
If
day they are not understood.

Cicero
the jurisprudence,of which
other
on
state
for
it the
in
the present
at
even
philosophy
so
the
have
for Murena
speech
The
that
happened
yet
never
time.
offended
have
has
the
very
their
which
commotions
as
whom
to
should
Everything
during the great
little
are
and
at
events
"}
says
consulship,in
recognised
enjoyed
part in the great
conceive
one
plain
ex-
Murena,
his
speech
has
Cicero
which
things
upon
cannot
and
of mind
no
after
This
time.
and
fully understood,
happy
for
to
He
theory.
oration
satisfaction
for
happy
was
Cicero's
read
inward
quiet
fanciful
rather
pleasing to
the
see
and
curious
his
to
infamous
scheme.2
The
and
been
circumstances
Decimus
of the
Silanus
elected
had
consuls
for the
immediately
after
this
his
defeat
these.
were
after
year,
ensuing
Sulpicius,the
Servius
was
case
Lucius
Murena
severe
contest,
One
year.
well-known
accused
Murena
of
of the
petitors
com-
lawyer, who
ployed
having em-
This
corruption to carry his election.
illegalby the Calpurnian law, which punished
bribery and
had
the
was
been
made
offence
by disqualifying for public office
guilty of
1
it ; but
Hist, of Rome,
during this
very
"
v.
29.
See
year
Pro
the
party who
Cicero
Murend,
c.
37.
was,
as
THE
122
have
we
himself
seen,
additional
in
the author
of
punishment
conducted
was
three
CONSULSHIP.
case"
the
On
Crassus,
M.
"
and
other
side
for
ten
which
the
of
The
secution
pro-
Sulpicius, assisted
"
him
of
son
picius.
Sul-
Hortensius,
were,
brilliant
most
by
with
were
and
defence
the
inflicted the
years.
Postumius,
for
Cicero, three
law
called, who
were
Cn.
Cato,
Sulvius
by
as
subscriptores,
they
the
of
exile
vm.
chap.
of
advocates
Rome.
We
the
and
in
call
must
order
delivered
the
appreciate
to
this
on
of
The
is, unfortunately,imperfect, but

the
the
parties
admirable
occasion.
praise of Manutius,
of
circumstances
character
and
position
the
mind
to
which
has
enough
who
calls it
in
December,
trial,
Cicero
we
possess
left
been
time,
the
at
which
speech
copy
the
in
jucunda
tify
jus-
to
primis
oratio.
The
trial took
month
place early
the
consuls
new
Sulpicius, the
defeated
the
one,
successful
prosecution, had
of the
client
his
against
he
Hortensius
was
Stoics.
the
had
lawyer
been
took
the
investigatedand
following is
in
the
tribunes
and
spoke last,after
the
Murena,
cold
of the
office.
part
of
one
follower
Cicero
Crassus, and
and
was
elected
their
upon
soldier ; Cato, who
and
enter
candidate,
recentlybeen
commons,
philosophy of
would
in the following
and
stern
the
charge
repelled by
brief
outline
of his argument.
The
plan of attack
Murena's
upon
honour
of
lastly,to
character
the
the
pretended that
Cato,"
but,
not
to
language of
of the
faults
such
he
and
said
pick
up
to
was
said
he
Roman
his
had
names
and
"
man
the
in
You
street,
ought
a
must
of
dancer
have,
not
his
laurels
in
"
Nay,
authority ought
the
use
lightlyto
whom
Cato
manners
dancer!"
your
nor
some
But
triumph.
; but
to
of
contributed
"
was
fore,
there-
review
won
and,
Cicero,
brief
the
to
his opponent
honourably
Murena
that
people
character
his claims
bribery.
father's
own
aspersions
corrupted by the effeminate
Cicero,
buffoons.
of
of
order, and, in
that
throw
to
contrast
those
charges
same
the enemy
East,
to
against Mithridates,
campaign
of the
next
the
client's life,showed
spoilsof
been, first
consulship with
establish
followed
the
had
consider
that
scurrilous
call the
sul
con-
what
other
epithet can
jet.
justly applied." Adverting
be
of the
two
the
cullus in Asia
how
from
I would
"
modesty,
the
in
who
alluded
art
are
rival
this is
But
"
office
"
such
especially
of
solicitude
about
case
evidence
is for the electors
now
those
judge by the
in
ficient
pro-
then
He
the
of
but
greater
having obtained,
odious
duty
who
embezzled
of
defeated
conducting
the
have
to
made
public
his
up
in the
have
to
canvass
the
as
hope,
than
rather
than
and
opponent
contest
determined
of
call
each
how
"
succeed.
to
I like
consulship to go
and resources.
spirit,
"
the
"
about
upon
votes
threats
candidate
forth to the
herald
sure
salutations
courteous
generallyto
countenance
myself,
for
fortune
be
must
cried Cicero,
office
against an
indignation rather
competitor.
way,"
an
were
orators."
accounted
the
he
in his
full of
Martius
the Campus
gettingup
virtuous
the
not
affected
administeringcivil justice; whereas,
first that
his
of
not
this,Sulpicius seems
engaged
with
if I
praise
eminent
good
discharge
prosecutionof
the
adding,
speak
which
client, his
to
the
while
Lu-
of
opportunity of pointing
its
been
reasons
of his
from
and
is,
have
Besides
mind
advocate
inquiriesagainst
money.
drudgery
lieutenant
as
the
seized
it
as
or
had
criminal
its obscure
Murena
less in
praetor, the office of
his
of
an
say
other
to
popularity
as
contrasted
He
Minor.
speech
clever
those
the
to
case-law, and
superiority of eloquence over
decisions
often legalopinions and
are
upset by
the
out
and
lawyer,
dashing exploits
showed
123
personal qualifications
his
candidates, he playfullyrallied Sulpicius upon
professionas
with
CATO.
TO
OPPOSED
43-
and
disapproveof
of defeat.
rather
than
flattery
;
the fashion
the
candidates
at their houses
upon
far he feels confident,and
what
are
and
his
him
there with the downcast
and
see,'says one,
you
He
is
he
and
look
?
has
lost
all
heart
thrown
the
cards.'
:
dispirited
gloomy
up
this rumour
Then
Are you aware
that so and
begins to be whispered about :
and
i
s
meditates
for
a
a
out
evidence
getting
so
prosecution,
case,
looking
up
?
rivals
for
he
his
I'll
since
shows
the
vote
some
one
white
else,
against
feather,
chances
of
'
success.
Do
the
I like not
since
especially
for
Forum
'
'
"
despairsof
and
disheartened
as
lost, or
reserve
lose
The
intimate
most
all zeal, and
their support
either
and
friends
abandon
of candidates
a
interest for the
cause
which
of this kind
seems
subsequenttrial
as
which
are
good
is to
place."
take
In
court
times
the
dealing with the speech of Cato he artfullywarned
trious
against the danger of being overawed
by that illusand
that in former
quoted examples to show
name,
the
safety of
overweening
the
upon
and
success.'
and
this
power
He
accused.
which
he
is, perhaps,
threw
the
of the
next
the
cleverest
had
accusers
attacked
blame
part
the
of
of
proved
Stoic
Cato's
the
the
sophy,
philo-
severity;
speech.
In
CONSULSHIP.
THE
i24
portions we
some
defence, amongst
seat
ourselves, of
contested
was
House
of
Cato,
offences
before
Commons
and
bribery
on
as
to
be
who
the
had
gone
was
the
at
and
member
were
election
an
committee
of
the
petitioncontaining allegationsof
usual
out
cock's
his
idea
neck
that
Murena
him
meet
to
for the
had
had
in
his
on
held
all
who
man
with
equally guilty
as
father,
own
electioneering arts
candidate
we
disciple of that rigid school which

equally criminal, and regarded the
strangled
shocked
reading the
of parliament whose
fancy
vm.
treating.
unnecessarily twisted
one
almost
might
chap.
be
professed to
solicitation
employed
his
Crowds
canvass.
return
while
Rome,
to
he
consulship
"
"
there was
nothing extraordinary in this. The wonder
But a band
of partisansfollowed
him
they had stayed away.
in processionthrough the streets.'
What
then?
Prove
that they were
bribed
to
I admit
that it was
offence.
Without
do it,and
an
this, what have you to find
What
need
is there,' he asks,
of processions?' Do
ask
fault with?
me
you
Well,"
"
would
have
said
been
Cicero,
if
'
'
what
that which
has always been
?
custom
The
a
us
amongst
for earning
opportunity of our election contests
only this one
conferringobligation. Do not, therefore,deprivethem, Cato, of the
there
need
lower
'
classes
gratitudeor
is of
have
this service.
Allow
those who
to do us
to
hope for everything from
us
in
cannot
for
something which
they can
give us in return.
us
They
plead
their houses.
All this they ask at
to
the courts, or give bail for us, or invite us
hands
in any
be repaid by them
they think that these benefits cannot
our
; and
other way
than by displayingtheir zeal as partisans. But shows were
publicly
were
exhibited, and dinner-invitations
promiscuouslygiven.' Now, although in
done
at all,but
not
fact this was
by Murena
only by his friends according to
I
how
usual
cannot
votes
lost owing to
help recollecting
we
custom,
yet
many
in the senate.
which
these things occasioned
inquiries
like a stern
and
Stoic philosopher. He
Cato, however, joins issue with me
that it is rightthat good-will should be conciliated by good
denies the proposition
of magistrates the judgment should be
He
denies that in the choice
dinners.
seduced
his return,
to
by pleasure. Therefore, if any candidate, with a view
power
have
'
"
invites
'
to
the
or
empire
of the world
of
puttingit indeed, but
to
the
more
which
constitution
very
he
would
such
be
condemned
as
violator
of the
law.
serious
the
threatened
the
Roman
This
people?'
to
our
solemn
habits and
from
the
him.
his oration
of
customs,
Cicero
eloquently described
commonwealth
appealed
overwhelm
the
is opposed
close
He
tone.
his client
from
language
way
and
itself."
approached
Catiline, and
save
shall
'
youths,
As
he
supper,
and
forsooth,'says he, aim at power
office,and aspire to guide
you,
of the state, by fosteringthe sensual appetitesof men
and
corruptingtheir
for
vicious
Are
from
band
some
of effeminate
asking
a
indulgence
you
the helm
minds
elector
an
Would
to
the
ruin
compassion
with
Murena
from
which
was
an
the
of
the
adopted
dangers
attacks
the
of
jury
adverse
acquitted, and
to
verdict
Cato
enough
loud
tone
that
his
in
consulship
You
in
the
to
the
It
was
consul,
of
out,
taneous
spon-
which,
to
one
feelings
with
of
tribute
and
struction.
de-
cried
shouts,
noble
swore
from
Republic
applauding
VIII.
he
multitude,
the
saved
retiring
referred
often
life, he
after
I"1
true
gratitude
had
with
people,
spoken
have
he
CHAP.
by
heard
be
to
The
"
CONSULSHIP.
THE
126
pardonable
exultation.
that
to
Dio
the
make
Cassius,
people
a
would
speech.
xxxvii.
This
38,
suffer
not
is
says
Cicero
simply false,
and
attempts
of
out
to
only
mentioned
be
need
stance
many
injure
of
his
Dio's
memory.
as
one
in-
malignant
CHAPTER
VIR
IX
CONSULARIS.
JEt. 45.
Cicero
was
now
highest dignity which
the
He
senator.
province, but
this,
Macedonia
his
to
oppressive
most
to
get the
to
the
other
lot of
his
This
the
on
people
Rome
was
and
general
and
itself
but
for
might have
wild
and
tribune
anxious
his
to
the
own
made
no
on
safety
to
his
his
to
contrived
which
had
fallen
Celer, who,
or
of
he
serving
was
the
for
conservative
Cato
any
together
with
terms
of
hostilityto
him,
regard
He
both
for
exerted
chosen
yoked
his
hurry
to
party
installed
of
under
tribuneship.
were
two
the
addressing
Nepos had
interests, in order
Porcius
are
out
from
counteracting
the
secret
Cicero
Nepos
consulship.
candidate
get Marcus
and
be
to
he
Metellus
of
resigned
proved
and
outset
He
Metellus
where
senatorial
good
the
at
who
of
prevent
Minor,
elephants
of
Faesulae.
down
?nd
private
government
governor,
brother
purpose
Republic
as
accept.
to
filled
against Catiline, by preventing
the
Rome
had
not
over
of
devoted
of the
Cisalpine Gaul,
service
in Asia
in view,
keep
would
interposed
the
tame
he
seen,
handed
was
successfully to
colleague
the
of
direction
become
elected,
to
extortionate
laying
quitted Pompey
that
and
Metellus
had
entitled
colleague Antonius,
good
tribune, who
in
he
province
in the
escape
live
had
He
power
must
have
we
Antonius,
praetor, did
as
of
he
consulship declared
his
The
as
in the
was
indeed
was
Consularis.
Vir
"
it
henceforth
and
bestow,
to
to
Consular
62.
B.C.
his
as
mischief
he
in
as
in
office
the
East.
Cicero, who,
for
Nepos'
the
sake
brother
28
CONSULARIS.
VIR
Metellus
Celer,
who
Pompey's wife, and
was
him
suade
of
him.
the
the
last
people, he had
do
to
he
and
so,
against Cicero
he
"
that
was
them
allowing
speak himself.
to
putting
of
on
and
the
turned
in
Metellus,
would
of
have
know
full of
considerable
but
it is that
Oratio
his
letters
Atticus,
to
of it with
heard
and
made
wrote
The
conduct
reply
of
of
and
an
irritated
model
friend.
the
at
campaign,
Cicero
a
flagration
con-
against
his
guard, and
impunity. Two
threatened
of
use
who
very
delivered
to
seems
unfortunately lost,
he
to
of
he
read
such
the
that
head
felt
copy
of
refers
in
of
one
will send
him
an
grieved
a
an
CisalpineGaul,
of
the
army,
and
he
he
and
had
manded
com-
had
humiliated.
masterpiece
answer
speech,
attack
although
of
this letter is
what
of
governor
brother, declaring
that
says
from
which
he
which
complain
to
province, was
the
probably
Cicero
his
upon
then
was
most
to
he
is
being
additions.
some
of this, or
he
where
to
It
of civil
directed
making
sarcasm,
effect.
senators
flames
openly
Cicero,
up
and
Metellina
Celer, who
Metellus
called
as
(B.C.62), Cicero
with
and
name,
biting invective
produced
copy
by
the
Rome
on
and
spoke,
sentence
senate-house
was
attacked
be
letters,
condemned
the
speech
he
The
permitted
same
city,put
year
demning
con-
others
of his
one
saved
new
that
to
This
language.
the
by
be
to
lightup
made
and
him
the
had
January
Cicero, addressing
speech
who
"
charge
punished
had
prevented the
Metellus
afterwards
violent
and
himself
allow
not
days
sword,
had
lettinghim
Senate
down
intention
trial.
of the
worthy
the
war."
Senate
the
in
from
Italy
first of
the
Cicero
burn
shambles,
and
rose
who
man
into
On
the
to
had
not
whom
his
flinging the
speak, ought
deeming
conspiracy to
and
and
design
addressing
constitution
who
says
from
without
pur-
interfered
he
declared
the
man
Thus,"
those
magistrates
war,
the
the
up
Before
of
death
to
to
"
par
punishment
guilty of
violated
citizens
made
without
had
give
Cicero
prevent
opportunity
no
he
that
to
public meeting
lost
and
ix.
Mucia,
Metelli, to
two
in vain.
was
year
at
Roman
point
this
But
of the
sister
amicably,
more
of the
day
get Claudia, Celer's wife, and
to
behave
to
attacking
on
tried
chap.
of
should
position,
com-
be
to
tribune's
The
with
perhaps the
Rome
to
and
next
Asia
from
It
Minor
of
the
taken
by him
Cicero spoke
did
The
alludes
nowhere
to
restore
purpose.
the
measures
whether
certain
is not
he
probabilityis that
the
such
to
recalled
be
Cicero, for by
at
meant
It
consulship.
this occasion, but
on
imply
to
Metellus
constitution
it
returned
double
blow
and
brought forward
in order
effected
aimed
and
in his
not, for he
rather
This
constitution.
he
when
should
of his army
head
the
at
in concert
intelligence
;
up
enacting that Pompey
gratifiedPompey
violation
kept
object he had in view

for the tribuneship. He
stood
violated
the
he
129
doubt
no
chief
bill in the Senate
made
was
move
NEPOS.
US
TELL
ME
whom
with
Pompey,
was
OF
ENMITY
62.
R.c.
speech,and
seems
the contrary.
Senate, however,
stronglyopposed
was
bill.
the
to
sharp altercation took place

between
The
bill was
the two
tribunes.
rejected in the
his rightas tribune
to bring
Senate, but Metellus, insisting
on
it before the people without
the preliminary sanction
(Se?iaHe
tas
a
auctoritas),convoked
meeting for the purpose.
Cato
spoke against it,and
relied
on
only
not
the
support
to
strange
on
the influence
of
Caesar, who
was
of
of
in favour
was
say,
effect of which, if carried,would

and
the
Forum
an
praetor, and
then
a
measure,
the
make
Pompey
to
with
supporters, and blocked

up
the
rabble, to prevent
opponents
the
his
dictator
Minucius
and
Thermus,
the
to
way
Metellus
tribune's
and. Caesar,who
violence.
Cato
forced
another
tribune,
abetted
openly
himself
difficultymade
found occupied by
he
seat, which
thus
with
avenue
friends, with
few
filled the
his bill from
of
interfering.Cato, however, accompanied by
clerk
who,
immediate
appointed day Metellus
the
of
morning
armed
his
also
but
name,
of Rome.
master
On
be
Pompey's
them,
between
in his
Metellus
the
when
and
question to the meeting whether

they accepted or rejectedthe bill,he interposed his veto and
forbade
But
the matter
Metellus was
to
proceed further.
or
determined
the hands
snatched
from
the usual
officer put
to
not
be
thus
of the officer and

it away
memory
him.
from
Thermus
During
He
baffled.
him,
put
to
read
when
he
began
and
his
this indecent
K
took
hand
scene
over
the
bill out
it aloud
began
; but
to
his mouth
the crowd
of
Cato
repeat it
to
below
vent
prehad
CONSULARIS.
FIR
i3o
remained
from
and
quiet
astonished, but
hangers-on
his
Metellus,
doubt
no
chap.
made
on
signal
attack
an
ix.
the
upon
opposite party, who, notwithstanding the precautions taken

exclude
them, had
wildest
riot
quid detrimenti
the
kind
of effect
with
us.
time
to
that
the
to
the
He
the
lost
and
condemned
enemies.
the
facts
battle
Pompey
in
with
Roman
in
so.
formal
At
and
related
to
pay
was
much
scruple to
say
so,
string that
he
that
the
if
do
we
the
it with
find
not
of
account
tion
explanato
the
against
war
brilliant
success.
ship,
consul-
victories
to
probably
most
(Jiterce
laureates),
according
time
he
wrote
tone
; at
all
events
too
much
same
attention
felt hurt, and
alluding to
to
his
what
in
to
Cicero,
Cicero
occupied with
to
Rome.
of the
his
was
in
command
on
carry
of
by the Ga-
was
the
with
tending
pre-
sacred
attacks
the
to
he
trial.
from
that
to
to
he returned
when
the
Cicero
Pompey,
to
key
of
fought during Cicero's
was
indifferent
Cicero, however,
not
him
conducted
the
have
strong, and
without
mistaken
conduct
an
laurel leaves
Possibly Pompey
achievements
did
sent
the
same
would
hands
the
on
back
public despatch,which
custom.
Rome.
shield
full power
East, with
last decisive
and
the
too
protection,and
just been
Pompey's
for
get his bill carried
to
went
much
am
that he
Senate
his
not
and
Mithridates,
The
and
already mentioned
(Lex Gabinia) invested
of the
the
death
to
been
law
army
have
of
of much
binian
could
And
that
It has
effort
citizens
required
tribune
his
from
constantly
Rome
ne
instantlya body
order, arriving just in
opposition was
the place
from
harped
quitted
that he
office of
the
Roman
last he
At
Thermus
but
law
martial
restored
another
made
had
and
mary
sum-
Consules
them
gave
power,
with
consuls
and
consuls, took
and
and
of Concord,
opportunity, however, of denouncing
no
populace,
had
the
Forum
withdrew
Caesar
and
of
one
meeting,
same
absolute
the
at
was
formula, Videant
proclamation of
Cato
rescue
Metellus
mob.
usual
and
Murena,
soldiers
the
the
and
Forum,
Senate
Respublica capiat,which
despotic
moment
he
the
The
ensued.
they hastilyinvested
authority by
at
into
sittingin the neighbouring Temple
quell the
of
their way
immediately
uproar
moment
to
forced
to
the
circled
en-
the
but
thought
his
own
passing at
his letter in reply
own
was
services
to
the
State
in
of
his
in
be
to
that he had
rather
and
natural
friendshipwould
Africanus,
be
Laelius,to whom
was
in the
glory
the
that
Cicero
breath
to
silence
and
abodes, Crassus
by
their
on
the
former
in that
decisive
had
been
from
of sesterces
razed
Crassus
to
It must,
that
from
have
been
had
however, be
invaluable
right to expect
was
so
remembered
acknowledgment of his services

in Pompey's position would
man
an
he
Cicero, and
to
The
would
was
the
overlook
doing.
"
house
him
Nay,"
Drusus
so
and
he
that
see
he
that
no
replied,
he
"
residence
which
had
Drusus,
who
if
had
been
was
Senate
and
and
he
obliged
He
much
in debt
bought
half millions
of three
purchase.
says
Veil.
jokinglyin
that he
ii. 14.
the most
was
at
an
Plin. Hist. Nat.
so
the
Sylla'sdeath,
that
in Rome
afterwards
superiorgrandeur
dwellings."
hundred
xxxv.
that
doing."
splendidmansion
eclipsedby
least
it
am
Lepidus, who
of
in the year
ready
was
up to that time been seen

within
thirty-five
years
but
of
Pater,
consul
was
borrow
to
you have skill enough, build

all the world
what
I
see
may
"
sedition,
now
sum
was
belonged
for
ground.2 Cicero
it
one
what
the
events
noble
which
of the
erected
it.
architect told
build
should
was
house
had
2
former
the
to
for his
of his letters that he
one
by
for the
pay
all
at
from
hastilyabandoned
were
Livius
order
(about ^30,000),
at interest
money
to death
When
had
been
portico which
from
the spoilstaken
the Cimbri
he
Marius
and
destroyed their
of
out
M.
joined
It
battle when
Flacus, put
this house
exploitsof
their
in
purchaser,or
of these
it occupied the site of
which
and
it
civic
own
families
of
reigned
that
tribune
91.
by Q. Catulus
M.
numbers
houses
One
the
erected
to
his
the
Hill, overlooking the Forum,
B.C.
and
the
become
of the
built by
originally
army,
He
thought
private interest.
more
desolation
inmates.
Palatine
assassinated
Pompey
letter.
and
arms,
mentioned
driven
and
had
of many
possessor,
superior,and
this
at
their
Scipio
inferior.
speak of
should
of
matters
Sylla's proscription had

Rome,
much
his
that he
far
was
of Mithridates.
turn
now
of
success
that
between
was
offence
take
to
existed
not
was
regard
own
belief
and
hope
Pompey
himself
told
of his
which
says
the
same
conqueror
We
he
with
insult
an
that
enough
inflated
almost
like
he
ungenerous
was
wrote
expressed
whom
to
that the warmth
reciprocated,and
not
He
Pompey
more
explicitacknowledgment
openly on the subject as
their common
friendship
disposition and
hinted
He
required.
notions, would
taste.1
him
he
said
131
modern
to
bad
from
expected
them,
own
PALATINE.
THE
which, according
way
thought
be
ON
HOUSE
45-
jet.
24.
i3
become
to
but he
conspirator if
he
found
site of Cicero's
observes,
house
The
They
the
of
the
chambers
the
decipher
or
of
is to
plot,
an
the
say," he
to
the
spot."1
the
the
traveller
later
Nero's
it is
plan
discovered
visited
belong
in which
ix.
fiftyfeet where
gaze
of
chap.
admitted
that
"
often
Palatine
the
of masonry,
wilderness
have
astonish
had
"
about
gigantic substructions
the
are
and
stood,
side
south-east
within
into
be
to
he
Palatine
place
which
ruins
vast
the
the
have
must
the
on
taken
distrusted
thought that
house
I know
"
be
could
he
much
too
was
Niebuhr
accomplice.
CONSULARIS.
VIR
on
period.
golden palace,
impossible
to
trace
Cypress and ivy, weed and wallflower, grown

and massed
together, hillocks heaped
strewn
On what
were
chambers, arch crashed, column
frescoes steeper'
In fragments, choked-up vaults,and
Matted
In
scandalous
got
seen,
there
continued
him
his
as
been
of
guilty
occasion
Macedonia,
in the
matter,
that
he
had
who
been
it
to
money
that
that
much
of
it in
complaining
I do
between
character, and
ought
there
to
rumour
Hisf.
Antonius,
is
Atticus
of Rome,
of
none.
shows
be
tone
that
he
41.
made
had
present
conduct
would
in
defend
Hilarus,
great rascal, had

take
Cicero,
of
care
This
and
the
rumour
find him
we
in terms
of
with
Cicero's
indignation.
corrupt bargain existed
without
in which
he
innocent,
"
v.
his
he
implicated Cicero
and
such
was
the
Cicero, named
believed
The
and
province had given

spoil. Nay, more,
the
utterlyinconsistent
to
for
the
Atticus
to
that any
not
On
province.
to
have
we
of Achaia, he
to
the
as
formerly
Cicero
Macedonia
letter
It is
them.
of which
of
of
annoyance
believe
not
had
had
of
share
freedman
employ
naturally caused
that
plundering
have
to
was
had,
Cicero's
Macedonia,
him
over
Antonius
by Cicero into
be
squeezed out
sent
disturbed
time
extortion.
expected
was
wrhile
and
in the
and
impending
was
declared
wras
this
praetoriangovernor
as
it appears
he
halls?
or
provincial government
the malpractices which
and
But
peep'd,
colleague Antonius
oppression
trial
him.
out
former
when,
infamous
about
report
His
equanimity.
the owl
Temples, baths,
can.2
who
Pronounce
midnight
it
where
damps,
subterraneous
Deeming
whole
strong proof,
speaks of
and
Childe Harold,
I do
canto
4.
the
not
CONSULARIS.
VIR
134
and
Curius
Catiline
declared
himself.
Whether
be either affirmed
now
he
was
to
Cicero
craftyor
too
in the
himself
about
at
proof
he
This
of
and
that he
he
was
not
Cicero's
in the
and
Caesar had
then
high rank
Amongst them
refused,
he
Cicero
with
be
into
summoned
had
was
and
over
him
but
The
accusation
two
separate
the first of these
charges
and
against the other by

He
twitted
Torquatus.
the
as
advocate
of
taking part in the conspiracy which he

with such severity; of defending Sulla, and giving
was
as
But
affectingSulla.
who
Cicero
of
he
denied
he
or,
man
be
that there
Apparently
he
as
all that
the
said
that
admitted
treason,
of
one
Autronius
easy.
that
was
there
called
might be
bound
was
was
or
a
conspirators.
guilty,and
were
success.
some
it,parricide
notoriously
so
ought
to
fend
de-
tittle of evidence
Torquatus
relied
afterwards, during the consulship of Julius Casar

did
then
Cicero
his trial,and
was
put upon
(B.C. 59), Autronius

without
been
colleague
and
implicated in
Lucius
against one's country, of which

advocate
would
guilty that no
years
had
of
innocent.
him.
guilty
against him.1
Sulla.
P.
been
was
; his
defend
to
witness
by Hortensius,
accused
answer
was
him
Against
against Autronius,
the
as
found
him,
to
came
trial of
Catiline.
prosecutor
crimes, such
hut
to
while
thrown
He
boyhood
inconsistency in appearing
crushed
evidence
the
that he
was
The
who
Two
ward
re-
As
mob
him
however,
in
now
appeared
on
defended
was
Cicero.
the
Autronius.
was
besought
tears
conspiracieswith
Sulla
the
to
plot.
to
praetor)
were,
friend
and
and
came
against him
But
tables
imprisoned for allowing a
quaestor
of
schoolfellow
Next
had
the
about
in the Forum,
again with
man
the
entitled
pieces by
quaestorship
; and
Cicero
he
had
strong presumptive
to
others
banished.
over
be
to
he
him.
Several
and
cannot
give information
to
completely turned
so
from
lipsthat
his
doubt
no
superior magistrate (Caesar was

before
not
torn
also got the
He
guilty or
ix.
certainty; at all events,

be caught. He
appealed
first informer
almost
was
addressingthem
prison.
the
as
derived
volunteered
held
was
to
was
proved from
and
innocence,
was
with
powerful
too
Senate,
claimed
Vettius,
denied
or
conspiracy.
Curius
upon
information
Caesar
early period
an
the
his
that
chap.
and
upon
Bibulus
defend
him,
jet.
DEFENCE
45.
by the
statement
was
had
asked
Cassius
plot what
Cassius
did
he
difficulty in dealing with

in
question
exculpated,
also
that
call
but
alibi
an
had
compromised
the
personal
he
of
Torquatus,
evidence
how
monstrous
Cicero
the
vindication
was
The
of
the
past
Surely
to
his
he
changed
the
like
he
him,
severity
both
he
the
was
showed
not
was
should
we
that
anything
not
Senate
so
surprising
manifested
which
charge
he
would
one
when
the
have
to
and
informers.
Rome
at
and
thing
any-
should
we
dicated
vin-
triumphantly
have
to
records
the
by
morality
against
hardihood
public
that
say
the
the
the
at
himself
had
seem
client
been
dashed
mourning
that
thought
show
no
and
enough
elected
the
to
and
jury, with
guilt, and
them
he
He
from
an
in
no
ship
consul-
his
joy
sorrow
by their
false
at
hope
as
verdict
charge
that
all
was
the
him,
overpowered
left, therefore, the
innocence
the
the
when
own
to
innocence.
him,
and
declared
earnest
on
his
having
his
appeal
an
from
torn
But
in
of
ground,
tears.
more.
compassion
towards
chiefly
evidence
as
misfortunes
say
of the
consisted
misfortune
had
were
himself
He
Sulla
heard
possible
not
speech
had
would
hands
does
his
of Sulla's
thought
and
the
had
to
that
required.
of
hopes
of
was
although
life
which
no
accused
proved.
nor
who
tone
I need
himself,
rest
the
indignation
expected.
had
said
the
defended
the
in
given
was
don't
during his consulship he
falsified
accusation
an
like
speech
having
low
thing is, that

have
he
attack
the
him.
his
altered
shows
that
of
with
He
conspiracy
suspected,
nor
"
establishing what
course
him
the
declared
affected
or
charge
It
of
progress
in the
Cicero
course
was
they
proof of guilt, for
whether
charge
them
answered
this.
not
was
the
discovered,
never
In
and
trial
Naples, thus
at
Of
that
engage
was
logic like
whether
but
during the
Rome
at
criminal
to
he
this
him
135
ambassadors
it, and
that
argued
exculpate
not
SULLA.
trying
was
of
thought
Torquatus
P.
Allobroges
when
Sulla
know."
OF
case
in
they would,
they had
shown
that
relieve
of
day
cruelty
CHAPTER
MYSTERIES
Êt.
Great
had
as
triumph
such
that
crushed, without
be
moral
social and
and
the
that
numbers
of
the
in the
accomplices
there
looked
Cicero
upon
hated
him
design
was
accordingly.
fortunes
The
arose.
the
sole
But
it
quarter, and
the
Amongst
the
which
had
This
who
the
the
was
gave
1st
of
lodge
more
in
fruitfulness
May,
praetor, and
of the
in honour
service
whole
at
at
which
Roman
of freemasons
carefullyfrom
prayers
of
were
"
the
were
appointed
dis-
they
disappointed
shattered
and
different
it
happened.
took
alone
the
eye
of the
Dea
Bona
which
first consul
offered
and
other
or
the
for the
up
excluded
the
its ceremonies
than
presence
the
of
votaries
on
first
safety
people {pro salute pcpuli Romani).

ever
sex.
goddess
celebrated
was
ligion
re-
part, and
the
"
expected
un-
of
festivals
peculiarlysacred
of the
cracy,
aristo-
failure, and
which
solemn
women
marriage
house
the
wise
and
profaned by
been
never
which
in
the
course
his
storm
from
of
one
was
of
from
not
was
this
on
rites
there
character
mysterious
was
numerous
Rome
at
it
corrupt,
so
all events
at
of
spiracy
con-
extensive,
with
And
pected
ex-
against
so
was
were
cause
came
positive proof,
failed.
blow
were
Rome
no
conspirators or jealous rivals that

his
enemies
if not,
; or,
had
as
bitter
connected
men
such
and
of
be
to
not
was
taken,
plot
condition
Catiline
that
the
of
young
against whom
be
creating
ramifications
The
himself.
state, it
could
measures
glorious his
popularity, and
the
of
enemies
CLODIUS.
OF
62-61.
B.C.
Cicero's
been
the
over
44-45.
TRIAL
AND
DEA
BONA
THE
OF
X.
No
women
of
the
6 2-6
b.c.
Dea
Bona
of their
covered
were
the form
kind
in
rites
were
We
of the
a
to
it
to
venture
in the
like
Not
be
to
even
Statues
which
exhibited
threshold
the
the
of
May
lightningthrough the
worst
the
while
of
consternation
the
man
Ro-
62, when
B.C.
that
streets
3 7
sign
seen.
sacrilegeof
was
cross
beginning
veiled
were
going on.
imagine, therefore, the
ran
the
had
man
of Caesar
in the house
disguised as a woman
praetor, during the celebration there of the mysteries of
of the most
Bona
Dea.
It was
One
too
true.
gate
profli-
been
discovered
the
the
had
Pulcher,
introduced
the house
into
of
help
his face
muffled
was
to
profane the
sacred
to
by the
escape
matrons,1
infuriated
and
as
hoped that his identitywould
he
up
clothes
contrived
the
from
woman's
in
dared
He
presence.
maid-servant
dressed
had
night, and
at
by his
ceremonies
himself
Clodius
Publius
patriciansof that profligateage,
young
not
known.
Scandal
that his
declared
with
Pompeia, Caesar
time
or
place
Clodius
mysteries of
the
object was
wife,but this
conceived
be
can
and
purpose,
is almost
on
been
intrigue
an
incredible.
favourable
less
have
must
to carry
mad
No
for such
choose
to
the
opportunity for a love affair.

doubt
he sought only to gratify a prurient curiosity,
and
in unison
character
with the exploit.
were
past life and
No
his
He
Bona
Dea
as
an
had
already seduced his own

Mucia, Pompey's wife, was
with
husband
her
and
and
he
vice.
and
nearly related
had
already made
was
Appius
According to
the mother
jussu
Bobiens.
matter
aim
in
probably
up
and
infamous
account,
esse
pro
with
in
a
view
prevent scandal.
to
dixit
Schol.
If
to
divorce
every
kind
hush
so,
it
the
Mr.
of
bauchery
de-
eloquent in speech,
and
in
he
Rome,
Merivale
regarded
the truth of
to
odious
with
as
which
assume."
preposterous
all events
He
descendant
gained such
lived in incest
terous
direct
The
"
says
be
from
by his immoralities.
Amelia,
tcsiimonio
Clod.
of her
the decemvir, who
dimissum.
Orat.
for
Appius Claudius,
Claudius
one
cause
of the first families
many
Caesar, permittedhim
Aurelia
escape.
was
of
of
the
Clodia;2 his intrigue
in person,
Graceful
to
sister
notorious
was
himself
son
younger
of that
sno
; and
US.
men.
allowed
was
sex
01)1
of
presence
pictures
male
man
may
rumour
and
CL
OF
existence
up,
citizens
be
the
excluded
token
or
USION
INTR
1.
nor
(Hist. Rom.
charge that
his
sisters
it would
I
fear
incredible.
firmly believed
at
i.
he
167)
had
only
can
tale of
current
bad
scandal,
be
prepos-
it is neither
Tt
Rome.
was
at
MYSTERIES
138
notoriety in the
death
in the
Niebuhr
married
"
highest
have
to
seems
thought
to
for
been
that
and
was
Marcus
to
one
doubt
no
him
screen
sumed
pre-
from
further
no
passed away
January, at the
hushed
time
without
the year
as
early in
6 1, Q. Cornificius,who
B.C.
influence
and
she
as
in fact to
belonged
Rome,
at
infamous
the
Celer, another
He
elder
but
Halfpenny,"
"
her to
His
sisters,one,
is
patricianfamilies
Clodius
probably
But
that
x.
superstitious
the highest honours
obtained
Metellus
to
dishonour.
good-natured
three
chap.
the
of his crimes.
consequences
The
matter
made,
had
"
its wealth
upon
DEA.
father stabbed
from
the third to Lucullus.
and
of the
he
Ouadrantaria1
or
nicknamed
Rex,
calls "a
and
BONA
her
save
person,"had
Republic ;
Clodia
THE
Virginia,whose
to
little-minded
in the
of
case
Forum
brother, whom
and
OF
any
inquiry would be
steps being taken.
of the
commencement
then
was
and
up,
new
year,
Princcps Senatus, brought
the
a
referred,as
question before the Senate.
By them it was
matter
affecting religion,to the College of Pontiffs, who
declared
be
it to
resolved
of
act
an
that the consuls
of the
people
which
would
this the Senate
sacrilege. Upon
should
bill in
propose
assembly
an
bring Clodius to justice,and to authorise a

departure from the ordinary form of trial. The bill enacted
that instead of the judices or jurymen
being chosen by lot,
to
give Clodius
might happen
be
to
led
to
In
five
violent
the
of
just landed
at
he
Rome,
he
of
state
Rome
was
The
the
the
parties
at
such
course
years'
with
was
to
marched
the
without
the value of
priceof
of
boldness
might have
quadrans
about
certain
five
led
often
so
almost
after
Brundusium,
and
opinion that
would
men
unparalleled military
had
the ambition
select
of
the
as
escape,
jury
easilyaccessible to a
of jurymen
number
be responsible. This
opposition.
meantime,
years
which
he
character
of
composed
bribe, the praetor should

for whose
chance
was
small
and
farthing,
body of
would
he
Italy
"
had
capital;
his
Dictator
used
were
and
to
one
hence
of
in the
and
probably
general was
design, that, according
coin at
army
possessed
have
So
had
Pompey
himself
the
struggle.
his
Clodia
make
to
from
"
If
victory.
he
public bath.
renown
main
upon
time
a
the
absence
to
ceeded
suc-
the
Plu-
frequentthese baths as if she

of the "labouring classes,"
the nickname.
jet.
POMPEY
45.
from
about
was
which
throw
to
him
receive
city,which
the
towards
But
he
as
claimed
the gates he
Outside
Cicero, who
the
poor,
and
triflingto
the
than
the
if he
in
to
been
stopped,
the
speech
city.
which
distasteful
as
unpleasing
therefore
It
had
enter
it, described
good.
course
soldiers
escort, travelled
not
people
wicked,
the walls he
could
and
conqueror,
his
state
perty
pro-
believe,
to
adopted
small
the
heard
the
reached
addressed
probably
to
spiritless
or
he
triumph
and
affected
dismissed
more
he
children
to
only by
When
i39
Pompey
He
hardly
private gentleman.
for
believed,
master,
with
Rome
his
its gates
and, attended
homes,
SENATE.
with
surprised everybody.
their
he
open
its
as
THE
himself
withdrew
Crassus
tarch,
IN
the
to
to
rich,
fell flat upon
the
audience.1
Piso
the
man
whom
then
consul
suggested to Fufius, a tribune, and

calls levissimus,that he should
duce
intro-
Cicero
Pompey to the people

being market-day, there
it
ask
him
had
the
He,
he
as
He
parties.
but
he
also afraid of
was
he knew
himself
Soon
put
to
any
seat
in
the
people.
him,
1
Non
should
the
Senate
as
evaded
mob,
direct
the
the
oppose
tending
con-
Senate
active
many
He
to
answer
demand
his
for
consul
and
rose
Massala
the
made
the
question.
"
tisans.
par-
cratically,"
aristo-
to
when
he
sat
down,
Alt.
i. 14.
11011
had
triumph
he
took
his
him
what
the bill then
before
general kind
Senate
jucunda miseris, inanis improbis, beatis

"
fessing
pro-
question that
asked
same
Cicero
when
and
Rome,
alleged sacrilege and
Pompey,
itaquefrigebat. Ad.
the
on
whom
amongst
calls it,very
opinion
before, eulogising the
as
and
praetor
between
had
Cicero
as
entered
Senate, the
of the
thought
direct
to
and
popular
distinct
when
afterwards,
speech
like
and
him.
to
granted, Pompey
the
trim
to
offendingthe
spoke,
been
he
Clodius,
however,
tried
not
the
crowd,
in general terms,
and
praising the Senate
not
respect for its authority ; but he took care
his
been
was
therefore
He
had
Clodius
that
commit
did
of
Pompey,
always did,
Flaminius, where,
considerable
trial
the
the bill.
proposed by
reply.
for
jurymen
was
Circus
opinion whether
publicly his
choose
the
in
but
was
told
avoiding
close
him
grata, bonis
of
a
beside
that
non
he
gravis :
OF
MYSTERIES
r4o
he
thought
have
to
had
been
the
merits
Atticus
that
his
of
Crassus
doubt.
Most
Senate
probably
devotion
delivered
his
his
was
owed
to
his
wife,
he
This
may
be
order.
his
home,
could
head,
tells
been
well
because
Crassus
panegyric
of
to
the
senator,
he
owed
it to
citizen,a freeman
he
and
rose
Cicero, praising
on
declaring that
country,
his
by
a
they had found in him
to his professionsof respect
his life ; and
him
an
approved
permitted
cheered
However,
skies, and
still a
we
was
credit
gave
the
to
that he
he
that
that
complimentary
most
believed
that
believe
his
had
Pompey
Pompey
their
to
consulship
Cicero
consulship.
glad to
and
they
was
champion
and
that
of
acts
Senate
by
never
of
out
x.
seems
be
nattered
who
Cicero,
that
saw
the
received, because
just
consulship
own
speech
it should
had
rose.
chap.
The
reply.
man
then
DEA.
natural
was
as
great
Crassus
and
get the
the
sufficient
applauded,
which
assembly
praise;
made
BONA
THE
often
as
he
as
felt the
force
; nay,
regarded
of
all his
obligation to him.
Crassus
While
to
was
visible.
had
had
Crassus
Cicero
and
on
this
adds,
shown
of
showing
; or
listened
was
says
his emotion
sitting
because
was
indifference
Senate
and
next,
rose
before
he
closely,and
who
he
because
who
Pompey,
exhausted
every
the
well-worn
theme
is
it
He
speech.
he
of
thunders
But
should
amusing
he
says
was
heard
now
of
the
his
determined
Catiline
praetor.
utmost
"
says,
clamores."
He
show
first time
he
artifice,as
own
to
for the
him
rhetorical
read
to
descanted
conspiracy,
down
sat
and
and
cause.
amidst
applause.
to
return
on
the
be
unturned
his
?" he
multa
Quid
saw
praise which
between
the Senate
urged the necessity of concord
the
Knights, and the union of Italy in the common
"
him
good-will to
the
to
Crassus
bestowed.
of his
account
him
opportunity
an
had
Pompey
favourably the
how
off
Perhaps,
seized
thus
while
watched
Pompey,
next
speaking, Cicero,
was
to
question how
constituted.
to
prevent
the
Of
to
affair
the
two
of
the tribunal
Clodius
the
jury
consuls
Clodius.
Everything
that
to
was
and
his friends left
from
being selected
Piso
sided
get the bill rejected; but
with
Messala
them,
on
pended
de-
try him
stone
no
by
and
the
the
did
con-
MYSTERIES
142
The
Senate
further
fearingthat
it
if the
dead
forward
the
the
at
selectingthe
what
who
he
the
of
was
be
the
last
at
three
that
the wildest
he
exceptions
says
or,
and
they found
jury
were
set
The
all that
1
the
senatores,
tarn
lantur, Eerarii.
"
difficult
to
prosecutor
know
nudi
serati,
quam,
Ad.
Att.
the
ut
i. 16.
equites,
appel-
knights,
and
It is
of
the
whom
in
all
seemed
here
between
which
to
be
served
duly ob-
were
unanimously
severity,and
Hortensius
granted.
arati
Several
have
explanations
ed,
I believe
meaning.
insolvent
company
trial
was
few
by his challengessat
criminal
but
and
gambling-
them
amongst
at
contrast
prosecute.
With
a
first,
however,
a
day of
accused
round
sat
aside
set
asked
precise point
and
prosecution amidst
fifty-sixin number, and
never
blushing
of
men
Valerius
to
to
decided
were
points as they arose
of the prosecution with almost
stern
Maculosi
tribuni,non
to
At
forms
according
the
favour
in
able
ashamed,
the
finallyempanelled.
worse
themselves.
going well.
:
been
Cicero,
the
disreputable senators, needy

tribunes.1
The
few
respectable men
not
that
unscrupulous.
forward
had
and
challenged by the
as
to
as
bribe,
carried, and
was
challenged by
them
describes
that
that the
to
open
family, came
The
uproar.
not
right.
was
were
served
pre-
in
of lead.
rich
was
the
confident
so
of
out
fairness
feared
he
and
Lentulus,
jury, several
rejected; others were
sorrowful
as
expressionwas,
sword
poor
Hortensius
came.
of
by
side
that he
proved
proposal of
Clodius
bring
indifferent
was
His
opinion
be
felt
he
him.
cut
other
the
table
render
persons
principle of
that
tried
would
event
Cicero
interpose
intended
of
Hortensius
different
Clodius
Maximus,
Of
would
was
number
the
convicted,
would
that
trial
the
But
tribunal
throat
knew
The
This
decuriae.
time
names.
of
tried
The
the
limited
it
be
kind
however,
of
same
must
Clodius's
ever,
how-
diminished
so
jury could be formed, and
having a needy and corruptibleset, and yet
of
Clodius
no
Hortensius,
Calenus
Fufius
transact
was
out
for
compromise,
chances
bill
lot
by
whom
carried.
x.
declaring,like the other bill, that Clodius's

sacrilege,but providing that the jury should be
was
chosen
the tribune
they would
that
was
chap.
bill
offence
bill
DEA
passed by the people, and so

himself
should
letter,proposed that Fufius
veto
a
BONA
THE
resolved
until the
public business
his
OF
I have
and
been
cvrarii.
attempt-
given the
real
^t.
THE
45-
chuckled
the
at
opinion
that
could
he
Cicero
forward
came
of
respect, he
he
on
when
were
they
deposed
on
the very
had
an
interview
decisive, and
it
crowd
Cicero
attended
attended
him
when
declared
they
protection of
Senate,
and
directed
to
guard.
guard
some
outer
curred
the
it to
A
somewhat
ever,
The
Cicero
his
question, in
the
and
own
if true,
This,
evidence
could
was
be
believed.
dis-
morning
next
that
which
the
The
jury
magistrates
complimented
were
had
The
consulship.
ordered.
jury
the
the
were
on
were
and
that
from
swerve
once
oc-
chest containing
had
decay.
buried
in the
war
the return
taken
was
found
the
been
civil
On
it
in
empanelled
parallelcase
century.
busy in the interval,and

of English law which
secludes
were
rule
wise
of title of the Maitland
peacefultimes
damp
his accounts
at
again unless they had

question was
brought before
gladiatorslave
in Scotland.
muniments
deeds
in
his
isolates it from
beset
family in Scotland
safetyduring the
teenth
Xenocrates
meet
his friends
once
and
Rome.
mark
friends.
house, like
down
was
The
world,
might
and
purpose.
jury, when
at
laid
his
Clodius.
his
it,and
to
see
with
not
Clodius
But
would
behaviour.
their
to
he
was
reception struck
and
morning
at
Such
look
Such
adjourned,
court
But
surrounded
than
to
unlikely that the
was
The
him.1
Clodius
of
that
he
house,
jury refused
to
hearts
the
into
terror
handed
Rome.
and
rose
he
dispensed with at Athens, and

Metellus
or
(surnamed Numidi-
his trial the
cus),when
court
teries
mys-
time
Instantly there
honourable
was
unsworn
from
assassination.
more
oath
his
evidence
gave
was
says,
when
received
from
protect him
if to
as
on,
was,
the
that
at
versal
uni-
case
where
for
distant
whole
His
house
witness.
The
clamour.
tremendous
him
as
the
going
were
alibi.
an
in
fifty miles
Interamna,
at
sagacity, and the

be found
guilty.
own
upon
been
Dea
143
would
relied
have
Bona
of the
was
he
not
his
Clodius
that
his defence
For
of
thought
was
BRIBED.
JURY
be
to
It
up,
seven-
of
more
but
the
illegiblefrom
happened,
first Lord
for
how-
Lauderdale,
criminal
all
the
was
who
the
employed
the
was
as
of
son
in
calendar
na(i
595"
or
emissary
an
Baron
Thirlstane, Chancellor
died
the
temptations which
unknown
duty, was
of
path
from
case,
of
made
precisof
his
Maitland
of
Scotland, and
long before a
deeds, and so
the opinion entertained

of his
high was
integrity,that the Scotch
parliament
directed
that
this calendar
ceptedas evidence,
registrarto
See
and
authenticate
Crawford's
should
ordered
it
be
ac-
the clerk-
accordingly,
Peerage of Scotland.
MYSTERIES
i44
visit the
to
bribe
OF
jurymen
them.
And
promise of the
use
the words
At
last
for
of
which
It has
of
slaves.
Clodius
that
Cicero's
was
to
be
ridiculous
to
But
motives.
evidence
of
profligacy,I think
hint
ever
the
language
the
nickname
her
that
had
"
Ad.
Catulus
tittle of
claimed
the
by
of
age
facts
duct
con-
show
to
him
one
of
disgraceful
that
the
first place, there
throughout
his wife
is
the whole
jealous of him,
for jealousy. In the next,
witness
was
Alt.
terms,
is
And
been
to
nobilium
was
conscious
mind,
atque
introduc-
i. 16.
sarcasticallyasked
one
abandoned
life
"
"
Roman
mulierum
her
terises
charac-
quite inconsistent with the idea

ridiculous
why should it be
committed, shocking
the
thus
who
Homer,
alluding
Cicero, who
certaram
adolescentulorum
also
and
him,
he
her.
loved
propriety in
tiones.
tious
conscien-
to
not
it
"
that he had
Noctes
that
says
always speaks of Clodia, givingher

of fioSJcrig,
or
complimentary
un"ox-eyed"
not, however, an
in which
offensive
suppose
wife, Te-
by the whole
an
two
In
by
witness
his
is
be
in
cause
"
most
challenging for
may
is false.
epithet,as
the regal Juno
and
Without
of the faintest kind
gave
as
conduct
it is belied
privatecorrespondence that
that he
Guilty !
Wieland
There
story.
relyon
may
was
Clodia, Clodius's
to
Cicero's
Romans
the
we
trace
or
Not
entirelydisagree with
against him
insinuation
and
of
waters
Forum
forward
And
morality than
of
virtuous
most
attribute
of Cicero.
character
higher degree
scandal
tions
abomina-
conviction, thirty-one
coming
Celer.
of it,and
in support
and
to
the
to
respectable citizens
attentions
Plutarch's
entirelydisbelieve
in the
but
and, indeed, is asserted
in
his
sister,the wife of Metellus
or
and
and,
"
case,
quiet the suspicions of
jealous of
of his
x.
money,
The
declared
some,
motive
rentia, who
them,
women,
under
The
for
was
supposed by
was
not
buried
voted
against Clodius
the
for
with
merely
of the verdict.
been
Plutarch,
chap.
send
or
in another
are
Twenty-five
acquital,and
would
DEA.
abandoned
Macaulay
rabble
away.
an
Not
the moment
came
with
crowded
kept
houses,
embraces
those
as
BONA
Sea."1
Dead
the
what
of Lord
foul
as
their
at
with
the
THE
of
the
want
to
and
all
that
of
sense
who
knew
jurymen afterwards,
a
lest you
bribe?"
guard
for?
should
be
"
frightful
decency
that the
What
Were
robbed
you
did you
afraid
of
your
CICERO
62-61.
B.C.
defence
the
by
compelled,by
religion,to which,
set
multitude
Wieland
Cicero's
took
were
there
was
as
such
it would
darkest
the
that
wisdom
and
lust.
He
place
attacks
Forum
and
in
he
another
In
by
; and
thus
he
Cicero's
mind.
was
trial gave
He
tells
which
his
under
foot
verdict
vilest of
the
both
law,
every
letter he
it could
verdict
and
meanest
to
that the
declares
purchased by bribery
On
he
the
from
and
externally,
front
the
Senate
the
posed
ex-
infamy
of
the trial took
Before
apathy into which he

some
danger of fallingon the subject,by
him
by Clodius at mob-meetings in the
provoked, Cicero thundered
against him,
Curio, and
which,
behold.
of the
acquitted Clodius.
roused
in
was
upon
way
called
been
made
Piso, and
a
the
trample
to
had
had
confesses
because
which
he
for his
preservationof
preserved, however, a bold

with
unsparing severity in
court
best
youth,
result
by the verdict,if
overthrown
was
in
the
thirty men,
divine.
constitution
The
ing
plead-
that
suppose
follies of
the
"
the
then
counsels, but he, Cicero, attributed
ruined
bribed
people,were
human
his
to
was
do
to
indeed
vice.
to
was
"
hard
Republic
to
called, when
the
by
another
defended
He
bound
was
forebodings
the
friend attributed
them.
between
extenuated
indifferent
Atticus
divine
be
he
case
therefore
and
could
alone
is contradicted
he
later,when
the
age,
motives,
conscientious
from
of
interest
scepticism of that
assumption
an
years
who
advocate,
an
rise to
analogy
any
client,and
be
few
such
the
in
and
which, perhaps,he
fact
feel himself
that he
Ccelius, and
profligate,
certainlythen showed
But
the cases
lenient view of youthful immorality.
a
that
entirelydifferent ; and it is reallyidle to suppose
young
in
to
145
lie,should
truth,
forward,
come
says
conduct
for
was
all the
amidst
testimony
prove
perpetrator
regard
clung,to
bear
to
up
CLODIUS.
ATTACKS
the
tells
rest
the
of his followers in the Senate,
Atticus, he should
15 th of
May, after
to speak, he
have
the trial
liked
was
him
over,
to
being
dwelt at some
by the consul
rose, and
such
and the danger which
length on the gravity of the crisis,
to the state.
an
acquittalthreatened
Turning then to Clodius,
who,
"
on
as
senator,
Clodius, you
are
was
present, he
mistaken
1
Emto
the
addressed
jury saved
you,
constupratoque judicio.
L
him, and
not
for
said,
Rome,
TRIAL
46
1'"+
for
but
It
prison.
in the state, but to

Be
then
of
dignity of
ever
and
saw,
the
next
and
As
the
jury."
is
to
care
hardly
the
floored
cheers
Senate
fit for
tion.
explana-
of wit that
of the
two
or
Clodius.
said
I had
lighted
de-
so
One
"
bought
believe
sally,he
oath," exclaimed
of
the
jury
you,
for
they
last blow
This
says,
although
wit, that, overpowered
own
this
ferously
voci-
obscure,
now
one
your
not
sharpest
said
Clodius, for Cicero
followed
that
are
beforehand."
money
fair reporter of his
on
you
thirty-one did
their
get
have
to
seems
mc,
that you
"
the
Cicero, "twenty-five
retorted
but
house,"
believe
not
"Yes,"
believe
took
did
They
"
Clodius.
did
bought
find him
to
the
not
are
world
quick fire of
make
to
I will quote
think," repliedCicero,
would
in
of the kind
however,
have
You
passages.
tration
illus-
the
mind,
jokes
some
of Rome,
senators
"
tried
of the
point, and
specimen,
you
curious
conclave
adversary, while
Some
lost their
have
It is
Clodius
each
his
upon
applauded.
and
of Cicero's
tone
in which
retort
retain
to
privilegeof banishment.
serious
most
engaging with
puns,
wittiest
the
as
of the
moment
repartee and
of the
x.
temper of that august assembly, which
and
also
they wished
followed
What
regard
to
apt
are
chap.
Conscript Fathers, and preserve the

In this strain he proceeded for some
courage,
of the tone
we
that
depriveyou
down.
sat
CLODIUS.
not
was
order."
your
and
time,
good
OF
he
by
silent and
became
crestfallen.
During the
had
hurt
been
consul
by
their
in the
them
had
Piso
the
new
Piso
enjoyed
Cicero's
in the
the
beginning of the
consuls,
who
was
to
the
in
often
the
Senate
option of the
personal
he
honour
of
affront
to
year,
to
upon
vanity
by the
or
ceased
it became
be
to
precedence
him.
in
deliver
we
to
can
consul
speaking
When,
his
to
considerations
party
had
next
consuls
they thought fit,and
as
Since
precedence
first called
were
order
determined
was
Cicero, and
"
how
had
rank
was
their choice.
influenced
Cicero
it
in such
easily imagine
over
affair
him
upon
and
Senate,
But
opinions.
call upon
the
slightput
of consular
senators
the consuls
at
Clodian
Piso.
The
but
the
of
progress
duty,
therefore,
as
one
of
put the question in the Senate, he passed
called
upon
afterwards
his
consul
relative,C. Calpurnius
own
"
to
give his opinion first.
xr.
Cicero
OFFERED
AFFRONT
44-45.
next
came
Cicero, however,
Catulus
It
was
was
himself
Piso, whom
as
Senate.
a
them
cases
in
where
He
wrong.
seems
principlethat
authority as the
policy to uphold
in
conciliate
and
to
have
acted
the
justifies
After
properly resolved
that
classes
ALrari.
1.
:
"
as
the
it and
anxiety
to
defended
that
they
the
dangerous
and
have
to
they
feared
the
were
cated
advo-
right or
were
that their
tion
rejec-
equestrian body.
acquittalof
allegedcorruption of
of three
he
irritate the
the scandalous
on
means,
because
but
themselves,
here
because
not
measures,
adoption would
or
confessed
first.
secure,
Knights, he
the
knew
and
in his
far, and
too
he
the end
opposed
or
went
and
rupture
prevent
wrong
he
Sometimes
the
paints in
place in
second
authority of the equestrian order;

possible,a good understanding between
approval
diswith
from
he
dignity and
far
of
relieved
was
leading object of Cicero's
fourth.
murmurs
consoled
much
as
147
Hortensius
that, after all,the
of almost
one
he
with
terms
on
flatteringcolours, and
Senate
and
affront,he
by the
necessity of keeping
the
third, and
the senators,
the reflection that,
CICERO.
gratifiedby hearing
was
amongst
no
TO
Clodius
the Senate
most
inquiry should take place as to the

the jury. The
judices were
composed
Senators
; 2. Knights ; and
3. Tribuui
an
directed
quite as
inquiry, therefore, was
much
the
as
Knights, and conveyed no
against the Senate
than the other ; yet, strange
more
imputation upon the one
Manuto say, the Knights took
offence at the proposal,and
Such
assigns for this the
tius
made
punishable for jurymen
it
could
set
violate
the
Cicero
when
the
resolution
when
he observed
who, however,
claim
As
if
they
which
been
not
present
the
in
to
It
Senate
passed appointing the inquiry,but

the discontent
of the equestrian class
make
not
venture
to
complaint
any
open
was
"
did
the
had
Senate
to
task,
speech, exerting all the
set
of
took
bribes.1
take
the
that
he
to
disgraceful privilegeof being entitled

plainestprinciplesof morality and justice!
up
happened
"
that
they did
extraordinary reason
within the purview of the law which
themselves
consider
not
an
he
himself
impossible to justify this.

1
Manut,
blamed
and
powers
of his
severely in a
eloquence in defence
characterised
Cicero's
in Orat.
it
as
indecent.
conviction
fro Cluentio.
"
as
It is
that of
TRIAL
148
honest
every
Knights
man-"
ought
the
inquiry
About
the
justifiedand
The
the
the
the
eagerness,
case
what
as
they had
the
of
made
their
from
heard
in
which
he
make
good.
out
be
to
Cicero
This
Cato's
The
was
Knights
the farmers
of
contract
sake
of
Ecce
not
demand
ornavi.
"
war
in
the
to
throw
ego
Ad.
non
Att.
equitum
vix
fe-
tuli,sed
solum
the
Senate
house
"
the die
When
fulius Caesar
was
consul
one
their
tion
peti-
the terms
be
put
agreed
not
than
on
had
on
in
their
try ?
to
with
me
the
him.
for I
"
of
conduct
of
remission
their
for the
in their favour
body."
of his first acts
was
reduced
extent
to
the
concession
politic
to
get the
Dio
Cass, xxxviii.
contracts
of one-third.
he
the good-will of
-
But
days.
and
they
case
of
afterwards.
should
claim
beginning
notice
to
claiming a
this
i. 17.
their
have
to
impudent
in
revenue
danger lest,
wholly alienated
occurrences
the
on
more
the
be
that those
and
shameful,
was
while
that
says
consecutive
two
two
alienating the whole
alia- delicite
rendae, quas
these
bribes
was
I had
Yet
cious
their avari-
Cicero
opposed them,
opinion, and
the
In
there, at
on
is worth
of
declared
What
and
Cato
and
received
dissented.
some
bargain, for
bad
Minor.
himself
for them
just than
had
the
they
that
happened
be
to
the
exerted
spoke
more
was
for
exchequer,which
It
of
the taxpayers
contract
altered.
and
house,
spoke
trial who
etiam
into the
odium,
rejected.2It
What
into
sums
contract
Metellus, the consul,

was
even
tract,
confessed, to get the conthey themselves
wanted
too high a tender, and they now
crowded
December,
as
farmers
between
entered
turned
He
Senate.
the
and
between
the
were
middlemen
of
province of Asia
full of
was
Knights
His
reason
supported it.
they gained nothing, they might
if
in such
only tolerated,but
not
he
yet
"
he
They
to
of the
revenues
"
fixed
made
had
terms
them
support
caprice of the Knights,
The
state.
bound
course
the
sideration
politicalcon-
no
of dissension
cause
to
says
kind
of certain
of them
he
these
were
and
of
to
the
interposed their veto,
another
owing
arose,
public revenue"
were
him
that
been,
applauded.
facts
payment
and
the tribunes
it,1which
calls
Cicero
wrong,
induced
time
same
orders
two
have
x.
proceeded with.
not
was
the
have
to
result
the
In
case.
the
chap.
must
and
was,
flagrantlyin
were
CLODIUS.
OF
of
course
By
ciliated
con-
the Knights.
"
TRIAL
150
not
But
at
the
Caesar, and
and
unscrupulous
had
from
the
the
preserve
their
from
Senate
keep
against the wild

them
of the
a
he
senators,
he
himself
constitution
the
up
maintain
to
"
it had
as
he
the
especiallyfor
and
and
the
certainlywas
said
that
and
not
Cato
spoke
who
to
come
to
his
eat
own
who
had
if
true
least
already shown
himself
kept
will quote
one
or
think, fullybear
these
two
soldier,and
Writing
eminent
the
to
two
his
on
the
luxury
and
hands
them
scorn,
cracy
aristo-
given
fish to
fools
enough
if the
even
of
attacks
the view
out
men
other
Atticus
from
the
"
I take
the greatest
about
his
the Clodian
that
friend of yours
(though you know
meant
to
Pompey ; Atticus took care
1
Ad.
Att.
ii.
2.
this clear I
the
time,
will, I
between
greatest
Republic.
affair,he
be
as
friendship
relations
whom
have
if possible,
his
of the
orator
safe."
enemies,
letters,which
that
stitution
con-
ally himself
make
of the
at
one,
his
determined,
To
men
as
tame
"
that
"
guard.
passages
best
the
to
He
therefore determined
to
destroy him.
closely as possible with Pompey, and courted
he
But
Cicero, whose
As
to
while
steel.
as
they got
of their
bitter
had
exception, for
describes
paradise
out
most
nobility,he
an
by
against the
that they were
powerful support
some
He
in
with
adds
For
be
destroyed their fish-ponds would
personal safety required that he should
were
But
Avere
around
flecti,
thought so ; and he
in the republicof Plato,
enervated
were
were
their call and
believe," he
non
amusements.
thought they
breakwater
policy.
At
the
of
surging
was
of Romulus.1
the rabble
amongst
frivolous
to
if he
as
generally,they
up
fraugi
not
as
young
mischief.
down
handed
impracticable,and, with
did
intentions, sometimes
motto
have
to
authority
element
aristocratic
of
sea
Utopian
was
man
states-
dangerous
seems
been
Cato, indeed, was

profound contempt.
of sturdy honesty, and
man
was
a
as
then
of that
designs
which
only
against the risingreputation
democracy which
the leading object of Cicero's
was
"
the
the
was
tolerably clear insight.
forefathers
and
head
make
into
man,
he
that
counteract
first a
x.
was
knew
could
who
Rome
of
he
time
same
chap.
that ambition
quite aware
the ruling principleof his conduct.
patriotism was
at
To
CLODTUS.
of his character, and
weakness
and
OF
friends
"
says:
mean),"
"
with
But
he
every-
*t.
TNTIMA
44-45
whom
about
"
body
began
C Y
POMPE
WITH
Y.
151
"
he
praise when
to
to
wrote
you
he
found
did
said
and
me,
dare
not
that
he
blame,
to
embraces, loves me
professes to show great affection for me
of me.
There
secretly but it is plain enough, he is envious
is in him
nothing of sincerity nothing
nothing of courtesy
"
"
"
"
of
politicalhonesty
nothing grand
"
or
generous
and
"
no
steadiness."
when
Shortly afterwards,
tells Atticus
that,
the
"
Cicero
am
of the
hungry canaille"1
in such
the lower
of
spoke
faith !
we
are
such
on
him
and
bearded
youths
and
theatre
the
later
the
on
you
Next
own
line of
replying
him, he
that
on
my
that
he
in
was
he
the
whom
man
for the
he
himself
into
receive
we
public
with
would
which
1
myself
allied
us
is
stands
on
the
be
was
Ilia concionalis
with
could
he
follow
result
of
Atticus
and
him,
in
from
the
hirudo
his
in
their
more
should
whom
to
him
great
popularity."
his
steer
so
that
ground
that
own
that
friendship.
easilyled,
if
in the
disorder
idea
ac
intend
friends,for
be
but
misera
serarii,
is
given
not
for he
the
on
wake,
very
ingratiating himself
for
the
in his
he
had
does
"
another,
nothing
himself
intimately
when
"
which
with
they
required."
so
letter
next
distrusted,
so
what
thereby strengthened
firmer ground."
But
Atticus
to
interest
Pompey
he
I have
"
would
would
is
"
I know
Pompey.
has nothing
Pompey,
nothing but stoop to court
he
flattered
Pompey
good
fore,
There-
tells his friend
caution
power
himself
quarrelled there
And
Cicero.
guard where
agrees
does
defends
a
with
fact, in
allude," meaning
with
"
he
year
friendly caution
some
says
same
of
each
in
"
put himself
He
"
policy,and
to
elevated
the
writes
afterwards
soon
or
he
year
Pompey
you
of
single hiss {sine ulld pasto-
friendlyterms
most
with
of
period
I will be
say.
to
; and
fistula)"
At
am
that
intimacy that those

those
ours
downy-
gladiatorialshows,
at
terms
the Great
in their talk Cnaeus
call him
"
astonishing applause without

ricid
close
public
thinks
"
surnamed
of
terms
"
"
Rome
at
revelling conspirators
riotous
in
orders
with
especial favourite
an
acquitted,he
been
mob-speech-loving leech
and
treasury, the wretched
had
Clodius
no
Fatal
because
by
it
they
state.
allying
course,
and
harm
but
delusion
Pompey,
jejunaplebecula.
well
advantageous
and
Rome,
disgusted
was
of the
most
In
by
society of
my
find
of
affairs.
state
letters
whose
ear
He
chieflyin
had
(probably
Forum
only
repose
and
"
says
enjoy
am
ambition
in the
have
breathe
can
and
his
about
morning
whom
with
a
He
draws
to
by
to
his
know
how
He
he
alludes
them
But
be
cannot
in
to
they
are
often
to
more
as
great
the
was
ruins
it
to
from
the
he
Buthrotus
furnished,
was
care
Ad.
of
his
for
the
books
read
monasteries
may
sometimes
stationed.
about
not
an
like
unknown
to
which
mention
courier.
anxiety,he expressly adds,
moment.
1
of
AH.
i. 17.
at
one
in
annoyances,
does
quently
fre-
which
name
have
which
was
domestic
some
to
for
beautiful
;l and
near
custom
of
the reader
letter confided
no
their meals
as
explicit,
relieve Atticus
of
at
the
amongst
also
I go
love
house
his
in
"
the
when
gallerywhere
the
seen
had
attendant,
an
in this country,
be
he
used
gentry
them
in
I cannot
"
his letters
Amaltlieum
tain
cer-
freelyjoke, or
can
But
of
one
the
when
"
friends
sigh."
more.
so
in
is
fancy for making a similar

his country seat
near
Arpinum.
of one
He
alludes, in feeling terms, to the death
was
an
slaves,Sositheus, who
Anagnostes, or reader,
Roman
and
honey-sweet
my
by troops of
crowd
in
confidence
no
of the
he
Atticus
visitors
given to a room
library),wishing
saying that
and
and
alone.
friendshipin
inquires
be
felt wearied
had
friendships of
more
their
of
Atticus
he
But
daughter,
attended
increased
picture
the
and
wife
Forum
the
Atticus
to
resided
in the midst
almost
all, that
He
glimpses.
and
soul in all the
into
politics.
filled with
is
it.
not
may
glitterexternally ; they give credit

home-felt
confer no
happiness ; therefore
but
to
or
saved
and
house
down
in
the hollow
For
show
my
busied
his
of
abandoned
Forum,
few
felt himself
one
Cicero.
and
public men
Senate
have
might
had
may
about
advantageous to the state."

private life during the last two
the
at
"
x.
it certainlyis
only
have
we
years
me
domestic
Cicero's
Of
the
to
he
Cicero
Cicero,
this,"says
do
should
he
That
flatter him
that
that
but
Republic well,
the
served
chap.
to
care
declared
and
consulship,
famous
I US.
CLOD
side, took
weak
his
knowing
his
"
OF
TRIAL
i52
that
CHAPTER
XL
FIRST
THE
TRIUMVIRATE.
Mt.
The
consuls
and
0.
of the
Metellus
who
creatures,
consul-elect
not
rely
but
on
he
for
that
that
said
enter
election
had
the
current
the
agents
scandal
precedingto
any
fortress
laden
with
been
was
two
the
subject
(directed no
whoever
such
had
would
In
other
words,
the
machinery
doubt
bought
make
"
guilty of
that
any
Piso
agents
of
of
did
who
was
not
The
his
passed
the
and
was
house
and
Cato
He
into
other
it
was
bribery
Cicero
state.
says
the
:
of
purpose
against the
his
in
judicial inquiry
for the
consulship
it
; and
consul) declaring, that
know
not
ass
Afranius's
Senate
the
for Afranius.
he
an
corruption.
motion
the
offence
an
is,the
one
kept
ordinary magistrate,
against
that
the
on
kept in his house
noodle
Piso
authorising
one
perfect contempt
gold.
Ahenobarbus,
the
before
{divisores)was
had
into
consul
when
which
taken
bribery
did
says,
alluded
Macedon
the
chosen
popularity,
or
be
Domitius
resolutions, the
get him
could
gieat, that
so
brother-in-law
that
Pompey's
Cicero
as
by wholesale
worked
who
to
influence
Philip of
carried
report
of
one
but,
his
upon
which
was
year,
Afranius
Lucius
were
exertion
every
purpose
means
(B.C.60)
Afranius
made
the
60.
B.C.
year
Celer.
had
in
the
could
new
46.
value
a
that
he
of
what
choice
philosopher groan.
was
he
which
THE
154
of
One
FIRST
the
first
TRIUMVIRATE.
of
measures
the
agrarian law, brought forward

by the
proposed that part of the public lands
the disbanded
amongst
of
course
was
had
says
feature
that
of
the
in
it but
lands
the
for five years,
apart
Pompey's
author
nothing popular
was,
should
of
should
that
for
be
as
Cicero, however,
in
included
the
have
to
uninhabited
faction
the
Metellus
lawlessness
Metellus
A
serious
as
Gauls
that
time
himself.
should
The
each
which
spected
re-
Flavius
He
thought
that
says
back
the
share
to
against
the
extraordinaryinstance
what
and
Pompey,
where
actuallythrew
determined
his
an
the
The
many
Rome,
at
Cassius
gaol
put
and
he
picture of
the
however, interfered,and
did
measure
become
not
law.
diverted
Gauls, the
invasion.
News
to
that
and
of
part
for civic
be
from
the
public attention
drop. Ever since the capture
dreaded
city had
nothing so
arms,
title under
Dio
the
to
But
allowed
excellence,the
ancient
no
in
with
peopled.
the tribune
What
matter
Gallic
were
attacked
par
should
needy crowd,
prison.
out.
times
subject,and it was
of Rome
by the
Pompey.
pass,
excepted.
be
Flavius
but
released.
was
more
much
of
Flavius
consul
them
the
of
upon
be
audacity of the tribunes
the
nues
reve-
favour, but strongly
lively interest
into
the
kept
and
be
Italy would
in
imprisonment,
door
relieved
be
consul
followed
Senate
its
altered
question excited
ran
so
high that
The
of
an
tracts
should
the
beneficial,and
might
opportunity of gratifyingPompey.
thereby
city would
his
thus
measure
glad
was
bill
his
principal
of
should
right of present possessors

of the lands
proposed that some
; and
that
law
in
spoke
Cicero
plan, looking
the
that
insisted
had
He
modifications.
certain
Its
portion of
the
He
Pompey
which
aggrandisement
willing that
was
an
purchased by setting
purpose,
further
for the
scheme
was
distributed
army.
name.
acquired by Pompey's conquests.

Senate
The
was
opposed to the whole
it
be
scheme,
his
xi.
Flavins.
tribune
soldiers
real
the
year
new
chap.
Gallia
Senate
assume
Helvetii
which
when
at
once
such
long
so
had
an
enemy
one
called,
retained
its
therefore,
ring
bestir-
was
that the
of
the
already
was
It was,
decreed
the government
that
which
of Provence.
name
squabbles
the
Rome
Narbonensis
Province, and
the
reached
two
of the
suls
con-
Gallic
INTRIGUES
46.
/ET.
provinces,the
all
Helvetii
Cicero's
name
and
he
must
the
case
of
retained
but
the
had
him
incident
an
he
with his
It will be
to
safety of
the
witness
but
the
Senate
part with
him,
two
in
were
in itself,
Ever
Cicero.
to
against Clodius
the Bona
bitterest hate
that
state.
consequences
his
on
he had
Dea
; and
in the
him
met
had
he
of them
Some
jokes.
he did
streets
that
are
alleged incest with
this time
of him
; but
say
to
have
he
did
know
not
not
been
taken
no
santry
grim pleaHe
sister !
own
Clodius
tease
fit to quote.
with
his
to
cease
reallynot
allude
they
despised
too
the character
much
to
be
of the man,
possessed
the unconquerable will
"
And
and
it is
he
which
plan
clothed
Rome
study of
impossible
conceived
with
Clodius
immortal
"
struck
with
the
to be
and
the
tenacity with
To
get
effect,it
was
vie
But
in
none
;"
hate
Cicero
ingenuity
which
into
he
his
with
pursued
power
that he should
necessary
great magisterialoffice
some
could
people.
with
revenge
not
of vengeance.
the blow
strike
and
sadors
ambas-
happened
Cicero, they
Clodius's
afraid
the
these
the
thing happened
same
to
at
at
not
sufficient
seems
his
could
join
to
propitiatehim, attackinghim in the Senate, not only

offensive
bitter and
harangues, but with
jests.
to
when
who
as
man's
urn,
sadors
ambas-
occurred, trivial enough
important
that
it
and
says
violatingthe mysteries of
in solemn
And
that,
so
appeared
object of
pains
not
of
of the
The
if pledges for the
fraught with
trial for
they
stay in Rome.
Pompey
as
he
that
tribes
lot,
by
send
to
the choice
first out
exclaimed
this time
since
usual
drawn
was
unanimously
At
As
decided
be
to
the various
induce
to
in hostilities.
was
155
also determined
furloughs. They
into Gaul
CIODIUS.
taking Gallia Cisalpina,the other Gallia

a
celled
they ordered
levy of troops, and can-
one
; and
Narbonensis
OF
; and
authorityand power
but a plebeian could
be
be
magistrate
no
with
and
such
tribune
a
of
tribune,
however, might
patrician. That difficulty,
be got over
by adoption into a plebeian family or gens, and
devoted
all his energies. The
to accomplish this object he
of accomplishing an
legal mode
by getting a
adoption was
was
special law passed at the Comitia curiata

people voting in their curiae ; but Clodius
"
meeting of the
feared
that if the
thing
for
succeed,
not
therefore
body
be
other
the
for the
matter
the
give
ponderated.
preto
be
pose
pro-
decided
in the
Campus
for
opportunity
an
by which
tumultuous
Pompey
vote.
might
element
Herennius
people
tricks
to
the
supported
tribunes
Metellus, Clodius's
consul
he
way
aristocratic
course
all the
persuaded
proposal,but
the
of
bribery,and
may
body of
would
This
riots and
regular
got the tribune
whole
of the
votes
Martius.1
the
curias
xi.
chap.
question of Clodius's adoption should
that the
the
and
legal
the
in
He
by
in
attempted
were
TRIUMVIRATE.
FIRST
THE
156
The
interposed their veto.
brother-in-law, opposed it,and
own
present dropped.
conciliatoryline
pursued the most
of conduct
the young
towards
nobilityof Rome, who, deeply
had
been
in the Catiline
of them
implicated as many
plot,
censed
with debt, long felt indissolute in morals, and overwhelmed
In
the
Cicero
meantime
for the part he
against him
conspiracy. He so won
became
quite a favourite
them
the
he
utmost
Catulus,
ground.
of
he
this year;
died
danger
divert
his
that
disaffected
them.
Crassus
afraid
was
popularity,and
He
therefore
Pompey
Writing
to
Atticus
Cicero
Herennius
called
and
wary
It is curious
which
whom
Be
to
to
Atticus.
Herennius,
may
the
There
way
in
of
name
is a
know
do
not
him
He
said
principle,and
that
the
amongst
might endanger
3
triumphal robe.
even
; for he
know
apdpa
ravra
is one
"ppevu"v.
twv
of the soul
he
are
Att.
i. 13.
Pro
Sextio, 48.
Pompeius
silentio tuetur
these."
for the
of your own
tribe,and
used to distribute bribes
of
"
Ad.
man
tribune of the people,
perhaps you
yet you
' '
of Machiavelli
the
introduces
Since
his
upon
shortlyafterwards,
notice
ever
fear.2
Rome.
silent in his
sat
storm
could
statesman
word
of the senators,
or
at
of
not
say
slippery
on
honour
one
mistrustful ; the sinews
and
stood
by hope
was
/xe/uivrja a.Tn"TTelv'
~Na"pe/ecu
of
him
showed
born
guard, distrustinghis newline
a
having constantly in his mind
remained
friendships,and
Epicharmus worthy
"
to
he
that neither the
steadiness
no
affabilitythat
they
he
said
in any
There
him.
hated
his
had
the well-affected
the
noblest
and
either
course,
hardly put faith
he
death
and
favouring breeze
his
from
him
crushing
in
his
that
knew
Cicero
of whom
the
nor
them,
of the best
one
taken
by
over
with
But
respect.
had
Sextus, his father,

amongst yon
togulam
suam.
"
first time
Ad.
illam
Att.
/"
"
pictam
i. 18.
THE
158
that the books
so
probably
was
crossed
his friend's
style of
the
had
that
the sweeter
"
was
it
given
he
time
while
told
made
the
under
had
made
been
receiving
might legally accept

he
their
Atticus
begged
freedmen,
his
employ
that
slaves," so
and
he
and
at
were
respondents)
cor-
Paetus
jokingly,
whether,
forbade
his
He
cate
advo-
an
services, he
Athens,
and
friends, clients,guests,
"
not
said
Cincius
for
They
same
delivered
had
library.
law, which
remuneration
on
had
and
the
friends
friend
common
the books.
to
of his
(one
women
Orations."
clients,and
Cincian
any
he
Consular
"
present of
his
of
one
About
speeches
Paetus
him
of the
terms
from
his
Papirius
consulted
had
he
them
that
have
to
that
called
consul, and
seems
the
adorned
un-
emptied
school,
of Aristotle.
of
satisfy
to
composition
own
his
It
"when
was
he had
and
the
so.
respect like
that
of Isocrates
collection
Atticus
confessed
him
enough
His
xi.
thought
told
it
in that
perfume.
no
of the colours
touch
that
add
;" and
he
"scent-boxes"
it all the
and
bald,
to
grace
different;and
very
Cicero
complimentary
nor
it had
chap.
way.
rather
the most
adorned
the
on
work
florid
not
he
him, but
TRIUMVIRATE.
FIRST
sheet
of
the
precious
Greek
Latin, might be lost,declaring
or
manuscripts, whether
and
fond of devoting all the
that he grew
more
daily more
he
time
In
the
rather
to
could
of the year he
the duties of a
course
on
essay,
his brother
Ouintus, who
of Asia
and
we
Cilicia
had
Minor.
shall
he
took
wrote
had
admirable
an
the
obtained
credit
he
when
himself
was
ture.
litera-
letter,or
addressed
praetorianprovince
his head
to
and
heart
proconsul
of
he
equitable doctrines
practise the
to
care
to
provincialgovernor,
It does
that
see
of the Forum
the labours
from
spare
preached.
Caesar
returned
Spain
from
to
in
Rome
June, flushed with
a
victory and saluted Imperator ! by his soldiers,to demand
triumph and the consulship. But to obtain the triumph he
remain
the consulship
to obtain
without
the walls, and
must
his
was
law,
was
presence
dispense in
therefore, finding that
unwilling
and
within
necessary
he
to
gave
But
he
up
the
wanted
his
the
triumph
money
to
the
favour
two
and
bribe
Senate
city.
The
with
the
existing
objects were
patible,
incom-
stood
the
for
the
sulship.
con-
electors,and
to
jet.
46.
get
over
who
CESAR'S
he
difficulty
the
bribe
should
was
alarmed
like
Lucceius
for
Even
contributed
this,and
for
was
the
their
Senate
held
was
office
for the
tool
ward
for-
put
they
subscribed
high
as
knew
his
as
petitors.
com-
The
weapons.
not
mistaken
in
their
colleague,he
seen
it
fight the
to
successful,
was
hereafter
that
the
that
while
he
and
the
was
fair
plan
man,
of
thinking that
all
state, and
It will be
the
with
well
purpose,
elected.
as
bid
to
was
Bibulus
and
own
Senate
they
as
chance,
ceius
Luc-
incorruptibleCato, approved
the
of
But
him
money
interest
with
enemy
the
Cato,
The
they therefore
no
enable
to
that
having Csesar consul,
had
Lucceius,
condition
joint names.
candidate.
bribery he
themselves
the
on
colleague, and
their
with
cause
in their
of
idea
159
common
ambitious,
his
as
without
amongst
made
for both
the
at
Bibulus
that
and
wealthy
was
INTRIGUES.
antagonist
constant
of Caesar.
he
When
of
left Rome
Spain, Caesar
had
threatened
off.
went
concealed
his
bent
on
if he
could
would
be
than
He
to
by the
the
The
tribunes
before
of
and
the
both
influence
First
and
three
other
He
and
in the
most
there
was
of
that
that he
would
Pompey
with
this view
which
other
and
once
that
fold
"three-
be
resolved
and
ill-
join him, he
knew
he
man
an
at
saw
them
game
bail, and
the foremost
make
any
to
the
play.
gold of
he
is known
more
laboured
in
history
the
tution.
organic change in the constistill the two
People were
great
and
of consuls
the machinery
magistrates
motive-power
new
his
friends,
Triumvirate.
realm, with
the
be
Caesar
and
and
his
of
jealous pf the
triplealliance
Senate
; but
to
situation.
implied
the
of
estates
two,
purpose,
famous
that this
Not
as
own
of the
name
them,
Crassus
was
quickly broken,"
use
that
form
the
for them
for his
Crassus
some
Pompey
and
Each
of the
is not
could
found
whom
reconcile
match
he
He
man.
creditors, therefore,
got
aggrandisement.
own
master
cord
he
ruined
determined
aedileship,
His
amongst
return
antipathy.
his
on
; but
praetoriangovernment
fortune,
cost.
any
him
; between
Rome
at
his
On
of
sums
wealthy Crassus
the
and
point
at
detain
to
the
assume
unheard-of
popularity
buy
in
was,
squandered
to
to
ambitious
still
was
and
apparently working
applied by
influential
the
men
tion
coaliat
THE
160
Rome.1
The
very
this
vessel
of
the
state
different from
her
former
clearly than
Cicero.
more
overcoming the mutual

getting them
and
friends
the
since
Crassus
with
Pompey
was
sendtus
with
of
his
sort
Crassus
the
him
deference
utmost
had
the
his
with
his old
enemies,
the
and
free
will
words,
the
abandon
followed
had
in the
from
hands
He
of
he
said
his
line of Homer
"
fluence
in-
much
was
the three,
and
political
the
youth
for
repose
of his
of
the
reconciliation
Republic
self
him-
make
to
his
surrender
others, and
determined
was
popular
such
with
of
cause
an
professed
union
past
what
and
Caesar
become
the noHe
motto
alliance.
by
Cicero,
so
there
would
theirs ?
to
And
Cicero.
own
man
Senate,
what
instrument
an
the
in
then
he
course
his side
on
multitude,
to
the
felt
the
he
ratified
Pompey
it.
with
Was
principles?
influence.
Asia
in
peace
But
age."
his
; but
his
use
"
with
actions
views, and, by
to
prospect,
consulship
opposed
weight
his
to
the
Lucullus
join the
been
never
for
Knights, as
to
had
Crassus,
indemnity
have
to
such
of
Forum,
tempt
be
and
of bill of
and
saw
difficultyin
some
for
Pompey
have
one
no
Pompey
canvass
and
to
a
had
tion
direc-
ever,
joint consulship. Both, how-
his
money
it would
with
his
Caesar
their
in
"
and
together, for they
now
anxious
drift in
to
course,
politicdexterity, supported
in the
he
of
consultant
advantage
to
time
his
this both
and
"
act
xi.
chap.
began
repugnance
to
him
assisted
TRIUMVIRATE.
FIRST
take
to
as
"
'Eis oiwvos dpiaros aixvveadai wept Trd.Tpr]s.
And
in this
December
of
his
and
invites
addressed
closing
Rome
will
have
Pomponia,
new
then
year.
and
Societatem
iniit,ne
the
was
Ambition
state
cum
quid ageretur
effort
utroque
in
was
bath
is not
of
and
his
before
the
month
of
which,
after
pressing
ex-
friend
that
in
the
Atticus's
forget
to
of
Ter-
mother
to
bring with
to
!
affairs
at
the
Crassus, had
made
to
induce
opening of the
formed
Cicero
to
ulli e tribus.
(Caesar) displicuisset
republicaquod
he
festival
ready for him.
he will ask
Atticus
in
tells
day
warm
and
Caesar, Pompey,
every
the
Atticus,
letter
year,
on
And
join the party.
him
Theophrastus on
Such
to
politics,he
on
at
Compitalia,
entia
the
views
him
expects
he
mood
23.
"
tion,
coali-
Sueton.
join
Cces.
GENERAL
60.
b.c.
he held
them.
But
commit
himself
tion, threatened
wish
break
to
DEMORALISATION.
to
the
to
would
could
on
conservative
have
to
three such
This
party.
of vacillation ; but
it may
well be
firm
not,
powerful
in his
his
gave
did
almost
encounter
effective support
no
his
was
He
Republic.
altogetherwith
temporise, and
to
alliance which, it
an
ruin
hostilityhe
count
aloof, determined
161
convic
however,
whose
men,
he
for
alone,
own
not
that is, the
"
the
conduct
appearance
he could
whether
doubted
Had
juncture have acted more
wisely than he did.
the aristocracyof Rome
cared
less for their fish-pondsand
at
this
for
more
been
the
such
many
strong
enough
is not
have
been
whole
But
have
been
preserved.
effective
We
in the
hands
cations,
great modifi-
with them
but
that
of
the
at
"
primary
on
The
sense.
whole
the
was
the
Senate
It
within
equivalent
Parliament.
And
people in
could
community.
aiictoritas,which,
neither
but
not
might
certain
what
to
in what
pass
state
pass
the
should
the
was
might
Rome
the
Not
"
most
that great
covered
dis-
never
direct
and
singlelaw binding
limits, had
we
it
people.
of representativeinstitutions
through the medium
for reconcilinglibertywith order which
secret
was
by antiquity
public
Re-
question,which
remember
must
was
power
overthrown,
the
then, the
that,without
I believe
have
would
counteract,
even
another
and
Cato,
and
which
whether,
numbered
they
perhaps
preserved, is
easilyanswered.
so
it must
have
been
formed
resist, and
to
had
"
Catulus,
as
been
policy of the Triumvirate.

could
state
men
party might have
"
of
interests
them
amongst
Cicero
the
consultum
or
an
authority, but
call
an
people that
Act
of
reliance
the constitution
? The
wars
placed on it to maintain
of Marius
which
had
disorders
and Syllu,and
the intestine
the
so
long preyed upon the commonwealth, had demoralised
also the aristocracy. The
and
result of the
Social
masses,
could
War
open
be
had
added
enormously
the franchise
to
the
to
Italian
the
constituency by throwing
towns
the
increase
of
had made
responsibility,
of
wealth
the electors more
accessible to corruption. The
successful
and
conquered provinces had
given ambitious
of wholesale
the
means
generals and governors
corruption,
which
in
vain
and
it
that
was
they unsparinglyexercised,
law after law was
passed, each more
stringentagainst bribery.
numbers, by diminishing the
sense
of
; and
62
We
have
of Bibulus
election
have
he
that
seen
chance
Cato
even
passed
The
private life
a
in
youth
whose
Rome,
their
virtue
The
votes.
Catulus,
still float
branded
all
with
guilty of
the
on
the
at
chimera
to
which
Cicero
preserved ?
to
clung, even
believe
the
Those
rate
at
before
Are
Caesar
the
that
the
form
remained,
who
Cicero, and
of
which
the
are
is
and
have
would
last.
he
"
are
could
was
by his
ment
attach-
hardly
himself
that
out, and
the
life
were
gone.
of
conscious
come
to
liberty
bring
not
worn
flowing,and
dream
of temperate
spiritand
tide
the
was
Blinded
lover
in other
the
the
rocks
suppose
that
upon
modern
some
by
writers, to
patriotic motives
in
overthrowing
of Rome
?
That
making himself master
and
made
himself
the
change was
necessary,
of pure
that change out
love for his fatherland
and
that
of
instrument
it existed
as
aware.
actuated
was
saw
the
the
the
tide
then, with
we
Republic
he
profligacy:
Pompey,
day
our
Cato,
of time, whose
stain
yet this
old constitution
with
move
they
And
ardent
an
"
Republic
in all his views
conservative
while
forms
ancient
to
to
hardly
was
"
that the
suppose
be
days could
"
in
of
immorality
stream
deep
which
the passport
playing leading parts as statesmen

force of public opinion,
all events
would, by the mere
Was
it not
then
deprived them of all public influence.
have
a
vices
profuse
most
There
and
times
from
incapacitatedthem
or
the
of old
Catiline, Clodius, Curio, Dolabella, Antonius,

Caesar, were
xi.
secure
festivals,as
the increase.
except
names
not
was
right to
the
and
games,
on
frightfully
was
it
people demanded
and
favour
public man
of those
thought
simplicityand
and
shows,
on
their
to
The
away.
expenditure
chap.
in no
would
other way
by bribery,because
of making head
against Lucceius, who was
patronised by Caesar.
had
TRIUMVIRATE.
FIRST
THE
That
one
wise
he
was
of
of the greatest of
ruler when
magnanimous
could
one
afford
he
and
the greatest of soldiers

orators
had
"
attained
humane
consummate
his
all but
statesman
the summit
towards
and
"
of his power
enemies
when
"
"
he
cruel when
he
despise them, though pitilessly
had
an
object to gain all this we may
freely admit ; but it
ought not to alter our
opinion as to his nefarious violence
to
"
against the
constitution
and
liberties of
Rome,
nor
blind
our
to
eyes
C."SAR
WAS
46.
xr.
the
fact
that
the
view
of
PATRIOT?
he
163
unscrupulously and
was
selfishly
ambitious.
It
is
doomed
utterlyto
heart's
and
and
core,
For
old
institutions
equal
liberties of
Caesar
ruin, but
might
the
it
the state
to
the
he
Rome
had
crossed
the
Caesar
No
the
of
from
destroyed the
and
because
of
and
nate,
Se-
the
self
him-
made
be
the servant
of
Emperor
Napoleon
III.
was,
to
his
The
Rubicon.
Caesar, it
of
standard
and
esteemed
best
architect
the
; and
associate
standard
and
on
reform
He
himself
with
men
by
more
was
blood
when
that
"
to
sometimes
recourse
idea
constant
it
conspiraciesof
in
only build
at
larger scale.
for instance,
(Catiline,
can
of
purified it.
tells us,
emperor
time
compromised
elevated
is true, had
be
to
the
hand
bathed
the
from
by largessesto the mob.

being implicated in the two
he
and
little
dius),but
that
practised corruption
one
of
his party
He
and
country
conduct
to
the
raised
but
[emeutes),
himself
Catiline
mind
the
conduct
Pompey,
civil war,
the
blood
suspected
his
why
potes orbem,
it with
ruined
agents
had
sullied
Is this true
than
he
disdained
non
partiri
potes."
habere
all who
insurrections
He
of
extraordinary statement,
Gracchi
the
that
the
by
History of Jitlius Cczsar
makes
his
them,
"
Solus
his
save
be less than
like
whole
If
it.
reformed,
the
its
anarchy
reason
no
was
into
believe
men
is
been
ambition,
because
-"
to
not
was
than
Rather
master
Republic
not
and
But
imagined himself affronted

he lighted up
the flames
he
In
have
not
gratify his
constitution.
Cato,
maintained.
that
to
and
the occasion, there
to
Rome
shows,
part I do
own
my
Catulus,
Cicero, Pompey,
been
the
eaten
perish,for corruption had
that the only choice
lay between
despotism.
had
that
writers
some
with
the
and
best
struct
con-
to
Clo-
materials
of
[preoccupation)
of the
he
his
character.
gain to his side in turn, Pompey,

Crassus, Cicero, Servilius Caepio, Q. Fufius
Calenus, Serspared
no
effort
vius, Sulfinus, and

have
the support
term
can
hardly
to
many
of
be
these
others."
No
respectablenames
applied
to
Calenus"
he
doubt
"
but
wished
to
although that
it
was
because
he
much
felt how
his
most
I do
not
if the
have
sole
is
than
long
I.
Napoleon
for
France
the
of
the
Rubicon,
Gaul,
of
master
greatly in
were
not
could
be
his
such
for ten
the
submission
to
the
of
He
who
Pompey,
he
weak
his
chances
the
of
field.
the
choice
When
between
lay
the
left
he
unjust
mands
com-
preferred the latter,
for
military command
decide
the struggle
"
an
the
sinking
gifted by nature
the
sword
in the
and
hour
No
state.
with
one
genius
ultimately to
had
of
the
confront
giant competitor, or
for
"
such
antagonist as
vainglorious man,
utterly
and
not
was
having
in
overwhelmed
this who
do
could
against
dangers which
which
by victory to the throne.
was
stand
to
that
his way
pave
consider
civil war,
and
fortunate
indeed
was
unfit
Senate
left
he
when
would
as
the
to
more
possibly foreseen
possession
affected
he
wafted
then
was
what
he
any
antagonist,whom
arrived, and
moment
supreme
and
undisturbed
in
years
had
province,he
his
emperor
or,
when
countrymen,
have
his chief
of
favour
had
would
never
whether,
perpetual dictatorship,for obtaining
he
object then
if his
of
be
He
would
He
it.
command
to
events
differ
to
policy of Caesar.
I doubt
expected
Egypt.
course
in
the
the
return
venture
overthrowing the constitution,
Rome.
assume
cited
suspicions ex-
the
crossed
absent
at
supremacy
xi.
necessary.
I
preferred,remodelling
so
to
he
of
idea
or
capitalto
expected
to
plan
remained
left the
support
discussed
have
that, until
believe
phrase
been
who
writers
settled
any
such
made
the
and
important point, however,
one
from
chap.
character,
own
by his conduct,
In
TRIUMVIRATE.
FIRST
THE
i64
trial it
was
found
reputation he might have gained against the

barbarians
of Spain, the half-civilised forces
of Mithridates,
the pirate-hordes of the Mediterranean
he was
deficient
or
that
whatever
"
"
in the
great qualities of
of
conduct
campaign
a
as
soldier,and
he
was
infirm
was
as
of
feeble
purpose
in the
in the
Senate.
In
January
tried
was
words
so
made
were
February
malversation
for
Macedonia,
speech
or
and
some
Cicero
in
condemned.
remarks
on
defended
his
provincialgovernment
of
Having in the course
the
immediately w/jreported
enraged them
that, with
Antonius, who
indecent
state
to
the
of
the
of
his
times, his
triumvirs.
haste, they that
This
very
he
in
was
rather
been
have
of
provincialtown
there
where
"
nobody
catechises
one
which,
to
for
Cato
be
to
were
less
no
other
the
recompense
that
the
before
is
into
law
him.
where
"
to
have
in the
it have
for the
whole
amongst
men
the
bill
for it."
he
was
had
him
been
body
of the
pania,
Cam-
in
who
accepted
Crassus.
and
Bibulus
did
that
When,
fear,but
it
however,
and
danger; and Caesar,

league
his colthe audacity to throw
life
in
was
however,
months,
several
for
almost
he
opposition the
the
to
commission
of commissioners
diately
imme-
bill
countered
en-
after
it
Cicero
to
Nothing, he
it.
prudent step
and
offered
was
says,
of his countrymen,
in the eyes
more
a
posed
pro-
roughly handled
so
peremptorily refused
disgraced
would
It is not
Owing
place
no
measure
also
so
which,
pass
of
any
commissioners
twenty
and
had
not
he
July, but
refers
measure,
his
from
"
it did
nor
"
people,
prison
released
could
well
to
me."
expected
that
pelted by the mob
enraged at his conduct,
in
and
whether
appointed, and two

than
Pompey
persons
consul, saying,
the
became
alive
scheme,
the
stronglyopposed
came
cares
commissioners
the
execute
were
( Vigintiviri)
office
devoted
people
myself
Rome
Vatinius!"
seen
the
Only
near
ingratiatehimself with the people, Caesar

making a distribution of the public lands
To
the
the
to
of
are
all love
and
me
allusion
This
except
place so
never
petty
"
Rome.
at
have
tribune
Commissioners
Twenty
their
consul
he would
in the
mayor)
of
being
who
troublesome
and
(a noisy
Caesar)
there
tells Atticus
sort
than
of
"
numbers
are
(a
Antium
exclaims,
think/' he
where
decemvir
xi.
chap.
He
all.
for it at
mood
no
TRIUMVIRATE.
FIRST
THE
66
his part
on
was
unpopular,
to
take,
at
least
right stamp.
tempting opportunity of employment soon

engaged
his attention.
As Caesar and
Pompey found they could not
his active support, they seem
wished
to have
to remove
secure
him
more
from
Rome
Alexander
was
befriended
was
an
of
the
III.,king
subjects,and
title
on
Ptolemy
of
honourable
Egypt,
Auletes
by Pompey,
pretext
had
been
made
whom
he
of
an
dethroned
embassy.
by his
king in his stead.

largelybribed; but
He
he
contented
disbecame
oppressive ruler,and the Egyptians soon
the
with
him.
to gain for him
Pompey wished
friend
and
Caesar
people, and
ally of the Roman
CICERO
46.
mt.
the attempt,
backed
who
Bibulus,
should
go
between
RETIREMENT.
which
was
cause
talk
of
167
opposed by the other

of the Egyptians.
was
the
advocated
there
meantime
proposing
Cicero
to
desired
long
led him
have
visit
to
where
Egypt,
his
that he
by his absence, and

popularity,which he felt was
more
by the
without
reflection
loss of
that
he
In
will
thus
might
interest
to value
his
he
terred
de-
was
consistently,or
not
the
he
recover
But
wane.
could
self-respect,
accept
policy he
was
from
mission
to
men
historysay
of
so
and
If the
see.
sounded
the
on
But
glory
some
even
offer
then
it,and
it
hundred
six
me
as
are
deliberate
in
not
tyrannical rule
of
not
to
to
Ptolemy
drove
in my
to
come
his
confesses
to
death
Atticus
in the power
was
candour
adds,
he
desire
for action
and
thus
however, that
I
all the
Muses."
once
his
in the
same
mind
the love
"
To
so
if you
subjects
to
See
The
revolt.
into
heart
to
was
at this
caused
Celer.
him,
tempt
are
it forme."
only prize by
meam
He
which
and
of the calm
he
I had
exclaims,
so
!"
weakness
my
pleasuresof
done
it
with
struggling between
was
these,"
that
I know
thought
the
was
Triumvirate
levitatcm
wrote,
and
this
myself: would
things
But
Vide
philosophy.
devote
Now,
of the
"
While
that
will be
decision.
at
cline
de-
to
There
College of Augurs,
his friend Q. Metellus
of
me
power
in the
vacancy
juncture by the
wait
peremptorilyrefuse
necessary
let
Therefore
it.
is
talk
But
quitted Egypt and took refuge in Rome.

had
rather
Another
Cicero
object which
succeed
That
the small
decide.
and
accepting
not
subject,do
was
alive.
now
than
more
it will be
is made
can
hence
years
much
I reverence
judgment which
(fumusculi) of such men
to
he
that
strongly opposed, and he feared that

to go.
might stand lower in public opinion if he consented
letter to Atticus, alludingto the subject,he said, "What
a
whose
He
the
on
the
intelligentmind,
thirstingfor knowledge, would have found so much to

him ; and he hoped that his countrymen
might learn
him
In
clination
personal inemployment. He
accept the
to
consul
reconciliation
effect a
to
Egypt and endeavour
the king and his subjects,and his own
to
would
had
IN
"
from
the
ture
litera-
I purpose
the
first !
by experience the vanity of those

brilliant,I
letter he
intend
to
pay
court
to
eagerly inquires after all the
68
and
news
gossip of
Is there
any
anything
It
Caesar
policy of
and
he had
His
but
declares
helm
put
to
has
"
"
'
as
To
hear
far,however, from
his
first
Atticus
question
?"
answer
No
"
that
examination
for
him, but lost
All
he
could
repeat the
have
me
In
at
he
left Antium
daughter Tullia
had
Rome
from
letter from
when
his
the
cross-
letter
disappointment.
and
friend
beg
him
to
If it contained
"
it ; if
know
me
full of
was
received
a
missing letter.
there.
determined
not
look
not
well
he
From
his Formian
to
to
only jokes, let
to
had
wrote
TrvKi'as
in the
strongest
virb
aKOveiv
as
he
would
mind
his
be
and
thought
frequentlyto Atticus,
the
promised
that
as
it
amusing himself at a time

to be travellingfor pleasure.
deep disquietwith which

of things at Rome.
Pompey had
his letters show
May,
changed his
show,
residence
be
appear
villa he
the
to
in
games
afterwards
her
his country
Antium
some
see
for him
wish
not
he
to
went
return
to
take
to
when
did
But
and
to
wished
celebrated
Clodius
his
to
history, let
Formiae, intending
the state
"
Antium,
was
the
them."
April
would
they
Here
write
his
of
of
worthy
matter
confessed
wish,"
mind
came
near
from
frightened the couriers by
to
contents
"
"
brought
his villa
ship, the
of slumber, he
you
the road.
was
compares
men
by the wind.'
messenger
Have
at
so
they
it on
do
state
a
a
"
he
from
slumbrous
beaten
news,
inquiry,as
his hand.
the roof with
in
for
he
affairs ; and
from
window
being
Once, while
was
the
shipwreck of those
friend Sophocles says,
beneath
him,
upon
asks
He
disembark
to
snatched
was,
"
strain.
state
Whenever
anxiety.
suit the
not
the honour
practicalobject in
rain-lashed
The
for it did
confer
same
in
your
Gabinius
and
the
see
consuls?
new
disappointment for the present.
the
no
been
to
I wish,
feverish
to
pilotcompelled
exclaims,
So
with
meddle
to
of which
shore.
Pompey
up
be the
Sulpicius
all events,
at
that he has
wished
himself
him
letter is in the
next
if he
he
to
and
to
xi.
?
Is there
the way
of legislation
has the office of the augurship?"
in
to
chap.
are
Servius
or
Who
offered
not
was
new
all?
at
news
"Who
Rome.
Crassus
and
Pompey
TRIUMVIRATE.
FIRST
THE
manner
(TTeyrj
ê/cd5asivdovarj (pptvi.
he
and
contemplated
assured
him
that
that he would
COUNTRY
60.
b.c.
him
do
was
"
he
Jerusalemite,"as
shall
feel,"he
"
says,
palinode !"
I had
expected
quickly than
more
blunders
laws
violated,
But
he
was
possiblehad
had
from
than
more
have
bad
away
letter
scrawled
his
by
Titus
to
with
concludes
another
Athenian"
the
letter,thus
greeting
Titus
to
pleasant and
are
discontent
"
from
words
"
son,
Young
was
so
that
I would
than
in
Greek,
Little Cicero
Cicero
the
These
the
steer
The
were
preying
from
Rome
likely
sends
is
greeting
varied
in
philosopher sends
little home
with
meet
rather
most
which
she
tainly
cer-
passengers."
salutation
me
due, but
was
helm
thankless
refreshing to
sorrow
existing
if attacked
and
me.
the
at
the statesman."
and
the
support
than
more
say
few
"
allowed
country
my
such
youthful
for Cato's
been
himself,
another
it not
defend
not
ship prosperously with
less noise
all the
Let
with
voyage
divine
electoral
and
demanded
was
for
accomplished ;
been
who
lie
for all my
with
and
"
corruption to be
safeguards of the state."
to
"
I will
me
those
abuse
for blow.
blow
revolution
the
that
Pompey.1
called
Merrily
"
on:
mise
pro-
on
revenge
therefore,
out,
has
determined
was
return
has
threw
and
look
goes
against tribunician
if the
ingratitude he has shown
the
perversityof
the
and
it
that
fine
contemptuously
then
He
take
would
speeches ;
complimentary
than
he
kept
not
169
told his friend
Cicero
and
injury;
no
NEIGHBOURS.
in the
the
on
touches
midst
of the
mind
of
the
father.
Formias
quite
of the world.
out
the
"
remains
Marsana
he
had
from
the
which
anything
daily from
metropolis,he
still
are
pointed
from
except
from
Rome,
Atticus.
was
that
complains that
"
hears
letter
of
He
Castiglione
near
never
far away
in
by country neighbours. They

morning that he says it was
But
danger
so
more
felt himself
he
in his villa there

out
at
the
chance
whereas
at
Villa
traveller
Antium
he
if he
of
pined for news

being bored to death
his
crowded
like
house
in the
public building
than
There
who
would
Arrius
villa.
talk
was
a
{basilica)
philosophy with him, and obliginglytold him that he stayed
there for the purpose.

And
then there was
! He
that Sebosus
of a visit from these gentlemen
gives such a graphic account
1
Pompey
exploit.
had
taken
Jerusalem,and
most
probably vaunted
good
deal of the
THE
i7o
it is worth
that
to
when,
'
from
men
How
?
What
there
when
To
short, if
that he
that
to
under
to
groan
get
away
those
escaping from
these
upon
here ?
men
rather
I would
now
was
his
Formian
in the
engage
he
that
would
he
for
declares
rather
then
was
live
nating,
stag-
life with
active
so
meaning
it cheap.
this he
says
struggleof
the
in
he
"
sell
would
in which
repose
tiresome,
property
he
company
enervated,
so
pany
com-
capital opportunity
letter in which
become
the
have
gentlemen."
equally tedious and
such
same
race.1
town
buy
to
despotism
than
this
from
get away
that he has
others
wished
yet in the
And
these
than
joke
in
alone
be
were
who
one
any
says
of my
stumbled
over
Is this
old ascestral hills,the cradle of my
my
I cannot
there
hardly got
use
haste
writing post
was
xi.
off
of peasants
And
chap.
Arrius.
the
I have
I will be
"
?' says
was
as
had
do
you
Just
"
Sebosus
do
Rome
declare
In
quoting
in walks
you,
TRIUMVIRATE.
FIRST
the
hopes of success.2
best
be
It would
Cicero's
to
correspondence
full of
strain:
tedious
quote
at
this
at
much
It is all in the
period.
dissatisfaction
intense
length from
greater
the
at
of
state
same
public
Julia,Caesar's only child,

April,Pompey married
trothed
than himself, and previously betwenty-threeyears younger
his former
Servilius
to
Scipio. He had divorced
affairs.
wife
In
Mucia,
adultery with
for
who
without
should
which
precedent
fear
his
he
as
desperate.4 Caesar,
reckless
In
montes
in the
games
patrioset
to
and
keep
ad incunabula
of the profeelings
vincials as greatlyirritated against"our
befriend Magnus," whose
was
name
He
the
him,
the
coming
describes the
odious
Rich.
Sueton.
Ad.
the
Asia
Minor
course
sums
good
on
humour.
along with that of Crassus
"
Cces. 50.
Att.
was
utterly
grow
in
is
reproaches
Pompey, or
enormous
people
man
Cicero
his old
pursued
lavished
"the
nostra.
that
him, should
meantime,
the
sake
alliance
an
by
upon
nicknamed
extravagance,
spectaclesand
down
of
wonder
maddened
and
brought
conduct
Such
No
parallel.
lest, stung
Sampsiceramus,
of
or
for the
now,
daughter
his dishonour!3
of
the author
was
the
actuallymarried
ambition, he
of
; and
Caesar
name
ii.
of
14.
a
Sampsiceramus
pretty chieftain
conquered by Pompey.
in
TO
RETURNS
CICERO
46.
mr.
ROME.
171
of getting money
unscrupulous about the means
he was
as
profligatein spending it. He contrived to abstract
from
the temple of Jupiter in the
(Suetonius says he stole)
pounds weight of gold, and replaced
Capitol three thousand
The
it with the same
triumvirate,
quantity of gilt bronze.
He
as
was
Caesar
rather
or
at
the
meaning
of
Campania
in
if this
And
For
what
They
themselves
So
far
as
services
pleasurecan
things it
they take
would
have
of
nature
never
consolation.
his
to
thought
be
this
"
eclipse his
that
on
He
is
of
in these
but
lost and
so
score,
own
he
now
fallen had
in
to
heavens!"
said
he
was
Pompey's
hundred
six
some
tremity.
ex-
except
fear that
to
be
things
far
so
the
be
cannot
gone
used
would,
country
to
"
May,
distribution
further
to
without
not
alliance
in
pestilentdesigns. Good
concerned, he
personal feelingswere
path
open
Atticus
to
despotism
profuse expenditure of money

extremity of the mischief it would
in the
But
much.
too
writes
Rome,
this
"
the
were
of
master
that
prescientforesight,
sudden
this
already
was
name,
what," he
For
"
hand,
was
lands
its
declared, with
Cicero
and
in
later,
years
had
no
hension
appre-
';Sampsiceramus"
become.
With
about
so
this time,
their
that
told him
He
their
nigh desperate.
as
which
he
the
the
Grief
yet the
things
Rome
at
the
Pompey
Diphilus, an
rapturously
allusion,signifyingthat
Even
and
triumvirs
and
Cicero
called him
detested
in the
miserid
he
nostri
a mores.
Caesar
"
Ad.
so
abroad
they
object
of
theatre
iu
es
like.1
disline
Magnus"
went
with
on
came
Att.
famous
in-
by all
day of reckoning would
vociferously applauded.
now
him,
to
the
when
be well
to
appeared
Nostra
gave
in
so
actor, recited
"
men
seemed
case
especiallyseemed
was
and
there, according
was
encored
audience
Cicero
society more
indignation began, he says,
and
applicableto him,
was
Epirus,
; but
up
unpopular, and
dinner-tables
at
Never
When
now.
When
in
of caution, sometimes
sake
very
cf fear ; but
of
state
hissed.
were
triumvirate
formerly.
kept
Atticus,
June.
country-seat
still
was
in
Rome
his
at
stay
would, for the
opinions
get the better
classes
to
to
feigned name.
the
freelythan
to
he
found
to
went
returned
correspondence
that
under
write
vent
feelingshe
such
ii. 29.
come,
at
the
could
looked
then
was
chap.
while
as
upon
Curio,
of the
leader
xi.
that
coldly received
so
displeasure;
his
conceal
not
senator,
theatre, and
the
to
moment
TRIUMVIRATE.
FIRST
THE
172
he
young
Opposition,and
afterwards
conspicuous for his hostilityto Caesar as he was
to him, was
loudly cheered.
distinguishedby servile devotion
as
letters
As
occurrence.
refused
he
and
in
no
used
addressed
notices
he
that
appear
himself
collected
own
of the senators,
edicts
to
his
in
up
some
These
favour.
league,
by his colin public,
him
to
issued
people.
able
disagree-
immense
or
events
and
were
posted
read
them
blocked
thoroughfareswere
that the
great
all
which
the
to
crowds
the
and
Senate
shut
at
or
from
and
meet,
to
the
enter
the Senate,
house, where
offered
outrage
of the
in
was
and
Capua,
at
tell him
to
dignifiedmanner
very
Rome
Bibulus, he
and
to
off
sent
to
insult
the gross
After
from
absent
happened to be
were
immediately
Pompey
cards,
pla-
on
were
He
up.
public
so
declared
remaining days of the year, after the passing of the

Campanian law, ncfasti,or what, in Scotland, would be called
all the
of
way
Csesar
date
joke, with
the
Bibulo
Non
words,
"
did
! Bibulus
Pooh
nought
people,however,
The
the
July
to
speak
to
from
refrain
not
he
of
appearance
cringing humbly
He
word.
sphere.
his
He
in
to
compares
"
!" is the
grief was
was
the
mob,
him
son
sentiment,
that
to
which
"
est,
did
it all ;
recal."
hissed
and
He
declares
that
looked
at
and
him
he
and
proud
in
Rostra
could
how
saw
popular
and
challenging applause,
almost
star
of
the
if not
them
the
and
and
Coss. ;" and
mounted
longer the
no
himself
Lucifer,
like
he
when
by
piteous description of
he
multitude.
tears
confident
orator,
fallen
the
Caesar
Bibulus,
gives
when
Pompey
changed.
was
factum
I can't to mind
wits
documents,
amongst
late, but
with
were
Cicero
the Triumvirs.
hooted
of
consulshipof Bibulus
the
current
rity
autho-
the
that
so
Ccesare
et
nuper sed Caesare

fieri consule nil memini."
For
long
was
his
abdicate
other
and
Julio
"
public business
no
consul,
qaicquam
Bibulo
Nam
sole
their letters
following epigram
"
in which
to
virtually
was
effect
in
to
used
of Rome
is,days
this
But
make
and
; that
days
done.
be
could
the
"
lawful
"
not
the
ashamed
that had
to
glided
morning, how
expression ;
Apelles
or
and
utter
from
art
he
but
a
its
thou
says
Protogenes might
sanctityof
truth in
authority and
'
FIRST
THE
174
givingevidence, and they are wholly ignorant of

Whence
comes
importance of the matter.
with
me
of
Spaniards or
who
chap.
the
serious
Accommodate
those
TRIUMVIRATE.
Gauls
It is
know
do not
it supposed to be
of the Greeks
formula
Is
testimony?'
your
the
entirely
Greek
know
which
the words
force
that
the
and
saying,
formula
that
so
the Greeks
xi.
of
even
in uttering
use
it."
Another
Cicero's
the
wise
Greece
to
democracy.
of
constitution
had
he
tyranny,
what
After
describing
in
Rome,
the
the
guarded
show
theory
at
which
with
care
against the
state
this with
contrasted
was
the
history of
"
All
"
evils of
old
of
of mob
quoting
and
party legislation,
upon
men
worth
the
which
least,imposed
effects
of the
opinion
checks
the
is
passage
republics,"he
the Greek
said,
Not
impulses of publicmeetings.
"
governed by
are
of the
speak
Greece
the rash and
sudden
of the present, which

which
flourished
once
policy, ancient Greece,

and
the unchecked
ruined
evil
in wealth, empire,
was
by this one
renown,
of its publicmeetings and
libertyand licentiousness
popular harangues. When
uneducated
and
in a theatre, they
assembled
uninstructed
ignorant, were
men,
of the
at the head
voted
for useless wars,
they placed turbulent
demagogues
has long been
the
of its
to
victim
own
"
and
government,
But
that
nature.
It
with
with
The
orator
the
pity of
who
man
the
father, and
the
service
the
of the
of the
command,
with
three
and
had
'
For
Ancient
the
for
use
as
Caesar
with
This
of
was
by
clay seals amongst

vol.
i. p. 331.
the
to
had
custom,
and
in Asia.1
acquit the
to
of
sake
from
to
young
himself,
and
ruin
and
invested
carried
his
for
by
law
by Vatinius,
creatures
Cisalpine Gaul
"
and
with
the
Illyricum,
extraordinary appointment,
an
a
of them
glorious name.
been
of
the
others, the
custom
for the
preserve
a
lost
passionate appeal
them,
them,
brought forward
people,and one
Roman
was
the heir of
conferred
of
as
had
instance, one
the
to
usual
before
state
legions.
Monarchies,
For
earth,
five years,
been
Rome.
In
proofs.
in
in its
excited
passed by
entrusted
were
family, and
meantime
"
resolutions
jury, calling upon

his
{lex Vatinid)
tribune
Cretan
accused
was
witnesses, he
utterlyuntrustworthy
according
wax,
or
at
concluded
his
In
they
forged
chalk
the
documentary
pretended that they
which
were
sealed
of
of
unsupported by
with
documents
the state."
character
was
up
the witnesses
documents
not
evidence
made
was
cases
was
their
was
and
mobs,
some
attacking the
besides
showed
the best citizens from
banished
special enactment.
the
ancient
Assyrians, see
But
the
Rawlimon's
ELE
ODIUS
CL
46.
/ET.
Senate, fearing that
conferred
another
Alps, with
the
doing they
of
Rome.
to
make
At
manner.
the
; that
hesitated
between
accepted
the
intention
the
former
that
at
fly,"he
writes
friends
on
office
handsome
very
libera
ambassador
an
but
Rome.
had
no
like
not
fight. I have
nothing positively.
I say
have
to
he
I do
"
he
and
however,
nominally ;
I wish
liberties
Cicero, offered
seems,
leaving
"
the
to
zealous
to
This
to
in confidence."
you
But
much
Clodius,
ship, and
chosen
was
his
in
Plutarch
election
going
the
to
But
rich
were
had
and
spring
of
oath
become,
the
to
Pompey
no
harm.
he
declared
This
that
that,
He
by
had
be
assurances
indeed
tribune,
had
broke
that
his word
nothing
and
was
was
safe.
attacked
dearer
to
them.
attack
knew
he
that
would
exacted
covered
was
he
unpopular
they
He
with
told
him, then
himself
with
protested
than
do
from
so
hands
him
him
the
Cicero's
weapon
become
most
the world
Cicero
disgrace
a
to
that
an
him, for
eternal
in whose
that
was
military force,
injured by the man

had
in permitting
been
placed by himself
plebeian. Pompey, therefore, gave Cicero
if Cicero
tremely
ex-
resolved
opposing them,
and
gratify his long-cherished
if made
should
to
he
he
promise Pompey
he
how
saw
is
if he
as
of
prey,
Clodius
Cicero.
He
lowing
fol-
that
say
Caesar, which
of
backed
thought
weaker
upon
both
prevailed.
and
tribune-
for the
tribunes
threatened
and
beginning
the
first it seemed
at
yet
powerful,
that, abandoning
hatred
influence
the
for
Cassius
Dio
prudent counsels
more
the
against his patron.
turn
triumvirs
of
just happened.
at
candidate
one
and
And
probable.
July
the
to
had
event
plebeian, had,
himself
announced
year.
owed
important
more
qualifiedas
now
April,
of
to
of
but
He
least
at
"
Atticus
side
my
is,as
two.
time
to
of
legatiogiven
previouslyexplained,permission
privileges of
the
travel with
to
had
beyond
pressed the
it,in
he
time
themselves
thought that by
conciliate
to
expresses
same
by the Senate
him
little
75
ignore
Gaul
of
his lieutenants, and
himself
he
as
and
necessity,and
legion. They
of
one
farther
go
signing the death-warrant
were
him
UNE.
command
Caesar, still anxious
him,
upon
in addition, the
him,
on
of
merit
TRIB
would
people
made
altogether,
them
so
the
CTED
fervent
if Clodius
should
see
friendship.
THE
176
And
"
did
Cicero
Pompey
loves
with
me
me,"
this ?
he
so
'
Do
makes
he
TRIUMVIRATE.
believe
affection.
believe it
do
FIRST
of his
But
believe
to
me
the bitterest
of the
lightly.
blow
He
in the
with
street
than
he
much
the
memory
treats
ask.
warned
are
and
guard
our
guard
my
; but
be."
cannot
violence
open
would
the
; for
him.
worst
he
as
he
had
done
the duties
to
of
an
splendour,
house
His
popularity.
not,
matter
Indeed
unrivalled
Cicero
this
impending
him.
abstaining
had
He
the
of the
weight
with
But
treated
crushed
time
he
and
colour
under
or
attack
visitors ; he
and
habitation
An
giddy and
he that buildeth
was
greeted cordially
was
thought
to
be
to
all his
with
his person
revived.
himself
the
on
more
experience,
unsure
vulgar heart ;"
aright the strength and
estimate
not
by
of
resources
adversary.
But
he
changed
soon
himself
thus
him
you
to
fly.
your
You
advice
love
fidelity.
long detail
with
me
"
; if you
are
sagacity,and
The
; but
"If
if you
importance
the
brevity."
long after he had

defiantly,we find
Clodius's
at
you
threats, and
love
as
me
much
pressed
ex-
him
juring
conas
sleeping,awake; if you
ning,
walking, run ; if you are runare
hardly believe
can
and
Rome
to
certainlydo
Not
confidently,almost
come
standing, walk
are
his tone.
in real alarm
writing to Atticus
on
we
not.
that
"
and
be
confining himself
for him.
Hath
his
to
of his old
his
do
now
match
did
care
and
will
attachment
professed zealous
of his consulshipseemed
men
realised the truth
he
on
still shone
clients
Clodius
and
for
attack
in which
; and
Let
the
recovered
thronged
be
enemy
politicsof late,and
had
to
uneasiness,
it fell, and
advocate,
it. But
verse
fullyrealised
never
courted
from
he
first little
at
until
almost
his
of law
forms
him
gave
it?' you
did
be
might
the fact that either
himself
"
xt.
Pompey's sincerity,Clodius had

of keeping his promise.
He spoke to others in
of Cicero, who
terms
no
longer disguised from
intention
no
he
Atticus,
to
believe
you
professions I
whatever
did, and
writes
by precepts both in prose and

avoid
credulity. Well ! I take
incredulous
He
chap.
how
much
more
than
all upon
of the
subject requiresperhaps
intimacy
of
our
souls
makes
rely
your
us
upon
love
tent
con-
In
A CHER
TEE
6 o.
e.c.
Rome
August
much
with
as
own
history.
VE
unreal, and
as
baseness,
TTIUS.
that
seen
of
news
have
to
the famous
as
have
We
OE
agitated by the
was
been
have
to
appears
Curio
plotwhich
been
concocted
plot in
Oates
Titus
at
was
77
our
this time
an
Opposition,and, according to Cicero's account,

to
Caesar resolved
Vettius, a Roman
knight
destroy him.
who
had been useful to Cicero in Catiline's conspiracy,took
of
leader
active
the
himself
upon
disreputableoffice
promised Caesar that
He
of
conspiracy,or would
this purpose
him, made
he had
formed
professedhis
he
to
involve
the
kill
Pompey.
in the meshes
timate
insufficiently
when
confidant
of
of it. For
him
accuse
he
plan which
writers say that

leadalso, and other ing
Some
kill Caesar
to
informer.
common
Curio
society,and
him
intention
all events
at
affected his
he
with
said
he would
of
immediately told this to his father,and

his father informed
The
matter
was
Pompey.
brought before
introduced
the Senate, and Vettius was
to the assembly.
At
Curio
senators.
that he had
firsthe denied
but
almost
offered
to
reveal the truth

was
men,
promised;
Brutus,1Lentulus,
and
if his
with
safety was
he
others, with
that
Paulus
named
Curio
and
publicly guaranteed.
he then declared
and
Curio;
this statement,
retracted
whom
amongst
communication
any
directlyafterwards
This
of young
had
as
their
band
Êmilius,
leader,had
added
that C. Septimius,a secretary
conspiracy. He
of Bibulus, had brought him
a
dagger from Bibulus, to
him
assassinate
enable
This
rather too
to
was
Pompey.
much; and the Senate laughed at the idea of Vettius getting
for
his dagger from the consul, as if he had no
other weapon
time
before
his purpose.
Besides, it was
proved that some
Bibulus had himself warned
Pompey to be on his guard, for
which
Curio was
Pompey had thanked him.
brought in,and
totallydenied the charge. A further proof of its falsitywas
shown
by the fact,that at the time when, according to Vettius,
held to settle a plan for attacking
a
men
was
meeting of the young
Pompey with a band of gladiators in the Forum, at
which he alleged that Paulus
yEmilius
took a leading part,
formed
Êmilius
1
Cicero
was
absent
in
Macedonia.
calls him
Servilius
Q. Crepio Brutus.
Junius Brutus, the future
assassin
of Cresar.
had
He
recently
been
adopted by his maternal uncle Q.
This
was
M.
cording
The
Ccepio,and
to Roman
his uncle's
surname.
name
therefore
Senate
for
time, ac-
some
usage, was
in addition
known
to
his
by
own
THE
178
ordered
FIRST
TRIUMVIRATE.
that Vettius, since
intent,
dagger with a murderous
added
prison ; and they significantly
would
out
and
resolution
act
of
order
meeting of the people,

Senate
had
should
gaol, and
from
honourable
but
speak,
to
Vettius
put
of the
noblest
he
of
the
him
he
; but
he
senate-house
He
the
on
made
had
did
the
mention
eloquent ex-consul,
an
that
This, of
course,
that
privy
to
previously
Ahenobarbus,
name
lived
whom
privy
of
the
plot.
Vettius
M.
or
arraigned
before
to
earn
the
it
he
parties in
given out that
Perhaps he
those
of
Wright
First
was
had
having
true, there
was
from
In
giving
(except as
Cresar
to
was
pontifexmaximus,
the house
and
Consul.
with
tribune
but
of the
on
his
death
caused
him
to
that had
have
been
indictment
an
fuller
conspiracy.
had destroyed
were
back
that he intended, if
says
pardon by making
implicate more
was
praetor,
as
Cicero
; and
murder
to
attempt
Crassus,
said
afterwards
sent
notwithstanding the public assurance

to
given him of personal safety,he was
been
spiracy.
con-
Brutus.
Laterensis,
immediately
was
the
to
consul,1had
the
near
son-in-law, and
in the
Cicero, but
required a Servdlius Ahala

He
sufficiently
pointed at Cicero.
Piso, Cicero's
some
not
and
prison ;
accused
now
as
the
platform.
Brutus,
to
from
lower
the times
told him
added
who
Vettius
Catulus
Domitius
allusion
the
which, Cicero
had
he
speciallydenounced
not
what
allowed
a
and
whom
no
on
matter,
senators
not
stand
to
from
place
praetor, had
was
of
the multitude
"
The
state.
introduce
to
address
into
brought before
were
Lucullus, Fannius,
as
of the
enemy
hardihood
to
carried
thrown
be
Caesar, in spite
Rostra
face
bold
others
that
the
compelled
such
named,
and
of
Caesar, when
tells us,
him
permit
post
the
had
xi
ever
resolution,that who-
Senate
which
at
had
ordered,
an
as
the
he
his confession
upon
let him
chap,
for
demned,
con-
confession, and
in the
But
himself
in
time
mean-
prison.
mysterious as were
Pichegru in the Temple when Bonaparte
afterwards
Cicero
charged Vatinius the
is little doubt
was
to
as
be
strangled ;
that Vatinius
acted
and
on
if this
tions
instruc-
higher quarter.
to
Atticus
the death
not
and
only
as
the substance
of the above
of Vettius, which
consul
but
such inhabited
Collegium Pontificum,
by the side
just under
Cicero's
had
of the Via
the
house
not
then
hap-
Sacra, apparently
Hill, where
Palatine
stood.
narrative
DESPONDENCY.
46.
ÊT.
pened), Cicero declared

greatest good-will was
of life.
weary
life
the
and
and
in the
While
studied
than
a
history,though
himself.
He
at
welcome
the best
kind
? the
and
the
in the
but
he
does
published
and
to
the
"
with
bosom
blamed
of his
him
and
would
family,which
for not
the
"
he
of
men
his
his
villa
Which
is
by Dicaearchus,
he
seek
only
been
life of contemplation
that
thought
in future
not
have
at
the
says,
style
completed,
controversy,
or
make
to
would
of
lazier
was
have
maintained
was
Certainly, he
both.
Dicrearchus,
the
in
chiefly
in the
welcome
rustic
Clodius,
intended
which
knowledge
by Theophrastus
honour.
he
year
to
appear
time.
ship.
his friend-
nobody
he
life of action
of which
former
that
work,
that,
evil
of
contemporaries
not
the
our
said
of life
latter
sided
satisfied
his
of
help
Arpinum,
near
Atticus
promised his friend
He
day.
but
that
declared
to
of anecdotes
all events,
most
wrote
this
villa
of his
undisturbed,
him
assured
Antian
he
glory
this
and
himself,
apprehension from
no
manner
his
at
was
Theopompus
or,
a
he
collection
of
marked
most
utterly
reputation with
his
under
in the
firm
The
was
than
before
death
his
preserve
be
he
but
both
Catulus,
of
for himself.
unfortunate
said, his mind

to
to
him
more
than
fears
no
to
was
kept, he
told him
Pompey
and
one
determined
was
shown
happiness
he
However,
he had
that
fortunate
more
one
no
No
179
had
he
cally
practi-
abundantly
happiness
offered
having always sought
it.
him
more
repose,
CHAPTER
XII
THE
EXILE.
JEt.
We
"
the
to
come
now
melancholy, not
the
misfortune
that
of mind
We
fail
who
He
violent
death
The
nius,
two
blackest
colours.
the
Piso
unpolished
the
may
credit
nius
by Cicero,
picture
office of consul.
Piso
two
his
infamous
sunk
were
Both
had
their
canvass
be
been
taken
for
"
of
curled
a
gang
strongly supported by
for the consulship. They
in
aspect, and
and
his
the
own
the
If
we
colleague Gabidisgraced the
lowest
and
in scorn,
dancer,"
and
and
most
amongst
says
Cappadocian
Caesar
rough
degree.
never
of
Gabi-
and
daughter Calpurnia
calls Gabinius
He
one
in
adversity.
Cicero's
of
last
men
met
wanted
painted
the
to
he
Piso
morose
of him
drawn
They
of
was
he
support
has
Cicero
man
moaning
; but
were
Frugi, and
opprobrious epithets,a
might
(B.C.58)
dissolute
such
to
the
and
courage
relative
He
debauchery.
monstrous
other
Piso
but
manners,
firmness
tration
pros-
evening of his
weeping
near
was
abject
"
the
fortitude
character
of Caesar.
wife
in
physical
and
year
son-in-law, Calpurnius
was
in
new
the
of
extent
statesman
in the
"
moral
whose
men
and
Catiline, and
and
of the
consuls
from
life
thrown.
was
calmness
with
and
nature
as
orator
deficient
of character
strength
he
Antony
at
not
was
of
the
him,
which
fury
defiance
exile.
from
overtook
into
the
life hurled
much
recognise the
to
braved
melancholy period of Cicero's
most
so
58.
B.C.
49.
slaves.
Pompey
lent themselves
that
in
readily
THE
82
which
the streets
those
days.
raged
in the
middle
They
the
on
in vain
ready
power
and
Clodius
and
enforce
to
senators
passed
their
robes,
open
of
out
Gabinius
he
He
accompanied
his
was
Cicero
colleague,as
said
for himself,
as
had
stood
by
care
of
take
must
one
every
and
there
Piso
nothing.
Clodius,
what
meantime,
often
so
defend
fear
professed
had
retired
of
to
believe,
and
his
his
villa called
about
Albano,
well
Cicero's
both, he
treachery, or
or
because
he
partisans spread,
friends, but
that
he
because
in the
disgracefulproceedings
importunities of the most
praying him
to
Lucullus
and
praetor, and
other
him
entreated
his
exert
not
bound
of
the
state
them
to
the
consuls, saying
people
not
; but
enter
if the
on
take
put
hastened
his
to
was
his fate.
not,
we
may
Clodius
by
active
no
and
to
at
stop
who
to
was
part
avoid
Rome,
them.
then
him, and
urgently
friend, with whose
safety
ferred
Pompey coldly reup.
to
that
contest
consuls
it
threatened
was
Lentulus,
welfare
would
Rome,
to
to
and
"
the modern
near
going on,
distinguished men
abandon
was
him
were
influence
noblemen,
life
wished
that
Torquatus
to
his
where
reports which
the
was
Whether
life ?
from
Where
that he would
swore
Albanum,
credited
Cicero
for
abandoned
miles
twenty
he
doing
Pompey
was
when
promises he had made
him
against Clodius with his
of the
of
indignation
attempted to
his house,
without
do
of
numbers
cries
Cicero
the
town
this
with
it led to
But
consul
friendshiphe had
from
rabble
safety.
the
were
the
and
to
went
him.
by
he
the whole
Frugi, the consul's relative,and
not
stand
when
own
In
But
in the
armed
an
Upon
senate-house.
the
with
could
must
Antonius
the
in
that
Verona
that
with
door
orders.
interview
an
the
at
was
gain Piso on his side.

by his son-in-law, Piso
He
and
resolution
the consul's
tore
rushed
the
bloody feuds
Venice
and
the witness
were
the
xii.
But
Gabinius
mourning.
(Piso being
ill health) interfered,and, by virtue of
of
as
consul, prohibited such a mark
his feet
senators
at
flung themselves
plea of
Knights
respect.
his
Rome
unlike
not
and
into
go
executive
that
of
of Genoa
met
should
absent
had
chap.
ages.
house
the
Forum
were
streets
Senate
The
his
and
EXILE.
and
he,
with
as
an
vidual,
private indi-
armed
the Senate
were
tribune
willing
jet.
to
APPEAL
49.
do
called
and
so
POMPEY.
TO
him
upon
183
assist,he
to
ready
was
draw
to
the sword.
the
In
to
himself.
save
far
so
he
that
But
What,
then,
they
and
he
he
all
streets,
seek
might
counselled
his life.
His
they
did
would
there
would
not
; and
Cicero
it
Napoleon,
or
But
and
would
any
reason
be
he
had
would
have
acted
his
and
Atticus,
especially
From
from
it.
have
been
Roman
of
for, according
justifiable,
for
the bold
afterwards
of violence
Caesar,
as
few
crisis.
days
he
suicide, all
his
have
dissuaded
such
act
an
heathen
to
match
such
very
to
view,
that
family,advised
As
to
fear
act
at
own
in
appear
point
to
him
by
was
horror
nature
quit Rome, assuring him that

be
brought back in triumph.
friends,and
doubt,
no
or
fightfor
to
a
suicide.
stand
than
more
in his
Atticus,
and
law
commit
bitterlyregretted
not
was
contest
of
courts
his
and
armed
an
him,
to
open
might
This,
adopt it.
Cato, Hortensius,
to
was
nor
and
he
numerous,
of Clodius.
not
Cromwell,
him
in
curred
oc-
conclusive.
by himself
trial in the
or
scene
stay, and, if necessary,
to
were
course,
bloodshed
and
or
blows
rabble
manly
that he
him
their followers
and
the armed
and
criminal
friends
to
came
were
Csesar.
back-door.
course,
courses
Clodius
meet
safety in flight
;
Lucullus
if it
might
in
or
Four
deliberately discussed
he
Either
do
to
this is,of
it,and
at
lay
that Pom-
says
that the
positive statement
he
as
will of
and
out
self
him-
Pompey's
at
told him
rise,but
to
by slipping
related
was
were
friends.
in the
interview
I have
as
him
ground
different account,
Cicero's
have
we
the
on
last effort
humiliated
nothing against the
do
gives
the
avoided
ask
and
Albanum,
to
himself
even
made
despair, Cicero
went
could
indeed
his
throw
did not
Plutarch
pey
He
to
as
feet,who
there
of
extremity
him
would
ethics,suicide
preferableto disgrace.
was
Csesar
was
still at
but
Rome,
of his
the command
the Circus
Flaminius
cOuld
present, it
not
be
the
that he
city now
there publicly asked
in
against
his
the
walls, having
Clodius
assembled
beyond
the gates, where
being lawful for

at
was
Csesar
consulship.
associates
; and
army
people in
the
outside
the
head
what
He
he
him
of his
were
Csesar
remain
inside
legions. Clodius
thought
replied that
of Catiline
to
sumed
as-
the
of Cicero's
the
contrary
duct
con-
proceedings
to
law,
as
he
THE
84
repeatedlyasserted
had
he
himself
that
the
he
of
the
wishing
to
in
It
involve
them
then
the
upon
bill
water,
and
house
worded
the
be
the
bill, but
Cicero
no
Tullius
from
be
"
it, it
fire and
could
of, and
was
happened
nonsense
which
not
had
which
outlaw
homeless
and
houseless
if Cicero
was
seen
But,
to
An
1
him
as
alteration
Poena
est,
dead
was
the
shelter
of
hated
Italy
forbidden
might
be
it
letter,and
made
qui receperit:
quam
in the
omnes
was
be
the purport
it
Is it
:
"
has
been
enacting that M.
of
interdiction
law
the
was
that
created
had
something
Clodius
But
could
pass
and
the
sure
mea-
him
enacted
with
that
he
limits, both
killed
cared
make
further
said, this
The
"
Tullius
was
culing
ridi-
it.
thus
M.
enemy,
fugitive. It
within
the honour
treated
was
his
he
in his
which
ran
place.
provided
him
framed
that
enact
yet taken
accuracy
would
gave
to
the
his return, of
had
the
as
that
"
fire and
was
in
way
precede, the
not
manifestly
little for technical
all who
Now,
creased
in-
his back
from
This
?" instead
of
He
was
turned
Italy.
that
enact,
not
brought before
paragraph
or
water
interdicted!'
consequence
he
opportunity, after
language of the first section

pleasure,and do you
your
large
Rome.
receive
who
then
journey
should
untechnical
draftsman
by
which
"
to
when
of
dedicated
the limit.
(naming him)
miles
the
of
hope
back
one
took
he
sanguine friends
too
the
as
He
walls
or
day Clodius
same
the
the
in his
family behind,
direction
of March
that
blundering
interdicted
This
URBIS.
the
recalled
five hundred
gave
regarded
discomforts
of his
20th
enacting
of the
was
left his
interdictingCicero
within
long kept
the
in
knew
the
city,and
people
he
Cicero's
had
there
all
was
on
say
the
outside
however, with
up,
about
was
This
CUSTODI
But
in tears.
hardly
"
of Athens.
as
gone
judge severely
to
Jupiter in the Capitol,and
by the assurances
few days he would
well
as
city, accompanied
himself
buoyed
Rome,
of
friends
he
which
who
Minerva,
inscriptionMlNERWE
quitted
body of
He
xii.
long
so
would
Romans
his fate.
of
statue
tutelary deity
to the Temple
the
of the
left to
was
small
it with
matter
not
powerful
most
in
that
; but
thought they ought

always preferred mild measures.
behalf, and
house
chap.
he
ended,
by
and
EXILE.
and
impunity.
barbarous
clause
disregarded by everybody.1
bill before
neglexerunt.
"
Pro
it
finally
was
Domo,
c.
20.
FROM
DEPARTURE
58.
b.c.
submitted
four
the vote, and
to
for five hundred.
The
partisans of Clodius,
and
midst
the
in
of
and
passed
ashes.
to
where
the
which
he
own
had
; and
left Rome
Capeiia),and
followed
the
it may
south,
as
slabs
the
road
doubt
the
Via
he
to
venture
"
More
cross
over
joining
adgave
then
governor,
which
or
a
generously
He
to
was
to
Malta;
friend
that he had
Divinationc.
to
go
and
am
him.
in
the
dream
vision
so
to
seems
which
to
he
he
of the
and
which
as
have
the
cast
He
should
be
cessary
ne-
authors
words,
down."
Virgiliuswas
far
as
farm,
been
alludes
of Marius, with
come
neighbourhood,
one
distressed
had
to
troublesome
his letter with
Sica
Monte
fellow-conspirator
as
proceeded
Naples),
it should
in the
he
on
where
some-
now
him,
case
Sicily,of
was
of
gular
irre-
it
trouble."
of
accompanied
to
It
is
all kinds
Cicero,
large
him
begged
journey
concluded
of his named
received
and
living in exile
write,
cannot
the
its
the coast,
called.
re-
[Porta
passed along
Autronius,
Italy,because
was
towards
runs
April he
kingdom
have
to
that he
which
of
on
Epirus,
to
bitterlyhostile
was
intention
time
he
seems
hear
to
Cicero
is full of
he
He
paved with
town
that
know
of his banishment.
His
the
which
to
site
temple,
pulled down
Appia,
Atticus,
to
unless
Catiline, was
he
and
wrote
that,
leave
to
with
erected
were
the
by the Capuan Gate
seen,
small
calamity
my
told his friend

not
part of
exile.
time
when
just as
Vibo,
to
Here
but
one,
De
no
still be
of stone,
him, saying,
to
the
melancholy journey. On the 8th

in Lucania
(partof the modern
Leone.
"
he
and
villas
Formian
built another,
and
Before
in flames
On
the
beyond
as
was
Clodius
stood
Liberty
to
Hill
waste.
follow the
us
He
to
bill
all its
in
in force
confiscated.
was
and
laid
footstepsof
travelled slowly, hoping for a
on
; and
name.
Let
his
armed
treated
once
Palatine
and
house
dedicated
at
Tusculan
portico of Catulus,
his
slaves
confusion, the
put
was
property
the
His
Palatine
it
was
his
plundered
afterwards
with
were
and
tumult,
delay
pale of the law, and

nightfallhis house on
reduced
whom
tuted
substi-
were
filled
was
of
many
severity. Cicero
terrible
miles
law.
moment's
185
hundred
Forum
noise, and
became
Without
ROME.
Vibo, close
in which
about
he
this
in his treatise
his laurelled
fasces,
86
to
answered
that he
which
Marius
cheer,
and
betokened
from
the
and
speedy
he
got
not
reside
to
for him
abandon
the idea
he
turned
his
the
to
Greece.
the
On
of
how
Atticus, tellinghim
kindness
her,
to
and
if
and
it is not
we
children
On
just then
great need
family had
oratorical
an
stay
But
Asia
Autronius, who
wished
as
This
dream
prophetic,and
the
in the
of the
had
was
was
in
spoilstaken
and
for all his

His
protection,
speeches,
the
lives of his
where
his
In
that
the decree
made
was
Marius
out
and
Pro
be
within
called
the
occurred
in the
"
IV.
i"
sought.
of
intention
residence
of
him.
; but
was
the
that account
on
thing of
24.
his
up
prohibited
sorely puzzled and
We
Sext.
he
sojourn
of
Marii.
Wars,
theCimbrian
which
desperadoeswith
was
Henry
bourhood
neigh-
took
his
the
near
place
to
the
solitude
to
of
fact, he
regarded by Cicero
supposed to have
fact
band
considered
be
if he
adhered
too
over
fortified one,
he
cross
in
there,
was
was
Athens
recalling him
temple constructed by
Senate
if he
armed
an
Italy.
its fulfilment in the

of
wrote
of his
one
advantage
enjoy the
an
way
make
to
from
distance
in
seat
house
there
Minor,
that it would
afraid
of
coast
and
was
friendship and
says
He
wretchedness.
own
country
be
could
of the
out
into
going
he
it,and
was
Thurii,
at
made
Brundusium,
opposite
exaggeration, even
The
would
admitted
it
of
he
his
at
of Buthrotus.
in
of
the
was
Malta.
to
April he arrived at Brundusium,

Atticus earnestlybegging him
to
Epirus, and
abode
going
was
his
he
obliged to
of
8th
got letters from
Cicero
also
was
direction
he
amended
threatened.2
were
the
what
believe
may
he
him
Sicily. At
which
grateful Terentia
describing
and
that
This, however,
reaching
April
His
to
bill,as
within
of
the
sent
to
Clodius's
miles.
for
port
his
to
safety.
was
over
distance
in
steps
Oth
cross
formed
had
him
good
him, declared
letter
Vibo, and
at
stay
convenient
most
the
hundred
four
to
it unsafe
therefore
Sica,
of
of
return.1
happy
copy
limited
passed, which
and
be
find
with
to
upon
conduct
to
would
he
was
was
time, he
same
He
lictors
staying with
Virgilius forbidding him
While
to
of his
country,
him
bade
hand,
He
so
his
xii.
sad.
was
from
the
Sallust, who
he
why
temple, where
or
chap.
expelled
by
one
faithful freedman,
this
been
him
ordered
monument
own
had
took
him
asked
and
him,
appeared
to
EXILE.
THE
that
may
same
remember
kind
prophecy
Monumentum
that
is said
some-
to
have
of the death
"
Jerusalem shall Harry die."
of
jet.
perplexed
what
and
hands
violent
HIS
had
WIFE.
wrote
could
the
of
told him
from
him
make
not
plan
and
him
prevented
but
adopted
187
Atticus,
to
remonstrance
himself;
on
regret that he
He
do.
to
advice
his
that
TO
LETTERS
49.
laying
to
cease
flightinstead of
mitting
com-
suicide.
He
did
fortnight a
M.
knight,
Lamius
stood
much
he
during
his banishment,
gives
He
that
he
writes
by
Ah
"
have
"
less
you,
my
whom
us
not
think
write
cannot
"
whether
He
I
"
my
not
to
done
her
best
to
who
had
I should
you
remains, my
has
crushed
life when
live,let
cannot
have
bear
console
the
ask you
and
since
is
wish
neither
/ have
to
mind
assured
of
so
to
see
the gods
served, have
is
ful
pain-
of my
what
not
of
firmness
the
Yet
Cicero, what
will
true
their
and
He
life.
no
But
goes
fault except
if it
was
my
rest, although it is intolerable.

Take
.
all the
care
he
wife
on
you
do
of
you
hope
slaves, and
seems
and
courage,
Terentia, support yourselfas you

enjoyed prosperity. It is not my
committed
you
? Do
us."
to
His
ask
I shall
has become
drooping spiritsof
hope.
You,
I not
must
utterlyruined.
them.
about
me?
to
come
this,if I have
darlingTullia
fear,have been
write, always remain
all
ever
when-
her, he
whom
as
rouse
myself.
mind.
but
incoherent, and
my
I know
me.
I lost all that adorns

me
her,
place,
of
change, still I
no
men
will become
with
I have
me.
to
embrace,
emancipation
abandoned
honour.
virtue,that
lost my
of
body
Be
herself
trouble
state
of life ! assuredly I should

misery in life. But if fortune
the blessings I have
lost, I have
And
you
the
to
acted
for what
in
...
have
with
both
advice.
to
As
of
should
why
you ?
But what
no
his
"
griefprevents
alludes
throughout
lived
lost.
this
out
(hisson-in-law)will,as
tells her
"
I am,
Terentia,
to
of
grief is almost
out
shelter of
from
from
the
it.
evils admit
stillkeep anything, or,
then
have
as
give
can
more
you
Piso
that
it.
his
exist without
myself wholly
to
see
much,
not
of
less desirous
been
if these
health, worn
I then
Can
you
I had
bursts
afflicted
in
weak
bear
as
He
read.
woman,
both
soon
! lost and
letters
recovering any
; but
language of
to
of
hope
error
of
Roman
the
firstletter
to
pied
occu-
danger
exile
letters oftener
cannot
all events
all
is dated
possess
and die in your

possible,
have most
religiously
worshipped, nor
any gratitude."
The
that
"
at
or
the
to
life,as
you
shown
that he
tears
guilty of
His
receives
or
fearing
of
garden
unhappy
we
send
her
to
he exclaims,
me
preserves
been
that
the
braving
in need.
would
he
nothing,
seen
"
in
melancholy picture
most
says
blinded
so
the
to
Brundusium,
friendly inhabitants, but
the
Flaccus, who,
which
and
of
town
building
afforded
law,
Clodian
the
safetyof
the
compromise
for
stay in
not
her
to
band,
hus-
"
best
can.
I have
crimes, but my
that of not having
children's wish
And
possibleof
I who
your
that
sole
con-
health,
THE
i88
and
remember
that I
Terentia, my most faithful and

only remaining hope !"
my
our
Is it
wrote
and
yet this is what
would
wish
to
us
the
of
end
vessel which
he
met
were
old
with
ties of
rachians, whose
he
his
friend
not
and
each
other
words,
and
Cicero
the
two
Thessalonica,
where
follow
Plutarch,
him
accompanied
on
on
board
stormy
after
and
the
opposite
coast.
the
quaestor.
he
Dyrrachium,
the
took
the
friends
of
pomp
most
met
on
Plancius
turned
they arrived
did
of
neighbourhood
of which,
Macedonia,
of
he
fugitive conspirators,and
or
was
; but
Rome
at
dreaded
banished
at
any
been
that
at
When
hastened
to
way.
and
on
embraced
too
accompanied
the
23d
of
in
the province,
to
They
being
him,
meet
dressed
northerly route
the
time,
Plancius
office,but
silentlyin tears, their hearts

then
woman
BRUNDUSIUM.
had
Plancius
Cnaeus
only without
mourning.
he
reach
to
of his arrival
heard
who
thus
and
He
other
and
he
hospitable reception,for there

himself
and
the Dyrfriendship between
kind
patron
anxious
was
those
Dyrrachium,
remain.
to
whom
bad-tempered
left the port of Brundusium,
Here
Autronius
OF
PORT
April, Flaccus
they reached
dare
to
suppose.
passage,
not
wife
and
Plutarch, and
THE
At
the
jealous,imperious,
XII.
by
possible to believe that
was
CHAP.
than my
own.
Farewell,
your sorrow
best of wives ! my dearest daughter; and Cicero,
disturbed
more
am
EXILE.
full
for
him
to
May, and
EXILE.
THE
go
if
that
certain
they
would
he
met
ever
xii.
chap.
abandon
never
him.
In
be
to
see
I sent
you
For
you.
quitted;
not
whom
him
departure, when
shadow, but the image
dead
me
seen
that
that all declared
with
not
"
corpse.
Would
dead.
was
life
my
part
some
if I had
For
of
even
you
that
of him
you
the
vivor
sur-
call to
But
not
"
before
had
left you
I had
that
whom
him
left in tears
trace
even
angry
unwilling
was
not
"
whom
would
And
brother
your
him
I be
Could
you
Yes
not
tears
that I
letter,or
!
you
reputation.
by this sole consideration
rank
and
life but of my
death
from
deterred
of my
I was
wickedly.
acted
and
I erred
known
breathing
gods, that
all the
had
see
seen
yourselfin
that
heard
only
heir, not
and
witness
or
have
not
you
were
you
of
to
that you
think
To
"
with
angry
unwilling
was
would
you
your
this
without
you
be
should
That
"
begins.
he
to
messenger
passionate grief:
of
burst
he
5th of June,
the
on
brother!"
! my
by
seen
had
brother
my
That
you
you
at
wish
not
with
feelingsin
of anger
that out
feared
to
brother!
My
"
written
Ouintus,
to
his
to
vent
gave
did
letter
bound
was
yours
death
up.
asserted
have
itself would
died,
"
Therefore
though I
I have
Now
brought
affection and love towards
pass
you.
my
of
the
and in
I have lost others
and
perils my home
be with me
live you
cannot
and
powerless,which had often been a protectionto those
family my voice was
that
it to
"
"
who
letters
of
is
eminent
so
bitter
to
of country
love
which
for
it is
time,
than
one
any
was
crushed
felt
was
be
to
"
ancients
realise ; and
the
from
such
to
only
Not
all his
the
from
to
his
hopes,
ban
the
of
it,even
evil.
The
nearest
food
urged
consistent
found
within
die ; and
it
were
his
with
the
the authors
behalf;
Roman
His
shelter.
but
of
and
banished
indeed
dous.
tremen-
the
he
but
death
was
property
it would
still,
fortitude to have
distance
to
had
he
have
so
this may
All
shown
one
any
destroyed,
was
ruin.
under
was
people whom
his
of
scene
certain
his
by
upon
Rome,
triumphs,
penniless,and
was
in
or
must
from
favourite
some
was
his
If
outlaw.
an
Cicero
to
exile
an
and
glories,
his
faithfullyserved
be
he
was
Capitol,he
give him
family
change
The
court.
degree
exile
feelingwas
the
that
to
perhaps that of
under
an
European monarchy, when, frowned
from
hurled
place and power,
sovereign,he was
approach
more
from
intolerable
an
never
seemed
remember
must
woe.
and
spirit,
noble
passion with the
difficult to
now
We
him.
and
mourning,
of banishment
bread
to
ness
weak-
for the
Ezekiel, there
the roll of
and
Cicero's
of
tenor
grieve
us
Like
so
bitter
"
the
has
perhaps
make
to
lamentation,
misfortune
has
the
show
to
man.
therein
written
Seldom
period,and
this
at
given
been
has
Enough
me."
to
strangers
utter
were
been
that
he
only
pos-
jet.
EXTRAVAGANT
49.
exclaimed
"
The
mind
is its own
Can
make
' '
What
Wieland
was
it
done
whole
Atticus
Middleton
as
wrote
that
would
service
good
freedman
wife,
Tiro,
he
his
to
thrown
in
was
them
whoever
or
and
to
prosperity would
to
the
fire.
mined
deter-
idol, but,
"
the
taken
into
that
says,
have
brother,
of his
him,
of
painful exhibition
weakness
excuse
as
his
and
the
over
great in affliction
this
his
to
exile,
possible to
of Heaven.
had
published his letters,
and
his
mourns
if
stillthe same?"
says
reputation if
he
during
he
that
his
of those
Hell
if I be
where,
that collected
was
in itself
of Hell,
impressed with
so
to
place,and
Heaven
matter
Cicero's weakness,
been
191
spiritof the fallen archangel,who
the
of
something
sessed
GRIEF.
have
been
have
been
But
cannot
we
perfection not given to man."
accept this
far from
In
view.
was
prosperity Cicero
being faultless,
social qualitieshe shone
and
like a star
although in moral
a
his
amidst
not
that he
was
he
fell
far
which
it is
real
been
his
his
different
of
his
the
but
he
quitted Rome,
solely out of regard
bore
his
when
he
calamity with
faced
all
During
true
friend.
himself
cheer
him
So
the
to
the
the
same
extravagant
was
courage
this
trying period Atticus
way
to
more
was
the
of
manly
his
had
speaks
suppose
for
; and
himself,
that
he
displayed
of Catiline.
Terentia
assisted
form
he
afraid
he
they
solely upon
should
the world
public interest
conspiracy
faintingheart
take
he
we
that
ledge
know-
our
There
have
would
to
for
banishment
the
He
in every
depend
if
For
was.
facts.
because
not
appreciate
been imposed
may
led to believe
return,
is,
that
yet it is better
have
he
to
during his
bravely enough of himself, and

that
what
had
we
we
letters,and
from
estimate
erroneous
that
but
pusillanimity
And
should
we
letters after
and
misfortune,
showed
and
order
of his
demeanour
speeches
most
that
destroyed, and
of
in
known,
destruction
in
of
complain
we
contemplate.
to
character, than
something
was
had
be
himself
to
himself,
humiliating
by the
upon
he
below
this should
that
his
so
equal
not
what
But
contemporaries.
w7ith
interests
the
view
grief,that
the
money,
of Cicero.
exile with
of
acted
his
hope,
and
He
and
part of
devoted
tried
to
to
force
position,but in vain.
people began to believe
THE
i92
that his mind
affected
was
of Atticus, who
contrasted
depth
to
In
remarkable
Atticus
now
had
nothing
ready
so
him
to
to
in
with
did
Cicero, when
each
plainness and
frankness
it would
when
friend
exile.
he
who
did
truth
the
loveth
friend
which
it is
of
his
the
Indeed,
friendship
Atticus
and
with
to
admire
But
he
wronged
his
with
reference
to
he
than
devotion
more
and
fully experienced
touching aphorism,
and
the divine
vices,
ser-
easy
in misfortune
all times, and
at
friend's
him.
he
time
the wrong,
conduct
Ouintus,
and
of
more
imitate.
such
liberty,so to speak,
truths.
telling home
in
to
accuses
judgment,
same
of his
in
other
find
man
in Atticus
found
the
friend.
that
reproach Atticus,
to
the
is determined
the
the
other
thought
Never
then
each
generallysafe
he complained
be
he
his
blind
sense
than
men
hesitate
not
his
spare
August
at
his
terms
eminent
took
they
Cicero
But
with
his friend
part of the blame
him.
strongest
these two
which
him
upon
perpetually
entreated
the
can
between
He
titude,
for-
into
risen
once
under
to
deep obligation he was
show
more
clearlythe sincerityof
and
"
fallen.
written
overtaken
in the
expressed
than
had
ruin, and
having allowed his affection to

the wayward
injusticeof a man
calamity
his
he
not
was
letter
fault,throws
find
to
which
his
xii.
reproaches
him
shame
to
of
with
and
he
but
him,
spare
all the
by insanity. To
to
had
he
which
to
chap.
by that means
magnitude of
strove
opposed the
the
height
he
EXILE.
is born
brother
for
adversity."
In
letters about
his
which
passage,
that
of
one
is not
creditable
very
speech which
some
he
delivered, had, contrary
not
his
without
time
this
had
and
knowledge,
to
is
him.
curious
It
appears
but
against Curio,
written
his
to
there
tion
intention, got into circula-
doing
was
him
harm.
The
unlike
careless, and so far it was
composition, however, was
his style. It occurred
to him, therefore, that he might deny
the authorship, Puto, he writes
to Atticus, posse probari non
"
esse
mcum,
"
and
that in fact he
was
handwriting,
own
which
it
ready
in
him
his
stay
legates,came
at
take
to
tell
to
order
might involve
During
tus's
begs him
he
to
and
falsehood
escape
the
that
to
and
effect.
So
his
disavow
responsibilityin
Thessalonica,
there
steps
L.
Tubero,
earnestly advised
one
of
Cicero
Ouinto
go
Asia
into
Minor,
where
Achaia,
Plancius
his
in
was
letters he
not
to
that
enemies
him
better
times
held
to
stay
looked
his confidence
Pompey,
in the hour
of danger,
might be depended upon
his utmost
who
in
to
so
the
of
assist
that
Rome
at
restore
to
him
him.
Csesar
even
Ouintus
his brother.
console
new
advised
all
tried
him
meanly deserted
they hinted
to
ever.
assurances
Varro
and
had
and
and
encourage
as
cheering
one
But
hesitated
distress
Atticus,
and
near
powerful.
the aspect of affairs
as
Atticus
favourable.
more
so
urged
Sextius,
Piso,
Thessalonica,
at
safe
Rome
at
out
hand.
at
tribunes-elect,his son-in-law
him
friends
his
and
away,
and
perplexity and
from
were
active
him
remain, although he
to
received
193
think
not
were
much
as
further
go
IMPEACHED.
did
he
as
persuaded
long, and
The
CICERO
QUINTUS
58.
b.c.
also did
Cicero
But
like Rachel,
be
not
weeping and mourning, and would
He
comforted.
again and again reproached Atticus with
of foresight
and judgment, and
it must
want
have been
most
painful to that faithful friend to receive his letters,although
him
take offence
they did not in the slightestdegree make
was
*i*elax in his exertions.
or
Cicero
do
to
but
his
his heir.1 To
his brother
to
uncle
province. His
ordinary course
accuser
of
the
he
Csecilius had
the usual
was
brother
only
able
now
died
fate of
and
that
Roman
for
illegaladministration
nephew of Clodius, and
things his trial would
elder
was
not
Cicero's troubles,he heard

with
met
supply
to
which
money,
impeached
was
Appius Clodius,
continued
rich
add
had
Ouintus
and
governors,
the
faim'lywith
easily,as
more
left him
his
his
He
of his enemy,
come
who
of
in
before
on
was
then
praetor-elect.
In September
Cicero
declared
his intention
of going to
of Atticus, and
in the bitterness of
Epirus, to the residence
have
land
much
as
despair he begged his friend to let him
The
suffice for a
would
as
burial-ground for his body.
soldiers of Piso, to whom
had
been
assigned the proconsular
of Macedonia,
that
entered
now
province,and
government
Cicero in terror
quitted the hospitable dwelling of Plancius,
and
the 26th of November
arrived
at Dyrrachium, where
on
he
was
anus
From
sure
of
respectfulwelcome.
this time Atticus
assumed
the
Atticus.
O
name
of Q. Crecilius Q. Fil.
Pomponi-
EXILE.
THE
194
xii.
rapid glance at the events that had happened

Much
the interval at Rome.
against his will, Cato had
Let
in
chap.
had
cast
us
forced
appointment
an
either could
he
appears
had
Senate
not
into
gone
did
or
June the tribune
In
decline.
him
upon
by Clodius, which
think
not
Ninnius,
when
mourning
it
whose
at
it
prudent
the
instance
Clodius
to
his
introduced
penaltiesagainst Cicero, brought before the

for his recall. The
Senate, with Pompey's approval,a motion
Senate
commended
unanimously resolved that the proposal should be re-
bill of
and
pains
the
to
the
But
vElius
tribune
Clodius, interposed
their
they would
that
introduced
consuls
the
Pompey
willingness to
would
the side of
on
sides
in
he
broken, and
change of
these
P. Cornelius
were
had
Lentulus
and
was
had
been,
when
he
was
have
we
tribune,
Cicero's
friend, and
he
Pompey.
Atticus
also
on
behalf
The
Milo,
new
were
of the
him
the
seen,
the
the times
of
on
Piso
his
and
brother
wish
did not
posite
opwere
the result
whom
all favourable
to
consul,
was
Metellus
of
enemy
Metellus
to
Metellus
Pompey.
in
act
urgently appealed
as
O.
and
Cicero
declared
tribunes-elect, amongst
almost
ranged
under
engaged
Spinther
sedile when
been
exile, and,
clared
de-
But
a
by a stone.
new
approaching. The
been
elected
in July, and
Lentulus
but
in
Clodius's
were
fasces
wounded
was
friend of both
warm
as
affray.
important kind was

following year had
an
for the
Nepos.
himself
The
and
of
still acted
themselves
do
who,
Gabinius
lawless
and
found
street
Piso
but
his
August
house
period
consuls
dead
could
ith of
his
in
up
two
violent
consuls
the two
even
consuls
So
he
Pompey,
until the
out
go
the
But
Cicero
to
that
murder
to
Pompey,
of Clodius.
influence
still insisted
On
to
came
Varro
solved
re-
until the
effect.
same
matters
through
expired. Of the
tribuneshiphad
himself
not
of
They
earnest.
the
to
Clodius
passed.
influence
public business
alarm, shut himself
affected
that he
that
of
in
no
Caesar's consent.
discovered
the
under
were
this,and
him, but
be
might
Senate, however, adopted
motion
do
to
serve
nothing without
or
transact
communicated
lock.
real
The
they
new
refused
consuls
plot was
his veto.
law
Ligur, acting
expedient when
usual
that
in order
people
to
Celer
compassion
proved, with
Cicero,
Titus
and
was
opposition to
his
was
Cicero
when
success.
Annius
on
the
jet.
BILL
49.
IN
29th of October
then
recall
of the
did
not
Senate, but
of
approve
the
for
in the
These
it.
pass.
Cicero
did
not
far
go
the destruction
Soon
taken
with
armed
himself
enough
senator
Piso
of
their
which
of
And
as
on
fit of
"
or
even
He
three of
received," he says,
tears.
For, my Terentia, I
cause
me
wretched
to
than
than
torture
more
who
you,
danger by accepting embassy,

ever
bravely. Nothing was
myself than
crushed
conduct
my
by shame.
resolution
I
to
health.
and
numerous,
it is easy
the
you,
by
But
.
in this.
For
haunted
am
of your
of
the
very
almost
you.
It
in his
his
couraged
disand
favour,
wife in
while
that I
am
wives, and my dearest

thoughts of your misery and
best
of
slighthopes
all
are
of
envious
safetyare
of
It
me.
to
both
held
tears.
Piso
was
Farewell
calamityitself
either
griefI
by
in manliness
to
enemies
My
me.
Piso
am
the weakness
great triumph
of
also
(virtuteni)
day and
For
and
sorrow,
our
avoid
to
expel
himself
devotes
myself perceive and everybody tells

be permitted to enjoy the society
!
was,
be
Pray
dearer
therefore
to
careful
of
than
me
weakened
am
!"
great pity that
none
of the letters of this affectionate
this year qiuestor of Pontus

and
Bithynia, but instead
for the
he could
what
in
remained
Rome, to do
his province he
father-in-law.
to
unworthy
more
children.
was
That
or
out
my
in this
But
sufficient resources,
crushed
wanting
was
the
duty
do
nor
yours.
my
blotted
almost
sorrow
because
was
wretched, base,
more
I may
and our
It is
1
wretched,
children
a
son-in-law, along with you
health, and be assured that nothing is, or ever
I fancy I see, and
Farewell, my Terentia, whom
by my
much
I have
with
resist with prudence and
or
ashamed
am
out
worn
own.
Therefore
such
your
tain
enter-
Pompey
to
letters,which
your
am
most
is my
keep me in banishment.
with extraordinary
zeal in your behalf, I
the same.1
me
May the gods grant that
me
wrote
arrived
to
as
those of yourselfand
are
both, but the fault
us
fall
are
government
him
openly
he
consuls
all but
allow
more
more
the
disappointed that
themselves
an
night
had
felt almost
"
more
and
both
the
period
he
once
still remained
year
would
now
was
declare
not
admitted
Clodius,
"
common
the
yet
became
assume
The
day of November
the deepest dejection :
my
miseries
am
is
to
Palatine,
Dyrrachium
at
he
the
the last
I have
own
had
ever.
did
with
out
left Rome
Cicero
hope.
and
close
tion
restora-
expired, and
course
of
respectiveprovinces.
even
Csesar
the
Gabinius
and
residence
existingtribunes
his civic
the
on
to
him.
that terrible power,
before
; and
house
affected
his
up
private citizen, although
had
his
much
had
of office of the
longer
no
of which
after he
the year
especiallyof
the
on
It provided only for the restitution of

satisfyhim.
mention
of the
no
rights and former rank, but made
of his property,
eight
people founded
not
it did
this bill,which
195
by Ninnius
voted
bill before
VOUR.
made
was
eight of them
brought forward
resolution
FA
fresh motion
for his
Senate
CICERO'S
of
cause
going
of
to
his
THE
196
true-hearted
and
she
which
her
husband.
during
"
pray
the
been
not
am
of
the
On
we
in
the
copyists
at
Terentia
of
which
gard
disreBut
antiquity
written
day he
the
Rome.
literary relic
same
possess
before
lady
unknown
a
destroyer
estimation
made
were
many
that
aware
low
spirit of
ruthless
Cicero
to
to
wrote
in
way
broken
Roman
or
times
letters
the
might
we
the
seen
XII.
Atticus
"
if there
But
authors
and
sustain
has
ancient
his banishment.
said
heart
comparatively
in
of
preserved, that
Greek
exchange
we
collection
and
and
by
female
and
would
gladly
and
The
held
was
them,
for
written
era.
her
however,
Time,
letter
Christian
sex
cheer
correspondence,
single
the
to
CHAP.
been
of
outpourings
sought
female
of
have
woman
the
read
have
EXILE.
is
adjure
and
no
you
hope
to
(as
cherish
perceive both
by
with
my
affection
conjecture and my own)

your
brother
as
Quintus, miserable
I have
Protect, as well
miserably ruined.
is,whom
I
leave
the odium
and
but
child,
to whom,
nothing
poor
offices
of
all
and
women
Terentia,
good
support by your
he
as
you
can,
ignominy
the
most
my
of
my
Cicero,
name
destitute
and
afflicted."
Atticus
country-seat
And
so
left Rome
in
the
in
December,
Epirus paid
first year
Cicero
and
on
visit
at
of his banishment
his
way
to
Dyrrachium.
passed
away.
his
RETURN.
THE
198
It
explained.
from
received
the
the
it
for Cicero's
was
But
was
Clodius
the
Ouintus
blows
which
The
at
further
to
was
left for
dead
that
the bill did
the
on
people.
struck
and
by
his
the
on
the
his
with
The
Clodius
an
brother,
of
occasion
and
Forum,
several
lives
severelywounded,
ground.
pass, and
not
the
attended
into
was
narrowly escaped
Cicero
show
were
Serranus
tribune
of
got from
had
rushed
relative,he
and
ever,
he
them
exhibit
to
in
lost.
as
gladiators,whom
of
ensued
were
he
adjusting
led
assembly
an
desperate
as
going
funeral
riot
in
spent
adjournment
before
brought
of
band
was
the bribe
until the
not
was
of Serranus,
who
night was
This
bargain.
of
amount
xiii.
25th of January that a bill

opposition
recall,notwithstanding the continued
delay, and
armed
the
Clodius, and
of
terms
the
increase
to
was
chap.
and
life ; indeed
he
was,
consequence
enjoyed
temporary
triumph.
This
affords
of
all
the
(who
with
tribunes
wishes
of
all
the violence
Every
of
Roman
good
But
of
number
burgher
that
as
and
corrupt,
Forum
were
There
was
law
could
be
and
what
the
balance
true
the
numbers
always
no
when
the
not
were
yet
the
his
vote
was
powerful citizen.
needy and
population was
and
most
the
throng that crowded

to
people assembled
for
ready
in the
of power
passed without an appeal

sovereign people chose
legal formalities
respectable
paralysed by
explanation is easy.
franchise, and
Roman
tumultuous
the
the Circus
or
there
in
the
the wealthiest
of
class of the
the lower
But
had
Rome,
their action
and
man.
of
and
return,
Caesar
and
and
stitution
con-
consuls,
two
men
nobility
Cicero's
for
bad
one
foremost
two
the
frustrated
were
the
exception, Pompey
one
citizens, wished
of
the evils of the
of
Italy,the Senate,
however, absent),the
was,
class
as
All
Rome.
overwhelming
an
illustration
strong
observed,
to
to
had
riot
revolt.
or
vote,
constitution.
universal
ordain,
No
suffrage;
where
even
generally the force
of law.
Cicero
When
January
the
what
he
was
Senate's
in
to
were
go
of what
despair.
resolution
might,
restoration
heard
to
reached
Rome,
rejectedby
had
Before
happened
that, when
him, he had
even
the
on
the
the
25 th of
of
news
determined,
come
though the law for his

people. But his resolution
jet.
IMPEACHED.
CLODIUS
50.
failed him
when
he
that
found
199
Clodius
still master
was
of
the field.
Clodius
the
comitia,
of
Metellus
him
over
and
the
the
laughed
Milo
in the
send
to
and
of the
legatesand
be,
and
also
Pompey
behalf.
them
their
while
they
Temple
day
people
several
audience
their
wishes
But
the
Senate
called
Cicero
four
in the
that
was
cheered
effort
the
still
was
the
same
showed
The
how
favourite
of
Ennius,
for
and
of
members,
day
his
in
and
entered
bill from
month
of
On
country.
senate
as
the
the
and
in
coming
May,
the
and
the
next
resolution
consisting of
were
to
in
more
afterwards
senators
theatre
exhibiting,they
the spectators.
Senate,
Jupiter in the Capitol, to

great object they had in view.
of his speech
in the
course
the
saviour
were
the
of
Temple
them,
of the
baffle
to
the
now
again passed
consuls
by
bill
were
prevented the
in the
hundred
course
the
It
addressed
his favour
that
On
and
Marius's
in
met
caught up by the
of Cicero, and they testified
play
fate
manner
people.
another
Pompey
than
able
was
assembled
make
games
the Andromache
in
the
the
to
gave
and
by their applause.
unexplained
before
of
passages
Clodius
some
acting
Lentulus
back.
him
in his
restoration.
have
assistance
himself
theatre, which
the
to
were
was
allusive
as
in
all
to
might happen
resolved
and
Virtue,
for Cicero's
occurred
tragedian Êsop
when
and
introduced
the
shows
occupied the Senate
Honour
scene
anxious
he
exerted
of
republic
given
afford him
and
amusement
thus
were
the
were
province where
respect
invitingthem
to
Orders
return.
ness
busi-
no
despatched
were
well
wished
last
at
favourite
of
be
with
entertain
letters
of
Senate
The
strenuously
keep the people in good humour,
To
should
him
treat
aid
kind
same
the Italian towns,
who
quaestors in any
to
the
they would
Public
to
for his
anxious
were
to
those
of
of attack.
case
that
consuls
Rome
to
in
recalled.
was
the
tribune, threw
the
band
pay
resolution
Cicero
name
his
himself
protect
again passed
until
into
at
extraordinary edict, and he

his gladiators,
He
relied on
an
law.
of
courts
illegalviolence
praetor, with
was
Serranus
and
protection of
took
to
brother, who
consul,
the
at
ruffians
his
but
for his
Milo
impeached by
was
see
the games
tumultuously
day Lentulus,
and
THE
200
Pompey,
and
believe, reminded
them
silent which
Stringent
of
measures
ccelo servare,
an
They
Forum,
how
long
so
veto
or
of
enemy
taken
to
the
days, Cicero
might
heavens,"
"
Serranus,
the
of
two
the
tribunes
the
de
obstacles,
be
bill
treated.
so
in five
passed
all his
of
months
elapsed before
At
people.
last, on
At
triumphed.
their
their
the bill
Senate,
opposition
and
brought
was
and
two
more
before
the
an
the
the lowest
of the
men
the
the
Rufus
praetor, and
of
of
4th of August, the good cause

immense
assembly of the people voting
in the Campus
from
the
Martius, where
centuries
highest to
Three
way.
continued
"
notwithstanding the resolution
where
the
the
in
Claudius
Appius
magistrates
in
of
full restitution
difficulties still stood
weary
interposition
create
or
place.
attempted
would
unless
with
had
honours.
rights and
But
the
postponement
republic, and
return
well
may
in that
that whoever
resolved, that
moreover
angued
har-
men,
we
them
prevent
further
the
as
xiii.
eloquent tongue
one
charmed
resolved
watch
to
and,
often
any
Senate
"
distinguished
the
were
The
measure.
was
had
tribune's
in
people
chap.
other
Servilius, and
the
been
RETURN.
they flocked
noblest
in incredible
rank
acted
numbers,
distributors
as
and
of
the
(diribitorcset custodes)the
voting-ticketsand scrutineers
passed with hardly a dissentient voice, although Clodius
the
them
reject
to
Cicero
and
He
had
Rome,
and
hand, that
on
multitude,
the very
it.
and
strove, in
They
paid
heed
no
been
kept well informed
felt
he
confident
so
ventured
day
to
which
on
that
leave
of what
the
the bill
had
having
and
just become
nobly
so
of the
eagerly waiting
died
stood
short
widow,
dedication
the
demagogue,
time
curious
of the
was
exile
the
to
her
5 th of
husband,
It
the
in
jour
de
at
was
The
August
she
his
"
was
at
arms.
Piso
Frugi, who
his
misfortune,
also the
was
at
on
for Brundusium
daughter, and
flingherself into
before.
anniversary
fete of the town,
anniversary of the
of Safety there. The
good citizens
coincidence
Temple
his
going
for his return.
by his father-in-law
founding of Brundusium,
by
of
end
passed
in Italy. It
day he landed
the birthday of Tullia, his beloved
had
induce
effort,to
was
Dyrrachium
next
She
to
dressed
ad-
recalled.
was
Brundusium
last
bill
it
was
the
b.c.
CICERO
57.
LANDS
jubilantwith joy, and
were
the liveliest
Soon
ITALY.
welcomed
201
the wanderer
back
afterwards
he
set
out
his
on
return
in
honour
and
journey
where
"
look
towards
From
every
the
their
his
fields,and
town
And
His
he
route
villageon
But
his greatest
the
Capitol by the
gala
week
his
triumph
chariot
was
outside
the gate.
Via
waiting
deserted
Well
reached
route
had
shown
such
rustic
were
crowded
Italy,and
his
was
yet
to
As
whole
might Cicero
come.
and
the
that
that
say
as
he
sent
to
he
on
Senate
A
this he
of Rome
one
holiday.1
approached
him.
road
came
gilded
mounted
seemed
and
day
It
town
every
festive
welcome
choked
the
in
were
September, the
population
city,and
est.
inter-
him
entry into
a
him,
round
warm
see
to
by the throng.
signal for
to
out
came
to
the
the walls
Aricia.
and
labours
was
in
sorrowful
crowded
families
and
receive
The
the
inhabitants
their
Appia
to
magistrates
places deputations
roads
body beyond
to
The
wives
of all
lingering and
the
road
distant
that the
so
and
to
adjoining
lent
equiva-
was
he
immortality {immortalitaiis instar fuif). When
the Capuan gate he saw
the steps of the temples of
the
and
dense
the
"
abandoned
from
the
Mars
In
villa, Terracina,
safetythey
was
forth in
the
on
brought their
him,
fields.
of respect
greeted.
ovation.
cast
dismantled
peasants
passed.
he
doubt
congratulations.
The
have
everywhere
was
continued
one
no
in whose
man
meet
he
long, but
passed through Naples, Capua, Sinuessa, Minturnae,
Formiae,
offer
which
in fact
was
he
took
with
which
Rome,
to
time
seems
twenty-four days. The
travelled slowly,detained
by the demonstrations
he
with
sympathy.
reached
he
IN
Muses, which
who
crowd
inside
were
the air with
rent
slowly proceeded through

the Capitol,
the
the
walls, filled by
their shouts
Forum
along
; and
the Via
he
as
Sacra
to
"
"
You
So
would
many
have
greedy
thought the
looks
very windows
of young
and
old
darted
Through casements
his
and
that
visage ;
Upon
had
With
painted imagery
'
The
Gods
preserve
Plutarch
declares
that
it
when
Cicero
declared
that
he
Italy.
"
Cic.
c.
33.
thee
was
was
no
their
desiringeyes
all the walls

said
at
once,
welcome, Cicero
exaggeration,and
carried
spake,
back
to
Rome
!' '
less
on
than
the
the
truth,
shoulders
of
RETURN.
THE
202
the
From
not
Capitol he
home
his former
to
went,
either
longer existed, but
no
provided for him,

day he
entered
perhaps
or
he
as
home
says,
to
of
the Senate-house
and
residence,
the
Senate
Next
friend.
accustomed
his
took
know,
we
temporary
some
the house
to
as
xiii.
certainly
but
Palatine, which,
the
on
chap.
seat.
He
and
rose
addressed
taste, and
florid for modern
too
is
compliments
the
of
to
the
remember
must
we
character
the
him, and
around
audience
But
which
speech
full of
too
everybody, including himself.1
in
The
man.
of his present
the measure
was
intensityof his past sorrow
joy. His sensitive and impressionablemind, so easily elated
at the thought of his glorious
and
soon
so
depressed,bounded
; and
return
forth his thanks
short
two
lauding the
complimentary
delicate topic
complexion
of
follow
and
also
because
be
called
the
himself
pro
back
made
plea
force of
ab
early part of
that
much
they
were
ineptodedamatore, in the
reignof Augustus, and
the
use
work
thinks
was
de
made
of
Expositione
Conciliorum, which, according
Cicero's
to
Dio
;
"
days he
he sought
arms.
Cassius,
gives
and, judging from
see
no
reason
is indeed
There
or
similarity,
internal
ground
sufficient
them.
in this year.
Orelli
for this opinion;
written
was
sound
no
rather
evidence, I
for discrediting
a
suspicious
identity,in
many
them and the Pisonian

passages between
oband
Sextian orations, but the same
of
those
made
be
jectionmay
pared with
suorum
wanted
to
only object was
that he might have
declared
and
of blood,
few
however,
his
retired
weapons
counselled
own
in
that
that
he
his
this
had
who
his
Now,
triumph.
in
up
Orelli
Sextio.
genuine
or
of
giving
He
friends
believed
had
by the
by
for
because
with
enemy
of tesselated pasand
the speechesin Pisonem
composed
one
occasion
the
on
those
of
this, however, and the consecutive orations ad Quirites,pro Domo

and
de Haruspicum
Respousis, are
sua,
pronounced by Orelli and others to be
spuriousand
consuls, he
Clodius, and
of
Both
from
quote
speaking in
passed on to the
may
advice
he
effusion
the
defended
sages
limits of
skies, and
conduct
own
fight his
justifyhimself
poured
orator
than
pardon him
by fact.
quite warranted
stay and
to
spare
his
We
not
him
to
the
more
the
to
of the two
the violence
at
to
would
do
to
me
Senate
terms
Rome.
flightfrom
in terror
in which
carping
of his safety. The
authors
allow
not
and
cold
passages.
After
nerve
the
to
will
this work
with
measure
impassioned language
the
criticism
not
must
we
two
if
each
to
they
other.
are
the genuineness
closelycorn-
ADDRESS
50.
jet.
Nor
"
I," he
was
unknown
too
others
many
good
that
But
whom
have
must
men
saw
the avengers
of
for my
death
if I had
perished,both
tribune's
for
blood
reserved
was
same
also.
with
ready
were
for the
is to you
had
been
not
on
were
vanquished
after me.
even
me, and
the instant,but that
of law
courts
which
present adversary,there
If
and
me
203
courage,
vanquished my
vanquish
must
SENATE.
that
in
wanting
"
says,
that
THE
TO
many
I saw
ment
punish-
for posterity. I
and
was
the common
unwilling when, as consul, I had defended
safetywithout having
to the sword, to defend
recourse
own
by arms
safetyas a privateindividual,and
my
I preferredthat good men
should
rather than despair
mourn
over
my misfortunes
in their own
slain it would
be ignoand, besides,I thought that if I alone were
;
minious
"
for me,
but if I
perishedwith
others
many
it would
be calamitous
for the
state.".
He
the
bitterlyattacked
preceding
Gabinius, the
of the wisest of
heard," he said, " from one
Quintus Catulus, that not often had there been one
since the foundation
never,
consuls
two
were
comprehend
call them
Rome,
not
the
magnitude
brokers
dignity. Of whom
his admirer, and
of
in the time
except
low, poor,
light of the
narrow,
bear
the
but
so,
of
whose
could
meanness,
consuls
of
year.
I had
"
nor
and
Piso
of
so
and
men
the best of citizens,
wicked
consul, but
of China.
two
there
But
and
petty minds, filled with darkness
of
that
sustain
nor
honour,
splendour
great
office ;
an
provincesand
consuls,
not
"
who
men
made
I will
"
not
of
merchandise
your
in the
back
from
demanded
Catiline
hearing of many,
me
the other, Cethegus his cousin
the
two
men,
greatest villains
since the memory
of man
consuls,but robbers, who not only abandoned
; not
me,
and
in a cause
that
too
was
public and consular, but betrayed and opposed me,
and
wished
to be bereft of every
me
assistance,not only from them, but from you
and
all other classes
and
of whom
disappointedneither
one, however, deceived
one,
"
"
me
nor
He
here
morals
but
in
at
of
some
him
accused
"
Had
been
he not
taken
which
to
fit for
Roman
Englishmen
of
listen,
only
can
the infuriated
charges which
of his eloquence.
power
ineffable
to
person
refugeat
the
sensuality,and
repair his shattered
altar of
the
suppliantsand
mourners,
"
orator
declared
that
fortunes
tribuneshiphe
when
and
might
read.
to
of his creditors,and
prison by the number
countless
confiscated.
had
When
multitude
a
gone
as
poured
next
Senate
into
implored him
he
describing his character
"
whom
upon
the
all the
prostitutedhis
thrown
his wrath,
hardly
with
enforced
He
is
Gabinius,
to
language
which
glance
and
alluded
all the vials of
out
he
else."
one
any
must
have
his property would
the
to
him
from
noblest
of
the
"
been
have
Capitol
the Roman
themselves
at the feet of that most
youths, and the body of knights, had thrown
did
what
frizzled
with
look
the
debauchee
a
panderer,
(cincinnatus ganeo)
filthy
him
cast from
of the citizens but the prayers
of his country !
not only the tears
the Senate had
When
and
the
resolved to change their dress
ing,
garb of mournput on
which
with greasy
all
he, smeared
ointments, in his magisterialrobe of office,
the prsetors and
a;diles had
then thrown
off, laughed at their misery and mocked
their sorrow.
introduced
When, however, in the Circus Flaminius, he was
consul
as
to the
meeting to deliver an harangue, not by a tribune of the people,
but by a robber and
Clodius
forward
was
meant), he came
(of course
arch-pifate
and
with what
! full of wine, sleep, and
a
dignified appearance
lust, with
moistened
curls and
dressed
hair, heavy eyes, flabby cheeks, a squeaking and
.
"
drunken
that
so
RETURN.
THE
204
voice,he
had
citizens
"
punished
from
so
curling-tongs
declared
authority !
grave
been
himself
hidden
long
with the
"
without
been
long
that
was
has
from
his
xiii.
extremely displeased
the great authority
virtue
distinguished
the
has
absent
he
Where
trial.
Why
us
chap.
of this dancer
of licentiousness
scenes
and
riot ?"
turned
then
He
quite
black.
as
advocate
an
Piso
the
in
him
He
had
had,
law;
his
drew
said, early
although
affected
an
studied
never
he
Forum,
except
and
Piso,
upon
he
generosityof
no
might notice
would
He
not
had
solemnity
and
of countenance.
giftof oratory
knowledge of mankind,
As
"
passed by him,
you
rough, unpolished,and
that
dark
practised as
commend
nothing to re-
possessed no
mind.
was
suppose
of
was
he
that
he
colours
life
in
he
acquaintance with military affairs,no
no
portraitin
was
sensualist
swarthy complexion,
you
; but
morose
and
villain.
and
Cicero
ceeded
pro-
"
this
Between
"
and
man
there
think
would
you
Êthiopianblock,
an
was
difference
no
scarcelyhuman
tongueless,sluggish,
carried off from
justbeen
! how
He
did
whom
! how
impure
owed
who
and
Frug-i, but
made
eluded
oration
his
his
who
Romans
back
said
and
'
In
its
their
there
case
implored me
my
and
was
return, and
to
power
I
me
to
never
which
Afterwards,
the Forum
were
guarantee,
lost my
in
unanimous
back, the
me
shoulders, I will take

to
no
people to defend
of municipal towns
Roman
decrees
no
were
restored
Thes-
listening in the
orator.
greatest
affection
of his son-in-law
death.
recent
and
the
the
who
Metellus,
Papillius,
con-
stances
circum-
guished
of distin-
return
or
Piso
He
between
recalled
to
had
and
come
Marius,
"
authority has invited

has
as
Plancius,
the warmest
contrast
been
such
had
of the
there
had
banishment,
from
his
to
in
Rome's
of
return
own
say that he
faithful friend
reward
voice
by drawing
attending
would
At
hospitablereception at
his
allusion
no
You
tious
home, too, how licenadmitted,
voluptuous pleasures,
spoke of his brother Quintus with

gratitude,and praised the conduct
He
'
the
his
his
for his
had
to
placed it in the Forum,

feelingor taste ; a
postern."
thank
now
more
once
! with
secret
much
so
salonica, and
Senate
gang
had
piece of matter.
Cappadocian slaves.
intemperate
forget to
not
he
of
front door, but
through the
not
if you
thing without
"
care,
an
the whole
of
the
and
in
movement
moning
sum-
Italy-
colonies.
people has
of Italyhas
Conscript Fathers, that
Wherefore, since your

recalled me,
the Republic
carried me
back almost
on
as
I shall make
in my
power,
since I have
recovered
especially
the
no
magistrates,
Republic, no
not
virtue and
on
Roman
agreement
the
those
good
that
things
have
been
what
does
lie in
I had
lost ;
which
fidelity."
same
day,
harangue, which
he
addressed
is known
as
the
people
the oration
in
ad
206
The
mob
was
the
enter
deliver
In
that
afraid
were
they
did
to
dare
not
to
evince
their
this
the
not
was
although in
flocked
control
the
and
the
tress.
dis-
been
have
that the
the
made
could
be
price
himself:
says
charge,
little connection
as
scarcityas between
He
supply
Clodius
and
was
Sands.
Goodwin
steeple and
of their
to
is little doubt
in which
there
Cicero
between
his
sense
other
any
said
the
by the prodigious number

all parts of Italy,
the city from
safety and witness his return.
to
in
interest
author
be
may
make
to
affected
was
had
who
strove
the
was
it,for there
of
Rome
provisionsat
he
indeed, he
sense,
cause
Cicero, and
that
believe
one
of persons
calumniate
to
the innocent
But
declared
senators
the
down
opinions on the subject of the scarcitywhich

Clodius made
use
question then before the house.
ignorant rabble
to
of the
many
building,and
of the famine
of
burn
xiii.
their
the
was
chap.
violent, threatening to
so
temple of Jupiter,that
Tenderden
"
As
if I had
of
hoarded
grain,or kept corn
had
it
But
or
or
authority in the matter."
any
power
believed by the starving populace,and they shouted
his
as
they rushed along the streets, demanding bread
any
up,
was
name
from
over
Cicero,
Antoinette.
Parisian
the
as
Both
house, from
mob
the consuls
which
had
he
occupied the
dispersethe mob,
ruffians
to
RETURN.
THE
kept
while
away
vicinity.
Cicero
and
him
summoned
immediate
it from
demanded
did
the
to
senate-
Clodius
Means
shrink
not
Marie
his
and
taken
were
his
from
duty
of the senators, but attended

like many
at his post, and, seeing
that the measure
would
be popular,proposed a resolution
that
law
Pompey
import
should
for five years

of
grain
carried
was
from
they loudly cheered

of
applause which
then
them
made
provisionshad
day when
very
recall, but
humour,
1
"
More
Ad.
2
hoc
Cicero
absolute
all parts of
it
was
he
says
speech
was
Senate
rose
there
no
insulso et
was
novo
frequentlyalluded
to
of
both
fall
to
the
as
indeed
"
the
name
and
"
further
to
foolish and
;
resolution
The
Cicero's
passed
again they
plausum.
regulating the
communicated
first
I.
of
world.
of doors
out
already begun
the
people,conferringupon
power
the
the mention
afterwards
and
Att. iv.
the
when
; and
to the
submitted
be
people
novel.1
the
were
it fell
kept
He
priceof
resolution
mode
"
the
on
for his
in
good
disturbance.2
cheapness
and
plentythat
followed
it as a
return, and interpreted
mark
of the favour of Providence.
his
special
jet.
Next
that
CONFERRED
POWER
50.
day,
put Cicero's
him
bill in the
terms
of their
been
drew
; but
Messius,
fleet
and
would
as
and
enough,
it
army,
have
seded
super-
One
sequence
con-
that Cicero's resolution,
was,
thought by
one
vagant
extra-
an
respective governors.
up
Pompey
gave
provinces
of Messius
move
consuls
resolution
upon
the
over
moderate
to
some
far, now
too
go
ultimatelypassed
was
into
law.
been
It has
end
preceding
not
was
One
recall.
the
them
best
our
position:
He
adversity,good."
short
thus
he
had
authority
but
his
that
private
there
he
which
did
it is
behaved
entreated
Atticus
advice, saying
cherish
some
secret
present.
His
chief
His
his
in
were
like
not
had
Already
affairs
learning
that
and
Senate,
hint
to
who
at
nobly
begin, as
I want
you
anxiety
on
was
the
me
open
here
in
him,
and
it were,
when
his
beyond
his
Forum,
men
he
We
adds
nature
have
; but
no
it is probable
adversity.
assist
a
him
kind
new
He
with
his
of
life.
absent, begin
was
towards
envy
me
to
that
now
exceedingly."
the
built
to
alludes
of
state
domestic
letter.
him
Palatine
part of its site had been

Clodius, with bitter irony,
the
his
disagreement with his wife,
about
on
of
here
to
to
come
and
to
some
defended
anger
house
he
for
disorder, and
great
trust
what
to
so
"
to
of his
popularitywith good
troubles
besides, some
were,
of
means
the
in
of
describes
recovered
in
are
events
account
prosperity,slippery ;
that
letters
the
to
as
incidents, he
admits
ence
correspond-
Cicero's
and
expectation his brilliant reputation
his
who
of
state
is,that
this
the
of his friend's
triumph
first letter,giving
subsequent
For
"
the
before
yet returned, and
not
of information
sources
the
and
gain by
kept up
we
was
his
In
period.
return
eye-witness of
an
left Rome
had
He
year.
advantage
between
amongst
that Atticus
mentioned
the
of
therefore
am
The
him
before
appeared
self.
was
list,declaringthat he
the
It conferred
authority
had
of
former
granted
lieutenants, and
for fifteen
which
of this
which
head
the
command
the
asked
proposed another,
senators,
such
He
second
of
power.
and
as
207
Senate, everything
the
at
name
upon
of the
crowded
required.
Pompey
looked
in
POMPEY.
ON
restoration
had
a
been
of
his property.
destroyed, and
temple, dedicated
Liberty.
Clodius
had
by
also
THE
2o8
his
the
victory over
that
hoping
of
has
theory that
Pontiffs,whose
Do
mo
in
effect
it
vigour
the
of
detain
not
The
us
in
burghers
had
it without
of
violation
If
in
consisted
has
he
The
do
to
death
and
on
wards
to
as
an
The
site of
M.
to
Fulwas
accomplice of Caius
was
pulleddown,
its foundations
I have
Catulus
afternext
house.
in
spoke
and
and
point
part of
and
rative
nar-
need
note
formal
brother
that
mentioned
has
done
opinion that that part

without
may,
This, of
he
any
course,
received
the
still crossed
his
stopped
nothing
at
decided
his
in
favour,
possession by force.
the
existingspeech,pro
is considered
by
genuine.
Wolf
no
comes
means
expect
from
Markland
At
with
be
what we
might
praise of it, and
him.
My own
e
non
events,
it is in many
sua,
to
to
up
Cicero's
of the original.
Domo
is of opinion that it by
is that si
all
He
scholars not
some
agrees
opinion
to
Appius, the praetor,

harangued the people
he
take
religious
to
and
so,
Clodius
But
vato.
former
their
site
favour, and
that
2
pro
wrongs
gave
Cicero."
to
his
house
erected his portico. It stood
Cicero's
of
pontiffs had
coming
porticostood on the
had
belonged to
Gracchus.
to
dedicated
so
in
Flaccus, formerly consul, who
vius
he
ever
gave
him
restored
the
was
and
the
his friends.
which
house
put
that
that Cicero
but
oration
own
view,
dedicated
public meeting, where
declared
and
if
in great
case,
That
path.
indefatigable enemy
He
gratify his hatred.
got his
summon
the
as
neither
been
religion,be
congratulationsof
to
of
his
pleaded
already narrated,
specificauthoritygiven
such
are
authority,we
of
College
of the free
by command
nor
assembly (populi j'ussu),
by a plebiscite,
thought conclusive
was
had
he
the
that
avers
site which
the
"
lawful
who
he
grief
for
now.
follows
as
Cicero
his
at
been
pontiffs considered
opinion
uses
when
same
ing
questions affect-
himself, that
says
been
the
to
the
to
determine
September
speech known
have
Having
the
later times, remain
of
object
which
events
referred
to
eloquence.2 It
his
to
he
then,
was
importance of
the
whether
according
in
was
was
30th
of which
sua,
with
it
was,
owner
it not,
matter
the
them
its former
advocated
business
before
cause
question
must
us2ts,
The
religion. On
The
to
been
inalienable
appropriated the ground,

consecrating part he might keep
whole.
pios
of
monument
"
xiii.
and
"
of
restored
ad
consecrated
device
the
be
could
ever
Cimbrians
by the
possession
land
chap.
adjoining portico of Catulus1
the
levelled
RETURN.
we
vero,
need
passages
not
ben
tro-
doubt
close copy
b.c.
57-
called
therefore
their
defend
TRIBUNE'S
upon
them
whom
the
to
resolution
pass
and
year;
of which
that
he
the
Lucullus,
had
would
spoke
in favour
judges
law
Each
then
his
was
the
on
as
asked
and
speak against time,

resolution
any
stand
not
this.
the
on
of
the
action
fatal
to
the
the
of
prevent the veto,

the
resolved
out
to
house
contractors
the
In
to
Senate
relatingthis
probably
his
Senate
him
down,
of
to
own.
he
and
was
posed
interin
as
had
recall.
doubted
un-
; the
restored
and
which
and
the
make
fore
there-
They
Senate
the
authority
If
that
called
on
the
the crowd
their
defendant.
let
their
of
violence
any
person
"defend
Libertatem
that
and
not
portico of Catulus
that
Clodius
is
the
to
could
go-by,
of
opinion
was
resistance
They
it the
so
by
the
same
consequences.
consider
pun
He
says
vent
pre-
would
standstill
the
give
the
Atticus, Cicero
a
to
tribune
Here,
?
to
overcome
rebuild
would
to
Marcellinus
the
done
by all the magistrates.
puts into Clodius's mouth

most
to
could
was
be
should
defended
order
it
the
day,
Serranus
Cicero's
they
that
But
brought
responsible for the
tribune
Cicero's
bill for
but
determined
Senate, therefore, resorted
adopted
in
and
got up,
of the
power.
to
spoke
his veto, and, if exercised, it
The
the
each
rest
be
to
passed
pontiffswho
He
Serranus
now
exercise
measure.
case
said
Clodius, however,
resolution
the tribunician
of
expedient they had
The
was
be
other
last clamoured
at
stop.
right to
in
the
instances, legislationwas
many
ing
follow-
He
it.
should
long, evidently
being passed.
What
veto.
This
it.
for the
opinion, and
being carried,when
of
point
his
to
were
question of religion,
of the
consume
They
compelled
was
hours
three
speech
it, and
College of Pontiffs,
of
made
meantime
with
restoring the ground to Cicero.

might be expected, opposed the motion.
favour
to
pontiffs,
many
discuss
to
of the
their decision.
senators
were
of the
behalf
whether
determine
to
the
In
consul-elect
the
Appius
leagues
question of law, and that both his colthe religiousquestion, and
the Senate
the
on
decided
now
effect
give
the
pontiffswere
the Senate
but
member,
was
on
and
in accordance
proposed by Marcellinus,
was
him
opinion
present, proceeded
were
quite ready
follow
209
Liberty.1
of
temple
own
VETO.
to
Senate, having received
the
of
THE
Ad.
of
author
follow him
to
Liberty"
"
curred,
oc-
ut
Att.
suam
iv.
RETURN.
THE
210
had
it who
Serranus
for
himself
robe, and, throwing

the
on
give
to
day,
before,
the
on
of
1st
last, however,
that
before
done
him
the
to
for
night
had
refused
following
reflection.
been
to
played
At
it.
grant
suggestion, they agreed
own
his
recall,entreated
this trick
and
January,
Cicero's
at
of
necessity
effect,
flung off
had
adjournment
an
remembered
Senate
the
But
the
of
talked
and
for
asked
He
way.
he
feet,as
bill for Cicero's
the
of
occasion
his
at
xm.
desired
father-in-law
His
frightened.
was
the
had
This
his veto.
interposed
chap.
the
to
adjournment.
he
which
to
and
night Serranus
thought
subjected himself
if he
the
During
day,
next
when
resolution
the
opposition, and
employed
the
upon
his
including
and
Tusculum
at
of
assistance
house
his
mediately
im-
portico
had
he
veto
of
they put
Palatine
for which
and
Formise,
the
which
the
on
his
consuls
assessors,
Cicero
of
property
The
rebuild
to
in
danger
withdrew
he
passed.
was
the
persisted
assembled,
contractors
the
Catulus, and, with

value
Senate
the
of
better
been
stroyed,
de-
his villas
and
receive
to
was
compensation.
He
not
was
thought them
of
the
real
not
mention
wish
for
demand
reason
was,
their
them
to
his
to
that
those
again.
villa,which
Formian
nor
bear
to
Tusculum
without
exhausted
him
knew
of
in
his
letter
and
trouble
could
not
bring
already
he
more
does
did
not
added
refurnishinghis
use
his
own
he
his
villa
not
well
that
had
word,
his
part with
to
could
admitted
that
of
of
state
himself
he
ing
grow-
the
of his friends, who

had
liberality
with money
during his banishment,
secret, or, to
(he
of
advertised
says
He
residence.
He
that
"
cost
had
in difficulties.
now
of
he
persons
Atticus
to
wrote
making
in not
the
assisted
was
he
small-
the
clipped his wings,

But," he adds,
they are
"
sale, although
suburban
he
He
see.
for
of the
modesty
own
were
populace
had
again, as I hope."
He
complained grievously
private affairs,and
the
even
said, attributed
; but
more
names) who
grow
he
that
sums
that
declared
Some,
compensation
pressing
the
low.
too
the
with
satisfied
for his houses, and
awarded
ness
all
at
he
at
do
had
generously
and
other
that
he
ties
anxie-
mysterious
mt.
VIOLENCE
50.
kind, evidentlyalluding to the

On
3d of
the
and
Palatine,
with
went
which
to
also
They
of
band
workmen
off the
drove
house.
rebuilding Cicero's
were
211
of trouble
cause
Clodius
November
the
to
creatures
same
I US.
previous letter.1
in his
alluded
he
CLOD
OF
his
who
the
down
pulled
been
had
already raised as far
portico of Catulus, which
much
the roof, and after doing as
damage as they could
Ouintus's
adjoining house, by throwing volleys of stones
of Clodius,
it,they, by command
tried
for his
the
1 1
th of
in the
Via
body of
for him
to
and
large
"
stones
tried
vestibule
small
He
of
hill
with
shields
Milo's
neighbouring
within
and
house
the
and
swords,
without
himself
established
off.
driven
were
belonging
P.
Forum
it still
Cicero
safe
not
was
Clodius
at
was
swords, clubs,
melee
The
Cicero
on
and
escaped
his assailants
day
next
house
Clodius
Germalus,
the
city,with a band of men

carrying lightedtorches.
the
to
the
from
where
neighbouring house, which
mount
or
in the
and
weapons,
day.
spot where, in
it
while
which
in
ensued,
regular onslaught on
armed
as
force, but
to
made
a
used
were
the
combat
alone
streets
by
in open
cutthroats.
indeed,
"
be
to
through the
his
at
worse
down
the
to
now-
was
case
erected, and
him
with
the
into
going
with
him
attendants
go
his
ran
was
had
if he
Cicero
was
which
of Titus
attacked
stands, Clodius
he
as
make
Capuan Gate, past
of the
direction
that
murder
to
Sacra,
the Arch
after-years,
to
hardly
November,
Capitol along the
had
could
he
crimes
He
fire.
on
knowing
violence, he attempted
further
On
and
utterlydesperate ;
become
it
set
as
leave
of
the
in
owner
Cicero
Sylla,making it,as
the siege.
carrying on
A
Milo, however, was
body of resolute
prepared for him.
rushed
headed
by Q. Flaccus, occupied the house, who
men,
says,
his
himself
had
of
This
less
to
"
degree
followers
and
fled for
Rome
had
escape,
of
condition
says
of
it
undoubtedly refers
himself
Xantippe," adopting
than
more
things that
difference between
or
of
violence, for
state
his Juno
for
on
He
the spot.
refuge
into
the
terior
in-
Sylla'shouse.
Wieland
some
narrow
lawless
of such
camp,
of Clodius's
killed many
and
out
head-quarters or
and
the
De
lasted, with
in his
Quincey,
unfavourable
acter.
view
Plutarch
for in the
And
year.
case
of
has
more
or
yet it is
determina-
Terentia's
much
to
of this calumniated
charanswer
lady.
RETURN.
THE
2i2
tion
to
thus
little good
say
writes
think
to
illof Caesar,
no
"
scholars
of German
horror
of Cicero, and
xiii.
Recluse
"
chap.
brick-bats,
in the timid
politicians
; and
real
they read of
metaphorical, used
literati,at this day, when

of
or
seldom
are
paving-stones
not
as
British understand
mob, we
figuresof speech by a Clodian
the little comprehension of that rough horse-play proper to the
as
hustings,which can
yet be available for the rectification
of any
continental
German
judgment.
'
commentator
'
do
Play,
why, that
call it?"
you
brick-bat
says
break
might
sufficient
be
to
paving-stone would
skull.'
Too
fracture
true
:
a
they certainly might do so.
British experience of electioneering
But, for all that, our
man's
'
leg,
moral
of
has
boasts
of
the
long blunted
elections
Contested
anger.
which
no
'
tumbling
and
rough
this
and
unknown
are
of
edge
our
the Continent,
to
And
representativegovernments.
with
experience of their inconveniences, they have as yet none

such
the popular forces in which
contests
originate. We,
other
the
on
Rome
saw
And
is
sole
with
such
hustings we
all know
we
Their
What
scenes.
repeated
see
of
that the bark
their bite.
than
worse
familiar
are
one
upon
hundreds.
mobs
hand,
fury is
upon
electioneering
without
malice,
Most
insurrectionaryviolence is without
system.
and
seditions
of Clodius
entitled
are
undoubtedly the mobs
their
and
to
the
I say
murder
to
benefits
same
undoubtedly
most
and
to
"
the
his
meant
it is
been
baffled
consulship,and
of
Rome
insurrectionaryviolence
to
English electioneering mob.

in his attempt
to
gain
by his enemies
he
an
by pursuing
have
to
seems
a
resolved
his
deserted
fury
by
every
force.
armed
grew
of terror, which
system
He
intolerable
respectablecitizen,he
took
into
drilled like soldiers ; and

him
attempt.
knew
But
that
he
was
his pay
any
one
He
was
had
purposes,
relied
solelyupon
body of ruffians,whom
who
ing
thought of attack-
likely to
it is inconceivable
it
then, finding himself
and
become
to
magistrates not to have put down.

protected by Caesar and Pompey, for their own
until
insult
an
the
disgracefulto
been
was
"
master
he
Clodius
nothing less,and
compare
rough horse-play of
had
He
What
no
revolution, and
common-sense
the
of construction."
that
forfeit
the
his
life in
consuls,
or, at
the
all
RETURN.
THE
214
there
got
ever,
before
chap.
him, and,
Metellus
as
xm.
sneaking
was
Martius, he came
along bye-streets to the Campus
up with
him
Inter Lucos} and, using the proper
at the place called
another
die
formula
of alio
"at
day"
prevented the
"
"
The
meeting.
In
baffled.
was
Cicero
consul
so, for the
retired,and
giving
of these
account
an
present, Clodius
events
to
Atticus,
says
"
writingthis on the 23d of November, at three o'clock in the morning.

is one
of the
Marcellus, who
possessionof the Campus Martius.
his neighbour,can
!
The
hear him
candidates, is snoringso loud that I, who am
is reportedto be empty, or at all events
vestibule of Clodius's house
there are only
there without a lantern."
few ragged wretches
a
"
am
is still in
Milo
Milo
him
with
met
remember
to
afterwards
In
killed.
remarkable
the
on
subject of
envious
an
Cicero
time
of himself, and
even
when
said
was
in fortune.
assisted
that
their
by
his brother
had
of
of whom
one
by
money
had
been
for his
his
tribunes
friendshipof
says
Clodius
he
"
uses
still felt
Milo
"
relied
has
no
the advice
on
is he
whom,
his
than
more
other,
any
spoke cheerfullyat
that
this
greater than
spiritswere
he
much
was
that
however,
he
was
duced
re-
rously
gene-
his friends, for he tells Atticus
able,
in
some
degree, to repay
himself,which
means.
entered
two
when
sore
liberalitytowards
hospitably at Thessalonica
and
no
office
upon
had
Plancius, who
was
right
of the
likelyto trust
doubt, Pompey is alluded
He
that
It is
threat, Cicero
nor
appears,
he
aid
set
to
if he
nature
men,
never
It
Ouintus
new
has
prosperity,but
with
the
how
He
in
seriously affected
A
shows
his misfortune.
attributed
he
Milo's
Here,
the iners nobilis
was
of
perfidiousfriend
and
do-nothing nobleman."
to, for he
two
which
for he
mischance,
trial.
to
these
banishment.
his
him
kill Clodius
light upon
tellingAtticus
expression,
fear of my
of
between
would
drag
it throws
this, as
encounter
was
if not, he would
"
he
that
declared
openly
now
; and
he
in
December,
entertained
relied
others, L.
also
Cicero
the
on
Racilius2 and
so
will
good-
Antistius
Vetus.
1
the
This
the hollow
was
Capitoline and
named
from
an
merly
stood
of the
ground
time.
Palatine
ancient
there.
space
The
still remain
grove
between
hills,
so
that for-
natural features
as
in Cicero's
Cicero
lampoon
Edictum
is
L.
said
Racilii
though
Racilius
such
edict.
an
to
have
Clodius, under
on
"
had
Schol.
written
the
title
Tribuni
Plebis,as
really published
Bob. pro Plancio.
jet.
OF
MEETING
50.
the
During
there
month
which
Cicero
which
it is worth
of the
mode
THE
in
describes
while
was
of
meeting
quote,
the
215
letter to his brother
to
in which
SENATE.
it
as
Roman
gives
the
Senate,
Ouintus,
us
Parliament
and
idea
good
its
conducted
business.
The
consuls
two
absent, having left
were
It
respective provinces.
the Senate, propose
convoke
to
of the senators
The
therefore
was
his
would
in such
opinion
the
members
who
him
to
him
to
was
more
start
speak, were
deliver
all
of
one
dozen
calling upon
ask
in turn, and
member
his
be
It appears
on
the idea
and
and
the office of consul

the
rest
those
they
as
being called
speak without
and
with
whether
with, and
dealt
were
who
the
to
of.
cipal
prin-
had
who
filled
called.
were
is not
But
might
senator
any
upon,
and
think
to
themselves
the consulars,
"
those
to
dreadful
is too
always began
unfair
be
confined
it
insuperable. Unless
inviting six hundred
of
question
any
that the consuls
senators,
be
in turn, it would
upon
excluded,
fiftyspeeches
would
of Commons
called
would
get up
eye"
if
Commons
of
method
opinion. Certainly the Roman
of carrying
decorous, but the practicaldifficulty
were
how
each
each
ask
and
time, and
same
address
to
in the House
out
the
at
up
his
the tribunes
they thought fit.
as
House
be
of
duty
motions,
analogous in the
Speaker, instead of "catching in
case
the
order
for their
Rome
sufficiently
clear.
On
the occasion
hundred,
which
questionthe
in
calls
Cicero
for the December
Lupus,
the subject of
notice, on
Campania.
He
did
ask
for the
would
give
to
understood
this
infer
Marcellinus
scheme,
to
expose
the
from
of
any
started
of
the
to
the
up,
either
Pompey
question then.
or,
odium
or
said
we
as
given
would
say,
he
; but
its silence.
Lupus
absent, it
Lupus
said
was
that
must
better
he
did
he
Upon
approval or disapprovalof
was
in
not
should
annoyance
that
in silence.
dividing,as
from
Senate
and
of
to
that he
said
trouble
by
public lands
listened
was
senators,
one
feelingof
that, as
the
the
ance
attend-
tribunes, had
new
then
two
was
attracted
were
apportionment
an
house
their silence
and
discuss
the
usually good
the
of
one
spoke well, but
opinions
not
than
more
finish till late, and
not
wish
not
He
that met
holidays. They
of which
motion,
number
had
not
the
not
no
THE
216
wish
of the
the Senate
detain
to
criminal
for
court
asserted
and
obstacles
threw
public
of the
two
side.
Cassius
place
before
the trial,but
Cicero
took
went
through
of
the
that he
was
when
the
Clodius
He
time.
he had
the
upon
French
made
the
to
the
the
timid
in
the
they
raised
senators
close
take
down.
with
and
opinion.
him
in
if he
as
his
presence
amidst
murmurs
spoke,
and
The
of that
the
of in the
complained
mob,
had
an
that
relied
Jacobins
of
Convention, when
Parisian
He
view,
speaking against
incivility. He
that
clared
de-
comitia.
favour
were
commissioned
the
the
who
interrupted
posted a body of
elevated platform
tremendous
that
in
to
shout, which
disgust
and
alarm
quitted the senate-house, and the business

until the following morning.
At
should
right hand, close to the Curia Hostilia,where

and
other deputies from
foreign countries
when
These
the
on
opportunity
an
treated
"
wait
Rome.
good
so
preceding the
clamour.
spoke
Cato
in office his
neighbouring grcecostasis
ambassadors
used
their
Caius
clamoured
afterwards
support
the
but
magistrates present,
harangue,
use
filled with
the
place on
or
of
the trial would
not
He
Racilius
also declared
comitia
tried his old trick of
by
kind
same
Revolution
at
of
enemy.
furious
treated
speakers by
slaves
were
Antistius
and
rose
gallerieswere
the
office,
the
point of dividing
delivered
been
upon
upon
and
rose
almost
was
who
of
the
that
for the trial
was
on
way
applauded,
himself
bitterest
Severus
applause.
Senate
opinion first.
He
arraigned at the bar, and

long catalogue of his crimes
criminal
were
the
through
gone
avail
to
attacking his
for
he
first of those
care
in
proposed
then, having
Cicero
called
entered
held.
tribunes,
new
other
asked
then
his
be
Senate
The
enemy.
Cassius,
Racilius
in
account
by lot by the praetor, in the usual

this was
ready, and not till then, the
that, when
that whoever
be
sity
neces-
speech against Clodius,

he
electingaediles should
for
comitia
his
when
would,
to
the
jurors chosen
and
manner,
he
about
He
deliver
to
xiii.
Racilius, another
associates
outrages.
consul-elect,
that
list of
late
But
motion
inveighed stronglyin
Marcellinus
have
his
and
the
Marcellinus, the
and
made
and
calling Clodius
chap.
longer.
any
tribunes, rose
new
of
RETURN.
of
his
letter
Cicero
in
the
so
Senate
at
frightened
they hastily
hand
was
warns
affectionately
journed
ad-
his
b.c.
who
brother,
careful
His
Cicero
is curious,
make
wished
to
matter
with
himself
him,
of
drop
weakness
and
dysentery
most
of
troubled
with
used
had
son
as
adds,
future
"
these
rich
form
so
in
such
freely
honour
at
the
of
with
seized
dishes
had
no
difficulty in abstaining from
had
been
so
inquire after
him,
but
more
;"
cautious
unwell,
have
he
paid
and
mallows
hints
that,
beet-root
he
and
might
him
not
visit.
given
diarrhoea.
I, who
by
and
and
by
of
consecration
was
betrayed
it, the
dainty
he
was
buted
attri-
Change
from
a
was
sumptuary
dinner
he
improved
the
luxurious
and
by
down
they
however,
in
even
dreaded
that
excepted
were
kept
disciple) the
which
to
the
brought
that
be
he
kinds
dress
consul-elect,
shall
knew
to
all
he
gluttony.
attack
who
out
augur,
lampreys,
I
of
of these
partaken
the
Lentulus,
to
as
way
his
had
not
worn
of
to
his
was
did
confessed
had,
attributes
he
was
former
he
there
and
had
latter
the
in
clients
illness
says,
business
from
of
had
he
the
and
quite
Gallus
because
jokingly
epicures
appetising
school
home
anything
been
he
letter
yet, because
days
kinds
man,
dysentery.
that
two
which,
strangury,
vegetables
as
for
all
and
of
friends
had
Of
Stoics
it and
He
clement
in-
both
The
at
Tusculum,
to
He
Cicero
and
services
fled
disease
relaxation
Cicero
his
water.
and
Roman
and
had
licentiousness
law, for,
he
he
to
his health.
his
of
the
contempt
air
use
of
of
well-educated
lieutenants.
persuade
to
(of whose
Epicurus
upon
to
the
in
friend
great
and
unwell,
very
hunger.
"
voyage
attack
an
rigidly fasting, that
so
drink
of
unable
fever, being
his
glimpse
us
that, feeling
says
for
Caesar's
of
one
villa, suffering from
He
Pompey's
grain business,
excellent
an
affording
as
Tusculan
no
and
afterwards
was
of
one
the
Gallus,
Fadius
is to
Atticus,
and
weather
as
217
in
lieutenants
fine
Y.
December.
of
letter
next
YSENTER
Sardinia
to
or
choose
to
OF
going
was
month
who
CK
commissioners
fifteen
be
TTA
57.
only have
"
So,"
oysters
!
as
In
Gallus
sent
to
CHAPTER
CONFUSION
AT
ROME
IN
SEVERAL
SPEECHES
XIV.
SUPPORTS
CICERO
CESAR
TRIALS
IMPORTANT
HIS
DEFENCE
"
OF
CCELIUS.
JEt.
of the
consuls
The
question of the
the
He
his throne.
first business
which
engaged, and
occupied
restoration
had,
I have
as
the
refuge
the
cause
hundred
according
Dio
to
of
of the
he
had
back
anxious
to
that,
if the
king
not
he
but
by
his
avow
possessed.
He
worked
was,
be
his
upon
Dio
the
Cass,
by
xxxix.
him
who
who
and
be
honour
knew
of
means
the
of
authority
he
absolute
He
trary,
con-
Lentulus
Senate, however,
act, the
13.
the
on
was
unwilling subjects.
The
own
sinated
assas-
upon
Pompey,
pretensions
increase
the
conferred
in
dered
mur-
proconsular
that
appointment
the
for him.
by their
must
Ptolemy,
Spinther, the
militarycommand,
for the
desire
whom
expect
would
restored, it
disposed* to
means
to
reason
professed to support
his friends
no
held
now
to
It consisted
he
who
of
Rome
to
Rome,
Lentulus
had
assistance
and
others.1
posed
de-
and
waylaid
reached
competitor
possess
was
be
to
they
king
forcing him
army
did
the
of
to
been
mentioned,
number
was
Auletes
tyrannical misrule,
caused
year,
formidable
very
Roman
bribed
time,
King Ptolemy
before
greater
Cilicia,had
considerable
and
Senate
the
he
rest, when
preceding
conducting
but
the
of
government
of
the
Cassius,
and
some
which
implored the
from
sent
embassy was
Egypt
of the people against the king.
persons,
; and
consul
where
Rome,
An
Senate.
plead
of
in
Marcellinus
on
of
by his subjects for his

taken
Lentulus
were
year
The
Philippus.
Marcius
was
new
56.
B.C.
51.
was
already
master
jet.
in
1MPEA
they
afraid of
were
the
also
him
command
of
O.
219
were
settled the
matter
but
Pompey
Senate
The
or
not
would
that
him
have
them
nothing
his
on
well
responsibility,
being
own
was
any
This
tion
ques-
the appointment,
restored
do
to
of
help
real
with
Gabinius, the proconsul of Syria, undertook
Aulus
it
with
only
should
of
of
out
trouble.
The
army.
have
were
guardians
get into
neither
they
they got
assist
Lentulus
result
the
in
an
gave
solicited their
Egypt
they would
or
and
"
yet
in which
must
regards
as
whether
was,
king.
men,1
of
great number
of
king
refuse, but
to
And
army.
They
written, that if a
not
grain
if
powerful
they
too
way
of
import
persuaded the
conveniently to declare
Sibylline books
therein
an
The
is curious.
the dilemma
they
MIL
the
"
him
making
unwilling to offend him.

the
OF
of vital consequence
matter
CHMENT
the
it,and
the
prise
enter-
paid by Ptolemy
for his services.

the
On
sediles
of
January
last held, and
at
was
time, he
2d
with
him
had
preferredagainst him
Milo
appeared to
At
Pompey.
the
for the
comitia
Clodius
indicted
immediately
retaliatingupon
the
for
Milo
the
Without
losing
which
In
previous year.
charge, and
of
violence, thus
illegal
accusation
same
in the
in.
came
election
Milo
February
supported by Cicero
and
Cicero's request, Marcellus
spoke for him,
and
The
the impression made
favourable.
was
case
was
then
it came
on
adjourned, and when
again Pompey spoke,
tried
for
rather
for
the
to speak,
him,2
or
hirelingsand slaves
Clodius
of
that
it
almost
was
his
stood
delivered
such
made
finished,Clodius
a
storm
impossible
long
clamour
and
for
up,
shouts
but
from
when
uproar
him
to
he
continued
was
Milo's
rose
he
But
on.
go
interruption,
speech. When
instantlymet
courageous
started
of derisive
and
spite of the
in
ground, and,
was
he
had
with
such
was
pletely
com-
party that he
staggered.
The
and
every
kind
Rome,
and
against
rage,
he
ir\y]9d tlvL
him
turned
Dio
"
clamour
of abuse
scurrilous
sang
with
hooting and
Cass,
lasted
hurled
was
for
at
filthy doggerel,
and
to
xxxix.
Dixit Pompeius,
sister
his
followers
15.
"
Ad
The
Clodius.
which
in
Pale
the
"
hours,
crowd
current
was
multitudine.
Cum
three
or
Clodia.
his
sive voluit.
two
and
midst
Ad
Quint, ii. 3.
at
mad
of
the
Quint, ii. 2.
with
to
asked
and
uproar
to
AT
ROME.
was
that
CONFUSION
220
famine
them
The
mob
to
go
?"
Clodius
driven
was
At
began
low
when
had
He
home.
who
in the
himself.
He
covert
Clodians
put
to
began to
flight. Clodius
and
by Bibulus, Curio,
this would
be
kept
aw-ay
he
says
that
always
moral
adopt
get
we
do
anxious
to
courage,
and
bold
and
the
than
what
silent
right,but
was
of
afraid
if he
he
and
This
trim, which
was
All
than
such
He
was
deficient
in
himself
to
him
caused
more
cussion,
dis-
might
it is in
compromising
policy.
was
good men."
his character.
to
that
during the
"
brother,
key
Senate
manliness,
Pompey,
he calls
his
to
decided
and, in fact, to
be
defended
whom
real
too
in the
himself, he felt that
of those
was
of
Cicero, knowing
prudence
more
if he
tells in confidence
Senate
appointment for
assailed
; and
decency
that
feared
displease the party

letters
with
not
absence
Favonius
with
present he could
this he
his
the case,
for, as
and
in
get the
to
attempt
now
was
This
attending,
duct
by his disingenuous conthe Senate
by no means
and
Ptolemy business,
approved of his
ported
sup-
Cicero, seeing that he himself
offence
given
friendly
opponents.
danger, hastilyquitted the place. The

but
immediately summoned,
Pompey, instead
went
wish
you
no
in
was
wanted
do
the
and
xiv.
people
Who
"
wretches
their
upon
off the Rostra, and
the
present with
attacked
were
!"
Whom
"
last the
spit
to
killed
Pompey
was
furious ; and
party
forward, they
press
Crassus
Milo.
feelings towards
Milo's
!"
"
Pompey!"
"
Crassus
"
it
shouted
Alexandria?"
go
made
who
chap.
to
porise,
tem-
anything
else
has
injured his reputation with posterity.

fixed the 17th of February for going
Clodius
impeachment of Milo, and on the 6th the Senate
Temple of Apollo for Pompey's convenience, as
to
his
speech
resolved
He
house.
; but
the Senate
Cato,
speech, and,
them,
accused
Pompey
that
listened
Pompey
to
the
doubt
no
between
was
had
that what
republic.
present, and
was
took
of
occurred
with
to
care
the
an
made
view
of
It
was
his
Next
day
in
sowing
the
doubt
so
to
set
dissension
the skies.
exertion
it
against the
friend,and
beyond
the least
impressive
offence
to
close
was
Pompey
praise Cicero
perfidy towards
not
was
it
the
in the
met
an
resolution.
no
tribune, attacked
in silence.
had
to
came
made
with
on
He
charge
far true
save
him
been
battle
But
of
in the
out
us
turn
for
and
the
letters
Athens
from
had
just
him
in
xiv.
and
of
friend
had
Cicero,
library,the
him
of
remains
Cicero
He
wrote
anxious
was
to
stay with
and
come
Tullia
to
see.
and
distinguished grammarian
made
to
Italy
Rome.
to
way
man
in
arrived
Pilia,1and
begged
Tyrannio,
had
his
on
wife, whom
his
that
was
lady named
bring
him
Atticus
Epirus, and
or
politicianto the
the
from
moment
advocate.
February,
told
streets.
married
and
him,
He
chap.
have
by an imposing military force, although it would
quite right to arrest Clodius, and, if he resisted,to fight
bill
the
LIBRARY.
HIS
IN
CICERO
222
admirable
an
after
which,
of his
arrangement
injury it had
the
suffered
better state than he

in a much
during his banishment, were
of his
He
had expected.
begged Atticus to send him two
to
librarians to assist Tyrannio in glueing the leaves, and
"
them
with
bring
which," he
had
Atticus
for
of
you
Grecians,
"
says,
bought
wealthy
skin
indexes,
think, call syllabuses."
it was
train, for
and
keep
to
make
to
gladiators,whom
some
Romans
parchment
unusual
not
the
of
purpose
magistrates,or others who exhibited

Cicero
on
having purpublic games.
congratulates him
chased
and
he
hears
a
they
capital training-ground,
says
hiring them
out
the
to
fightadmirably.
He
resumed
now
his
apparently for
at
least I
On
engaged.
who
not
am
for the
praetor's
court,
by
office of
in the
immense
an
he
tells
preoccupy
the
to
his defence
This
was
Pilia bore
case
and
of
of the Forum,
we
and
speech,which
All
convicted.
he
was
didate
can-
attended
lost,was
know
we
was
in the
place
was
is
of his
hearers
successful,
un-
of
favourably,with
important trial
more
he
was
of Publius
daughternamed
the wife of Agrippa
VipsaniaAgrippina, the
counsel
which
it is
view
then
was
to
pending,
im-
for the accused.
Sextius, who
first wife
Drusus
L. Bestia,
defended
trial took
The
exile
namely, that he seized the opportunity
"
in
from
in which
case
corruption when
His
was
minds
Atticus
became
mother
us
the
Attica,who
February he
middle
Bestia
in which
and
of
prsetor.
crowd.
and
what
iith
earlier
any
cate,
advo-
an
as
his return
since
of
of electoral
accused
was
the first time
aware
the
congenial duties
more
father of
was
of Tiberius
so
a
that Atticus
Roman
one
and
was
empress.
of the
mother
the
of
grand-
jet.
people
perhaps more
who
had
Atticus,
and
than
the
life
his
owed
by the followers
been
of the first to propose
one
had
of Clodius
in
had
of
one
law
for Cicero's
had
also
recall,and
in
By
every
zealous
given him the most
port.
suptie, therefore, of duty and
gratitude, the
bound
to
was
he
when
the
himself
calls him
house
all his
devote
his
energies
trial
in
been
him
of
man
private letter
hints
and
to
he
that
perversityof his temper.

came
went
his
to
have
homo,
of the
Cicero
sickness, and
by
for,
defend
to
powers
to
morosus
when
the time
at
his
seems
complain
to
cause
all
put forth
danger. He
unpopular manners,
Quintus, Cicero
was,
Senate
in
was
and
sullen
He
He
always
orator
had
behalf.
disgraced the city,and

He
had
interpositionof Bestia.
the
to
his
Quintus
except
man,
on
recalled,
was
conflicts that
street
numerous
Cicero
other
any
223
when
himself
exerted
severely wounded
been
SEXTIUS.
in the year
the
of
tribunes
and
OF
DEFENCE
51.
confined
on,
him,
to
his
to
offered
and
defence, which, he
to
was
says,
expected of him, as it was

thought that he
He was
good grounds for being displeasedwith him.1
considerable
ments
indicttwo
peril,for he was
arraigned on
than
more
had
in
one,
law, with
which
was
which
in
bribery ;
he
he
the
and
charged, under
was
other, a
the
charged, under
was
more
the
Papinian
serious
affair,in
Lutatian
law, with
illegal
violence.
first step in the trial was
The
place before
Sextius
the
praetor, M.
well defended.
was
the
arraignment, which
yEmilius
had
He
Scaurus,
the
in
took
February.
advantage
of
only Cicero as his advocate, but also Hortensius.

speech which he delivered has been
preserved, and it
having
The
not
of the
valuable
most
narrative
of
the
of all his orations

with
connected
events
for in it
his
is
one
have
we
banishment
and
return.
The
trial lasted, with
March, when
announcing
that
most
up
Sextius
the
his brother
until the
interruptions,
13th of
unanimously acquitted. In a letter
was
result
show
should
by exerting himself
to
amply
on
satisfied him
Vatinius, who
was
his
that
Ad
to
been
anxious
gratitude for Sextius's

he
the utmost,
supposed
1
had
Quintus, who
to
said
point, and
be
Quint, ii. 3.
at
the
that he
that he
bottom
had
of
vices
ser-
had
cut
the
224
DOMESTIC
prosecution,to his
own
of
And
and
gods
this very
him
men.
Vatinius,
he
as
In
was
and
popularity
this
than
more
of
to
him,
he
he
his
get into
would
Ouintus's
taken
lease
on
his
acquittalof
he
hired
of
ist
for
July
being
was
been
of Lamia.
name
satisfaction
his
at
speech,
own
acting
was
cousins,
young
making
the
mentioning
Tyrannio
two
is
tells
Carinas, had
brother, after
the
son
been
after the
the
news.
to
that his
the
his
his
house
in
the
on
Cicero
Palatine, which
house,
to
had
debted
felt in-
was
and
Rome,
months
the
proaching
ap-
whom,
to
have
to
Quintus
to
few
family of
and
always
seems
the
flourishing
gave
affection,
Piso's Grove
on
domestic
some
Ouintus
assures
Sextius
Cicero's
in
tutor
in
own
letter
gives him
at
of
reputation and
thankfully attributed
banishment.
other
by
next
towards
his
and
Sardinia
that
hoped
rebuilt.
he
from
Licinius's house
but
In
else,he
one
any
and
that
kindness
returning from
that
him
said
him
told
Sextius,
He
brother's
for his recall
point
and
he
re-established,and
his
to
applause
he defended
complimentary
as
Ouintus
to
himself.
were
the
afterwards
years
then
was
amidst
xiv.
abusive.
now
of
two
yet
trials of Bestia
account
chap.
heart's content,
previous letter
GOSSIP.
good
as
he
and
in his
progress
getting on fast,and he had

He
half of the stipulatedsum.
paid his brother's contractor
be next-door
neighbours
hoped, therefore, that they would
Both
studies.
before
year
little is
praetor.
a
in which
match,
betrothed
known,
quaestor
of
The
few
except
Bithynia,
marriage
there, owing
that
visited
him
to
two
and
was
likely,as
very
mentions
that
speaks,it
parties interfere, there

He
the wedding
gave
and
was
the
on
his
was
Crassipes, of
Furius
to
he
point
not
that
too
he
often
slight illness.
days afterwards,
He
and
Caesar,
Livy,
her
should
on
say
side.
breakfast),
tells his brother

him
third
either
Ouintus, could
found
band,
hus-
the way
about
the
brought
happens when
little affection
banquet (we
nephew, young
From
very
to
and
one,
her.
divorced
seems
of
according
happy
whom
adherent
an
was
afterwards,
afterwards,
years
Cicero
and
he
that
mentions
April
in
were
for his daughter Tullia.

marriage engagement
widow
elapsed since Piso's death ; and the young
concluding
had
then
He
winter.
of
was
their houses
not
be
that he
recovered,
that he had
and
EXPENSES.
CICERO'S
56.
b.c.
with
conversation
long
225
him
the
on
of the
subject
his aunt
and
mother
Terentia
disagreement between
and
in which
his nephew expressed himself very
Pomponia
remained
had
at Rome
kindly. Ouintus and his wife, who
"
"
while
her husband
As
which
to
the
of
it is of
squabbles
course
is,that both
quote
one
this
brother,
centuries
twenty
business
and
When
"
building.
contractor,
and
us
every
I could from
because
I intend
were
This
him
capitalhouse
more
we
to leave
Rome
absent.
last remark
I used
to
return
He
year
any
the
see
engaged
of
wished, however,
going
furbishing
up
to
his
letters
to
into
out
followinghis
return,
day
gardens.
same
to
see
what
him
I
Sardinia.
...
is left ; and
Cicero
able
was
all this expense.
during his exile,
ruined
Terentia
obliged to resort
especiallyAtticus, came
his family. And
yet
and
than
now
the
do."
launch
to
better
On
litter to Pompey's
that
to
was
friends, who, and

assist him
suggests the inquiry how
from
exaggeration.
judge
he is
and
to-morrow,
can
finished.
soon
and
placesat once,1 repairing
than
liberally
know
to
routine
daily
same
carried in
constantly complained of being
and
find them
; for I
also will be
Mine
plan.
mere
after his
soon
He
to
they relate
interestingto
tions
men-
"
I went
house
to look
at your
that is
new
says,
of workmen
I
spoke to Longilius the
very busy.
that he wished
lose
time.
He
assured
to give
to
no
me
It will be
buildingin three
I live rather
the
he
ourselves.
as
and afterwards was

supped with Crassipes,
could not meet
with Lucceius, as he was
so
letter in which
because
not
I will
wrong.
numbers
urged
the
different
in-
on
boy," he
satisfaction.
am
the
much
in
ago
amusement
I left the
There
from
importance, but because it is

Romans, so to speak, in deshabille,and
old
still
were
in the
extent
some
of
matters
to
passages
his
to
Sardinia,
complained to Cicero of his conduct.

two
was
right in these matrimonial
impossible to say ; but the probability
were
two
or
in
she
and
terms,
absent
was
this
no
was
the purse
of his
liberallyforward
we
living in comfort
find
him,
and
in the
luxury, and,
have
and country houses,

just seen, rebuildinghis town
which
He
doubt,
were
on
an
had, no
expensive scale.
much
received some
dissatisfied
compensation, but he was
it seems
been
with the amount
to have
quite inadequate
; and
enable
him
rebuild
his
house
and
Rome
to
to
at
repair
as
we
the
from
come
as
done
damage
we
have
1
His
At
to
his villas.
of time
this distance
at
Rome,
then,
it is
information,
absolutely no
house
Where,
and
his Tusculan
Q
and
and
did
the
money
impossibleto
can
Formian
only
villas.
say,
guess
2 2
PR
that he
borrowed
almost
In
the
CTICAL
largely; for
letter he
of the
man
Atticus
he
and
he
of these
keep
wished
to
should
not
other
He
for
he
wish
had
no
xi v.
forward
hence-
was
which
as
was
bought
the
he
But
he
latter from
the
increase
to
he
afford, and
declared
were
without
that the
found
could
of
body
naturally anxious
they
Cato,
body-guard,
sidered
con-
tribune
of
some
than
was
buy them,
had
public.
more
sell them.
; and
them
in
him
he
The
stamp,
"
employed
cost
that
Rome.
at
fighters
appeared
never
c hap.
incident
an
Clodius
wild-beast
6 ME.
know
we
mentions
gladiators and
"
AT
debt.
good practicaljoke
was
which
JOKE
constantly in
same
who
Milo
that
of each
enemies
force
his adversary's
at
disposal. Milo, however, employed a third party to

purchase the lot1 from Cato as if for himself, and take them
Cato
away.
real
the
sold them
declared
plan,
and
sell
to
Cato's
merriment
a
domestic
of
family
The
with
on
the
sided
citizens
conduct
for
ready
was
great
such
that
was,
they
Cato's
were
with
the
Senate
too
great
did
he
account
annoyed
at
and
the
seditious
says
Familiam.
to
This
unpopular
trial,for they
respectable
of
of
also
and
consul
the
opinion
class
treated
Cicero
but
he
that
on
disapprove of it,and
says
from
attendance
in the
glad to withdraw
in fact from
politicsaltogether. He was
who
"
Clodius"
tried
was
violence, and
that he
denote
his
the
not
shortcomings,
the
acquittalof Sextius
Clodius
notorious
the
Marcellinus
asperity,in
Spinther,
himself
at
that
not
was
senate-house,
Milo
his
with
brother
certainlywas
made
and
Clodius,
of his actions.
many
him
with
he
had
his
Lentulus
to
that
He
dissatisfied
were
blamed
used
if
told
Cicero
by appearing for
rabble
course
ably
certed
precon-
bought
he
joke
styled as
be
letter.
formerly.
as
the
Cicero
been
was
placard caused
the
of
point
for his
blamed
was
man
of
This
slaves.
proconsul of Cilicia, and
with
had
men
to
placard advertising that
should
prize-fighters
go
same
the
who
suspicion
establishment.
Pompey
the
that
Rome.
at
of
gang
To
issued
least
the
Racilius, then, according
purchaser.
himself,
without
ought
is the word
the
domestic
not
invarislaves
on
of
by
have
a
majority
been
Roman
in any
other
relative of the
charge, most
some
got off
to
tried
family,and
sense.
at
is
of
bably
provotes.
that parnever
applied
jet.
ticular time,
nothing
without
man
There
for
urn
was,
however,
was
very
be
tried
adverse
At
later
the
he
period
fectly
per-
jury
voted.
tribuni
evenly
were
the
feelingof
result
convicted
was
was
He
conviction.
the
and
in the senators'
knights
what
but
it
of the
of tickets
for
tion.
leader of sedi-
or
knights, and
the
again, as
him,
to
of
him
utterly vile
classes
senators,
He
calls
by ballot,
"zrarii voted
tribuni
to
of
those
"
the
taken
large majority
acquittal
but
known.
usual
He
case.
the minister
was
227
prosecutors.
fortune
the separate
as
was
an
balanced,
the
years
verdict
how
composed
mrarii.
with
whole
CAESAR.
imbecile
honour, position, or
well known
was
OF
such
do
to
polluted,and for two

Although the
It
had
have
to
nor
had
himself
PRAISE
-IN
POEM
51.
people
is not
was
other
some
on
charge.
left Rome
Cicero
his
dissatisfied with
the
disappointment
Rome,
exist;
and
find
we
him
He
spleneticmood.
have
to
he
been
had
recanted
not
having
for
rather
His
that he
his
the
change
him
for
have
been
in his
money
He
uses,
the
key
hardly
a
very
is supposed
that he
that
had
was
taken
be
the
party.
man
had
sold
but
"
rascal
and
the land, and
so
as
said
put
to
much
of his
Since,"
goes
letters,these significant
words, which
of his
one
power."
He
insinuate
to
suppose,
excellent
so
villa that
such a
bought it from
for rebuilding his house,
if he
better
he
friends, let
my
he
buying
pocket.
in
"
years.
succeed
to
him
abused
meaning,
"
worthy
They
it would
have
see
fault with
Catulus
to
not
was
Vettius.
not
beloved
could
confesses
friend, and
lettinghim
they forgot,he said, that
few
his
to
he
felt much
praise of Caesar, and in which

former
opinions. He apologises
of his
found
detractors
belonged
are
exile
thought
or
had
more
fancied
in
poem
it to
of
then
found,
He
from
and
more
in his views.
place
had
sent
dislike.
in visiting
corresponding with Atticus in

had
been
writing a work, which
some
ashamed
he
few weeks
growing
return
which
parties,and
and
envy
his
spent
was
of
state
since
from
away
He
of
object
an
April,and
seats.
country
himself,
in
me
"
You
who
"those
says,
This, of
on
politicalconduct
try
to
course,
be
have
friends
alluded
will say,
during
'
no
with
to
I wish
power
those
Cnesar
you
the
and
had
next
will
who
his
done
LETTER
228
that
long ago.' I know

been
a
regular ass.
so
of
His
letter
next
before
daybreak
mention
it to
He
have
back
the
of
5th
his villa
at
it he
"
his
wrote
brought from
He
sent
works
to
write
was
worst
latitude
Cicero's
actions
Niger,
he
the
Lentulus
For
the
what,"
to
the
from
and
historian,of whose
the
and
remains,
urgently pressed
him
his
the
to
strict limits
member
of
fact,but
what
even
he
might
it
give
to
think
friend
he
news
been
indeed, although you
are
public servitude.
grief,however, must
You
to
than
worse
our
kindness
are
by nature
political,'
enjoy merely the general
tied
to
no
party
of statesman.
name
of
the
For
you,
bound
it.
especiallymine
life ?
'
told him
!
nor
What
I who, if I say what

I ought about
am
politics,
expedient, senile; if I keep silence, utterlydone for and
laid on
And
the shelf.
the worst
of it is,that I dare
not
express my grieflest I
should
ungrateful.
appear
What
if I wished
rush
Never
to give up and
! I must
flyto a haven of rest?
I refused to be a general ?
the battle.
Shall I then be a camp-follower where
to
Well
! so it must
be ; for I see that this is your opinion, and I wish I had always
thought mad
is
just died.
and
destroying
was
or
country, that he
of his
by the
away
conflagrationthat
"
Atticus,
to
lover
true
Cicero, had
of
wrote
snatched
he exclaims,
college of flamens,
of the
great
such
was
have
from
gods
"
heard
to
adjourned
deserved.
and
seemed
him
panegyric beyond
priestsof Mars,
that
Rome
at
Antium,
at
seat
his way
on
be
to
his
at
tellinghim that he
sailor had
a
lately,which
Lucceius
to
now
himself
his
to
Lentulus
When
still possessed.
consulship. He told Atticus that

pretty letter {yalde bella est); but to us it seems
He
Lucceius
possible taste.
distinctlyasked
confine
to
not
vestige
history of
very
the
in
long letter
a
a
been
house
as
only
his brother,
to
from
one
so
Sardinia.
not
trial had
also
had
letter
next
only received
had
he
Cumae,
near
for Milo's
May
day following. But
on
he
houses
care
dictated,
Arpinum villa,and
spend a few days

at
Pompeii, and
one
I have
friendship."
rather
or
xiv.
take
to
me
their
rely on
country
to
to
go
his
many
intends
then
look
how
he
says
for
Quintus, written,
to
that
it, and
time
now
in the least
his way
on
chap.
wished
you
it is
is to
show
Arpinum,
near
But
I cannot
myself, since
LUCCEIUS.
TO
if what
feel ?
"
is
"
listened to you.
"
'
! ' you will say,

I am
inclined
; and
Well
I cannot
"
prison.
1
who
Sparta is your
to
excuse
lot ; do
best in
Sparta.' I' faith

preferredgoing back to
your
Philoxenus, who
'
Philoxenus
had
'
was
poet of Syracuse,
the temerity to find
fault with
some
and
verses
was
of
thrown
Dionysius the Tyrant,

into a prisoncalled the
CASE
230
could
be
clearer
of
Temple
Cicero
then
Cicero
his
the
The
prodigies ?
and
house.
new
should
its site
on
The
bring forward
had
meantime
day after the resolution

delivered
the
xiv.
Senate
also
bill
the
on
places.
the
in
of
chap.
pulled down,
been
erecting
sacred
US.
meaning
the consuls
that
subject of
the
had
Liberty
was
resolved
than
B A LB
OF
known
Responsis, although, as
we
opinion that
we
the
passed he
was
speech
one
returned
have
in the
was
the
as
of
are
title
that
under
and
Haruspicum
scholars
some
the
and
Senate
de
oration
seen,
possess
Rome,
to
is
not
genuine.1
About
trusted
him
It
of his
question
Balbus
the
under
in the
Cicero
dislike
Gellia.
defence,
Piso
of
It
his
he
had
that
order
It
praetors.
Gallic
called
noble
his
gratifying
good-will
regard
Wolf
expressed
criticism.
to
upon
and
its
play.
one
the
declare
of
as
the
sentiments
His
be
assigned
the
oration
says that the speech we

in a tasteless,childish
possess
is
stylewhich
de
and
He
style.
to
nothing
is
of
one
Cicero
and
rose
the
made
Provinciis
Con-
delivered, whether
ever
long opposition
different
When
opinion, he
its
be
suls-elect.
con-
new
make
to
Syria
he
should
the
to
consuls-elect.
finest
hands
Gauls, Transalpine
two
or
be
to
the
in
Caesar
that
his
or
declared
placed
wished
senators
to
Gabinius
and
be
be
the
Macedonia
give
provinces
of
to
Piso
should
proposed
speech, known
sularibus,
to
of the
and
arrangement,
of
showing
that
they might
also
was
Some
part
assisted
donia
proconsular provinces, Mace-
these
deprived of his government

and
were
Cisalpine,which
we
and
Senate
their
that
Syria, and
praetorian,in
For
is still extant.
opportunity
an
the
from
recalled
be
and
was
the
citizen.
Crassus
and
speech
Gabinius,
in
proposed
was
should
two
under
involved
Roman
Pompey
and
and
but
case,
considered
serving
Caesar.
towards
of
Lex
then
Balbus,
Spain, born at Gades

(the modern
made
a
by Pomburgher of Rome
been
afterwards
Shortly
his
of
criminal
be
right to
he had
Cadiz), and
not
was
native
was
for L. Cornelius
counsel
was
friend of Caesar, and
intimate
and
in Gaul.
pey
he
this time
had
Caesar
but
hardly
an
old
Latin.
difficult
exposed
woman's
But
him
twaddle
this is not
jet.
to
himself
vindicated
he
what
Caesar
use
he
; if
would
he
lift the
of
veil
Caesar
be
futurity and
now
was
eagles,and
not
the
as
of conquest,
Gaul
of
nations
the
with
hand
and
to
had
all that
dominions
new
incompetent
some
the
but
dictator, he
but
then
could
who
the
distance
his
to
it seemed
stop him
warlike
might
who
successor,
the
in
and
the turbulent
over
mand
com-
victory,
servant
the state, and
to
highest degree impolitic to
the
with
in
Pharsalia
see
known
glorious soldier, chaining victory
adding
in
career
lose
Rome
to
reasoning
of his
prolongation
as
republic, not
imperator
spoken very differently. But
have
would
yet
back
come
; but
have
could
he
that, flushed
foreseen
him
his
tact, and
of the
231
supported
now
of the
master
to
make
have
could
he
If, indeed,
would
GABINIUS.
"*
admirable
with
conclusive.
think,
is, I
inconsistency if
of
charge
the
PISO
AGAINST
SPEECH
51.
gained by the greatest militarygenius,
been
exception perhaps
of
had
world
the
that
Hannibal,
seen.
began by assuring the Senate that he would not allow

Gabinius
Piso and
his private enmity against the ex-consuls
for
the case
influence
his public conduct, and
rest
would
to
their own
notorious
their recall upon
misgovernment of the
He
then
drew
a
melancholy picture of
provinces they held.
He
their
As
misrule, describing
to
many
had
trophies of
former
reduced
had
Piso
that
the
of
been
since
which
Macedonia,
of
take
and
town
was
flower
very
Piso
paid
the
of
knew
him
appoint
that
the
the
cohorts
officers who
upon
were
Thracian
there
sums
confiscated
them
the
which
now,
was
the
pont,
Helles-
the
camps
were
consistingof
annihilated
been
neglect.
Immense
wretched
to
army,
and
Dyrrachium.
so
citadel,and
Macedonia
whole
He
where
stood, and
once
fortified
that
famine,
bounds.
of
his
it.
Achseans.
custom-dues
quartered
foes
governor,
by barbarian enemies,
were
obliged to desert
troops, had
Roman
no
by
all
to
along
by disease, and
wasted
of
intervals
at
seen
by
colours.
darkest
subjection, it
their
through
ran
infested
so
had
overrun
in
the
the
was
Thessalonica
refuge
military road, which
in
complete
there, so
inhabitants
the
Piso
victories
into
been
detail
it in
of
to
"
rapacity
The
money
his
the
own
were
use
zantium
extorting from Bycould
inhabitants
give, he
After
in the
most
winter, taking
willing instruments
care
of
SPEECH
23
his
PI SO
AGAINST
crimes.
Such
the
was
themselves
into
which
been
had
datic
was
war,
fane
of its
In
rapine and extortion.

Roman
soldieryhad been
had
revenue
had
They
to
taxes
on
Gabinius
than
"
and
came,
these
were
Shall
and
assigningMacedonia
them praetorian,
so
and
Gabinius
may
the
interval
there
Mithri-
the
the
of the
Jews
and
sacred
of the
best
of the
was
ever
torn
were
town
of our
governors
Syria to the consuls-elect
"
and
None
which
to
"
No
provinces ?
but
tions
na-
cruelly treated
asked
as
"
up,
repealed.
more
He
citizens.
wrong.
Syrians,
stay in any
to
enemy
of
equallyinfamous
was
some
the
to
over
men
of
works
pieces. The farmers

kind
of contumely and
every
no
and
to
cut
Roman
retain these
we
also
permitted
even
itself,
holier in Greece,
slavery." Their agreements

which
they calculated were
were
threw
ornaments.
Here
handed
been
born
of them
endure
to
rank
even
none
of Gabinius
Syria,the government
xiv.
Byzantium
all,and
was
and
images
for
the
there
chap.
their licentiousness
and
noblest
dishonour.
escape
which
than
plundered
was
to
the
stripped of them
now
Achaia,
in
of
his
US.
distinguished for its statues

preserved them through the fury
had
art, and
wells
which
terror
maidens
inspired,that
INI
GAB
6-
in the
I vote' for
meantime
ing
declar-
administer
that the prastors may
them for a year, and Piso
recalled
otherwise a whole
at once
year will elapse,and in
be
"
will
be
nothing
to
the
but
calamity,oppression,and
impunity
of
crime."
He
had
that
then
came
been
objected by
had
been
he
ought
question of superseding Caesar.
interrupted while
not
Csesar, for the
be
to
storm
to
own
example of
the
he said
"
have
We
the
if he
he
he
asked
the
did
had
so
been
he
self
him-
remark
than
forced
whether
to
bow
to
might
not
rather
public welfare
he might justifyhimself
than
illustrious citizens.
many
the
Gabinius
to
he
Speaking
of
by
Caesar,
"
carried on
in Gaul
has been
the mightiestnations
important war
but
have
not
Caesar
been
been vanquishedby
subdued
to the laws.
they
yet
;
We
have seen
cannot
a
war
begun, and, to say
yet relyupon a firm peace.
finished ; but we
can
truth, almost
only hope to see it brought to a successful
A
most
termination
we
and
wrongs,
hostile
which
But
by Caesar.
first reply that he regarded
his
speaking,with
more
raised
was
rather
previous speaker,or
It
run
the
"
commenced
if he who
hazard
of
hearing that
it to the end.
it continues
a
mighty
war
has
broken
if ye will
to be the enemy,
it is my
duty as a senator
if I lay aside
but the friend of the republic. But what
my
have
the rightto blame
sake of the republic?
Who
would
I have
ever
thought
that
ought
to
shape my
If he
conduct
on
out
is superseded,
afresh.
fore
There-
have
it,of the man,

privateenmity for the
so
me
the
Especiallysince
model
set
by the
EULOGY
56.
b.c.
by
whose
of
new
"
Thus
country.
with Caius
my
me
Caesar,
of
I, then, be the enemy
are
daily greeted with the
burn, Conscript Fathers, believe
to
Why,"
might be able
"
to complete for the benefit of the
what
state
polishof
the civilisation and

of
bounds
wilder
What
the
from
those
ocean
people by
whom
with
decorated
him
honours
his laurels, which
he
have
been
him
senate
in
so
won
time
to
The
then
orator
the
was
attacked
Nature,"
It may
far as
as
For
his
the long interval
absence, and
who
his
is,that Gaul
argument
had
Gaul.
of
rest
now
the
given
if that
given a seat and home

is nothingbeyond
Italy need fear.

virtue,honour, and
.
to
the
whose
to
been
was
without
not
furyand
multitude
of
the
pire.
mightiest emloftymountains,
those
Thereforedet
Gaul
fortune
good
Caesar
she
now
bulwark,
as
to
for there
"
which
ocean,
but
and
of
was
it had
Formerly
lain open
had
dread,
to
Italy the Alps
to
access
have
never
secure
guardianship
his
at
by
magnificent eulogy
that Rome
he said, "thad
Gauls, this citywould
even
into
His
career.
conqueror
providence.
under
more
lose
men
enough to repel her attacks,

and
vanquished herself.
thought
divine
any
from
him
forth
burst
terrible enemy
most
alone
found
regret
dangers,
many
if there
are
be
"
Caesar's victorious
the
increase
nations ?
can
What
to
the senate
appointed,or
that land
his country, either

he has been
by whom
return
than
savage
those
What
dread
to
cause
of
more
than
victories
many
length
is
love him,
do not
mon
province. They sumthe highest honours
in the
to
glory, to triumph, to congratulations,
the affection of the people."
order
favour of the equestrian
the
"
begun
he
You
"
barbarian
more
so
was
Does
What
there !
he any
had
"
Therefore,
any of their freshness ?
there is no
reason
why they should summon
the
they
"
What
than
Has
he
"
towns
desired
be
can
the
than
remote
the
empire retain
our
than
greater glory
"
reconciles
what
the beauty of the cities

of the country
desire
of
of
the
victory the extension
people
forsooth, that the pleasantnature
the
think
(as
me
love for
republic
men
man
names
who
deserves
well of the state."
of any one
the enemy
"
in
his
wish
to
should
Csesar
he asked,
province except that
stay
"
say,
Let
favour.
my
incredible
an
for the
affection
constant
him
restores
ears
with
yourselves),
act
you
be
I cannot
like,
do
and
as
old and
my
fame, my
places?
and
credit for it
233
Can
men.
and
letters,messengers,
nations, tribes, and
give me
you
illustrious
of the most
example
C^SAR.
OF
remain
it has
been
committed."
Nay,
wished
if Caesar
borne
be
to
laurels thick
duty
of
what
he had
it
attached
the
arms
desired
to
to
triumph
him, Cicero
Senate
keep
the
him
there
He
and
politicto
him
to
their order
of
the
populace
he
then
heaped
with
upon
all
his
be
the
"
it would
where
if he
Rome,
to
Capitol
argued that
had
Senate
return
the
to
gloriouslybegun.
so
wise
was
in
upon
which
honours
that
the
himself
might
alluded
finish
the
to
Caesar, and
said
bestow
them, for thereby they
instead
of
to
become
throwing
an
him
agitator
into
and
demagogue.
"
I know
As
hope.
man
not," he said, " what

a
senator
shall have
feel for the sake
ought, as
of the
just cause
will be
far
of
republic,even
as
the
I can,
anger
if I
opinionof others,but
to
secure
against our
were
that
order.
I know
powerful
no
And
the greatest enemy
what
or
trious
illus-
this I should
of Csesar."
CICERO'S
234
To
would
his
remained, when, entering upon

he
which
he
could
his
good
wished
not
he
he
honour
him
wished
could
took
in
measures
; and
although
grateful for
even
feel
to
be
to
him
ferent
dif-
adopted
of
one
his
join the
to
Cam-
ate
Triumvir-
embassy he might choose
any
he
part
pressed
"
him
bear
he
him, he ought
He
opinion.
offered
xiv.
that he would
said
public life,they
consul,
to
with
agree
all the
with
Cicero
commissioners
panian
"
politics. As
of
chap.
and
relations with Caesar.
positiontowards
their youthful intimacy; but their friendship
over
pass
views
CESAR,
misconstruction, however, he
prevent
brieflyexplain
He
WITH
RELATIONS
to
accept,
desire.
I declined, not with

this,"said Cicero,
ingratitude,but with a settled
far
for there are
who
how
wisely I will not contend
obstinacy of purpose
many
but certainlywith
will not
of it
I did
consistency and firmness
approve
think
that the honours
he wished
which
to bestow
not
me
were
becoming
upon
suitable to the actions I had performed.
I felt that he, in
for me
to receive,or
his friendship, esteemed
of
me
as
son-in-law, the foremost
highly as his own
All
"
"
"
"
"
...
There
citizens.
.
is therefore
returning his generosity with

with
friendship
my
fell upon
darkness
injury.
the
more
In
.
to
cause
pride,than
he
that
fear lest I should

be
should
that time of tempest and
be
blamed
blamed
for
terror, when
for
repaying
sudden
state, and
with the fear of

were
good men
panic-stricken
had
and
wickedness
to contend
murder, and we
against consular
cupidity,and
and
want
not supportedby him, I ought to have been
audacity if I was
; if I was
deserted
of himself; if I was
attacked by him
even
by him, perhaps he took care
think or wish), friendship
violated : I received an injury; I ought to
was
(as some
I do not deny it."
have been
his enemy.
"
he
But
that
said
Caesar
had
by the good-willhe showed

declared
that
he
was
made
in the
of
man
merely by great benefits but

shown
to him
by others.
The
peroration of the speech
"
This, then, is my
this juncture
another
time.
to
conclusion.
consult
the
If
interests
by
even
was
felt
of
crisis of his
the
affected
was
moderate
follows
as
he
recall,and
gratitude,and
not
at
afterwards
atonement
kindness
"
enmity against Cains Csesar, I ought

republic,and reserve
enmity to
my
tility
might, after the example of distinguishedmen, lay aside my hosof the republic : but since there never
and
the idea
was
hostility,
in delivering my
injuryhas been extinguishedby kindness
opinion, Conscript
for the sake
of
"
Fathers, I will, if it is
questionof bestowing any
if the authority of
harmony of the senate
by honouring the commander
your authority
"
to
be
had
into account
to
the Gallic war,
I will look
to
honours
him, consult
upon
decrees is at stake, I will

your
whom
appointed ; if
you
"
the welfare
of the state
"
the
keep
up
is
regard
if I may
take
I will show
that I am
I
not
ungrateful. And
privateobligation,
all ; but
I shall care
should wish
if
little
by so doing to satisfy
perchance
very
conduct
is not approved by those who
protected my enemy
(Clodius) in oppomy
sition
will blame
to your
reconciliation
with my
or
by those who
authority,
my
enemy,
enemy
any
although they
and
their
own."
did
not
hesitate
to
be
reconciled
with
one
who
was
both
my
DEFENCE
si.
jet.
been
It has
his
M.
has
arisen
trial
during
from
it may,
this
about
two
he
upon
Ahenobarbus
and
is got
this
But
on
with
certainty that
delivered
Cicero
that
put
tried
assumed
culty
diffi-
different
his
rid
of
charges,
it
well-known
was
oration
Ccelio.
pro
The
knight,
Catiline's
in that
of
tired
grew
to
follow
to
succeed
; for
he
criminal
offence.
in which
the
commit
two
defended
The
to
bribe
restoration
hand
of
over
of
purpose
such
notice
him
by
of
had
Coelius, therefore,
in
for
and
consulship, of
the
this
then
was
for
Atratinus's
son
assassins
suborning
it
an
he possessed
prosecuted Atratinus
of
trial,
of oratory
Forum.
him
King
he
box
slaves
who
he
had
to
murder
had
Ptolemy,
had
of
is
that
throughout
Dio,
that
to
he
was
to
The
was
treated
of
the
and
real
oppose
her
pressed
slaves
for the
indictment
prosecutrix, and
addressed
the
Licinius
named
of the
nature
to
Clodia
person
andrian
Alex-
of the
one
when
one
from
money
Italy
to
that
and
poison
Clodia
borrowed
come
employed
destroying her.
shows
she
that
were,
some
for payment
course
get into
by Cicero.
ambassadors,
him
qualified
ability and
accuse
powers
revenge
murders,
well
followed
colleague
accused
separate
charges
Clodia
In
corruption.
determined
was
and
He
prosecution, and
afterwards
offence, and
and
the
He
revenge.
to
was
the
Cicero's
he
mark
course,
in
people
vowed
Rome
at
rious,
noto-
of Metellus
wife
considerable
of
conducted
the
forward
came
This, of
the
pleasure, and
way
of
one
immoralities.
and
of
young
himself
she
in which
person
Antonius,
state
electoral
some
his
been
and
man
had
Clodia,
displaying whatever
of
before
impeached
idleness
readiest
accuser
opportunity
some
infamous
was
The
for
was
made
years
age,
path of ambition,
the
singleout
to
the
life of
good speaker.
was
early
quarrelledwith her,
but
Celer,
in his
licentious
intrigue with
an
Rufus
Puteoli, who
of
native
Coelius
Marcus
friends, and
even
had
this
was
case
Roman
to
be
speech
The
not.
or
Domitius
twice
was
his
find Coelius
we
later.
years
think,
time
of
consulship
the
by supposing that
and
that
235
delivered
this year
fact
the
US.
Cicero
Rufus
Coelius
Claudius
Appius
whether
doubted
of
in defence
C (ELI
OF
by
of
as
Cicero.
236
DEFENCE
Middleton
and
In
"
says
gallantries of
the
gaieties and
of wit
and
which
he
of the
least
her
that makes
it
and
This
of the
If delivered
at
it would
be
thought extremely weak.
however,
be
made
argument
or
of
courts
for the
trial.
English
an
; and
I will
the
latitude
give
one
The
going
were
Cicero
began
coming
without
no
crime,
of
investigation,but
industry, and
whom
that
he
he
could
Atratinus
woman's
and
the
festival,were
Atratinus,
not
a
kind
levant
irre-
the
against
the
to
trary,
con-
for
or
the
in proportion
was
speech, and
quote
only
It will
more.
public
courts
ought
accused
and
but
to
not
of
allowed
to
be
the
excellent
which
the
filial
think
jury who,
a
young
of
son
the
man
conduct
a
of
licentious
he would
pity
during days
holiday.
man,
and
harlot
that
and
gratified,
enjoy
subject of
prosecuting,
resources
he would
layed
de-
that
told
the
the
still
was
be
not
no
distinguished ability,
by
blame
not
labours
of
man
of
crime
were
was
stranger
could
if he
violence,
or
games
closed.
were
that
said
But
state.
by all the
would
and
nor
conceivable
every
holidays, when
young
prosecutor,
the
On
jury.
inquiry,which
audacity
that
he
revenge
admire
the
to
prosecuted
supply,
from
this, and
to
under
opposed
was
ancient
exclude
to
defence
ordinary law
popularity, was
had
of
proof
evidence,
naturally imagine that
was
danger
act
no
the
would
ordinary magnitude
of
of
the
in
either
me
the
in
by alluding
Rome
to
and
perusal.
place
and
on
Roman
urge
latitude
allow
will not
trial took
must,
between
of the
passages
attentive
an
repay
charge,
of attack.
two
or
regret that space

well
the
Cicero.
of
allowance
attempt
to
one
Great
rules
any
is
criminal
unknown
consideration
course
to
no
there
was
nor
of
the
to
were
defence
logical severity
been
thought legitimate
could
prejudice them
was
topic which
accused
There
justice.
facts from
it
have
to
and
vivacity
speeches
answer
like
Ccelius,
such
the
the
difference
Anything
seems
specific issues,
in
day
present
character
most
that
all
xiv.
entertaining
singularpraise from an
I think
satisfactoryamongst
the
with
youth,
one
the
treats
with
is rather
I confess
chap.
commerce
of
us."
US.
speech Cicero
licentiousness
left to
English divine,
this
Clodia,
humour
has
C (ELI
OF
He
who
of
forgave
had
the
23 8
DEFENCE
when
he
the
immediate
father,
or
virtuous
family
his
But
To
he
myself," he
Let
flower
himself,
of
of
or
of
me
his
his
own
the
in
study
his
of
others
defence
and
it must
with
Catiline
all ages
by the
art.
only followed
ranks
with
character
mitted
ad-
consummate
he
and
be
who
the
led
were
extraordinary character
that
described
alleged against him.
was
himself,
partisan of
deceived
Cicero
man.
the
course
Catiline
addressed
of many
and
of
eye
honourable
managed
became
example
Ccelius, in
the
of
nothing.
say
under
placed
was
"And
I here
"
xiv.
of Crassus.
advocate
that
If Coelius
himself.
me."
intimacy with
this his
away
think
always under
pursuing an
was
age,
Cicero
chap.
he
gown
gracefulmodesty,
you
CCELIUS.
manly
of
care
just what
be
his
assumed
with
added,
OF
masterly
of
the
power.
the orator, "had, as I think you all remember, many

of the
his
but
shadowed
on
of
the
stamped
character,
forth,
signs,
greatest
He
bad men
virtues.
his tools, and
as
employed many
yet pretended to be
the societyof the best.
devoted
licentious
He
He
to
but laborious.
was
gave
the
the reins to his appetites,and
conformed
of the
to
yet zealously
discipline
there another
such a monster
Never, I believe,was
earth, so made
upon
camp.
up
and
of contrary inclinations
desires mutually in conflict with each other.
Who
liked by more
Who
for a time was
illustrious men
?
intimate with baser
more
more
"
Catiline," said
indeed
not
What
companions ?
the
to
enemy
of labour
and
in his
state
citizen
Who
was
was
fatigue? Who
bounty ? This excites
his friends and

many
he
whatever
of them
of greater virtues ?
once
wallowed
kept them
possessed
"
in
more
pleasure?
greedy
more
wonder
our
Who
Who
more
dreadful
patient
in
more
rapacious ? Who
him, gentlemen, that he made
ready to
was
more
and
his friends by his attentions

he
a
was
assist
them
he
with
shared
fuse
proso
with
his money
all
and
in their
spared no toil nor
crime, if crime was
necessary,
and
behalf:
he changed his nature
With
the steady
adapted it to the occasion.
he was
of the old, merry
in
serious,with the loose jovial grave in the company
the company
with
of the young
bold in villanywith the wicked, and effeminate
With
the licentious.
lected
a
dispositionso complex and various, he had not only colbold
round
him
bad
of every country on
but
attracted
out
to
men
earth,
him
his
simulated
virtues
also.
For
he
could
have
made
men
never
by
good
many
his nefarious attempt to destroy this empire if the wild
vices
growth of so many
the roots
had
rested on
in some
and
of a nature
not
respects gentle
long-suffering.
the
and you may
This
be rejected,
dismiss from your minds
article,therefore, may
his
influence, and
"
"
"
and
some
even
charge of intimacy with Catiline ; for it applies equally to many,
I
I
when
deceived
he
men.
once
myself,
nearly
by him
say, was
be
of
the virtuous, anu
to
seemed
to me
a
a
good citizen,affectingthe society
excellent
firm and
In
faithful friend.
it
who
had
the
to
answer
on
the
been
charge of luxurious
plea
of
devoted
became
afterwards
defence,
in
grave
youth,
to
and
indulgence, he
pointed
pleasure when
and
fact, in this part
they
distinguished
of
the
case
out
was
how
were
citizens.
cused
ex-
many
young
The
virtuallythis
jet.
DEFENCE
si-
that
it
wild
natural
was
and
C (ELI
that
venial
they
provided
oats,
OF
US.
should
men
within
kept
239
their
sow
certain
reasonable
bounds.
At
Cicero
last
had
grapple, the borrowing
to
poison
us
Of
it without
proof of
he suborned
deadly
is with
and
to
of it
nothing except for the
not
matters
abuse.
and
he
as
is the
who
Clodia
; and
liked.
author
he borrowed
wished
in this the
see
quarrel.
but
The
whole
controversy in this
famous,
charge.
But," he
Cnseus
Domitius, with
of
even
understand,
you
do
to
whom
repellingthe
of
"
to
procuring
calumnious
it from
long
as
he
noble
only
purpose
the praetor,
apostrophising
t
hat
have
we
sagacity,
said, were
effect
kill her ; he procured poison ;

all his preparations for the deed.
In this I see
fierce
the
and
fountain-head
borrowed
use
made
following
a
lady not
Clodia,
Clodia
he
case.
is the
; he
intimacy. Again,
murderers,
hatred
from
mere
the
what
see
of money
he
had the
;
witness
were
with
need
remarkable
deals
he
had
He
which
the rest, he
All
charges,I
these two
of them.
her.
how
see
with
Egyptian ambassador,
murder
to
charge
money
judicial investigation,but
Let
"
the
of
the murder
for
real
the
to
came
alone
her
with
and
if she
does
case
will
say
continued,
your
not
say
superior
that
Coelius,if she offers no proof that poison was

procured by him
should
if
I
of
the
mother
act
to
of a
to
were
off,
wantonly
speak
of matron.
But if,setting
familyotherwise than is due to the sanctityof the name
her aside, the prosecutors have neither
funds to draw
nor
charge to make
upon,
what
else can
assailants with a counter-attack
?
our
I, as an advocate, do but meet
do more
And
this I would
checked
not
by remembering the
vehemently if I were
and
brother I meant
husband
to say
that woman's
me
enmity that exists between
I will restrain
I am
Now
always committing that mistake.
myself and not
itself compel me.
For I never
duty to my client and the case
go farther than my
and
thought that I ought to carry on a quarrelwith a woman,
especiallywith one
who
has been
the generalfriend of all rather than the enemy
always considered
she
lent
to
money
her
take
"
"
"
of
any."1
follows
Then
which
speaks of the
"
the
times
it
in the
laborious
present
days"
be
they might
provided they
1
with
It is
the
well
as
verityof the whole

Clodia.
give up
Cicero
the
exposing
and
yet he
not
did
not
if she
could
not
go
be
to
as
of
this
allusion
went
on
resist the
to
se-
to
tion to
name.
worse
scorn
It
the
past
live
the
of
pleasure,
ultimately reformed.
at
What
the
exposure
the
of
charge
brother
her
threat
of
of
licentiousness, masked
arnica
of her
mention
could
by
tempta-
and
young,
path
sarcasm
pellationof
this
to
delightsand
to
it ;
treats
comes
callingher
with
he
of
from
and
than
Cicero
virtuousness
"
expected
far
when
eye
her
induce
the
too
struck
terrible
to
the
transgress in
to
the
hoped
be
which
moralities
im-
youthful
in his
youth."
expect
to
allowed
prosecution by
her
of
; that
age
was
impossiblenot
art
to
had
with
licentiousness
of
apology
doubt
no
humour"
and
Utopian
was
in
passage
Middleton
wit
"
gaietiesand
that
"
long
omnium
in fact be
incest
implied
husband,
under
?
and
the ap-
DEFENCE
240
One
sentence
and
it is not
find
approved
"But
of
that which
When
intent
to
of the
speech
that his
are
his
task.
easy
of
this age, but

For when
by them.
it not
was
this
not
allowed
also
was
When
was
do
to
with
tried ?
was
has
word
the
charge
of
Two-thirds
yet been
said
in
however,
perhaps wisely, assumed

get rid of the prejudice against
to
had
opponents
He
maxims
conceded
Ccelius
was
only difficulty
which
"
"
When
all
Cicero,
divinity:
?"
and
over,
of
"
was
for which
of it.
his client
an
has
what
murder
refutation
what
unlawful
line of argument,
have expected to
youth should be interdicted from

moralist, I cannot
deny it, but he
licentious
the
it blamed
declared
the
xiv.
that
stern
chap.
should
we
thinks
only with
was
ask
we
who
forefathers and
our
which
is indeed
not
US.
English doctor
an
one
he
is lawful
Still
by
is any
variance
done
not
of
C (ELI
showing
as
that
exactly
amours,
the customs
this
I will quote
if there
indulgingin
is widely at
OE
said, using
he
created, and
nautical
had
then
metaphor,
"
now
speech has emerged from the shoals and got past

the rocks, it is all plain sailingbefore
He
me."
argued that
that my
Ccelius
could
the
tellingher
knew
this she
But
have
he
the
for
which
his
to
Clodia
money
from
he
wanted
design
privy
was
guilty,and
was
such
to
to
argue
without
it ; and
bad
as
the
that
her without
from
money
and
Clodia
if she
himself.
as
crime
was
on
Ccelius could
tellingher his
of
scrutiny for
bear
terms
to
was
intimacy with her as

for the prosecution alleged, was
a
fallacythat
counsel
not
that
procured the
object,if
got
privy
was
Ccelius
that
admit
not
purpose
insinuate
to
have
not
the
will
moment.
passed on, however, to a better point. It was, he said,

of Ccelius's understanding,
impossible to believe that a man
to
nothing of his character, should be so bereft of his
say
his guilty secret
slaves.
to trust
to unknown
And
senses
as
He
then
asks, almost
he
"'Id
we
think
it
hesitation
with
apology, although
all-important question in the
the
was
case,
"
"
-
might, in accordance
from
slaves
and
the
"
accuser
what
access
with
evidence
what
he
had
to
the
of advocates
custom
there
is of
them
between
meeting
If he
went
and
my
himself, what
demand
own,
Ccelius and
Lucceius's
rashness
If he
was
of
might penetrate all the lurking-places
employed another, who
no
no
opportunity no means
suspicion: you will find no motive
hope of
of this atrocious
reason
trace
no
no
accomplishing or concealingthe crime
he ?
"
"
"
"
"
crime.
But
elaborated
topics,which
might be of some
all these
them,
are
proper
avail in
my
to
the
orator,
hands, with
and
which,
and
ability
my
for I have
most
a
if I
my
:
impeachable
unpracticein speaking, for the sake of brevity I pass over
witness in Lucceius, who
respects the sanctityof an
you well know
DEFENCE
56.
b.c.
oath, and
his
of
heard
certainlyhave
would
who
reputationand
his
of
C (ELI
OF
fortunes,
such
would
and
US.
241
crime
attempted
allowed
have
not
tire ruin
to
it to pass
with
impunity."
The
Lucceius
of
deposition
then
was
Cicero
read, and
proceeded :
"
What
"
speak
do
more
of the
This
is
it
believe
you
defence
is the
itself.
cause
Can
expect?
you
This
?
differently
which
only the voice of truth."
We
posteritywill judge otherwise.
But
cannot
ascertain,whether
now
guage
lan-
is the
This
makes.
itself to
truth
possiblefor
innocence
Ccelius
do
innocent
was
and
know,
not
guilty,
or
little or
could prove
assuredlythe testimony of Lucceius
be
nothing to the point. All he could say would
did not
had
heard
of the attempted crime, and
never
but
that
he
believe
called
to
a
possible. He was
negative, which is
prove
ing
simply an impossibility. The real defence of Coelius,accordto our
sists
connotions, and they are those of common-sense,
it
in the few
however,
to
have
on
the
words
occurred
and
the
if that failed
guilty. But,
I before
as
Cicero,
not
appear
probandi lay wholly
onus
bound
were
of which
It does
unconscious.
that
him
to
prosecution; they
by evidence,
not
been
have
to
seems
force
follow,of the
that
to
his client
make
their
out
be
must
case
pronounced
said, logical strictness
was
known
un-
flourishes
justice. Rhetorical
were
accepted instead of proof,and the most rambling charges,
life
if enforced
sufficient to place a man's
by eloquence, were
find the
and
we
libertyin jeopardy. In the next
passage
would
have triumphantly
point on which an English advocate
in the Roman
rather, if
relied,or
have
of
courts
what
Cicero
the
called upon
to address
for the prosecution would
have broken
been
In
"
the facts which
place or time
spoken,
or
privy to
the crime.
said
are
But
no
one
have
to
jury
happened
is called
that family where
he
is true,
says
would
not
all;for the
at
case
down.
there
witness
as
so
nefarious
to
a
is not
prove
deed
them
trace
no
of words
one
is said to have
was
been
uprightness,its virtue,and its piety from that

voice
the obligationof an
an
speaking under
familyyou
oath
of no
balance
in
which
admits
that you have to
doubt,
so
a
really
matter,
has
which
of the two
is
that
most
an
enraged woman
things
likely whether
has
that
the
and
a grave,
given his
trumped up
wise,
charge, or
respectableman
evidence with due regard to the sanctityof an oath."
committed
is
for
distinguished
heard
have
its
"
authoritative
"
"
There
remained
Cicero
by poison.
"But
given, and
as
its effects upon
charge
of
attempting
the life of Clodia
asked,
"
it procured? how
prepared? to whom
was
poison Where
and
made
it
at
he
?
an
home,
experimentof
They say that
kept
of
he
assured
its
fatal strength.
death
was
slave, by whose speedy
the
to
where
the
"
DEFENCE
242
say that the poison was

of Coelius
that an
They
and
man,
friend
the Xenian
to
box
of
that
place?
OF
"
Now
that
Licinius
here
I first ask
have
been
feelinghad
had
arisen
taken
criminal
if
with
one
She
charges.
hand
the
xiv-
object
Clodia, what
slaves
poison
were
was
June
illoe
forsooth
to
If such
of suspicion could
his house
at
the
carried
house
own
cause
seen
them
to
over
if their
them,
I say,
then
"
and
Ccelius at his
to
and
there
go
what
come
of the woman's
between
place
to
was
poison.
Why did the slaves not
still
Ccelius
existed between
intimacy
there
chap,
given to Licinius,a modest and excellent young

made
with the slaves to come
appointment was
"
baths
CCELIUS.
at an
was
end,
familiarity
lackrymce,and this is the cause
But
?
and
if ill
quarrel
of all these
that she is
that when
cunning woman
design, she told them to promise him
in the act of
everything; but that the poison might be openly seized when it was
being given to Licinius, she ordered them to appoint as the place of meeting the
Xenian
baths, where she would send friends to remain
concealed, who would, when
her
slaves informed
course
all this
was
who
swore
capable of proof.
that they were
had
seized
forward
Clodia
the
jury
evidence
he
act."
Licinius
long
had
of which
had
the
baths,
as
with
the
poison
in
establish
to
way
time
been
resorts,
If witnesses
at
the
to
up
witnesses
no
disprove that
to
in the
that
facts,and
these
to
him
gone
it appears
But
addressed
speak
have
it would
hand,
take
and
and
averred,
charge.
when
Cicero
who
named
the
could
usual, to presumptive
as
the
prosecution had
given
evidence.
no
he
Why,"
"
asked,
the meeting ?
themselves.
"
I know
For
if
appoint public baths, of all placesin the world, for

hide
men
can
lurking-place there where
grown-up
in the vestibule of the baths
be connot
cealed
they would
find
it
venient
inconretire into the interior,
would
they
very
did she
of
no
they were
to
; but if they wished
to do so with their clothes and
be
"
rush forward
come
his
"
came,
licinius
Of
says,
of Ccelius's nefarious
her
admitted
unless
"
indeed
sandals
And
on.
this influential woman,
friends
with
halfpenny public baths, had become
witnesses he ironically
said, They must, no doubt,
"
intimate
with
for such
It
such
further
that
and
Cicero
but
for it
the
very
whole
hero
escapes
way.
Aulcea
this
likelythat
of
and
men
seizing
at
the
urged, what
been
on
other
bathman."
the
be
As
in
the
to
who
men
respectable
lie in ambuscade
to
not
habit of using the
were
publicbath
made
tolluntur
curtain rises,"but, as
"
tone
him
would
been
forward
too
most
the
on
the
ridicule
stage of
curtain
was
obvious
whole
evidence
presumptive
known,
him
let
for
slip.
the
stage plot,where
falls.1
the curtain
the
bantering
posted there
have
outset, that
literally"the
is well
had
seems
us
the
of
who
moment
same
witnesses, the
In
rushed
had
said, like
he
to
at
they
escaped with the poison in his hand;

absurd
and
as
an
improbable story,
thing looked,
then
have
Licinius
purpose
The
to
alleged that
treated
not
was
He
consented
and
woman,
her
purpose."
was
soon,
perhaps they would
from
the
he
case
pended
de-
being the
said
ancient
pulledup,
remark
not
"
theatres
down.
the
jet.
DEFENCE
51.
"I
anxious
am
and
rich
noble
commander
so
to
they lay
invincible
how
answer
it
catch
or
and
was
hid
who
it
heroes
carryingon
that
many
so
and
was
such
talkative
wine.
of
The
they
forum
justiceare
couches
as
from
sift them
to
if
But
her
to
of
innocent
which
feminine
He
He
such
as
"Preserve
republic
court
follies
weaved-up
them
take
to
favour
trade, win
another
to
Let
her
them
purse,
in
cherished
be
let them
cling
at
time
state
when
the
state
be
offences,to
in imminent
was
perverted
and
danger,
gratify
to
woman's
by
sketch
that
was
he
had
faults, but
time
would
life,showing
Ccelius's past
of
should
they
be
guilty of
of
faults
the
were
great
so
youth,
cure.
therefore," he exclaimed, appealing to the jury, " preserve to the

and
citizen of virtuous
the friend of good
pursuitsand good qualities,
I promise you and
of life will
guarantee to the state, that his mode
This
men.
revenge.
unlikelyit
and
their
of
fortunes
slaves ; but let them spare the life and
suffer
law
of
which
not
to
the
to
a
jury
appealed
against
concluded
crime.
story
witty
be her
He
author
directed
was
how
I advise
me
man."
the
was
lust and
not
listen to
lie at her feet and
an
their
good
the benches
in another
fashion.
display themselves
for their good looks, let them
command
way,
Catulus
as
as
eloquent over
even
another
and
woman
"
either seize
defenceless
the uttermost.
they will
by that
make
to
cealed
con-
compel
however
processerinl),
sometimes
"
"
Their
I will unravel."
another
alone, and
able
locum
did not
men
was
which
I will
of a saloon ; the presence

the
of jurymen is not
is very different
companions ; the lightof the sun
of lamps.
I will
forward
If,therefore,they come
the presence
of boon
the light of torches
or
same
feasts, and
at
be
thing,the dining-room
one
the
not
be
may
is
of
who
this
female
in what
them
But
war.
of
their
horse
Trojan
kind
friends
I will ask
woman's
the
posted by
were
in
individual
one
243
are
garrison of the baths.
him.
now
see
They will assuredly never
you
if they get into that witness-box
(si ishtm in
and
US.
youths who
men
whether
"
he fled,this
as
C (ELI
fashionable
the brave
next
ambuscade
where
many
he stood,
first the
see
lady ; and
in the
and
manner
them
to
OF
differ from
if I may
speak of myself as having done good service to the
think
his youth, think also on
the age of his unhappy
you
upon
is before you, and who
this his only son.
leans for support upon
mine
"
When
state.
father
who
Consent
that
not
shall be
crushed
other, now
the
by
for the
of virtue
whose
one,
blow
from
first time
already setting in the course

than by his own
destiny ;
is
sun
sooner
you
with
blossoming
the
of
leaves
hope,
and
of
or
nature,
that the
when
the
it were
as
growing strong, shall be overthrown
by a whirlwind
the
the
Preserve
the
the
or
to
to
a
son
tempest.
parent,
parent
son, lest it should
be thought that you despisedold
instead
in
of saving
crushed
its
despair, or
age
stem
youth when
it
is
full of the
was
his friends,and
your
his
children,and
industryand
the
prediction
a
greatest promise.
republic,you
above
you,
will
all others, will
him
for yourIf you
do preserve
selves,
and
him
to you
to
devoted
of
fruits
and
the
rich
lasting
reap
have
exertions."
Whatever
it had
the
we
merit
of
think
may
of
of
the
argument
Ccelius
success.
his advocate
was
fulfilled.
was
of
this
speech,
the
acquitted,and
He
became
wards
after-
distinguished man.
Domitius
consulships
Ahenobarbus
of
the
was
ensuing
one
year,
of
and
the candidates
he
made
no
for the
secret
of
his
office
took
therefore
the
gaining
of
book
the
third
for
Pompey
had
lately been
but
they
to
each
the
others
period.
which
no
consuls
This
Pompey
and
the
year
overawed
second
led
to
any
opened
be
what
were
with
thus
their
this
at
who
elected
able
within
for
baffle
and
be
obtain
consulship.
Do-
It was,
year.
Cato
tribune
being
the
held,
required
elected
the
the
declared
interregnum,
an
to
unable
not
from
of
genius
were
to
the
comitia
forward
come
order
employing
called
was
in
elected
consular
could
might
Crassus
by
over
him
candidates
they had
that
be
they
become
time,
to
sent
men,
the
by
will
of
to
difficulty was,
prevent
to
candidates
new
the
adroitly got
however,
that
them
two
in
other, again acting together;
been
sufficiently soon
themselves
so
for
each
and
with
finding these
at
strength
and
persuaded
But
mitius.
to
have
to
energy
consulship,
surprise
hostile
seem
He
resist.
and
so
both
whose
Caesar,
feel
may
Italy
to
came
After
by him
related
interview
an
Caesar
election.
are
he
have
to
Gaul.
in
his
of
influence
his
which
Commentaries,
his
the
prevent
XIV.
CHAP.
command
victories
Crassus
and
We
Lucca.
of
all
use
his
to
measures
series
to
of
Caesar
deprive
to
CONSULS.
US
succeeded,
if he
intention,
CRASS
"
POMPEY
244
during
at
once.
office, and
find
him
Naples.
He
Faustus,
who
his
Athens,
Cicero
inherited
he
these
and
kept
that
famous
But
good things
the present
lost all taste

refreshed
for
state
other
Atticus
the
on
rather
whom
he
walk
had
had
The
the
took
he
said, never
liked
him
him,
the
was
Sed
si
iv.
io.
were
man
This
convert
sophy of
curet
might
to
his friend.
to
him
pay
him.
after
that
visit,
He
vain
in
him
upon
was
although
the
to
the
as
Ad
Att.
if Cicero
the
Epicurean philoBut most

probably
he said it only in jest; for there
can
be
doubt
no
ence
that
; dc
Divin.
Seized. 23.
ments
complibefore
undoubtedly
stay
of
the
himself
was
believe
that
so
pey
Pom-
constantly disaphe
believed
in the exist
and
future state.
of Providence
See, amongst
and
opinion
I have
he
he
he
time, but
real
chief
which
to
himself;
as
of
state
fulsome
He,
for
"
the
in
as
party,
fors viderit,
the
his
reveals
struggled hard
Deus.
seem
gaged
en-
mentions
they discussed
He
de ilia amtmlatione
qui est qui
then
inquire
Pompey,
conservative
or
gallery
despatch with
use
He
senate-house.
in the
strongly attached.
aut
for
looked
and
who
Being
after his
dissatisfied with
was
paid
really trusted
aristocratic
to
Cumae
place, and
look
we
must
morning.
Pompey
which
chance
a
look
the
course
architect,Cyrus, had
private correspondence of Cicero

him,
rather
the bust
of
such
to
his
to
would
walk
that
which
them), and
(Pompey) with
name
man
was
Rome.
sent
next
affairs.
the
contractor
at
he
to
to
as
his villa at
to
him
see
that
his house
come
with
if there
the
press
interview
public
which
his books,
(meaning
cautious
But
all
immediately
to
was
said he had
librarybeneath
begs Atticus
He
and
building of
going
of
it.1
do,
his
than
walk.
vapour-bath,and
and
he
Lucrinum,
says
chair
too
him
he
; and
in
Providence,
or
about
Pompey
public affairs,he
seat
with
he must
saw
determine,
the
of
in their curule
than
would
to
and
enjoyments except
triumvirate, although he is
and
Puteoli.
thought
Puteoli
books
plundered
near
of
delighted him
and
of Aristotle
cared
Atticus
of
for its oysters.
in
sit with
of
he
country-seat
perhaps
of
Bay
libraryof
collection
together when
his
xv.
son-in-law
and
dictator,
at
the
the
devouring
immense
got
jokingly adds,
chap.
in
{Pozsuold),
as
the
an
had
father
devouring the
was
himself
Sylla
of
son
Puteoli
near
describes
Pompey,
which
his villa
at
HOME.
AT
CICERO
246
other
i.
proofs,ad
Att.
51-; de Legg. ii. 7;
vii.
dc
êt.
AFFECTION
55-
pointed
him.
mark
be
to
In
his villa
with
And
whom
Atticus
to
"
himself,
he
as
was
BROTHER.
no
Cicero
of
writes
that
Pompey
(forso
put in
he
'
as
"
'
"
this
and
It
was
of
the
defeated
in
worthless
in
his
still
more
carried
this
grief
great
13th
to
for his
It is
of
do
this,and
the
him
to
his
with
the
love
form
verses
this year
severely
in his stead.
that
law
the
was
motion
punishable
of
have
to
read, than
he
more
does
subject,public
or
in
to
of
per
book
had
board
over-
Quintus had
his
on
ship,
consul-
own
had
speech he
called
he
Urania.
written
put
Cicero
the
passage
of others.
of
terms
affairs
Cato
affectionate
Cicero
most
intimacy
to
seems
of
have
His
woman.
charming portions of
point of
lost,by the
playful allusions, the

and
in
many
cases
years.
him
he
tells
him
that
no
delight in hearing his own

reading his brother's letters
private,and
qui proeturam
the
the
of
full
letter
next
his poem
were.
thousand
two
of
pey
Pom-
consuls,
threw
and
passing the love
some
poet takes
Ne
we
Vatinius, the
that the
the sake
is,however, dimmed,
stricken
must
him
had
on
be
state
that
brothers
two
lapse of nearly
In
May,
adds
in the
said
notice
correspondence,
which
to
than
sake
own
Quintus
letters
was,
remember
to
Jupiter
pleasant to
which
loved
of
was
elected
was
not
He
attention
him
begged
promised
more
of
it should
the Senate.
to
the mouth
into
his
that
his brother's
and
on
the
Cato
Cicero
circumstance
painful
on
whom
Sextius,
altogether.
the present disheartening
called
also I
praetorship,and
Caesar,
of
Porcius
Crassus, supported Afranius,
and
In
province,
praetorian election by bribery I1 Cicero alludes to

letter to
that the law caused
Quintus, and
says
in
for the
defence
Afranius, enacting
that
times
of
actually passed
man),
"
contest
the
poet of his
said
was
creature
handled
But
as
for
speak
we
is
too
sign
whenever
by the Greek
by Phocylides.'
always add,
must
:' and
said
to
dissatisfied
speak of
of
follow.
his way
was
professing to despise the

having Syria
and
vaunting the advantages of Spain. Here
idea
sufficient
to
April,on
must
we
of
prepared
was
28th
said
247
else
one
the
on
Pompeii, he
near
HIS
there
yet
the leader
letter
FOR
ambitum
whether
full of
ei propterea
cepisset,
the
museverses
on
every
gossip
fraudi esset.
of
CICERO'S
248
the
country
their
the
or
friend
he
joke
OPINION
once
to
played
him.
dressed
up
follow
LUCRETIUS,
Apropos
town.
Marius
he
Baiae, and
OF
his
the
to
villa,he
He
mentions
hundred
of
question
men
bringing
practical
him
taking
was
xv.
chap.
with
him
to
soldiers with
as
the
that conveyed him.

palanquin {lecticd)
had
idea
that he was
no
Marius, who
accompanied by so
warlike
of his litter,
the window
retinue, happened to open
a
swords,
to
he
when
and
the
to
terror,
armed
letter he
in which
the
the
was
of
poem
usual
and
According
that Lucretius's
was,
the
believing that what
contrary,
in this.
concur
to
for
reason
direct
the
opinion of
"
we
strongest
his
reading, is represented
showed
little genius but much
art
a judgment
But
I think
there is
can
hardly coincide.
it
saying that
nearly fainted with
of Cicero.
expresses
Lucretius, and, according

as
attendants
amusement
great
another
In
the
saw
to
wrote
ancient
manuscripts
Cicero really said
what
them,
had
verses
the
all
Cicero
much
of
the
splendour
of
art
is surely a
which
genius, and yet betrayed considerable
criticism.
I have
discussed
the question in
just and sound
"
note.1
in
Genius
with
dealing
Natura
alone
It is
literature ; and
art
which
"
the admirable
philosophy
regards matter
objects, are interwoven
external
of
as
subject are
All
inata,
MSS.
read
ita sunt
scribis,
multoe
ingenii,
has
makes
Cicero,
in
be
to
as
the
adversative
all the editors

non
ought
and
seems
lieve
MSS.
hard,
that
the
assert
and
the
right. May
am
then
denying genius
Lucretius, notwithstandingthat
the
and
Lucretius.
that
agree
before
mitltis
they represent Cicero
which
hope
works
inserted
"
to
genius
of
poe-
mult is luniiniartis
conjunction tamen, almost

to
to
should
we
consequence
of Cicero's
and
and
the
skilfulness
this
is shown
void, and
with
contrary.
unwillingto
all
This
be-
is
interpolation of non
the meaning be this ?
not
"
the
the
images
has
and
genius,
disdains
the
this has
also"
of
genius
labour
of
and
ably discussed
admirable
the
a'-*- ;
edition
the
splendour
but
often
Lucre-
yet considerable
would
just. The
in
of
know
we
criticism which
fectlysound
Mr.
of
art
be
perquestion is
Monroe's
recent
Lucretius, vol.
ii.
He
instead
the
much
genius, and
a
"
108.
of
exquisite descriptions
Lucretius
of
of
by
Epicurean
of
tenets
as
of Roman
the
difficulties
by which
the apprehension.
Litcretii
tamen
as
attribute
expect,
But
clear
made
the
ut
of
"
the
remains
poetry
illustrations
and
nature
disdains
in which
manner
grandest
successful
for
subject
is in it much
often
too
Lucretius
made
of the
one
yet there
genius
have
unpromising
so
Rerttm.
could
suggests that ctiam may be read

of tamen, or inserted after it. In
former
common
edition
that the critics,who
it,have
reading, but
been
had
I
are
mistaken,
am
adopted
glad
to
answerable
the
think
for
b.c.
he
Atticus
To
he
Nothing,
man.
knowledge.1
He
said, was
was
afterwards
soon
to
the
to
In few
his
things
commission
his
four
bought
of
one
table.
friend
Cicero
did
he
had
world
in his
opinion
which
Cicero
the first with
an
inn, and
of
order
were
his
and
son-in-
home
go
wards,
after-
Senate, which
the
its
attend
meetings, equivalent
call of the house.
to
make
to
have
in
ornamenting
had
given a
purchases for
He
some
misunderstood.
much
for
care
He
he
and
wrote
them
all
than
Gallus
worth.
; his
statues
might vie with the

previously purchased
had
him,
consistingof figuresof Bacchanals,

sculptured as a support for a
; and
for
mere
the Bacchanals
that
he
given
not
books
pictures and
was
seems
another
and
Mars,
with
to
following month,
Tusculanum.
Gallus
five statues,
or
But
back
dine
of the
universal
his way
greater delight than
took
Fadius
to
which
he
term
wonderful
on
to
especiallyhis
villas,and
him,
should
we
ing'
devour-
was
calls
on
and
come
second
Rome
at
senators
he
249
delightfulthan
more
to dine
saying that he intended
law Crassipes,like a traveller at
giving the go-by to the
what
he
Dionysius, whom
bring his wife, Pilia, on
required the
VILLAS.
told him
and
May,
begged Atticus
and
Rome,
in
wrote
with
literature
CICERO'S
FOR
ORNAMENTS
52.
Gallus
told
the
statues
had
written
of
group
from
passion
that
in
him
to
the
Metellus
the
Muses
; but
replied
"
first place, I should

have
never
thought
all the Muses
would
sure
given and 1 am
and
with
but
suited
to
studies.
me
were
they
library
appropriate
agree
my
my
You
But what
I know
them
?
place have I for Bacchanals
pretty
say they are
I would
often seen
them ; but if I had
have
well, and have
approved of them
well known
to purchase statues
For I
to me.
so
given you a distinct commission
in the habit of buying only those statues
which
do for ornamenting my pahvstra
am
in the manner
But what
have
of gymnasia.
of peace, to do with Mars?
I, a man
I am
no
glad that there was
figureof Saturn amongst them ; for I should have
' '
is there ?
resemblance
What
the Muses
worth
as
much
as
you
In
the
have
"
"
"
feared that those

had
two
statues
would
have
got
me
into
debt.
I would
rather
there
better bargain with

a
Mercury, for I think I could then have made
Avianus.
The
for
table
have
if
as
a
can
figurethat you intended
a
support
you
it
but
if
have
mind
I
will
take
it.
I
would
like
rather
changed
;
you
you
your
for the statues
in the purchase of a resting-place
have spent the money
you gave
troublesome
host there.
I have
at Terracina, that I may
be
not
to my
always
been
wall
i
n
the
with
niches
the
seats
putting up some
against
(exhedria)
portico
of my
adorn
them
I wish
Tusculan
to
with pictures. If anything of
villa,and
that kind
it is paintings. If,however, I must
have the statues, I wish
delightsme
would
be
tell
when
to
sent
where
for, and by what kind
me
are
they
they are,
you
of conveyance.
For if Damasippus
talked
of
buying
them)
(who
changes his mind,
1 will find some
whom
I
sell
them
at a loss."
can
even
to
pscudo Damasippus
been
...
OvOfv
yXvKvrepov
-q ttolvt' eldevcu.
"
Ad
At/, iv.
II.
HIS
250
The
pleasantlydescribed
himself
ruined
If
friends
intimate
statesmen,
short
are
his
opinion by
by the friend
playful or ironical
understood
be
brief
and
when
he
he
Tiro, the
or
hints
that
whom
to
When
style.
letters
knows
who
man
of
Terentia,
or
fact, the
In
word.
of his satires,
one
elliptical.He
often
and
from
might expect
Ouintus,
or
quary
anti-
tastes.
by the change
struck
Atticus,
to
in
and
correspondence with his

to
letters addressed
politiciansand
his
to
Horace
virtuoso
familiar
Cicero's
are
we
by
xv.
chap.
is the
to
his dilettante
by
from
turn
we
writes
alluded
here
Damasippus
so
who
STYLES.
EPISTOLARY
tences
sen-
frequently
are
just what
we
his
meaning
will
he
writes, however
be.
But
expressions may
a
politicalfriend or acquaintance, his
elaborate
with
long-winded sentences
addresses
his
style is stately and

full of profuse compliment. The
suited for this pompous
is peculiarly
"
hence
it is the
inscriptions.In
about
written
which
be
be, in which
than
dearer
show
chieflyto
that
is
to
him
games
dedication
the model
from
the
of the
kind
in
roar.
!"
to
But
to
nay,
"
him,
do
I mention
and
towards
"
hold
the
letter
declares
him, that
he
whatever
it
not
He
Pompey.
love
small
wishes,
en
It is said
eighty thousand
to
have
been
spectators.
Some
ments
frag-
building still remain.

of which
the
upon
second
Mithridates.
amusement
this occasion
Romans
was
got up with
unusual
were
were
fond
acted,
attention
pantomimes kept the audience

struggled, and gladiators fought day
farces
Butchered
the
On
populace. Stage plays
scene
Athletes
"
to
you
nothing, however
is
clung
wish
true.
immense
Broad
it,
consulship by exhibiting
The
of extraordinary splendour.
excuse
of a
magnificent theatre he had built
he had seen
his return
at Mitylene on
one
hold
the misc
effect.
a
of
to
of
lavished
in which
to
still
his
against
war
large enough
was
he
rightand
upon
every
concerns
celebrated
and
the
was
own
advantageous
Pompey
shows
are
exaggeration
an
"
interested,which
you
how
with
says,
there
great is his inclination
so
whatever
seems
all my
proconsulof Cilicia,
the face of
insincerityon
perfectlyassured, that
may
of
letter to Lentulus, the
this time, Cicero
carries
kind
language
composition, and
all others adapted to lapidary
above
language
of the Latin
genus
and
to
make
Roman
holiday."
jet.
POMPE
55
Africa
her wild
sent
called
were
conducted
times,
not
in
written
that
and
his
mind,
there
of
no
delighted
the
populace.
the
on
do
we
in
stage
in
the
of
play
cavalry
He
as
the
enjoyment
soldiers in the
infantry and
Marius,
than
eye
what
mules
of
crowd
an
little pleasure in
asks
hundred
six
gives
appreciate
He
modern
friend
the
to
to
severe
his
were
cruel sports
Cicero
took
He
thousand
three
a
these
to
hardly
can
parallel in
letter
scenery.
seeing
Clytemnsestra, or
Trojan horse, or
so
have
rather
too
was
stage
in
fight,which
in
addressed
taste
be
can
show
was
accessories
which
spleneticmood.
very
anything
on
bull-fightsof Spain.
the whole
of
account
in the
even
which
Rome,
at
in what
We
days.
five hundred
and
"
slaughtered
were
gigantic scale
of the
idea
an
arena
for five
lasted
hunts," that
"
form
the
A TRE.
into the
beasts
eighteen elephants
and
lions
THE
Y'S
sham-
certainlywould
appreciated the way in which we have of late years

the
the
seen
plays of Shakspeare brought upon
stage.
Besides, the actors
displeased him.
yEsop, the famous tragic
have
not
lessons
broke
in
have
the
excited
of
indeed, tells
to
stricken
by
of
human
the
spear
He
What
him.
with
would
the
says
could
about
quite gravely, and
us
that when
Herodotus,
crowd, who
something
failed
He
there, he asks,
pleasure was
pieces by a powerful brute,
fox-hunt
the
taken
old.
his voice
parts, and
torn
modern
pity
they had
that
fellow
animal
thought
his
of
had
growing
"
hunts," what
"
poor
noble
and
one
the
to
as
seeing
or
in
Cicero
day, from whom

delivery was
his
elocution
in
down
Then
of
Garrick
actor, the
elephants
help feeling
not
them.
Dio
all the
simplicityof
Cassius,
lifted their trunks
creatures
he
aloft,
uttering cries of pain, the spectators thought that they were

appealing to heaven againstperjury for it was believed that to
"
them
induce
had
In the
had
who
when
he
seems
to
which
a
he
been
he
tribune
of Africa
coast
they should
been
not
of them
the
on
that
had
Cicero
midst
embark
them
to
sworn
But
of
to
the
the
down
his office.
The
have
been
successful.
In
this defence, he
pleader'stask, and
says
that
if
harm
no
the
Gallus,
impeached
was
speech
the shows.
with
of Caninius
cause
people,and
laid
mentions
with
wholly occupied
pleaded
of
meet
their conductors
is
letter
lost,but
to
complains of
the people were
Marius,
it
in
weariness
as
com-
OR
52
him
plaisantto
yet
grew
to
death
of the
tired
by
deserved
few
days
before.
most
savage
the
of the
Senate
orator
out
The
of his
lips,and
bird, a
he
he
beast,
be
not
of the
original
*S"*
from
defend
to
the
who
others
made
he
been
in Pisonem,
as
Piso had
been
attacked
of
use
recalled
in the
complained
by Cicero,
This
pouring
all the vials of his
quite unworthy
was
that
it
betrayed
It
tolerated
was
be
it has
to
not
was
teeth, that
whole
you
were
to
the passage
us
opens
of complaint men
Syrian from a gang of
complexion,not your shaggy
This
sort
Your
which
it
unknown.
experiment of consultingyou.
civil,was,
by
busts
of your
He
I do
not
say illustrious,but even
mistake, by the recommendation
ancestors, with
describes
an
which
you
interview
in-law, Piso's relative,he had

in terms
him
in
stifled
No
have
eyes,
is
sort
that
was
Few
of
eyebrows,
your
of silent language
deceived, cheated,
had
us
action
known.
of
known
You
given you by
nothing in common
your
the
No
either
yours,
cility
imbeone
military
stole in upon
public
the smoke-stained
but
which, accompanied
with
"
few, your sluggishnessof intellect,your stupidity,and

Your
voice had
been
heard
in the Fo.um.
never
tongue.
made
slave-like
your
deceived
us.
countenance,
As
quote
down
come
which
pages.
"
honours
by
gallows
with
names
sufficient
is lost
whom
to
other
pollute these
to
will
lump of mud,
filth,and
into their mistake.
men
those
imposed
butcher,
beast, or do you feel,what

Nobody complains that some
you
decaying
your
forehead, in short your
upon
vices
grovelling
or
the
gave
of
eagerly seized,
wonder
speech as
nor
of your
the
to
important speech
ex-consul
commencement
now
see,
you
of your appearance
slaves was
consul.
made
had
his
men
request of
and
he
decent
style,it
Do
mind,
plagued
was
superseded.
devoted
monster,
make
cheeks,
no
is known
had
be
only
can
with which
for the
the
of
Piso
really would
your
of the
which
Macedonia,
in which
we
carcase,
specimen
he
on,
of Rome.
calls
He
and
of
language
senators
"
It is that
way
wrath.
him
benefit
more
of all his orations.
the head
on
the
Senate
proposed that he should

the opportunity, which
who
it
in the
his government
from
to
the
at
pleased, and
spurred
however,
compelled
gladly give
he
cause
xv.
obligations.
delivered
had
He
under
was
would
he
forward
little at his hands,
very
he
whom
looked
chap.
ambition
Now,
sometimes
was
PISO.
and
work.
it ; for he
labours, and
"
he
then, though youth
even
he
GAINST
yEsop the actor,

might decline any
to
as
Formerly
it up.
A TION
your
by
colour."
his
son-
him
during his consulship,

which
it is hardly possible to
They found
quote.
the morning reeking from
almost
a
debauch, and were
with
the
fumes
that
he
exhaled,
while
he
pretended
COMPLETION
254
OF
Ateius
sense.
every
forbade
him
Some
of
then
to
the
effect that
other
no
he
of
to
where
his
express
of
The
he
and
has
come
of
off from
put
office.
he
But
Pulcher,
the
company
ac-
gloomy
desire
reconciled
him
in the
to
dens,
gar-
the
city,
could
Caesar, the
reputation
and
of his
first letter
to
period, there
Senate.
of
Crassus,
the
and
whose
have
that
been
we
recall, even
an
animated
warmly
he
that he
profuse in his assurances
Their
his friendship and support.
While
the army
to
heard
figswas
fruit in the street
pronounced
"
assembling at
was
embark
for the East,
callingout
Cauneas
probably Cafneas
his
Cauneas
"
which
the
last,
the
had
may
and
the
more
kept
had
up
his
accepted
for Gaul.
was
possess
a'; this
debate
defended
dressed
ad-
early
in the
him,
always depend
alienation
had
been
minds
of the hearers
superstitious
as
a
prophetic warning
eas!
"Beware
of going !"
ne
interpreted
Cave
from
more
left Rome
is
Brundusium
of
Appius Claudius
colleague.
Ouintus
year
how
had
54,
Domitius
victories
Rome.
whose
about
B.C.
close
drawing
lieutenants, and
tells him
Cicero
of
new
of
one
compositions,
year,
his
was
year
at
the
to
seems
new
last,
Clodius,
influence
It is
intrigues of the triumvirate
at
fame
careful
perfect
possible,to exclude
this
and
it.
all his
tells Atti-
state.
until
the
to
Cicero
one
us
time
to
of
he
which
of
this
engaged
was
copy
in
time
closely to
office of
to
succeeded
see
for the
if
he
books,
consuls
brother
shall
of
to
outside
were
which
have
down
wished,
seller
an
strongly by letter
with
interestingof
most
party, who
upon
such
earnest
finished, after long
might
doubt, owing
and
had
military command,
on
had
chiefly,no
with
in three
Oratore,
election
The
Ateius
these
been
request, dined
literarywork
finished
happily
the
him
urged
Crassus, had
to
clothed
as
his friend
and
most
We
prison.
ventured
Under
Crassipes,which
December
labour,
been
into
have
Pompey
walls.
Caesar, who
enmity
his De
in
and
him
to
seems
except
the
his
great
was
cus
people, at first
remain.
The
the
of
park,
now
year
throw
to
xv.
out.1
Crassus,
not
which
note
outside
and
at
or
of the
finallyleft,Cicero, yielding to the
Pompey
lay aside
him, and
attempted
him,
of
one
set
he
Before
tribune
chap.
tribunes, however, interfered,and
cursed
him
auspices
and
ORATORE."
"BE
Capito,
go,
solemnly
THE
Cic. de Div.
"
"
"
ii. 40.
RECONCILEMENT
55.
xr.
he
owing,
He
was
Crassus's
and
the
write
to
as
small
whether
great
or
and
legal,whether
that
far
as
The
by
Appius
We
had
hear
to
because
to
was
the
ing
concludwould
you
everything,
impress
it
on
your
aid, advice, authority,

and
them
to
or
at
private, domestic
yourself,in order
absence
your
cold
of
the
crowd
was
be
may
the
on
in Palace
Yard
on
that
he
the
was
dismiss
the
occasion, Clodius's
one
building,and
It would
Parliament
of
that
meet
to
steps of the
and
houses
two
to
populace
how,
mentions
severe
so
by their shouts.
senators
the
it he
the Senate
Grcecostasis
that
in
and
summoned
remember
the
thronged
frightened the
the
the whole
strain
I wish
"
public
Ouintus,
is to
may
mob
he
of
labours."
my
the consul
meeting.
and
quote
"
my
to
Rome,
friends, about
use
matters,
of
2th
to
indifferent, and
or
February, but the

compelled by the clamour
1
rest
dearest
they relate
letter
next
this
tion.
reputa-
service
devoted
In
possible their regret
as
alleviated
all
in
influence,
how
the
clients,to
family, friends,and
and
of
255
the
at
at
it will be sufficient
of your
one
remained
friend.
absent
US.
of another's
entirely
understood
sample
as
me,
who
people
letter is written, and

passage
adds,
sons,
of his
interests
the
now,
wife
and
Senate
he
CRASS
envious
pestilentmen
to
says,
WITH
startle
had
thought the
us
adjourned
weather
too
cold!
When
Caesar
of the
king
wearing
at
insigniaof
sovereign
to
petty
which
to
limited
renewed,
the
heard
the letter
that the
letter
and
wear
the
but
the
or
his
to
was
that
by
our
of
you,
had
wished
no
have
power
have
to
it
ing
address-
noblemen
Bostrenian
own
to
pretensions,and,
''Will
them,
Bath
consul
Antiochus
as
you
chief, permit
it ?"
mentioning this, Cicero
from
the honour
privilegeseems
the
perhaps
the prcetexta
Caesar
Antiochus,
to
worn
Garter
the
asked
to
including one
of office
longer period.
Cicero
laughed at
refused
from
granted
Commagene,
Commagenean
In
of
year;
senators,
who
are,
but
robe
foreignprince ;
to
had
by the magistrates
something equivalent to the giftof the
order
grant it for
or
was
the
he
principalityof
pratcxta,
Rome,
been
consul
was
packet
of
had
got
Cicero,
says
letters
so
that
addressed
saturated
wholly unrecognisable.
Balbus
He
to
with
had
him,
water
had, however,
able
been
make
to
to
than
whose
be
no
He
was
horror
his side.
on
have
would
long
the
could
of the
champion
with
As
first letter
his
it ; and
copy
of
alluded
to
that he
his
had
He
took
him
second
with
agree
For,
the
as
praises of
I do
and
His
intend
not
next
Caesar
in Britain
tells him
;2and
He
he
says
therefore
This
as
in
to
another
secure
fond
very
sissimus
natandi
of
"
swimming
and
him
yet
time
me,
his
from
all
both.
tion,
introduceminent
an
of
he
Gaul
and
said
agree
with
"
me.
singing
bosom
in
considered
past been
friend,
for
of
country
to
In
his
with
cheated
unwilling
it seems,
were
get
Tale
with
vii.
Div.
wrote
by
to
Straits
caution
silver
nor
tain
Bri-
there.
of
one
quickly as possible.
Ad
that Cicero
ancestors.
our
is so,
the
"
the
(cssedarii)of
gold
as
cross
Britain.
"
joined
noticing merely from
Rome
to
had
who
Trebatius,
studio-
"
you
friend, if this
night'ssleep.
jokes
heard
that
charioteers
Satires,ii. I,
swim
the
across
letter Cicero
being
the
his
good
strain,
same
slip."
whom
Trebatius
same
recommending
Tiber
In
is the
introduces
rather
worth
back
come
Caesar
jokingly
letter of
there is neither
his
the
Ouintus,
long
to
are
of
had
proconsul
to
barbarous
hears
advises
their chariots, and
Horace
the
to
far
so
sent
Trebatius,
is, believe
are
beware
to
for
let him
and
passing allusions
He
or
letters
two
for wishing
him
them
by
the
to
Pompey,
to
had
and
with
he
that
friend
also
He
lence
par excel-
Cicero
in
added,
wrote
Caesar.
ultimate
was
Gaul
Caesar
telling
tone,
I have
know,
you
his
principle.
of
afforded
write
about
you
of
Ouintus
to
He
self.
It would
bankrupt by relyingupon
his
familiar
him.
Senate,
agreeing
he
to
gave
all others
who
kindly feelingtowards
lawyer,1in February,
friendly and
and
anxiety
above
practicallylost,he
opportunity
he
to
blame
can
wished
Caesar's
man
the
be
to
of
man
proconsul
told
Cicero, which
more
the
the
become
He
the
which
the
not
of Caesar's
quarters
thus
poverty,
better
was
compromise
was
own
to
xv.
sufficiently
suspicion of
one
Caesar,
as
(Cicero's)
purse.
no
possible without
was
allusion
authority of
And
well
stand
Balbus
doubt
disarm
secured
have
chap.
from
invaluable
been
to
way
of violence.
to
There
if he
designs
as
which
Cicero
gone
an
promise something
support
have
letter
can
CICERO,
GAIN
it contained
that
hoped for.
gain
TO
decipher part of
to
out
seemed
to
ANXIOUS
CESAR
25 6
of
to
to
as
arrant
into
io.
Tub, Swift
says
friend in England
beware
hackney
our
Cresar
of
coachmen
rascals
being
(who,
"
as
now).
b.c.
LITERARY
52.
In
Cicero
May
LABOURS.
257
and
the country,
went
into
his Cuman
and
spent
couple
He
wrote
to
Pompeian villas.
his work
De
he was
Ouintus, and told him
engaged upon
task ; but
Rcpublicd,which he calls a tough and troublesome
if it turned
out
according to his expectation, the labour
of months
would
at
well
be
he
which
sea
bestowed.
looked
he
he
as
upon
could
He
idle.
be
the
would
writing,and
was
not
it into
throw
said
he
carefullyafter his nephew, Quintus'sson ; and if

his tutor, for which
act as
boy did not despise him, would
of his own
was
qualifiedby attending to the education
had
In a letter to Atticus, who
just left Rome, he
would
the
he
son.
look
him
begs
his
what
to
he
On
and
his
he
wished
to
wrote
letters
two
to
from
civilityand
as
a
thing which
proconsul assured
him
the
and
then
to
ardentlydesirous now
happens to travellers
am
what
June he
received
which
honours
from
allowed
often
free
consult
reference
upon.
in
of Caesar's affection
expect
be
Csesar, full of
from
the
' '
had
may
of Varro, with
works
engaged
Rome
to
he
him
one
speaks
all
then
was
return
told
with
the
especially
and
books,
some
that he
give directions
libraryin his absence, as
to
to
access
do
down
else,as
try something
would
If not, he
goes
devote
on
in
are
brother,
him, together
kindness.
He
he
preferred to
him he might
"
him
myself to
who
his
alone, and
hurry.
If
perhapsI
they rise
later
shall
than
for lost time, and

arrive at their journey'send
so
they make
up
than if they had awakened
before daybreak. Thus
sooner
I, since I have so long
in cultivatingthat person, although you often urged me
to do so, will,
slumbered
is approved by him,1 by my
future speed make
that my poem
as
you tell me
up
for past slowness
with
Britain to
poeticsteeds and chariot.
Only give me
my
they intended
paintwith
your
colours and
pencil."
own
my
written.
A
never
pity it is that such a book was
description of Britain by Cicero, from information
supplied
been
most
a
by his brother, would have
interestingwork.
What
He
have
proceeds
I at
home
usual, will
as
"
He
for
the
whole
"
what
But
with
was
also
me
Trebatius
the
his exile ;
to
of
multitude
Perhaps this
see
"
for
What
spare
perhaps your
time
affection^
all difficulties.
overcome
sending
I about
am
I will
But
thanks
(Caesar)
too
connected
poem
or
him.
persons
De
it may
with
wit and
some
For
who
he
were
politeness
declares
with
him
that
in
there
the events
embraced
TemporibusSuis, which
been
Crcsar's
some
panegyricon
exploits.
have
not
was
M.
who
one
Curtius
asked
him
for it is his
"
even
get
blamed
next
I asked
him
; for
Domitius
year
laughing
was
him
at
for
he
daily complaint that

he
fun
made
even
he
had
his
the
in
modesty
if I
had
cannot
point
ap-
Senate
journey
to
in
mention
may
complied with
once
(the
in the
made
make
to
him
at
xv.
Cieero's
he
way
request,
for
asked
favour.
a
trifling
so
As
he
politics,
to
of
forum
usual
of
focus
disorder
sign of the Republic getting into

tranquillity.
had
able
Ouintus
hardly been
last letter
its
fancied
by
some
him
he
that
cause
; for he
pen
scribbled
with
he
had
and
out
of
Iago
; I say,
wars
Tribunum
carrying
modern
terms
minds
us
always
It is
an
"brigadier;"
the application of
ancient
and retitles,
far
to
rendered
his
this
commentator
"
consul
remark
and
burgomaster.
"
Quincey, in
of De
in
thy
he
But
said
He
miles
gregarius."
semi-serious
far to
go
heads
in
the
Quincey
found
prove
those
And
he
tone,
that
there
days?"
explanationof
calls
in the
these
there
"
the
was
in Ids
adds,
Does
not
But
this
block-
were
think
this,which
"unaccountable,"
fact to which
in
that of
; follow
purse
alluded, that
admirable
and
well-mixed
pen,
usual
that
who
bad.
advice, in short, was
thy purse."
trans-
but
of the Dutch
acute
Wieland
hand,
to
urged Ouintus
stay
of
making money
opportunity
money
in
his
upon
to
came
good
assured
now
blame
or
excited
too
or
Cicero
good
use
of
handwriting,and
laid the
was
than
He
His
Put
money
militum.
too
it
was
his brother's
out
first that
the
good
debt.
put
lates these words
and
in future
"
Roderigo
to
case,
paper.2
Gaul, where
getting
legibly.
the
in
this
rather
busy
too
write
up
would
he
either
it whether
smoothed
and
to
took
always
away
been
the
not
was
promised that
ink,
other
or
that this
have
must
dotage,
of the
picion
sus-
quiet
; but
make
to
some
was
Rome
at
of the badness
account
on
Rome
at
was
everything
and
dictatorship;
the
"
that there
adds
is
chap.
military tribuneship."1I
Caesar
that
bond.
up
and
"
CESAR.
colleague because
his
to
passing
and
officer
an
Appius
Caesar
draw
could
military tribune
have
thought
consul) would
of
WITH
RELATIONS
258
I have
De
is to be
before
Rome
on
at
was
amusing
essay
army
had
for
Societies,that the Romans
not, as with us, a distinct profession
idea
of
Civilians went
term
no
gentlemen.
expressing the distinct
through a
and
If you were
when
officer."
an
a
captain militaryapprenticeship
young,
avocations
to their usual
they called you a centurion ; if a colonel, then returned
iribunus ; and if a. private i.e. a comin the forum
and elsewhere,
2
Calamo
et
atramento
mon
soldier, or soldier in the ranks,
temperato,
Secret
"
"
"
which
tion
stands
logically
to
the
term
in
officer
"
contradistinc-
they called
you
charta
etiam
Quint, ii. 15.
dentata,
res
agetur.
"
Ad
alt.
55
CORR
generously offered
himself
this
at
and
he
the
theatre
felt
was
drew
going
field
that there
was
at
he
usury,
the
of
duties
been
which
recalled
he
Caesar
had
in
Scaurus,
and
Plancius, who
and
who
his
who
was
Sardinia,
that
he
had
annoyed
tribune
the
at
Cato,
who
corruption. At
remarks
Areopagites
"
do
not
treason,
be
sure,
1
ex
we
Idib.
triente.
"
ought
kindly
or,
not
to
was
on
may
straw
for
short, the
try and
triens,
India),
told
But
demagogue
bribery
tried
was
that
that
head
it amounted
The
and
eight per
bes
therefore
cent,
to
was
and
for
cally
sarcastistern
our
bribery, comitia,
the
for
he
regnum,
inter-
republic altogether.
annum.
as,
exile,
He
Cicero
see
murder
so
the
; and
we
in Sardinia
in his
trial for
to
hands.
and
to
on
glorious titles
his
on
convicted
was
reckoned
in
who
undertaken
bribery.
time, Procilius,who
Quint, foenus fuit bessibus

Ad
The
Quint, ii. 15.
usual rate of interest at Rome

or
a third of an
as, and this was
by the month
(as is the case
in the
Drusus
him
to
of
brought
this
in
to
embassy
had
list of
defences
same
care
take
Messius,
an
he
case
him
both
From
"
Cascilius,lent
defend
to
acquittal of Sufenas
murder,
his friend
as
likely to
from
accused
now
many
the
to
attempt
an
trial
so
before
were
cent.1
per
of embezzlement
behaved
in
so
eight
busilyengaged
was
preparing
accused
had
of money
by Appius Claudius, the consul,
was
was
speeches, with
was
his
declared
interest
not
was
consulshipwere
just defended
corruptly betraying
and
Atticus
take
sent
and
had
soon,
spared.
were
uncle
was
July) he
He
to
been
Gaul,
of
charge
of interest.
and
would
; and
his deceased
rate
advocate.
an
The
Atticus
to
that he
(June
He
and
side, he
He
four to
added
rise in the
this time
At
had
like
his
enormous.
was
crowded,
Forum
corruption that
for the
from
account
same
the
of
of
account
on
health
like it.
in consequence
the
Clodius.
candidates
anything
was
Pompey
had
his brother,
to
use
he
as
cheering
if life and
bribery
and,
capitalist,
money
heart
the
never
gave
a
and
from
debt,
Four
and
actually rose
He
Caesar
attack
from
Rome.
at
of
gave
melancholy picture
on
in the
free
He
Rome,
to
be
59
morning levees were

with popular applause in the
against any
secure
He
OME.
His
period.
while, with
could
him.
received
said, be
he
return
if he
do
to
threatened
danger
or
AT
should
Quintus
why
reason
no
UPTION
of
To
family
four per cent per

two-thirds of an
faints bessibus
was
his
at
FOR
COUNSEL
260
for
twenty-two
for
did
who
daughter Tullia,
his
might
defended
unwell,
the
who
"
called
For
Interamnates
had
tunnel
gives is, that

afraid
was
lest
the
Rosea,
and
left
dry
the
Interamnates.
of
the
they
had
had
senator, who
for its
Tempe
On
8th
the
Atticus, with
the
to
far the
hissed
theatre.'2
his,whose
hoc
Sed
he
name
him
asked
from
ne
curares
quiscripserim. Ad
"
At/,
had
Aveak.
He
as
having
been
that
she
in
dinner
; ego
iv. 15.
he
Gaul,
ineptus
with
Horace
hissed
by
says
'
the
that
said
she
also
mentions
was
an
successful,
least
at
him
that
once
friend
recollect,has
the
he
is
applause of
quently
fre-
much
Roman
knight
Arbuscula, ' when
audience,
slave,
"
Nam
"
peared
ap-
applause.1
was
cannot
content
to
he
but, although
calls
wrote
once
very
tells
he
pretends
to
been
was
Horace
Trebatius
to
who
he
when
loud
with
received
was
his voice
know
of
he
Roman
and
modesty, that
of
and
engage
which
Rome,
to
to
Accius,
with
pleasant Rosea,
returned
Antiphon,
although we
Writing
he
called
the result ; but
know
not
which
cause,
able
be
to
resided
villa in the
Arbuscula
named
do
there, he
theatre,
actors,
in the
We
the
Italy, was
try the
to
fortune
and
compensation from
appointed, consisting
was
assessors,
affectation
best, but
actress
ten
good
beauty.
of July
an
in the
As
the
that, while
us
commission
and
Velinus.
was
in
spots
obtain
to
of
were
of
consequence
loveliest
the
their
and
Nerd),
Reatians, which
the
counsel.
their
as
tells
the
Nar,
sought
now
consuls
Reatians
Cicero
he
and
of the
one
the
of
one
was
and
call
confluence
draining the lake

through the mountains,
cut
into
the
near
Veli?io
he
conducted
about
territory of
the
that
was,
(the
"
been
off
carried
waters
Interamna,
at
Nar
and
Velinus
rivers
hence
lived
was
should
what
on
we
prosecution. After this, he went
special retainer into the country.
of Reate
The
inhabitants
{Rieti)had a quarrelwith
neighbours
for
Cicero
he
reason
Clodius, who
with
collision
into
come
then
xv.
twenty-eight
Procilius, and
The
was
chap.
altogetherclear
is not
point
speak.
not
A NS.
acquittal,and
an
Hortensius
but
him,
that
even
were
conviction."
with
and
house,
own
ATI
RE
THE
was
satis
est
equitem mihi plaudere, ut
au"?x"
.-,
Contemptis
alus, explosa Arbuscula

Sat.
dixit.
i.
10.
COUNTRY
262
him
had
he
with
some
like
verses,
as
owis
to
of his
approved
he
had
promised
asked
Athens.1
poem
chap.
He
capital subject.
sending
LIFE.
for
in Greek
he
"
Alexander
written
was
was
pleased that
(either the
one
de
pleasant
a
read
been
last drove
at
of
beginning
fond
as
de
or
criticised
better
verses
of
some
long gossiping letter
until his return
it
even
Homer
as
as
passages
went
city before
the
of
did
and
he
began
not
finish
month.
the
the
see
Rome,
cool
which
he
end
there
we
the
to
from
Arpinum,
details,and
amusing
he
from
away
his brother, which
to
the
to
Cicero
September
of his villa at
shades
is full of
have
to
was
Caesar
Cousulatu,
finding fault with
heat
extreme
in the
and
hardly have
but
"
it
carelessly.2
too
The
could
; but
He
Tcmporibus), and the great soldier seems

declaring that he had never
attentively,
him
help
to
them
xv.
It
and
orator
changed into the plain country gentleman, planning

improvements, suggesting alterations,and giving his opinion
statesman
about
paid
Ouintus's
visit to
with
their
farm
of the works
or
that
and
Arpinum,
at
better- watered
spot for
villa,and
ornamented
into
and
shrubberies,
says
summer.
with
he
Laterium,
of
account
an
He
had
he
never
It
bought
saw
be
to
was
verted
con-
tains,
fish-pond,foun-
place
palczstra,or
on.
and
his way
and
him
gave
going
were
On
Arcanum
villas,called
for his brother
shadier
buildings.
neighbouring farms,
the progress
a
and
roads, water-courses,
for
gymnastic
exercises.
When
still in debt, and
stay in Gaul
for
"
we
"
they
to
seem
both
were
Ouintus
to
well
may
they
that
was
as
like
1
the
to
In
knew
ours
phrase
of
"
ex-
sending
the
Greek
educated
language
Romans
they
in this respect
expenditure
at
all their country
house
the
record
his
on
mansions
wTas
is that which
he
Quintus, when
he
letters
places,
not
more
thinking
sent
Gauls,
and
was
almost
in
"
the shortest
which
hands,
were
he
besides
owed
in Greek
besieged byextremity :
KiKepuvi. Qappelv. UpoaSexov
~K.ai"rap
ô-fjOeiav. " Caesar to Cicero.
Keep up
spirits. Expect help.
your
to
the
thoroughly,as did most

of
at this period. One
of
to
new
on
what
cause
scale
were
for Ouintus's
off
pay
addition
had
his brother,
reasons
common
the
at
Newcastle."
Caesar
and
made
and
chief
Palatine, where
rXaD*:' els 'AOrjvas. A
to
the
anything else; and
palaces than
actly equivalent
coals
have
Cicero
as
Cicero
get money
living.
yet finished,on
of
one
wonder
well
both
that
consider
we
jet.
of
DISGRACE
55.
buying
We
suburban
Coesius
and
for
build
to
certain
would
not
Cicero
said
and
263
neighbourhood
to
told
are
for his
of
of
two
employer
latter had
itself had
philosopher
extras, and
stopped.
was
modest
so
Laterium
at
work
Rome.
his bailiffs,
the
that
the
contract-price,
that the house

like
US.
Quintus required several
as
the
increase
INI
letter
same
outhouse
an
; but
sum
that it seemed
of other
in the
Nicephorus,
undertaken
GAB
villa in the
introduced
are
OF
an
appearance
upbraid the extravagance
to
villas.
These
details, and
seem
trifling
hardly worth
may
But I conmentioning after the lapseof nineteen centuries.
fess
I think differently.It is pleasant to make
acquaintance
with
are
the
ancients
and
pursuits similar
admiration
our
himself
as
interest
in
of Cicero
farmer
him,
find
/wme,. and
at
to
as
makes
us
in
engaged
It does
own.
orator
an
country
or
and
our
them
to
lessen
not
him
see
pations
occu-
amusing
squire, and
it increases
feel better
acquainted
our
with
him.
Piso
speech,
had
published
and
Quintus had
declined
do
to
this,on
Piso's libel,and
read
former
oration
he
told
that
says
people, owing,
Caesar
part of it
some
vain, he
autumn
of
his
games
his freedman
Rome
to
some
Cicero
that
he
the
could
Philotimus
from
witness
the
to
!
He
had
he
his
own
vanity, as
written and
he
Arpinum,
spectacle,
many
hibited
ex-
great,
was
if he
But
mentions
had
as
of
was
at
when
the
the
the
directions
given
places at
secure
the
quite willing
left Rome
; but
on
But
help thinking that
not
man.
he
is
applause
for himself
going
had
likelyto
was
he
that
adds
letter that
his fellow-townsmen
to
to
one
of
loudly applauded by
he had
splendid shows
kind-hearted
were
one
little bit of
Some
been
intended
a
is
Milo.
believe
was
no
form
it.
reply to
to
that
This
fact ; but
also
was
beginning
to
should
the
in
schoolboy got by heart
had
doubt,
no
certainlythe
was
about
Milo
him
ground
every
aedile ; and
as
that
the
him
on
advised
against him.
is also what
Caesar
attack
an
theatre
for
came
up
whom
Gabinius, who,
from
on
the
20th
gates for
more
his
of
as
have
province
of
September,
than
week,
before
Syria
and
mentioned,
in
had
disgrace,reached
after
been
called
re-
Rome
the
lingering outside
pretending that he had claims
DEATH
264
to
OF
slunk
triumph,
assailed
without
of
Egypt
into
by
order
by force, and
four
and
was
calls
nius, but
in
vain
libertyat all,he
he surrendered
his
this
extant
told
him
induce
never
xv.
declared
would
be.
But
the
if he
that,
in
object
in
forlorn
Pompey
Gabi-
with
his
retained
afterwards
soon
very
three
"
was
that
reconciled
defended
and
liberty,
he
throne
and
brother
be
to
that
so
miserable
his
he
Gabinius,
very
bribery
indeed,
He
it.
and
were
for
"
Ptolemy to the
awaiting him
restore
more
one
pressing to
very
to
position
Cicero
as
one,
chap.
the
leave, in
unenviable
DAUGHTER.
diately
immecity at night. He was
prosecution for having quitted his province
for embezzlement
very
CAESAR'S
speech no longer
his loathing and
of
contempt.
In
Times
the
or
Apollo
of
and
in the
thinks
one
adding
his
on
in which
"
of
he
own
will introduce
of the
Rome
gods narrating to them the

by the two
imperators, Piso
made
Gabinius, of whom
he
either the
"
Consulship
council
entry into
that
says
poem
his
on
one
he
his
to
(EpfioXiov)
passage
kind
Ouintus
letter to
the
had
one
lost and
the
other
had
sold his army.
Just
Caesar's
the
this time
about
did
rupture
the sad
brother, Cicero
he
would
victories
It
in
to
seems
that he defended
of extortion
Britain, out
have
in
Scaurus
dishonour
letter of
driven
by
We
about
find
Britain
can
2
Rome
to
send
and
the
suicide.
in those
a
times
letter from
"
NON
fecisse
Writing
his loss, and
said
congratulation
Plancius.
wife
The
"
Drusus, Scaurus,
was
together. Caesar
after his return
immediately
"a
despatch,"says
equal to that of our precouriers
distance
by post." The
be travelled in four days.
now
to
Middleton,
sent
it took
that
twenty days
although
last link
Scaurus
murdered
of
another
speech
vide-
bantur.
"
Ad
to
was
on
to
that
his
is
to
one
verdict
of
herself
save
lost,except
Att.
Rome
accused
by poison
that Scaurus
fragments; but we know
got off by
In
Not Proven,2 for the jury were
largelybribed.
1
was
of respect for his sorrow.1
Sardinia, of having
the natives, and

from
been
rivals
feelinglyto
a
thus,
manly fortitude.
with
Caesar
send
not
Julia,who
the
appear,
ambitious
alluded
wife
; and
in childbed
the two
bereavement
his
late
died
immediately
not
held
snapped which
bore
She
daughter.
lost his
Pompey
few
of
his defence
iv. 16.
This
was
expressionfor that form of

acquittal. He was againprosecuted by
the technical
for bribery two

years later,and
again defended
him, but with a
then
different
conresult; for he was
Triarius
Cicero
victed.
b.c.
shown
had
who
kindness
was
successful.
him
of
sedileship,and
accused
retained
was
and
of
the
save
man
his
during
of love.
Junius Laterensis
for the
defeated
The
candidate
the
The
him.
defend
bound
was
labour
was
now
illegalpractices at
to
He
strength.
in Thessalonica
advocacy of him
been
a
competitor
had
Plancius
Cicero
such
him
265
gratitude to try
his
exile, and
course
and
tie of honour
every
PLANCIUS.
all his
put forth
Cicero
of Plancius
by
OF
DEFENCE
52.
of
election,and
speech
is
more
he
draws
of
the
vivid picture
usually interestingfrom
that he says is as
the nature
of a popular election, and much
Rome
it was
at
turies
as
twenty cenapplicable in England now
If space
permitted, I would gladly quote several
ago.
than
in which
passages
and
the
candidate,
the
waves
Smith
which
David
The
"
their
said
ballot
is clear
thoughts.
all that
promising
Of
It
At
and
save
Plancius
they
had
so
Plancius
Pompey
lived
Cicero
hailed
he
often
in the
wrote
come
to
at
to
all
make
the
what
that
pass
liars
men
faces
and
:
"
conceals
of
they like, and
Plancius's
to
it
as
speech
good
and
the
that
omen
He
the
debt
so
them;
from
they
him
in
he
parently
apfor
saying-
wished
of those
to
which
for himself.
afterwards
during the
and
died
wept, and
him
from
if he
before
reminded
Corcyra.
the
to
long
Lentulus,
he
accused
abundantly
War,
services
recalled
pay
prevented
tears
a
to
care
the
and
their
shed
Civil
in exile
now
his
acquitted.
was
with
agrees
bring
allude
take
for their tears
"
and
affecting picture of a night

when
they mingled their tears
would
jurymen
that
declared
win,
to
an
close of
the
the
did
exactly
and
tempest
descriptionof
promised that, if he were

his gratitude ; but
show
he
countrymen
him.
Cicero
to
care
drew
would
he
banishment,
exile, his
He
when
together,and
We
took
in Thessalonica,
they passed
more,
are
himself.
the
asked."
Cicero
course
towards
owed
gives them
they
people, whom
men's
people ; for it uncovers
the opportunityof doing what
the
to
His
lost.
haste, and
in his
only
vicissitudes,
wished
if he
it would
of it, that
said
by
was
court
letter, and
the
to
he
as
cheerfullyif he
is true
Sydney
tossed
"
democracy," must
of
its humours
ballot
he
said,
he
various
of the
voice
of the
capriciousfickleness
the
bear
admirably paints its
he
joined
supremacy
celebrated
the
side
of
of Caesar
letter which
proconsul of Cilicia,and
which
POLITICAL
266
his
called
be
may
attentive
motives
that, according
thus.
stood
He
fact,over-rode
the
dictatorship at
Rome
in
Crassus,
first Triumvirate.
ready
amused
he
clung
to
He
Pompey
really had
dazzled
was
he
And, besides,
the
on
side
of
the
state
the
attacked
openly
affection
to
have
could
look
offer
hesitation, the
afterwards
Quintus
openly
Caesar's bill
oppose
took
indeed
and
mob
was
credit
that he
make
that
he
or
stood
office
the
was
would
only
against
found
be
other
enemy
aloof, and
honour
or
soldier.
head
any
could
his hands.
at
one
of
his commissioners
and
he
declined, though
his
of
one
he
and
man,
successful
lieutenants
for
with
post
"
did
not, however,
accepted. He
for dividing the Campanian
lands,
for
it with
supporting
carried, for respecting the
he
which
be
to
to
he
Caesar
From
as
if Caesar
persuaded to accept any

He
peremptorily refused to be
dividing the Campanian lands,
which
for him
believed
be
not
the
as
pay
reputation as
constitution
it.
establish
to
by corruption. But
then, although always mistrusting
even
an
partieseffected
far
long
designs of Caesar, and
ambitious
the
kept
much
so
popular violence, ever
so
in
not
"
him.
of
by the name
powerful coalition,
went
upon
strongest,
seems
whom
to
person
resting
his brilliant
by
known
and
constitution, and
the
of
union
that this
saw
spectacles and
by
him.
with
side
to
influenced
always opposed
the
It
appreciate the
to
account,
"
xv.
politicalconduct.
in order
own
opinion
and
by Caesar, Pompey,
the
had
He
spiritand
in
activelyas
his
to
chap.
his
examination,
an
case
for
apology
deserves
The
APOLOGY.
ment,
amend-
an
rights of private
individuals.
Caesar
But
break
with
too
was
Cicero.
He
long-sighted
and
continued
flatter him, and
to
and
opportunity of showing kindness
In the
unhappy affair of his exile
to
complain
at
moment
could
and
of
of his
the head
law
by
not
voluntarily retired
there
went
did
not
even
to
threw
and
ask
nothing without
Cicero
than
Pompey
him
Caesar's
passed twelve
had
Cicero
the
at
villa,and
feet
his
to
coldly
approval.
months
And
lost
no
friends.
reason
that
at
walls of Rome,
city. Pompey,
rise, and
miserable
the
was
to
man
his
more
Caesar
Caesar.
Albanian
himself
to
good-w:1l to
legions outside
enter
his
of
politica
when
however,
Cicero
implore his aid,

said
he
he
did
in banishment
could
do
nothing.
;
and
jet.
when
last he
at
Pompey
as
was
restored
for the
influence
Caesar, indeed,
been
; and
Cicero's
to
averse
feel
the open
the
that
longer
no
for
occurred
of it.
This
Caesar's
existed.
his
opportunity
in
command
for
should
the
on
the
and
he
arose
of
required that
the
checked
be
not
future
in
rely
had
him
name
Nor
with
it be
must
Some
the
the
to
make
of civil
stopping
war
his
examine
to
avail Cicero, for

the
Now,
contrary.
him
and
have
not
one
led
to
side,and
the
not
in
events
unscrupulous
dictatorshipof
to
from
soldier.
as
was
assert, that
;
in
even
but,
out
with-
cannot
sibly
pos-
then
of
lay
dark
before
politicianat
Rome
could
future
blundering weakness
"
ambition
Caesar
court
Rome
unalterablyconvinced
sagacious
of
repel the
to
at
the
was
the
nothing in
patriot to join him.
Ouincey,
was
little he
cease
fame
his
however, the
series
longer
patriotic side
that question, this plea
he
most
the
divined
the
the
De
on
lieved,
be-
struggle, and
yet, there
it criminal
writers, indeed, like

agony
inflicted
how
strength
and
masses
right to
interests,he
did
of
forgottenthat, as
Caesar's conduct
the
of
no
whose
tower
admirable
wrongs
in
him, and
popularity
that
victory in Gaul
dated
completed and consoli-
powerful general, who
his
opportunity
himself
of
of the
viction
con-
Caesar, without
made
to
advances
was
so
gladly availed himself

question of prolonging
Pompey
upon
the
by
Moreover, he clearly saw
led
self-preservation
of
instinct
Pompey,
mind
proconsul's career
he
mous
enor-
declared
now
of
republic,whose
before
his conquests.
could
the
sake
as
towards
speech, in which he nobly vindicated

lay aside private enmity on account
himself
well
been
therefore, an
good-will
Gaul,
had
had
secretlysupported by
principles,he
own
also
was
When,
testifying his
compromising
foe
inveterate
most
as
if he
have
would
active
an
that
in Cicero's
ill-feeling
engendered
that his
Caesar
Caesar
of
enemy
had
certain
return, there
well
as
in his favour.
he
but
in effectingit. Clodius
difficulty
himself
Caesar
exerted
Gaul,
may
267
thank
to
had
they
in
we
CAESAR.
had
he
absent
was
Rome
in
party
TO
GIVEN
SUPPORT
55.
on
the
and
the
other
overthrow
"
on
which
of
the
constitution.
I have
thus
it is
necessary
own
defence.
brieflyrecapitulated the
to
His
bear
them
reasoning
in
mind
is often
facts of
while
weak
the
case,
as
reading Cicero's
and
inconclusive,
LENTULUS.
268
LETTER
and
disfiguredby his intolerable
have
felt half-ashamed
have
to
achievements
words
he
it
had
for the
The
under
the
to
shown
of dislike
to
been
done
his
adhere
better
support
support
be
to
he
and
two
than
only
was
changed,
had
must
and
ment
disappoint-
to
he
was
at
any
his
shortcomings,
had
he
said
as
his
in
for
he
what
had
resolved
and
be
to
wishes
mentioned
that
behalf
on
that
presence
the
object
believed
witness
thought
Pompey's
to
independence,
self
him-
still an
was
grateful for
too
forward
come
he
felt
kindness
him
recompense
policy,which
agreeable
was
the
then, he
even
that
He
devote
of
account
on
saw
of
it
of
his
sufficient
exile.
from
length, but
at
will be
which
yet,
done
line
Vatinius
letter
return
And
offence
his old
and
for
the
state,
But
take
Pompey
Sextius,
the
was
right,careless whether
As
not.
or
a
proof
when
out
were
his
recall.
many.
to
up
ordinary obligation to
sustained,
to
summed
argument,
after
of
hardly enough
had
be
begins by expressing
than
more
on
losses he
in
may
quote
of the
Cicero
service
him
to
occurred
what
himself
whilst
that
times
attempt
purpose.
at
to
seems
tide.
epitome
an
look
received, and
not
give
defence
to
he
; indeed
xv.
fore
writing,and thereordinary pains to glorifyhis
than
necessary
the
I shall
that
his
Caesar.
with
will
but
;
was
in
swim
more
chap.
vanity
himself
of
taken
hitherto
found
to
TO
of
Caesar's
had
made
Cicero
a
convert, he,
good fortune
Cicero, replied,that he preferredthe fate of Bibulus, crushed
and
success
as
he
that
; and
one
house
his
the
Campanian
which
interview
he
an
there
wrent
corn-law
Lucca.
his way
seems,
recall from
banishment,
his
conduct,
would
future
show
their side.
his
had
who
prisoner
driven
himself
any
in
his
away
pointed directly at Caesar.

the question of
of his conduct
account
en
lands
an
bill,and
particularly insisted on
commissioner,
Ouintus
kept
of
Pompey
on
Bibulus
of
victories
and
triumphs
those
as
This
gave
the
to
who
same
own.
then
him,
those
the
were
from
He
think
might
and
course
had
the
in his
anxiety
to
have
have
to
to
reminded
with
meeting
to
made
secure
supreme
Caesar
as
to
guaranteed that he
Pompey by joining
and
Ouintus
at
his brother's
large promises
almost
Caesar
Sardinia, when
capacity of
in his
after
gratitude
Pompey
Africa
to
in
Ouintus
with
of
this,and
strongly
DEFENCE
CICERO'S
27o
was
meant.
who
like
did
in
declared
not
individual.
towards
him
If
and
condescension,
had
he
But
chief
of
now
his
Caesar's
of
Clodius's
well
might
moral
hostility
in my
such
at
them
accuse
complicity with
of
whom
he
had
who
reward
had
stood
counsels.
the
of
worst
If
well
be
men
for
"
towards
he
him
did
him,
ranged himself
think
Caesar
also
old
was
wish
that
such
men,
he
after
to
again
his
urged
return
and
set
insisted
Pompey,
Caesar, that
next
not
he
his
from
of
his
his brother
himself
and
would
exile.
were
opinions,
But
man.
kindness
and
well known
strongly
to
had
in future
"
of
engaged
ratified that promise
support
at
had
to
two
glorious exploits
Pompey
Clodius,
charge
his
opposition
that his brother
disappointment
the
seemed
in
the
these
policy. There
same
and
than
under
fear
to
the
not
adversity,can-
illustrious
in the
been
heartless
respects
some
so
reputation,
have
more
ought
them,
especially after
and
promise
He
should
he
of
Pompey,
was
must
republic herself
Nay, the
And
to
between
himself
towards
Lentulus.
in
duced
in-
his earliest years, and

his authority and his
by
he
have
would
man
in the hour
comprehended
friendship
generosity
Caesar.
be
must
the side
on
character,
said, however, that
He
not
bad
brilliant
anything
inconsistency,if he changed
and
him
really felt this, he
imagined.
circumstances,
danger
from
assisted
of
foremost
gained
attached
Cicero
Pompey 's conduct
the
If,he said, the
this.
men
of
fear
But
had
and
by
been
nor
been
forgivingof
most
had
join them.
to
than
argument
state
public services
whose
to
the
hope
him
better
in
men
neither
his
was
in Rome.
man
to
He
much
and
politicaltergiversation,
of
Caesar.
merly
for-
"
degrading
had
was
using the expression, they kissed him

naturally feel indignant
so, he would
"
presence."
now
they might despise and hate the

much
Cicero, however, intimates,that they went
with
this.
He
abject servility
charges them
however
him,
than
of
He
they.
not
themselves
policy, naturally availed
farther
others,
and
they therefore, as opponents
and
enemy,
tool
and
Those
inconsistent!}-. He
act
"
creature
xv.
chap.
fails him.
excuse
important particular
an
the
HIMSELF,
Ahenobarbus,
Bibulus, Domitius,
changed
the
however,
Here,
supported Clodius,
towards
OF
what
them.
had
that thief
occurred
of
female
jet.
mysteries,who
he
had
as
been
let off with
erected
as
When
Lentulus
men
much
and
it
and
what
Plato, who
and
laid it down
for
his
themselves
for
find
that
he
can
when
he
had
the
in
ought
left,
he
as
change their
to
of
he
citizens,such
were,
man
sentiments
them
wise
this
the
views
authority
of
politicsonly
to
persuade his fellow-citizens

his country
to adopt, and
as
ought to put compulsion upon
he
his parents.1 It
little as
ought to put compulsion upon
contend
so
would
be
In
first
the
as
of
waste
continue
much
sisters,"had
they had
knew
he
Lentulus
And
also.
opinions
would
he
duty, therefore, of
himself
as
suppressionof Catiline's conspiracy.
back,
came
the
both
hoped
of the
Dea
they allowed
and
which
monument
changed from
was
271
of his three
honour
impunity by the Senate,
memorial
the
respected
disgracethe
stillto
HIMSELF.
OF
respected the sanctity of the Bona
had
little
name
DEFENCE
CICERO'S
55.
time
to
alliance
hypothesidisapproved.
ex
of
in
endeavouring
He
the
was
it,
"
gives as
most
of any,
his fellow-citizens
the
"
made
have
it
made
now
it
been
duty
differentlytowards
afraid
was
duty
to
And
stand
alone,
of
the
motives
Appius Claudius,
the
consul,
was
one
for the
his
bitterest
conduct
said
that, as
had
chosen
passage
its meaning
case
of
that
that
did
fear
tunes
his for-
conquest
behaved
well
the
tude
grati-
conduct.
in
his
it necessary
to
that
as
his
included
think
not
self,
him-
added
influenced
also
was
and
had
as
calls
nesty
am-
cate
to vindi-
brother
of his
Clodius.
his
to
some
to
he
and
he
as
of
have
his
perhaps
whatever
might
being reconciled
in
enemy
Alluding
The
past, and
even
he
persevere
or,
if he
tion
ques-
follow
his brother
him,
he
no
which
glorious career
him
honour
to
them.
to
his
; but
was
to
remarkable,
support
he
measures
should
final reason,
should
whether
but
whose
he
divine," liberalityof Caesar towards
might
those
this.
as
Cicero
in the next, there
further and
cogent
which
he
And
persuade
to
with
simply whether
compulsion, but
advice.
reasoning
whether
not
place,the question was
contend
for impracticable measures,
rightin forming an
was
such
confute
to
appearing
of
the
in Plato
to
politicalcasuistry.
which
his
caress
Cicero
by him,
but
for Vatinius, he
witness
distinguished men
most
patronise and
is fairlyrendered
as
refers
it has
occurs
own
enemy
at
"
in his Crito,c.
reallyno
to
application
Rome
if
12
they
; and
his
own
had
he
DEFENCE
CICERO'S
72
their Clodius, he had

some
lines
advises
the
quoted
Parasite
Phsedria, which
If she
names
Begin
to
'
Let
Do
the
from
thus
be
us
HIMSELF,
right to have
Eunuch
Captain
may
"
OF
And
where
Terence,
off
rendered
xv.
his Vatinius.
of
play
to
chap.
the
Pamphila against
:
"
Phcedria, do you forthwith

speak of Pamphila ; and if she says
invite fair Phaedria to supper,'
rejoin, Let us have Pamphila
'
you
'
If she breaks out

sing to us.
of
Phcedria's beauty, you extol
praise
face
of
In short, my
The
friend,
Pamphila.
To
In
Take
And
!"
Aye
"
said
I will warrant
in her
coin,
own
that you
tease
gods
and
men
had
great
reason
and
"
Cicero,
back
her
to pay
care
fret her."
and
approve
my
policy."
As
of his conduct,
others
never
urgently
words
"
were,
him
to
the
make
to
the
up
of
points
main
complain
malignity of
gratify the
his
though they
as
Caesar
and
He
quarrel.
defence
had
in the
sums
ing
follow-
"
be
Pray
going
not
was
entreated
it were,
as
up,
he
to
continuing his enmity with him,

friends ; and
be
both
Pompey
by
could
he
Crassus, although
to
that if I had
assured
I would
have
pursued the
been
liberty,and thingshad
at
For
course.
same
I should
remained
as
they
thought it
have
not
if it had
been
right to contend against such powerful influence, not even
possible
in
of
the
do
I
the
Nor
the
most
state.
m
en
destroy
distinguished
supremacy
when
think
and
the
I ought to adhere
altered
to
one
are
things
obstinately
opinion
For an
wishes
ible
inflexof good men
are
changed, but we must go with the times.
been
of
adherence
has
to one
never
approved
by leading politicians
opinion
;
but, as in navigation it is a proof of skill to trim according to the weather, even
if you
it by shiftingthe sails
make
make
the port (although when
cannot
you can
it is follyto hold on
with
rather
than
course
by changing it to arrive
danger
your
all
of
who
at the pointyou
us
are
engaged in the government
wish), so
although
of the state
have
often
we
said, at dignifiedrepose
ought
ought to aim, as I
always to aim at the same
object, but not always say the same
thing. Therefore,
acted otherwise
I have just observed, if I had
been
free as air, I vvould not
have
as
as
But when
this course
I am
both
to take
as
a
politicianthan I have done.
of some
and
forced
induced
by the injuriesof others, I find
by the kindnesses
no
public questions what I conceive
difficultyin both thinking and saying on
to
"
"
to
be
The
more
send
and
for my
most
of the
rest
books
as
well
letter
as
to
the interests of the state."
Lentulus
refers
told
him
also
on
his
that
at
they
the
were
not
thought
so
of
his Own
Times,
which
He
promised
had
that
numerous
perusing them.
Dialogue de Oratore,
would
and
be
his
an
the
principallyto
pleasingsubject of Cicero's studies.

Lentulus
of his speeches,which
a
copy
frighten him
send
interests
poem
eternal
asked
they
He
to
for,
need
would
in
three
memorial
b.c.
AS
POSITION
52.
of Lentulus's
AN
ADVOCATE.
offices towards
good
He
acknowledgment.
273
and
him,
his friend
assured
his
in
grateful
own
language which
proved prophetic although it is

to speak so confidentlyof his
ventures
own
reaching the
only Lentulus,
has
The
or
still going
for
They
success.
; and
question
Three
all events,
Atticus
he
What
I find
nothing
which
you
advocate
the
this
and
had
not
time
was
moment
while
he
I have
how
he
going
stayed for
to
do
was
Ant
who
does
not
"
to his
secutions
pro-
that the
perish.1
and
in
will ask
books
like that
in
{de O
he
rat
ore)
as
legal jeopardy
an
at
was
of Rome;
of the busiest
one
in the
that he
me,
of Erskine
day passed
other
to
I die, if I know.
May
account,
or
letter
eloquent orator
Not
or, at
positionof Cicero
was
cases
was
with
them,
"You
?'
The
own
somebody
how
he
he
had
in which
hardly
he
His
courts.
spare
dictated
composed
and
journeyed
few
aut
days
towards
had
recalled
been
outside
honour
their
iii.
This
2.
lives
were
in
and
all
the walls,as
until
the
pressedby
Cicero
months
that
few
they
were,
up
the
of their
farce
obliged
were
decided
had
Senate
him
pretended that
keep
to
from
in the silence
and
he
Rome
triumph,
legitminteritus
Quint,
that
mean
the
sought
*i="*
Ad
Gabinius
crept into the city alone
demand
to
kominum
ostenditur.
; for
three
most
career.
mentioned
night. As
he
upon
says
who
letter,and
was
walked.
Syria, and
of
write
to
the
bribery
to
should
defend
for them
one
occupied with
so
he
by the
for
speak
to
but
Ouintus,
to
something
Every
of his forensic
periods
called
me.'"'
was
according
was,
actions
Calvinus, Messala,
in those
guide me
compliment
be defended
to
be
to
to
bar.
English
man
one
usual
as
the laws
him
to
October
this time
at
anxious
applied
of
himself.
than
privately
they or
be able to say
will you
him
no
to
Domitius
"
have
1st
and
threatened
whether
expected
the
name
therefore
wrote
however
to
on
all
were
was,
of them,
seem
with
that
that
competitors trusted
Cicero
issue
at
Scaurus,
on
the
and
know
often
consulships of the following year
for the
on,
not
greater favourite
canvass
that
"
posterity,should
and
dearer
ever
future
distant
world
whole
'
not
"
guilt,we find
rejoicing
afterwards
for
the
present
at
all
for
the
punishment
offence
of bribery and
corruption was
Notwithnot
death, but banishment.
the courts
events, out of jeopardy, as
could not sit during the days of thanks-
standingthe strong
victories.
jeopardy.
The
conviction
here
ex-
giving decreed
in
honour
of
Ctesar's
PROSECUTION
274
their
on
claim.
give
to
and
by
none
taunts,
"
Exile
the
has
tenth
Syrian
been
to
their
him, with
called
!"
Upon
chastisement
publicani,who
the
publicani,or
whose
and
to,
troduced
in-
were
This
gave
bitterly attacked,
with
as
one
Gabinius,
him
with
and
if about
as
to
the strangers,
even
his
passion,
man,
present, joined in the
were
about
Exasperated by
rose
upon
then
was
trembling
round
gathered
was
alluded
Cicero.
Senate
this the
shouts
he
to
day, therefore, he
was
voice
xv.
venture
grievances.
Gabinius
bitterlythan
he
not
revenues,
already
state
which
in
more
inflict summary
the
the
on
the
house
debate,
indignant
; and
Gabinius
into
rise
did
chap.
obliged
his province within
of
militarystate
farmed
who
by
treatment
he
the
made
retire,but
contractors,
week
US.
He
required report.
the consuls stopped him ; and
and
appeared,
to
his return
days after
ten
INI
senate-house; but by law

of the
account
an
GAB
than
more
in the
himself
show
to
For
OF
clamour
and
the rush.
Gabinius
his
and
province
without
Senate.
the
the
on
his
employing
from
leave
trial
brought to
was
charge
to
army
This
of
abandoning
Ptolemy
restore
amounted
the crime
to
of
the prosecutor, and, according to

majestas. Lentulus was
Indeed, he did his
Cicero, was
utterly unfit for the task.
work
badly
so
Cicero
himself
but,
he
did
strained
had
as
have
he
afraid
was
bore
many
to
Cicero
trial
If he
into
come
to
betraying
the
to
undertake
the prosecution
that
the
might
tell
in
of the
favour
The
prosecutor.
Besides,
conscious
was
he
expression
own
failure."1
he
ill-will which
and
"
who
Pompey,
acquittal
His
I dread
"
himself
became
with
collision
because
deterred
was
tribunals.
in the
the
he
cause.
result
was,
too
cused
ac-
that
of seventy.
out
acquitted by thirty-eightvotes
congratulated himself that he had taken no part in the
was
that of
beyond
had
Judices
revyfia
of
Gabinius's
procure
been
the
appearing
nullos
formido.
might almost
"
Ad
fancy
habemus
"
Quint, ii. 2.
that
as
prosecutor,
said, a personal matter,

1
brothers,
juries now;
towards
if he
Gabinius
no
his
told
lost all confidence
is, "We
he
he
nerve
every
accused
was
stronglytempted
was
wish
not
he
that
this
was
and
airb-
against the
witness
Pompey
it would
language
We
General
the
secution.
would
have
of
accused.
have
led
to
an
English
advising against a
made
a
it,
quarrel
Attorneystate
pro-
jet.
HIS
55.
between
them.
influence
and
off
which
had
he
acquittal.
jurymen
him.
he
take
he
only
angry,
and
the
dogs.1
the
was
in the
Cicero
have
enmities
or
tended
state
to
of
Senate
told
falling into
to
the
1
highest
Per
me
ista
; and
bidder.
had
in
private
of the
go
and
consular
added
less
punished with
severity,
Some
amongst
persons,
consul
of Gabinius
have
would
he
which
I
thinks
infamously corrupt
If he
been
with
tried
to
but
he
undone,
generalodium felt towards

that he ought either to have
quiet and repose.

things at Rome, and
fast
no
the
him
on
self,
him-
callous
too
guiltyfor
found
the defence
he
by
acquitted,and
be
remarks,
ought
to
He
without
contempt
the venal
At
pedibus trahantur.
the
"
Ad
his wishes
now
of
the
The
reason.
the
legal tribunals
populace
time
Ait.
pretty
dangerous
heartily sick
was
not
"
incur
Besides, all
everlastinginfamy."
was
he
Caesar's assassination, had
himself
defended,
regarded
Pansa, afterwards
consented,
upon
be
was
was
politicsmight
him,
cases.
Vibius
Sallust, who
is
of
undertake
to
Sallust
or
this
after
year
brought
accused.
friend
votes
and
that, if he had
prosecuted
were
But
Senate
him.
to
pleasure only
in future would
lack
no
Pompey
were
says
and
one
with
all
he
and
villas,his studies, and
in his
they would
news
Atticus,
to
grown
impending trials
the
to
murder.
there
Hirtius
said
no
than
induce
As
the
which
had
congenial
take
known,
was
carry
as
indifference
brother
could
affairs.
bitterly,that
whom
his
He
candidates, he
and
of life most
and
But
an
of the
votes
The
to
procure
Writing
affairs.
that he
Atticus
to
the
to
interest
utterlyruined,
was
sought refuge
kind
his friend
crime
told
court
(like
notorious
the result
of law.
courts
philosophic
He
domestic
the
were
felt.
to the
constitution
pleasurein public
so
which
the verdict.
over
The
trial was
and
the
from
away
might
off.
entreaty
nor
opened,
was
mourned
no
books,
of the
the ballot-box, into
affected
means
bitten
ear
solicitation
that the
nullity,and
his
issue
rushed
declared
be
in the
Cicero
could
to
took
thrown,
were
of them
one
his
When
and
Aserninus,
with
tip of
no
likelyto come
like the gladiator
been
been
have
the
spared
considering Pompey's
have
would
would
matched
275
added,
himself
he
and
Pompey
all,and
to
zeal, he
when
have
him)
he
Besides,
second-best,
Pacidianus
ACQUITTAL.
of
iv. 16.
sold
their
Gabinius's
OF
DEFENCE
276
acquittalthere
Appian
Way
streets
him
painfulto
acquitted
hanging
The
accusation
from
proceeding
and
case,
It
was
to
his
that
was
of
him
the
custom,
that he
intimates
him
his efforts
were
sentenced
to
should
we
was
he
had
praise from
who
his
could
not
him
of
Cicero's
the
have
had
lips must
have forgotten his
but
and
speech,
whom
believe
the
little effect with

former
man
well
can
him.
convicted
complimenting
we
friend
our
Pompey
was
possessed
fiercelyassailed,and
pressed,
defended
he
Gabinius
we
"
upsets the whole
men,
solicitation
urgent
find
doubt
often
so
and
notwithstanding this,
If
hard
was
convicted, unless
be
banishment.
by a divinatio.
mentioning this
In
Memmius.
unsuccessful, and
no
of the
(nephews
settled
would
resist the
Memmius,
mercy.
point
And
not
any
forward, and, according
affair."
could
the prosecutor,
be
themselves
against the will of gods
He
the
back
recover
Antony
Pompey,
yet,
criminal
cognisance of the
adds, that Gabinius
brother, Cicero
cution
prose-
Cicero.
was
and
kingdom,
Mark
of
in favour
decided
made
another
his advocate
praetor, had
of
verdict.
resolution
had
treason,
his
show
likely to
was
improperly receiving money
to
as
and
Gabinius, though
to
against him
struggle who should
orator),all put
usual
the
of
of
wrong.
head, and
brothers
two
celebrated
be
to
charge
his
was
not
was
and
Nero,
want
Cato, who,
Porcius
before
it
instituted
was
There
amount.
thought
Cicero's
knew
Crasippes,
away,
of the wicked
restore
to
Men
Mars,
swept
account
he
now
Ptolemy
of the river,were
how
over
of
gardens
on
the grave
on
; the
road
The
of
temple
water.
see
things which
do
and
the
the
as
xv.
the Tiber.
under
of Providence
judgment
It is
laid
were
far
as
stood
which
to
flooded
was
chap.
of
terrible inundation
by the side of
lay along the banks
which
the
was
US.
INI
GAB
that
jury,
denunciation
bitter
of the accused.
I have
his
position
modern
the
1
at
He
of which
of
defence
I do
not
for
then
force,had
the
Lex
did
not
Gabinius
understand
pened,
in
he
was
how
this
position of an
perfect libertyto
at
approve,
as
hap-
was
Julia, which
repealed the punish-
and
he
did
advocate,
an
ment
between
capitaldistinction
the
and
Rome,
times.
cause
the
already pointed out
of exile
on
decline
as
conviction
repetundis.
Gabinius
recalled from
banishment
any
undertake
not
but
in
advocate
was
friend.
de
pectinit's
afterwards
by Cajsar.
ARCHITECTURAL
CAESAR'S
278
of Rabirius, who,
hands
the
had
Ptolemy, which
to
have
in
repaid
; but
known
is not
if he
and
was
convicted
was
afterwards
sentenced
recalled
refreshingto
It is
of
to matters
from
the
his viewrs, had
magnificent in
he
Rome,
in the
this to
Atticus,
it is easy
of
the
used
to
far
as
have
the
as
the
in
expense
says,
Hall
of
splendid
He
seems
On
"
the
which
tone
enlargement
Liberty,an
friends
(I mean
calling
"
of
be
their
give
marble
was
a
no
had
Forum,
Cicero
which
popular
most
doubt
to
special motive
lus, who
the
just
and
was
calls
As
on
Via
years
the
the
been
laid
Capitol,he
Sacra,
and
sees
closure
en-
meet
to
edifice
of
to
added
portico a
of
sort
takings
general objectof these underingratiatehimself with the populace ;
Paulhis desire to eclipseÊmilius
engaged
in
building a
foundations
the
by the
on
the
looks
down
the
paved
upon
area
of
have
excavation
top
the
at
other
or
one
in the
basilica
ancient
an
glorious,and
bare
spectator stands
be
to
was
to
was
The
The
work.
used
people
wooden
erecting an
surrounded
by
this
most
the
and
then
was
Barriers,
terces
ses-
down
Martius
Campus
or
of
received
owners
now
roof
restored
probably that of which

few
was
paces
town-hall
but
long. To
{villapublico).
thousand
Septa
Caesar
with
in the
in which
sky,
votes.
covered
old
the
the
to
open
of
for
substituted
the
course
which
idea
burst if you
like at my
myself and Oppius
may
you
myself so) have thought the outlay of sixty millions
to
a
mere
pull
bagatelle." It was
necessary
private houses, and

The
building
compensation.
"
Oppius, his agent at

plans. In mentioning
He
great many
and
great works
two
approval,Caesar's
warm
your
of
speaks of the
is ironical.
see
Forum
to
Cicero
Rome
assist
to
superintendence
he
Caesar,always grand
undertaken
Cicero
commissioned
Rabirius
of
'politics
enlargement of the Forum, and the erection of

Martius
for public meetings.
hall in the Campus
have
been
which
the
to
not
dictator.
was
distracted
pleasinginterest.
more
would
from
banishment,
to
money
he
it probable that
by Caesar when
turn
had
xv.
result of the trial
The
thinks
Drumann
lent
and
him,
to
consequence
by the generosityof Caesar.
assisted
chap.
the contrary, had
on
been
not
bankrupt
become
WORKS,
centre
new
same
these
is most
within
the
of
Forum.
the
of the Senator's
it
with
on
one,
time
the
right
last
palace
of
the
portions of columns,
jet.
TREBATIUS
55.
SOLDIER-LAWYER.
THE
fragments of masonry
lying on
example of an ancient basilica is at
best
converted
into
of columns
rows
which
and
into
which
became
Christian
left,as
whom
to
was
clearlyout
hankering
aisles when
of
his
have
we
lawyer,
good
usual
with
task
for
carried
to
instead
of
the
frankly let
as
disposed
to
be
to
stay where
and
in
offence
or
he
if Caesar
how
much
had
in
to
not
warned
him
pay
satisfyinghis
contend
Maximus
was
stinging joke.
cross
hardships,and
"
into
over
the
wishes
also
; for
proconsul
And
he
am
spared
often
this
ber
remem-
he
the
of
he
said
Trebatius
with
ends
"
that
thus
you
narrative
ties
difficul-
authority
civil law
in
desired,
the
advice
take
to
must
and
was,
Britain, because
I shall be
not
he
opinion. He
glad," he says,
same
far
so
liberal commander,
him
(whose pupil
of
He
he
Caesar
all the attention
against.
debt,
went
; nay,
lawyer-likefashion, fortify
by quoting
been), for he
a
He
occupied the
Cornelius
rather
did
in
not
most
illustrious and
an
had
he
strongly urged him to

of his opportunities,
He
the
make
of
to
indolent, and
too
from
him
himself.
from
thought him
military duties
fruitful
think
payment
not
at
took
to
introduction
impudent.
under
did
slow
he had
of
did
for the
expectations
and
was,
seemed
he
wealthy province.
seemed
could,
rather
he
serving as
his
in
he
for
serve
in that
Cicero
had
he
impatient
expected
was
always
was
to
once
He
which
time,
also
had
bond
his
shirk
that
was
that
that
know
to
and
camp,
province.
letter of
that
say,
seemed
proconsul
him
he
told him
mere
than
more
soldier.
bad
at
He
Roman
rapacity,a
this,and
already
but
civilians
period in the army.

making so much
as
money
for
converted
were
polished society of Rome,
short
field
buildings,
in these
they
in Caesar's
element
after the
was
side
the
churches.
Trebatius,
alluded,
the
now
it wants
But
usually found
were
It is
Treves.
Evangelische Kirche.
an
The
the surface.
broken
and
too
279
your
you
escaped
exploits
there!"
Cicero
and
his
were
paid great
his nephew, who
care.
He
spoke
making,
felt towards
and
each
attention
to
in Ouintus's
in
cheerful
rejoiced in the
other.
They were
the
absence
tone
of
education
of
affection
entrusted
was
the
his
progress
the
two
studying rhetoric
son
to
they
cousins
under
DEJECTION.
280
Paeonius, whom
teacher
was
if he
he
would
his
was
him
however,
the
Ouintus
nor
of
supply
them
those
; but
make
which
copies
just then
that
he
did
he
he
as
leaving
was
taking his
letter
next
in
neither
of
time
I withdraw
I will
am
"
confess to you
distracted, my
Ouintus
for
to
sale,
amongst
about
in
written
was
with
the end
and
The
October, just
villa,where
he
his lessons.2
repeated
and
He
it.
In
he
of November,
He
get
required,
was
his slaves.
instructions
that
his
spoke
he
much
far too
was
had
tressed
dis-
altogetherfrom politics,and devote myself to

what
I had
especiallywished to conceal from
brother, I
dearest
wanted
librarywanted
hand
spiritsfor poetry, being

of public affairs.
state
myself," he said,
literature ; but
you.
careful
dejection.
deep
leisure
he
that
not
were
"
projected
doing his best
on
go
at
poetry
neither
brother's
nor
the
at
"
his brother,
to
tone
to
that
Tyrannio, his son's tutor,
to
this
him
with
son
had
for his Tusculan
Rome
said
own
declared
was
Chrysippus
mentions
In
write
to
that he
possess
speak
to
plan.
good hopes that
in his
verses
and
not
the
himself.
brother
suitable
dexterous
promised, however,
give his freedman
letter in which
Cicero
were
had
as
His
mised
pro-
into
uncle
anxiety. Besides,
himself.
and
books,
him
own
his
he
sincerityhe
all
in
he
natural, liked better
and
said
Cicero
his
of
method
own
with
to
was
successful
as
poet than
better
as
Paeonius
free from
sufficiently
;l and
inspiration
was
be
Britain, but
mind
according
boy,
experienced
and
scientific,
nephew
been
that he
on
poem
that his
and
urging his
the
might use
had
probably
brother
early practice,and
would
and
good
young
teach
own
Cicero
young
to
his
took
declamatory style of
that
his
as
searching
more
meantime,
the
describes
reminds
that
country
the
he
; but
instruction
he
xv.
chap.
distracted, to think
am
that
we
have
I
longer a republicor courts of justice; and that this period of my life,when
tor's
position,and in the full enjoyment of a senaought to have been in a flourishing
by the labours of the Forum, or soothed only
authority,is either tormented
I followed
the advice in my
to think that all in vain have
by literature at home
no
"
favourite line of Homer

'
Abest
Quint,
2
Strive
"
excel ; be
always to
ivdovaia"r/j.6s. Ad
etiam
"
Cicero
plays here
makes
He
translatable.
Ciceronem
maim
lusionis.
says
upon
pun
the
which
word
is
un-
ducensquemecum
in hidum
discendi,"/on
the
a
in the
The
for "school"
word
iii. 4.
Indus, and
foremost
ever
boys
at
Rome
'
race
Latins
and
must
used
play;
the
same
but
surely
have thought it
misnomer.
a
A^v
oXKuv.
Ka\ il7re[poXov
fyfievai
"pLare{,eLV
b.c.
QUINTUS
52.
POET.
281
that my enemies have partlybeen not opposed, and

allowed
not
not
inclinations are
free,and I am
my
loved
has
who
Caesar
be
the
that
proved to
only one
partlydefended
"
or
is
me
hate
to
even
as
As
business.
Ouintus
think
you
literarydebt
idler,nor
when
library; but
books he hardly
it
and
and
yourself,
Cicero
him
have
me
been,
he
letters
daybreak
from
his
Samos,
at
was
lamp
in Asia
which
modern
messenger
whom
and
the
in
Troas
Don't
our
only to
gifts. But
own
his
of
part
was
is
well
be
he
dared
to
These
were
tion. from
the
sible
very
that he
is
using
when
he
pro-praetorian
ment
govern-
call the post is

Of
it
written
was
notorious, and
of
libel.
of
have
hardly
pos-
composed
in little more
than
fortnight.
end
whether
so
many
even
his
he
municated
com-
true, he
too
Abeken
he
that, if it had
nature
mentioning it,lest it should

I have
already alluded to
It is
that Quintus could
unhappily
was
probably transla-
most
Greek.
such
every
the
at
anxiety
some
no
when
; for his
his friend
four originaldramas
was
not
was
especially
Atticus,
is under
frequent
there
course
trust,
letter to
that he
says
him
afraid
scandalous
pray
brother,
got made
the word, and
of
sense
he
to
become
an
take
writing his
his
to
him
had
Ouintus
he
correspondence touched on
delicate
like to
topics that he did not
employ
amanuensis.
And
certainlythe next piece of news
not
be
intended
was
next
villa,he tells
which
politics.In
November,
it will reach
the
you
Minor.
post in the
of
He
tragediesin sixteen
ready to incur a
four
that
mentions
insecurityof what we should

subject of complaint with Cicero.
to
to
apply,
joked
to
already remarked,
The
alluded
where
are
of
sensible
I have
as
constantly
Tusculan
little wooden
him
tragedy of Erigone."
early riser,for
dated
and
thyself
us
too
was
poetry.
some
Electra
Know
'
make
to
your
have
the
written
to
troublesome
knew
have
finished
you
another?1
And
from
precept
also
not
before
there
greatest
my
given
was
that
me
the
him
send
to
had
carelesslycopied.
so
borrowing
send
must
were
tell
you
of
you
that
suppose
arrogance,
exert
sale
asking
! when
can
down
for
for
What
Latin
to
editions
days,
; but
Tyrannio
he
copies for Ouintus'
make
books.
of
commission
the
dilatory in executing
"
loved
society."
your
congenial subject
more
the
and
"
then, after alluding to the trial of Gabinius, turned
He
the
be
to
that
"
However,
to love me.
only one
(as others think) who reallywished
all
this
from findingdailyconsolation
to prevent me
nothing in
will be
me
I like
I wished
the
consolation
by
as
prove
a
might
to
be
compact
treats
them
en-
as
calls Quintus, hv
original works, and
ein gewaltigaironically,
consequence,
Poet
"
"
powerfulpoet."
DISGRACEFUL
282
tered
and
at
between
into
in
did
not
had
venture
to
the
the
the
amassing
they
honour
of
unless
they
had
outfit, depended
the
provinces, but
the
had
not
their
certain
proconsuls
of
the
imperium
troops they might
we
imperium
call their
may
styled
was
had
existing consuls
with
ambition,
the
This
vote.
pended
de-
in the
Roman
with
of what
same
the
of
assembled
of
invested
whole
got
of
as
as
people
number
the
Now,
matter
by possibilityexpect
not
the
upon
provinciam.
ornare
the
previouslybeen
together with
command,
of
triumph, the highest object
military authority,and
or
position
could
They
curiata.
comitia
their
money,
to
In
in mind
expiration
forward
credible,
in-
doubt.
as
looked
and
nigh
bear
to
consuls, almost
specialvote
upon
of
admit
the
Senate,
well
is
he
himself
the
it is necessary
at
hinted
Memmius
It
to
provincialgovernments
of
But
before
attested
case
Cicero
disgracefulthat
so
Atticus.
Roman
office,which
of
was
matter
to
well
understand
right,held
means
it
is too
it
xv.
candidates, Domitius
explicit.
whole
chap.
consuls, which
said
more
communicated
that, although
year
be
brought
to
actual
letter, but
but
order
the
former
now
Cicero
of the consular
two
with
Memmius,
COMPACT.
got their
equipments.
nor
Domitius
Calvinus
They made, therefore, an agreement
and
in their canvass
Memmius
that they would
support them
for the consulships of the
next
provided that they
year,
and
two
elected, produce three augurs
would, if they were
who
ex-consuls
would
solemnly declare that they were
sent
prewhen
forward
brought
curiata
of
the
Senate
the
two
to
and
went
bargain.
that
Senate
never
and
This
passed
the
whole
consuls
to
forfeit
unless
compact
was
outfit
and
the
in
was
was
comitia
fiction
and
question ! And
of money
large sum
the
entertained
even
agreed
two
imperium
they fulfilled their part of

to writing
formally reduced
however, felt,as time

signed by the parties. Memmius,
He
fore,
therechance
of being elected.
that he had no
on,
clean
a
instigationof Pompey, made
the Senate,
affair before
brought the whole
the
and
bus
the
the
people, although
had
of
at
and
the
the
bestowing
in
candidates
each
the
bill for
and
the
disgrace of the then
Appius
Claudius.
parties should
It
have
consuls
Domitius
is difficult to
been
wicked
breast
to
of
the
it,
fusion
con-
Ahenobar-
understand,
enough
to
not
enter
jet.
the
such
of
attends
all the
French
minister
to
senators
scheme
they should
to
try
forward
come
and
publicitythat
but
it
was
they
come
it
France, but
there
of
revelation
of
who
those
in
even
held
who
men
Senate
the
conduct
of
the
The
disclosure
in
in
of
take
to
and
of
and
its
place
it had
authorityorder
; at
all
old
the
tribunes, interposed
in
form
this
of
country, all
from
petitions
the
which
entered
Commons,
on
were
of Parliament, with the king's
answer
subjoined. At the end of each
Parliament
the judges drew
up these
Rolls
records
into the form
entered
on
the
of
sale
the whole-
to
whether
inquiry of
an
fered,
inter-
statute, which
Statute
Rolls.
his
in the
acted
the
veto, and
with
matter
originallyresolved that
be held until the bill passed,
It had
should
comitia
times,
in the
the
made
the tribunes
events,
to
come
was
doubtful
was
own
not
consular
it
tion
elec-
this is
But
Memmius
reference
But
the
void
inquiry
before
on.
tion
till after the elec-
guilty."
silent
the
were
of
two
the
resolution,a bill to the
acting on
the
brought before
people. Terentius,
was
one
to
as
was
In
the
{taciturnjudicium),
make
to
found
Senate
lieved,
be-
"
as
stopped. The
inconsistency and weakness.
bills
of
of
instead
effect
be
going
was
could
kind
measure
method
state, and
declared
so
September,
November,
bribery that
Senate
should
resolution
Senate
the
however,
that
that
passed a decree,
be inquired into by what
and
be
to
consuls),yet
who
mistake.
not
was
new
those
same
office in the
the
sentence
of
that
highest
parties should
private or silent judgment
(of the
the
The
all.
well be
public acts.1 As
may
this iniquitous bargain between
highly incensed,
was
they called
by
never
aspired to the same

dignity,caused
great scandal
Middleton
the corrupt society of Rome.
says that
the
where
the
present
had
in the
glaring defect
some
records
keeping the
two
been
two
shows
and
Rome,
at
supposed possiblein
be
to
actually happened
have
must
the
absurd
extravagantly
is too
thing
and
were
if
as
archbishops
that
swear
even
the
;
get three
to
thought
cannot
in fact
particularbill was
passed, which
the
at
before
Corps Legislatif or Senate
when
was
with
proceedings of Parliament
were
have
possible. We
in this country
parallelcase
that
but
agreement,
an
success
imagine
the
28
.5
such
into
COMPACT.
DISGRACEFUL
55.
But
it
found
was
that
clauses
introduced
reptitiously
had
the
year
prayed that
should
Pari.
to, and
assented
not
2d
in
of
no
thus
were
which
sur-
Parliament
at
length, in
Henry V., the Commons

additions
future be
Practice,p.
made.
or
diminutions
See
36 (3d edit.)
May's
REPROOF
284
that if
and
in
afresh.
that
veto
It
forthwith.
now
Bedlam),
our
the
each
the
of
sky"
that
his
according
to
comitia
all took
at
the
the
Caesar's
which
of Gaul.
liked
he
the
were
treated.
At
Atticus
that
he
leave
would
troops,
now
was
Rome
for
some
the
tius, had
Gaul
in
brother
he
It
very
grumbling
at
he
the time
and
these
Pompey.
for
was
attentions
the winter
says
that
could
not
the
in
quarters
if he
self
himbetter
be
this, he
told
intention, and
Quintus,
Spain.
to
campaigning,
Cicero
tone.
remember
the
and
was
following January.
the
He
upon
confidence,
his
were
of
than
the
at
took
like
and
it is
Treba-
from
wrote
him
task for
to
object they
had
in
unreserved
in
he
more
only plank in
mentioned
distinguished man,"
generallya remarkable
writes
privatelyof
is
and
more
"
excellent
his brother
to
accepted
secure
as
him
clung
in Csesar's army.
military command
for them
his powerful protection,well
both
He
to support them.
was
a
spoke of him as
he
to
disposed
most
begged
consular
no
Pompey's lieutenants,
province of Spain, which
sick of
rather
when
was
went
never
any
government
of
abandoned
become
this,and
view
he
that
certain
he
leason
the
by the politicproconsul
Cicero
and
Pompey's proconsular government,

But
of
it the
choose
that
one
for
of
power
fact,
pleased
to
his
time
same
called
brother
allowed
commander,
the
in
Cicero
much
his
upon
for his
best
watching
"
machinery
He
friendship.
was
Scaevola, another
put it in the
all this confusion
Quintus
held
nevertheless.
held
made,
the
be
this year.
place
lavished
were
his
not
caprice. And,
general shipwreck,and
the
xv.
(equivalent to
mind
freelyon
meeting by
which
stop
mere
of
midst
to
to
spoke
was
should
Abdera
were
attempt
device
Rome
at
chap.
comitia
an
he
that
comitia
the
strange
magistrate
more
house
tribunes, prevented
"
In
the
that
day
the
intimates
But
subject.
On
calls
and
the
passed, that
not
Cicero
QUINTUS.
interposed the bill should be brought

immediately resolved, notwithstanding
was
the bill had
OF
difference
Caesar
thought
the
other
Pompey, he felt how

in comparison with
genuine
he
and
we
as
he
doubt
cannot
sentiments.
between
Indeed
the way
in which
the way
could
rely upon the
and
; and
with
all his
wrote
to
that
there
in which
he
one
writes
much
personal regard
contemptible his character

that of Caesar.
The
more
ivy grows
weak
and
LOSS
286
works
it
like
more
fitted up
a
at his Arcanum
going on
was
it
as
canal.
INFLUENCE.
OF
Cicero
villa,and
XV.
told him
that
of Caesar's
one
buildingsthan anything else,

and
statues, a palcestra,a fish-pond,
with
was
quite clear that his brother
It is
opportunities in Gaul
of his
CHAP.
making
was
and
rich.
good
both
getting
had
he
and
Cicero
little disappointment just then, as
a
a
friend of theirs,named
Felix, from whom
they had expectations,
mistake
had
after
died,
will,
signed a wrong
having by
use
that
so
the
In
the
up
they got
legacies.
no
of
state
public
following words
he
in which
letter
same
But
affairs
mentioned
the
at
this he
close of
the
summed
in the
year
:
"
done
dictator :
has yet been
about
a
Pompey is absent : Appius
Hirrus is preparing to propose
a
are
:
dictatorship; many
ready
about
the
it
the
leaders
to interpose their veto
don't
like
care
people
nothing
;
;
Nothing
"
makes
it.
confusion
"
keep myself quiet.
So
ended
in the
the year,
policy
of
with
almost
now
transferred
favour
his
complacency
as
Vatinius
had
the wishes
by giving
and
his
Stormy
hand
through
himself
up
times
could
the rocks
ig_
felt dissatisfied
had
Caesar.
could
hollow
To
and
have
must
by appearing
in
the
fast
Senate
their
as
And
lost
and
shoals
helm
with
of
the
which
him
to
and
back
he
with
had
secure
his
we
fear
with
felt how
such
little
men
much
he
apologistto gratify
he gained nothing
his own
self-respect,
the
rostra
his
approaching, and
guide the
and
look
reconciliation
Pompey and Caesar.

He
his independence.
were
he
change
great
previous enmities,
Gabinius,
influence
that
his
upon
of
his
principles. He
and
lowered
but
man
seen
politicalallegiance,and
sacrificed
add
must
his
in which
and
public
had
which
year
Cicero,
every
had
was
vessel of
it
was
declined.
the
not
the
state
surrounded.
APPIAN
LANUVIUM.
TOWARDS
ROAD
XVI.
CHAPTER
AND
CLODIUS
iEt. 54-55-
THE
new
to
officers
a
held
law
Senate
which
were
or
this state
months, during which
of
five
days, so
thirty-sixinterreges.They
body,
own
explains the
the
of
succession
the election
of
usual
device
of
which
broke
up
consuls
"
All
this year
chosen
were
attempts
failed.
meeting.
the
hold
the
there
by
the
patricians,
of
course
their
to
city was
to
They
in
tion.
crea-
state
comitia
of
for
stopped by the
interrupted by riots
were
sky," or
At
be
tribunes, who
generally opposed
watching the
the
that
by law
must
the
however,
meantime,
confusion.
and
why
reason
always plebeians,were
turbulent
O.
period
of their
out
In
And
consuls.
no
appointed, called interreges,who, according

old as the time of the monarchy, each
custom
as
least
at
53-52.
was
office for
were
B-c
with
for six
lasted
interregnum
of
opened
year
MILO.
last
one
of
the
tribunes,
thrown
into
Pompeius Rufus, a grandson of Sylla, was
summoned
to perform
prison by the Senate, which
courage
288
this
that
their
at
Cassius
actually offered
he
The
Messala
it,and
result
prophesied would
the
secured
be
briber}-.
During this
month
the
case
six
made
but
summer,
together
of
history
Greece
into
returned
for the
but
during the period little

with
events
rapidly over
He
kept
"
friend
better
Trebatius
than
fire off
to
unfortunatelythey
wit
is
in which
puns
The
fun
Hall
him
return
to
with
Rome
desire
no
lawyer.
him
asked
he
joked
how,
as
him
the
the
common
of
all ?x
He
was
It
seems
Britain.
of
caviare
clear,therefore, that
all, had crossed over
"
liked
when
riot
pass
cerned.
con-
learned
the
he
legal
general ;" and
the
wrote
it
technical
Trebatius.
to
He
explanation.
an
took
nothing
Even
all the
intelligible
make
in
to
his
soldier-lawyer. But
this
translation.
advised
doing well, but if not, to

stayed much
longer away he would
if he
was
farces,who
would
for the stage than
that of
British
for
Epicurean
one
of Laberius's
becoming
discipleof
could
batius,after
idea
character
defend
good
1
if he
figuringin
better
Pie
Caesar
; for
the risk of
run
ran
is
"
at
have
to
seems
bear
evaporate
remain
to
to
Cicero
wrould
and
legaljokes
hopeless to attempt
is not
he
Cicero, and
biography
part in public affairs,we
may
he was
which
not
immediately
will not
Westminster
of
were
of
Gaul,
in
previous
this work
as
had
friends
amusing correspondence with
an
up
in the
the
of
Atticus,
Atticus
Minor
And
years.
fact that
and
they
few
very
Rome.
at
had
profligate
have
the
November,
two
Cicero
as
most
we
Asia
and
in
next
Rome,
then
was
Valerius
and
before ; for
the
by
get consuls
to
July,
months
explained by
correspondent,
journey
of
following year
is
Cato
unpopular the office

Calvinus
electors
the
posed
pro-
they, with
influence
the
Cicero's letters,which
chief
his
in
the
and
how
Domitius
of
votes
seeing
that
chosen
were
Hirrus
turned.
Pompey himself rethen
dictatorshipwas
the
exerted
was,
xvi.
it until
that
says
him, but
to
declined
elected.
his
appointed,
head, steadilyopposed
Dio
was,
be
chap.
Lucceius
when
should
dictator
MILO.
And
of firmness.
act
one
AND
I US
CLOD
law
such
which
an
selfish
was
afraid, however,
Tie-
into
It is amusing to see
the
how
lawyer imported into England
that
race
since Cicero's
the
at
and
philosophy,
for the
provoked merriment
proved a kindly soil
the
Rome.
for the
time,
common
learned
It has
growth
of
b.c.
53-5
mode
instead
his
carried
from
him
written
the
on
the sheet
it
that you
rub
another
that
which
paper
legal
out
writing
my
he
friend
he
heard
marshes
Trebatius
passing
piece :
it."
night
told
were
the
in
them
called
by the
recommended
the
Trebatius
town
he
and
In
at
frogs which
miserable
prefect;
been
the
use
believe
over
he
the
of
small
a
was
he had
whom
to
own
Pomptine Marshes,
Ulubrae,
at
of which
the clients
while
fresh
was
and
efface
I cannot
put your
noisy welcome
the
croaking loudly
to
For
sest,
palimp-
there
what
take
formulae
wrote
in the
than
written
the
to
preferredto
you
of your
"as
I wonder
letter rather
letter which
a
said,
But
economy.
letter,and
same
he
However,"
"
for another
some
villa of
copies of the
two
palimpsest too !
I applaud your
was
289
market
goods to the wrong
; for the
of settlingdisputes there was
by drawing the sword
of drawing a plea. He
ceiving
expressed his surpriseat rehad
civilian
on
CORRESPONDENCE.
AMUSING
2-
absent
lawyer.
He
this year
began
then
quaestor in Asia
called
nobles who
bill for
And
Minor
their utmost
did
of his
the word
its full
where
Philippic,
the
"
of
securityfor
then
in many
he
During
one
plot to
assassinate
fatallyupon
the
condole
him
with
had
jury
on
Dea.1
Bona
had
of
Antony
which
amount,
to
undertaken
Cicero,
He
of
career
to
had
his
pay.
become
and
giftedwith
was
natural
he
of
enormous
changed character.
run
account
on
himself
attached
the first triumvirate
accused
of
He
intercession, had
talents, and
of the chiefs
was
rejectthe
mysteries
terrible significance. To
debt
earnest
had
respects
remarkable
temptuously
con-
of young
to
of the
the
had
select
was
stand
under"girl" had a
read
the second
to
meaning it is necessary
Cicero
charges Antony, the triumvir, with
father,at Cicero's
Since
band
people
his trial before
Curio.
married
to
having been
profligacyand extravagance, and
become
the
he
as
the
headed
induce
to
upon
violation
"girl"Curio
he
when
him,
putting Clodius
account
correspondence with Curio, who
had
genius for oratory.

distinguished himself as
the
ber
rememopposition ; and as we may
by Vettius of being the ringleaderof the
which
accusation
recoiled so
an
Pompey
"
of
head
on
Vettius
himself.
his father's death

1
Ad
Att.
i. 14.
Cicero
who, he
wrote
says
in
to
his
CLODIUS
29o
usual
only
surpassed all
him
seen
had
had
rather
give
to
in the funeral
for
necessary
however,
Curio
away.
of
was,
overwhelmed
his old
deserting
and
interesting;
be
when
find
we
of
matters
of
then
what
on
?"
politics
he
And
thought
; and
the
came
Rome.
on
from
Crassus
the
banks
thians.
That
in the
without
the
should
the
had
jocularity.
in
did
not
his
with
pretext for
war,
his
and
troops
without
into
any
opposition.
Orodes
what
was
the
cause
give
his
reply in
sent
of
war.
Seleucia.
1
there
on
perished
the
Par-
authorityfrom
Mesopotamia,
territoryof Orodes, the Parthian king.

successful,and
ravaged the country almost
was
insipid.
ing
findnot
incompetent commander,
of Syria enough for his rapacity,had
the
he
think."
had
conflict
what
thunderbolt
army
But
except
elected
were
a
"
write
fail to be
not
fell like
in
to
of
too
were
topics.
like
not
on
plenty
times
indulge
to
write
not
for he
and
and
greedy
Senate, marched
the
which
most
them
are
consuls
new
Euphrates
government
any
of Cassar's
hardly expect
he
great part of
the
did
basis could
East
and
of
that the
time
same
news
such
on
wards,
after-
soon
seriouslyto Curio
what
certainlynot
consequence
; and
serious
on
write
politics"he
to
as
correspondence
At
Cicero
topic could
write
to
them,
few,
that ; and
to
theatres
very
Curio,
it decent
left but
was
to
do
make
to
debt
he
saying that
would
who
trouble
Nothing
him
shows
describes
The
one
could
advice,
hinges,carrying
letters to him
we
personal interest
correspondents
full
indeed
as
larity
popu-
funeral
Pliny
became
trust
gain the
on
swung
as
to
immense
two
with
party,
Cicero's
adherents.
devoted
to
which
well-meant
stupifiedamazement.1
that he became
have
shows
exhibited
spectators round,
of almost
in terms
not
ought
to
This
unexampled grandeur ;
built of wood
close together which
body
he
advantages
of almost
the whole
such
him
and
games
success.
political
thrown
was
other
and
advised
displays, and
these
his talents
to
with
occasions, adding that everybody
such
on
of
enough
He
death-bed.
expense
usual
was
not
would
xvi.
good fortune, if he could
in
men
his
at
needless
incur
it
chap.
style of exaggerated compliment,
have
son
MILO.
AND
ambassadors
Crassus
"
Hair
Plin. Hist. Nat.
to
him
answered
will grow
xxxvi.
15.
to
and
At
vaded
infirst
without
ask
him
that he would
on
this
palm,"
jet.
cried
fingersof
crossed
the
his
Publius
son
of the
rest
In
molten
poured
to
death
of
of
of
an
of the
beginning
said
it
the
was
He
was
of
and
Domitius
then
he
in fact
had
his
active
said
no
By the
College
We
him.
succeed
may
this office ; and
the
at
Crassus,
offer which
could
they
and
Pompey,
he
maintain
to
in the
vacancy
to
the
this
at
was
the
his
and
made
was
character
to
would
Cilicia.
of
with
bargain
character
that
such
was
by the disclosure :
lose.1 As praetor he had given
worse
the
during
disastrous
Cicero
which
tribuneship,of
infamous
no
Clodius
to
proconsul
time
parties to
it
support
his brother's
of Caesar,
Memmius,
Cicero
such
poor
consul,
pro-
that
him.
Claudius
one
was
bait
only
unfortunate
private means.
own
coveted
long
ence,
confer-
the Parthians
been
too
was
the greater
says
the
were
chosen
was
triumvirate
likelyto tempt
Appius
there
had
he
that
remember
be
Cicero
who
of their
Crassus
and
Dio
of
throat
those
out
army
young
Augurs,
had
pity for
and
his attendants.
him, with
profusion had
and
wealth
express
the cost
the
He
Parthian
to
of his avarice
mockery
down
gold
whose
used
bitter
the
enemy,
Crassus
and
flight;
to
the
pieces. The
to
killed
and
took
army
part escaped.
cavalry cut
him
with
in Seleucia."
on
treacherously invited
fell upon
then
left hand
discouraging omens,
attack
rash
all his
with
general afterwards
and
made
having
and
291
will be
you
the most
amidst
Euphrates
surrounded
than
right,"sooner
his
CRASSUS.
officers,
strikinghis
of the Parthian
one
The
OF
DEATH
54-55.
of
victim, and
the
was
year
had
married
son
only to please Pompey, whose
Appius's daughter, that he had agreed to a reconciliation
with
him.
find him
And
now
writing to Appius in
yet we
the most
He
wished
to
friendlyand complimentary terms.
it
was
recommend
an
Valerius,
intimate
be
may
assured
of
kindness,
from
many,
done
for
The
consular
friend of
lawyer of
his own,
that
the
great
and
also because
that you
are
dear
most
of
sweetness
I learn
pleased
but
abilities,
his notice, and
to
are
you
moderate
very
your
from
and
to
me,
said,
both
"
on
disposition and
your
count
ac-
your
hear
letters,and
grateful for
You
all I have
you."
same
comitia
I lie
that
game
Appius
in the
erat
idem.
had
been
preceding
Nihil
sane
played with regard

year
and
jacturae. Ad
"
first half
Att.
iv. 18.
to
the
of
the
present,
of
still continued
was
election
an
three
were
O.
been
Metellus
him
Cicero
was
should
succeed.
able
to
for
that
seen
with
he
such
He
say
what
Cicero
well knew
least of the
Besides,
he
exertions
as
We
him
find
then
and
terms,
said, was
as
whole
the
leader
short
which
this.
expedient
bribery was
In
the
made
had
hastened
But
streets
up
Milo's
on
to
the
of
Rome
these, where
the
with
Via
banishment.
who
was
in the
most
throw
all his
urgent
who
could
Cicero's
and
be
"
the
candidates
Sacra,
of
his lictors to
Calvinus
put
pared
com-
set
my
energies,
There
is
on
an
to
usual
; and
mous
enor-
blows,
of
scene
followers
he
correspondence
more
strongly
earnestness
the
ence
influ-
they wanted,
parties frequently came
were
the
rely.
popular by the
people with costly shows
all
at
one
himself
by
rival
him,
for his active
consulship."
of
genuine
from
Curio,
to
to
high office,
authority.
could
from
thoughts, zeal,
my
Clodius
have," he added,
and
pay,
that
he
All
one
no
"
entertaining the
resorted
and
was
whole
Milo
fightingin
were
the
of
of
of
one
in
Minor,
Milo.
of
all
that
gratitude
his recall
come
Curio.
the stamp
scale.
and
to
soul,
letter
no
of
writing
there
fixed
on
debt
favour
with
whole
my
bears
than
him
and
leader;
whom
man
Asia
from
in
have
impossible
to
nervous
reasons
back
his
was
anxiously
procuring
these
scale
be
deep
in
for
heart, and
perhaps
should
entreating
into
had
and
ready
by some
paramount
everything to fear
almost
tribune
his way
on
check
he
him
owed
if elected
do
Milo
We
into
it
and
Milo.
defiance.
at
now
that
weapons.
enemy
praetorship;
that
consuls
own
had
Annius
man,
gladiators
his
set
in
therefore
was
of
might
held
were
his
who
was
desirous
determined
of
name
and
T.
and
bold
gang
for the
he
he
he
Scipio (who,
war,
extremely
with
Clodius
mischief
canvass
body-guard
unless
and
was
took
P. Cornelius
"
There
following year.
Mithridatic
reasons
many
candidate
was
his
in
with
cope
field
in the
Pompey's quaestor
supported by
the
xvi.
little prospect
Pius, took the

by Metellus
Pius) ; P. Plautus
Hypsaeus,
adopted
Cecilius
chap.
there seemed
for
in the
candidates
MILO.
and
taking place
been
having
in
AND
CLODIUS
292
disgracefulriots.
Milo and
Hypsaeus
the
stop
consul, who
to
had
the
affray,was
and
Rome
wounded.
The
year
ended
in
the
midst
of
anarchy,
was
CLOD
294
of them
fled
and
the
until
road
killed
were
and
others
of
corpse
Sextius
AND
I US
severely wounded.
their
Tedius,
MILO.
master
who
senator
left
was
CHAP.
XVI.
The
rest
lying
in the
happened
be
to
seeing
returning from the country to Rome, came
up, and
his attendants
the body, directed
to place it in his litter and
bring it into the city ; but he himself, apparently in alarm,
back.
went
the
It
rabble
the
as
rushed
the spot
I'll-:
favourite
leader.
and
bloody
wounds
increased,
injured. The
Rufus
(who
out
it
the
to
was
the
;
rostra.
harangued
the
the
was
then
murdered
house
on
just nightfall,
of
the
lowest
body of their
VIARl'M.
REGINA
Fulvia
threw
herstlf
on
the
confusion
several
been
men
Plancus
released
of
rank
and
from
were
Pompeius
prison)called
just as
body to the Forum
laid
off and
on
was
immediately borne
then
the
tribunes
mounted
platform and
people
The
Clodius's
passionate grief pointed out the

populace. Next morning the crowd
had
seems
it
WAV.
tribunes, Minutius
two
and
of
of
the
in
it
It
the
see
widow
cries
to
and
down.
to
AITIAX
His
with
corpse,
hall
spread like wildfire,mobs
news
to
the
to
laid
there
Palatine, and
and
carried
was
to
carry
multitude
on
the
the
atrocity of the
crime
which
xr.
Milo
Hostilia, where
of Curia
of tables
as
well
as
attack
the
himself, but
the
of
house
they
The
flames
who
Milo,
and
rose
down,
rushed
then
mob
office, the
consular
temple
burnt
was
to
concealed
had
by volleysof
off
driven
the
of
abeyance
of
and
Lepidus
were
The
fire.
on
the
to
hastilyconstructed
building,which
the
of
rest
set
carried
pilewas
adjoining basilica.
an
the
and
295
was
corpse
funeral
benches,
and
caught
soon
The
committed.
had
CL0D1US.
OF
DEATH
54-55.
In
arrows.
had
fasces
been
custody in the temple of Libitina ; and these

of
seized
were
by the people and carried first to the houses
wards
afterScipio and
Hypsseus, the competitors of Milo, and
the gardens of Pompey, where, with shouts, they
to
placed for
safe
proclaimed
him
at
consul
moment
one
and
another
at
dictator.
hastily convoked
meeting
was
evening
after
Lepidus
was
Italy. Scipio
of
the
the
and
Milo
came
Another
At
after
and
Pompey
got
when
a
should
rebuilt.
hands
than
to
the
state
of
if the
collected
indeed
was
capable
talk
that
It
be
of
exerting
of
Cresar
wild
as
comitia
were
it
and
them,
on
contrary
was
Lepidus
at
proceeding
were
of
the
partisans
them
still
comitia
no
the theatre
city properly
under
the pomce-
called
that
the
bones
buried, and
the
Curia
to
held.
were
outside
so
were,
of
away.
body of soldiers,and
; but
of
the
Clo-
Hostilia
authority should
pass into
better
and
anything seemed
that
it ;
anarchy that prevailed.
dictator
selves
them-
force
to
struggle drove
but
and
time
hold
parts of
avail
and
But
body
together
or
pey
Pom-
all
to
doors, and
violent
met
tribunes
regularly besieged his

prisoner for two or three days,
the
open
Êmilius
the
from
the
then
close
precincts of the
only resolutions they came
dius
to
in
committed.
anxious
consuls.
of
succeeded,
guard the Senate
rium,
with
troops
were
mob
furniture
interrex
last
their
up,
The
burst
they
destroy the
to
was
first interrex
him
kept
last
at
order
collect
to
election
all usage
for the
therefore
refused.
until
whom,
unpopularity of Milo,
sudden
to
house, and
public
Hypsseus
for the
comitia
of
care
authorised
also
was
to
appointed interrex,
Hill
burnt, and
been
Senate.
Palatine
the
on
body had
Clodius's
Pompey, the
and
proceedings frightened the
turbulent
These
and
assembled
it seemed
both
not
he
Men
began
improbable
and
Pompey
CLOD
296
would
be
these
at
to
the
dictator, the
consul
sole
by
the
the
the
in
it
of
reins
safest
the
was
the
conformity with
as
ported
sup-
question
Servius
his
of
virtue
but
Sulpicius,
authority, made
but
as
was
The
carried.
was
not
power,
Bibulus, which
of
people
interrex, by
Under
people.
generally unpopular,
was
proposal
to
appointment
the
motion
Cato, the
then
was
with
xv.
chap.
by the
thought
Senate
which
on
submitted
not
who
and
even
was
of
name
MILO.
consuls
alone
Pompey
trust
AND
elected
once
circumstances
plan
I US
of
resolution
the
Senate.
This
reached
now
it
happened
the
his
held, by
and
with
sole
was
He
proposed
the
elections.
number
of
murder,
and
fire and
attacked
Clodius
was
usual.
witnesses
first it
chosen
provided
counsel
days
both
these
speciallydirected
such
were
driven
Curia
whole
the
of
Hostilia
on
to
speeches
the
hours, and
two
of
examination
for the
fourth
of trial than
form
for the
allowed
sides, and
Ccelius, who
with
the
accused
the
at
the
defendant
or
three.
to
first of
tribune
of
out
expeditious
were
limited
bribery
specialinquisitor
were
set
to
ence
refer-
of
more
who
had
By the
Lepidus and Milo.
punishable by severer
penalties.
houses
made
was
being
prosecutor
rioters who
the
Three
on
try those
which
that
people
and
firmness.
and
vigour
enacted
the
still supreme
the other
and
ments
govern-
metropolis ;
of
He
originallyfor
was
the
to
bills,one
MTas
by
to
also the
bills
both
of
of
ex-consuls
second, bribery
The
two
him
; he
with
acted
carried
By the
But
He
dictatorship.
upon
grain
which
state
Petreius, the
army
of
supply
murder
be
actual
an
and
considerable
and
should
of
had
Pompey
in the
honour
of
Afranius
consul.
he
to
short
February.
Spain, conferred
of the whole
master
his
attain
lieutenants
of Africa
five years,
25 th of
highest point
possibleto
was
the
on
bills
objected that
against Milo,
that
vehemence
to
ineffectuallyopposed by the
was
it
he
it
declared
Pompey
would
attacked
he
and
was
the
measure
that
republic by
the
defend
privilegium
if
he
force
arms.
In
the
Pompey
those
meantime
to
of
his
have
wife
nephews
two
the whole
Fausta
"
of
Clodius
body of Milo's
for
at
Rome
applied
to
slaves, and
also
and
wife
husband
b.c.
TRIAL
53-52.
had
separate
and
no
of
the
other
of
Clodius
of
Scipio
Sylla.
the
party, owing
him
so
of
of
far
Milo
none
that
all
; upon
the
away
appeared
the
the
Fauspersons
slaves
longer
no
but
for
them
avenging the
consequently they could not
the
feelingwas
mitted,
recentlycom-
public,and
in
appear
against the
they had
excesses
the
of
meetings
sword
the
in
people
the
he
pursued
him
which
his
up
that
dress
Cicero, who
him
had
manner.
order
to
conciliate
of
Hypsaeus,
accused
and
showed
went
it.
see
that
he
present, exclaimed
better
no
just heard.
had
robe,
of
sums
they might
and
was
they
election
his
under
lift it up
to
barefaced
most
Senate, Cornificius
concealed
charges against
that which
favour
counsel
consulship, distributing large
call upon
reported that, in
to
to
immediately pulled
had
than
the
to
were
strong
the
to
the
carrying a
as
Hypsaeus
take
to
objection that
that
how
now
for
amongst
one
that
question.
himself, seeing
canvass
At
make
to
was
and
of
slaves
moned
colleaguessumScipio,the two
conspiracy
manumitted
and
"
the
to
money
the
on
accompanied
course
array
prosecution
had
ventured
his
of
the
took
his life
on
Clodian
his
aggressor,
formidable
Milo
as
attempt
He
This
parties to
Hortensius
by
"
put
the
had
Metellus
and
Ccelius,
Cicero, Hortensius, Marcellus, Calidius, and
freemen
been
Milo.
life of
summoned
be
had
of
men.
by three
purpose
who
one
consulship.
was
same
mode
of
claimed
Balbus.
the
; and
usual
class
also
friends
three
Hypsaeus
Clodius
that
it appear
for him
for
the
unfortunate
was
examined,
"
the
was
Herennius
and
journey
for the
candidates
tus
them
fatal
the slaves
the
examining
of
and
his
on
and
that
Valerii
two
domestics
this
as
of
hand, summoned
the
him
of
297
these
torture,
evidence
right
others, the
the
to
put
taking- the
And
of
establishments
doubt
MILO.
OF
But
it
Milo
sent
currently
was
who
Pompey,
foundation
was
known
to
message
if he wished.
pey,
Pomhis own
offeringto abandon
canvass,
have
however, loftilyreplied,that he would
nothing to
do
with
the retirement
or
standing of any candidate, and
of the people.
would
interfere with the free choice
not
Three
of the tribunes
did
Pompeius, Sallust,and Plancus
him
"
"
all in their power

violent
harangues
to
influence
in
the
the
Forum,
populace against Milo

and
at
the
same
by
time
attacked
Cicero, who
became
almost
Plancus
was
had
increased
threatened
in
never
for
Often
as
hated
for
taken
when
and
Perhaps
another
which
slaying
irresistible
his
if he
had
there
well
might
be
bitterest
such
deed
populace
would
have
abstained
from
part he
from
with
Milo
had
his
desert
this
motive
accused
was
temptation
the
with
he
banishment,
to
now
the
and
that
the
pardoned.
enemy,
knew
He
mingled
was
He
now.
for
him
also
of moral
felt that
could
citement
ex-
task.
he
recall
no
and
But
procuring his
induce
the
that the
simply
of
firm,
He
leader.
proceedings.
gratitude to Milo
vindicate
to
favourite
the
in
own
defence.
is
whole
was
force
of
eloquence.
His
he
tribune
the
both
consideration
no
friend.
his
with
of
period
it,
also
there
his conduct
admire
to
killingtheir
deep debt
Plancus
such
at
was
client.
believe
to
trial ; and
to
friend of Milo, and
no
in
away
guards.
he
constantly
Pompey's
so
affected
or
his
he
take
to
his
as
xvi.
that
so
danger. But he stood

thought of shrinking from
occasion
to deplore his want
declined
at heart
ingratiatedhimself
taking any part
a
of Milo
impossiblenot
easily
was
him
owed
himself
had
have
have
Pompey
Cicero
moment
it is
might
of
considerable
we
courage,
number
the advocate
that
doubt
bring
to
mob
three, and
going on
either really did
the
defence,
the
plot was
chap.
his
with
bitter of the
most
life,that the consul

and
MILO.
undertaken
unpopular
as
the
that
asserted
of
AND
CLODIUS
298
client
was
prosecuted for
murder
imminent
peril. Not only was

illegalviolence {de vi), but
and
for
one
preferred against him
of
bribery and the other for getting up or being a member
unlawful
clubs
{de sodalitiis). The
special commissioners
chosen
law to try severallythe cases
of
under
Pompey's new
and
Tormurder
and
Ahenobarbus
Domitius
bribery were
been
Domitius
elected by the people
to have
seems
quatus.
two
other
in
indeed
the
on
indictments
to
He
April.
1
It is thus
Cicero.
him
I reconcile
Asconius
c.
Asconius
calls Domitius
S), speaking
Cicero
""f
himself.1
Pompey
them
both
personallybefore
before
sitor suffragiopopuli ; and
Milone,
before
appear
appeared
represent
"
of
recommendation
summoned
to
were
Torquatus
with
Qua:(pro
Pompey,
says:
on
vero
questionipraeesse
sularibus tc creavil
who
te
was
in
day
same
and
Domitius,
friends
Quod
the
Milo
sent
applied
to
Dorriiti huic
I,.
voluit
.
ex
potissimum.
con-
"r.
murder
was
began before
Scola, the
uproar
that he
beside
Domitius.
He
did
promised
enough
of his
and
so,
the
The
next
with
virgins
had
Milo
to
come
to
discharge
Such
slain.
in
for the
an
prosecution
had
would
of
of
she
Manutius
tribune
then
Plancus,
the
mounted
justice.
them
the criminal
allow
not
It is remarkable
yet been
that
The
chosen.
what
should
we
should
be
hundred
in
also
provided
that
lot to
for the
try the
case,
prosecution
occupy
more
and
number,
afterwards
and
than
course
to
violent
day
next
by
was
sible
inadmis-
been
of Milo
enemy
attend
unknown
called
the
widow
by their tears and

the bystanders.
on
made
Some
Clodius
Sempronia,
the
were
last witnesses
The
during all this
call the
but
trial close
and
mentation
laThe
Cicero,
speech
to
the
in crowds,
and
jury had
not
escape.
new
present
three
to
to
guard.
directed
was
have
and
bitter
and
rostra
people, callingupon
mitius
Do-
an
that
now
course
visible effect
sury,
Trea-
himself.
that
swore
made,
Fulvia
were
produced
to
he
testimony
English court
the
according
Milo
and
saying that
them,
vow
bench
in the
Cicero
an
the
with
of the
rest
were,
daughter-in-lawof Clodius, who,
and
or
who
produced,
were
such
depositions of witnesses, who
the
by Cicero, Marcellus,
cross-examined
female
days
two
him,
keep order,
to
day
the
one
the tumult.
soldiers
next
throughout
remained
speech.
vestal
himself
come
at
moment
heard
of
body
on
tioned,
men-
strong
made
refuge
the
and
court,
I have
Marcellus,
court
took
at
was
for
to
law, occupied
new
the
surrounded
slaves
cross-examine
to
frequentlyapostrophised by
be
to
inquiry
Milo's
as
When
accused.
Pompey
sight of
applied to him
he
the
killed, gave
was
frightened and
was
within
and
he
defence, began
filled and
that
knight who,
when
Clodius
for the
counsel
mob
of
charge
and
of
examination
Roman
incriminating the
of the
the
the
for
order
with
was
evidence
the
for
an
Cassinius
and
299
Domitius.
made
He
MILO.
bribery postponed until

This
was
granted,
disposed of.
trial
the
have
OF
TRIAL
54-55.
the
provided that the whole body,

men,
qualifiedas jurypanel of persons
the evidence.
hear
They were
law
by Pompey
eighty-one should
selected
that after
the
time
they
had
defence, which
heard
himself.
be
chosen
by
the speeches
together
five hours, the prosecutor
It
and
were
not
defendant
CLOD
300
each
were
leave
deliver
special regulations is
of
impolicy
before
The
AND
MILO.
chap.
challenge fifteen (five of each
to
fifty-oneto
of the
I US
the
evidence
verdict.1
the
not
the
allowing
actual
jury
there
be
can
these
doubt
no
their
give
to
to
as
of
reason
witnesses
dence
evi-
empanelled.
was
the
being closed,
class),so
The
; but
apparent
xvi.
arrived
important day
when
the
to be
chosen, the speeches delivered, and the
jury were
memorable
verdict
a
given. It was
day, and a memorable
sight
for
Domitius
Rome.
special commissioner.
Forum, crowding
An
the
which
strong
body
of
occupied all
in
the
intent
shops
Treasury,
the
mob
man
to
were
shown
nephews
in
the
law,
new
of
; Marc
and
boldest
Clodius
spoke
then
for
Cicero
spears
of the soldiers, placed there
and
unwonted
sight
possession,and
perhaps
The
forensic
orations
spoke.
well-known
These
tribimi
said
composed
in bitter
cerarii.
of
was
when
irony
he
:
path,
and
"
It
time
his
menced
com-
he
read
not
his
that
it in exile
seventeen
self-
It would
be
broke
which
and, according
is fortunate
consist of eighteen senators,
He
of the finest
one
course
by
strange
"
completely
is
rius
Vale-
glittering
lost
speech.
that
client.
order
of
one
limited
the
He
which
it afterwards
Milo,
name,
saw
court.
that
say
possess,
written,
ever
fifty-onewould
to
spot.
"
secure
ineffective
very
we
to
the
in noise
fatal
"
and
crowd,
criminal
truth
speech
He
the
in
a
anecdote,
conviction,
1
made
the
nearer
down.
he
of
; for
prosecutors
defend
to
rose
that
scene
merely
hours, the
the
murmurs
the
was
experience had
the
on
Cicero's
on
heard
advocate
Antony,
two
one
Appius Claudius,
were
appeared
body-guard.
was
not
rage
sat
hear
and
see
every
fatal
and
morning
They
They
Nepos.
the
and
and
court
select
It
of violence
speeches.
for the first time
now
stake.
their
vent
in deeds
eight o'clock
their
the
closed,
in addition
himself
both
the
public
and
Pompey
by
the
of
other
the
could
against Milo,
but
clamour,
At
he
attended
nerves
and
obtained,
Forum.
where
was
they might
that
and
be
as
thronged
surrounded
in the
might well try
temples
could
city were
important issue at
the
on
the
the
judgment-seat
multitude
soldiers
to
proceedings,and
All
view
avenues
of the
front
the
the
the
on
immense
steps of
buildings from
a
sat
for
after
me
knights,and
to
his
that
teen
six-
3o2
defended
he
AND
In
meantime
himself.
murdered,
was
orders
or
Such
the
and
to
killed
Cicero's
was
defence
was
it
by probabilities,applying the
of
the
He
would
two
showed
of
Milo
than
different
Cato
to
calls
Milo
of
two
who
Pepillius,
from
heard
had
Alluding
the
worthless
it
that
death
bono
of
Clodius.
and
while
then
Clodius
that
the
what
he
had
they
that
would
dead.
be
slaves, he showed
in
mode
the
more
alive,
was
days Milo
of Clodius's
death
appealed
jury by
asserted
the other
it much
He
the
which
"
Besides,
rendered
on
proved,
in the
interest
both
describing
by
was
the
more
in three
evidence
his
strengthen
to
cui
of
men
were
Favonius,
declared
to
tried
the first aggressor.
was
if
course,
test
of
providential accident,"
Clodius
far
death
the
that
thought
without
the)',
of
he
by
had
the
in
Clodius
and
"
both
Clodius
characters
likelythat
and
profit most
that
death
and
statement,
complete
slaves
xvi.
Clodius.
it
chap.
his
his
avenge
knowledge,
even
MILO.
CLODIUS
which
how
it
was
taken.
Come
"
he said,
now,"
"
let
what
of
examination
it was.
Here,
(letus take him by way of example), be careful you tell no lies.
Did Clodius lay an ambuscade
Yes.'
If he said so, the fellow would
for Milo V
If he said
be assuredly crucified.
What,
No,' he hoped to get his freedom.
denly
?
forsooth, can be more
trustworthy than this kind of examination
They are sudinto cells that they may
seized, separated from each other, thrown
not
verse
conRuscio
you
ns
see
sort
an
'
'
'
'
'
together,and when they have

prosecutor they are produced by him
After
appealing
his voice
might
would
in
come,
wish
brave
so
in order
argument
as
He
Brutus
for its favourable
guilty of homicide
case
that
them
suppose
what
Not
-
"
but
own
Milo
was
a
not
a
the
had
that
vile adulterer
"
his
who
all.
what
whose
had
him
man
on
the
faithful and
scattered
he
man
of
the
the
way
previous denial that
Milo
put
by
the
Milo.
Who
lost his
life for
committed
death
and
subject of inquiry ?
suspicion of aiming
who
time
hypotheticallythe
prosecution alleged. Let
was
wJio
raised
affairs,when
so
killed
death
slain
He
the
was
Gracchus,
"
told
human
friend
he
use
dexterously made
suggested, having paved
at
the
of
power
then
Clodius
man
Tiberius
sister
side
had
done
Spurius Melius,
a
of
reception by
was
the
declaringthat
might hear, he
his
by
Milo.
which
and
vicissitudes
have
to
he
that
days in
hundred
give evidence."
to
Pompey,
to
the
for
been
in
at
throne
sedition
incest with
the
Forum,
"
his
and
CICERO'S
54-55.
alt.
forced
Pompey
armed
violence
Temple
in
Nymphs
been
branded
and
law,
respected
of
claim
the
courts
of law, but
hand
red
with
of boats
who
was
and
there
them
carried
for himself
he
would
carry
him
home
man,"
said
me," from
of his
"Your
on
his
holding
up
slain
lived
and
cried
this weapon
law or
no
fury, which
and
deed
alone that law, justice,
my
been preserved to the commonwealth
;'
receive
would
the
the
and
can
we
Clodius
How
makes
brought
were
would
you
The
away
from
Rome
words
were
But
himself
I must
to
be
Why
He
would
your
children
If,therefore,Titus
Annius,
be
and
who
one
would
attend
with
as
our
to
you
do
you
to
for
"
of
to
arms
This
senses
acquitMilo
like
citizen
the greatest joy
thoughts
our
the
to
"
is
an
imagine to
by your
that
looks
idea
the
jury
Milo, whom
of him
mere
receive.
quest
in-
free,
are
condition
on
terror
that he is dead
and
approve
all men
since
not
me.
bodily
show
the country
fear how
any
yourselves
now
its
open
power,
their money.
"
passionate appeal
entrance
"
Now,
to
induce
alive,when
by
would
well
as
"
ended
country
"
eye
I could
if
all
gaining
wives
"your
there
any
Imagine
speech
other
life again
to
he affect you
tremble."
drive
to
that
the
up
"
is there
world
the mind's
I say,
expelled
walled
homes
he
money
conciled
firmly re-
say and feel that Titus Annius

benefited the state, and filled with
of Clodius.
island,
Furfanus,
now
not
the
"
with
see
For
most
Italy
"
death
yourselves,then,
would
had
man
people
the
on
"
of
memory
the Roman
avowal
who
owner,
Come
could
"
praise the deed
"
fleet
hither,citizens,and hear me ; I
and
this right hand
I have
saved
your
of justicecould restrain ; it is through
court
liberty that modesty and chastity have
out,
his
the
rapacity.
lust.
'
to
who
in
...
with
exclaimed;
he
his unbridled
to
prey
his
their
"
the
prevent
succeeded
possessions
of
"
and
"
to
safe from
say?"
corpse
seat
filled
the
Cicero,
as
their
bloody sword,
Clodius
so
been
the
knight,
told Titus
him
to
the
in
with
and
across
give
country
have
do
money,
been
have
lives from
had
would
seized
his
sister's house
If he
nothing
chicane
face
who
"
not
"
regarded
stooping
not
lake,
in the
did
it.
have
certain
if he
vestibule
would
in
the
disgrace
distinguishedRoman
that
to
have
had
Appius,
man
force
open
present,
brother
into
by
his
who
and
by perjury
bricks, and
house
"
his
down
of
record
the
from
burned
rightsof property,
island
on,
house
own
had
censors
Pacuvius,
and
looking
demanded
his
by
the
no
an
lime
built
destroy
seizing them
sell him
to
to
others
who, when
"
refused
then
estates
his
in
refuge
303
incendiary who
an
"
of the
having
no
take
to
SPEECH.
not
every
The
last
"
stop
for I cannot
defended.
I pray
speak
and
for tears
beseech
you,
"
and
in
by tears he will not allow

deliveringyour verdict,to
CLODIUS
3o4
declare
above
written.
is
had
been
law,
him
have
might
of
of murder
his
laid
it
was
in
the
or
after he
had
murder,
or
received
perhaps
that
idea
they
sentence
absence
he
and
auction,
sold
of
and
have
But
He
the other
but
man
it
who
who,
given
trifle.
bade
if he
a
it is vain
in
different
he
to
have
been
brought
up
by
verdict
of
set
a
was
death,
to
put
defence
killed Clodius
slaves
the
under
master,
neous
erro-
immediately
him
put
was
debts
enormous
ended
passed
In
his
proceeded with,
were
property
by
he
exile.
and
poverty
thus
a
Milo
and
His
And
fair to be
had
to
life
burdened
so
ought
where
Marseilles, where
to
convicted.
was
mere
their
charges against
again
was
for
his
he
avenging his death.
retired
of
remainder
of
banishment,
was
quitted Rome.
the
were
have
of
Clodius, by
jury might
must
were
guilty
case
then
if the
question
was
that
tavern
him, Milo's
knowledge
in
But
affray
by the
justifiable
to
self-defence,
was
and
merciful
to
Milo
true
the
and
first attack
attendants,
was
from
proved, there
the
even
The
if it
the
nice
the
done
lives of his
acquittal; for, according
Of
killed
be
it
was
his wound,
been
had
by
who
accused
been
whether
or
manslaughter.
of
verdict
without
had
It would
deed
dragged
was
verdict,
men
however
Clodius, whether
acquitted ; but
orders,
Cicero
the
If
life
been
Milo's
of
manslaughter,
or
homicide.
have
Milo.
followers
by the
protect
Clodius
English law, supposing that
the
made
bias
any
of
composed
against the
was
satisfied them, that
command
deliberate
under
It
wrong.
commenced,
the
gave
was
successful,
not
was
it
as
clared
acquittal,but thirty-eightdehardly possible to believe that
it is
have
oration
challenges allowed
said, fifty-onein number.
for his
the evidence
doubt
no
the
the
by
have
and
majority were
not
likely to
were
voted
guilty ;
of
really spoke
The
jury who
reduced
as
were,
outline
Cicero
convicted.
these, thirteen
the
xvi.
Your
meagre
was
they
new
which
That
Milo
the
chap.
virtue, your justice,your honour will,

the jury,chose those who
who, in selecting
approved by
and
for virtue,intelligence,
distinguished
courage."
The
after
MILO.
him
be most
most
and
real sentiments.
boldly your
believe me,
were
AND
the
public
to
up
that
it
career
rival of
gained the
direction
speculate how
Pompey and of Caesar,

consulship,might possibly
to
the
history
destinies
would
of
have
Rome.
to
be
b.c.
if
rewritten
did
next
put
he
his
He
for
by Cicero
Sextius
Clodius, the
the
of
happened
for
in
arson
fortunate
candidates
Scipio,were
of
the
he
was
But
Cornelia, the
and
East,
second
the
accused
of
had
of young
the
of
spurned
and
threw
bath,
him
from
dinner
own
to
to
humanity
by
of
strangely clung.
He
implore
his
to
next
raised
with
eagerness
law
no
had
consul
until
or
five years
time
took
but
feet
help ; but
him
he
was
Such
Cicero
the
He
self.
himsame
came
great
man
only spoiling
the justice
was
had
always so
his father-in-law
last five
months
In order
to
which
in the
he
as
Scipio to
of
the
year
lessen,if
possible,
the consulship was
sought
enrich themselves
by the
as
of
matter
enacted
passed the year before which
the government
of
praetor should obtain
of office.
more.
killed
course,
been
year
had
Metellus
personal favour to
might obtain the
chief object was

whose
to
by men
that followed
provincialgovernments
a
Both
whom
man
and
consulship,
during the
they were
colleaguestogether.
indecent
majority
and
was
Pompey's
told
the
the
by
his father-in-law.
detaining him.1
the
was
banishment.
to
But
Hostilia,when
convicted
save
at
and
dicted
again inwas
again
tumult, who
late
care
This
to
had
that
a
vince
pro-
elapsed after the expiration of his

Pompey enforced, but at the same
law
his
have
for
master,
acquitted.
Crassus, who
himself
him,
Cicero
by
the
bribery, and tried under
just married
Scipio'sdaughter
determined
was
time
consulship, Hypsaeus
Pompey
indulgence,and
his
affray,
was
the Curia
to
implored the jury to acquit him, as

Hypsaeus thought that he
out
in the
(de vi), and
peace
setting fire
widow
he
He
ringleader in the
for
now
law.
new
in fact
his
than
one.
burnt, was
body of Clodius was
forty-sixto fifteen,and sentenced
the
which
defended
was
majority of
breach
defended
tried
305
Milo's slaves
trial,and
more
was
acquitted by
was
headed
had
upon
Ccelius.
and
had
particularevent
Saufeius, who
was
TRIALS.
happen.
not
M.
CRIMINAL
OTHER
53-52.
command
own
in
Spain, which
he
proconsul,prolonged for five years

He also got the law revived
which
dates
prevented candifor the consulship from
being elected in their absence,
never
yet visited
with the addition
as
of
a
1
clause which
Val.
Max.
ix. 5.
rendered
it
practically
CLOD
306
letter ; for it
I US
AND
AflLO.
chap.
xvi.
the
provided that in specialcases
It was
restriction might be dispensed with.
when
powerful
it
and
that
candidates
were
intriguingmen
might be most
to enforce
most
it,but they were
just the persons
necessary
likelyto have influence enough to get a dispensation in their
it happened now.
And
favour.
To conciliate
so
Caesar, he
dead
allowed
was
leavinghis
At
Avas
stand
to
next
consulshipwithout
in Gaul.
command
the- end
for the
year
of
the
had
Cicero
year
the
satisfaction
of
seeing both the tribunes,Pompeius Rufus and Plancus Bursa,

the
of Milo
and
and
himself, convicted
implacable enemies
laid down
their
office
soon
as
they had
punished. As
of exciting,by their harangues,the mob
accused
they were
to
of violence
acts
senate-house
incendiarism, when
and
Clodius's
at
of Plancus, the
funeral.
second
it burned
Cicero
time
in
down
undertook
his
the
the prosecution
life when
he
had
terested
inappeared against instead of for a defendant.
Pompey
himself
warmly for Plancus ; and, to save
him, did
law ; for in order to check the
not
scruple to violate his own
shameless
to
practiceof giving characters
partieson their
trial
called
which, as has been
previously mentioned, was
become
the means
laudare, and had
whereby powerful men
"
"
"
obtained
which
sent
he had a law passed

acquittalof their friends
prohibitedit in future ; but notwithstanding this, he
the
"
the
to
court
against which
that
it at
did
him
him
did
letter to
more
foolish
at
on
law
ought
be
may
that
he
the
not
be
to
allowed
set
showed
sufficiently
vote
Plancus, availing
; and
effect,challenged him, and
verdict
delivered.
was
disguisehis exultation
not
his friend
this verdict
this
But
guilty,and
of
Marius
than
at
he
said
"
this
Believe
the death
at
of
my
out
mere
wantonness,
In
event.
me
rejoiced
This
enemy.
had
singled me
the object of his invective, and
had
persuaded some
enemies
be always ready to serve
them
that he would
You
therefore
me.
warmly congratulate me.
may
been
has
triumph
gained."
ape,
to
this
unanimously declared
was
favour,
ing
jury,protested,exclaim-
imagined,
likelyto
before
the
Plancus's
in
banishment.
to
Cicero
was
provision to
good
no
was
removed
sentenced
the
of
of
As
Cato
way
himself
had
author
defiance.
which
who
Cato,
the
declaration
written
out
as
of my
against
A
great
jet.
CICERO
54-55.
In
the
going
was
Cicero
made
to
letter there
same
property
bid
such
for
APPOINTED
him
commission
to
Marius
would
had
take
going
The
revival
by
had
governments
for
as
until
one
five years
of
its
provisions
held
be
such
any
Cicero
was
one
was
one
could.
he
So
looked
far
upon
urging
do
him,
to
effect
on
the
from
it
his
get him
as
giving
the
that
joke, that
in
give, he
to
the
prevent
Ciiicia
would
burden
friends,
that
as
its
the
superseded
as
as
yet
ligation,
obno
lots for their
dependencies.
shall
greatest
soon
was
declined
see
favour
The
if he
coveted,
ex-consuls
we
an
vinces
pro-
limited, and
was
have
most
; and
as
there
drew
gladly
desiring what
not
imposed
was
Bibulus
and
the
had
who
persons
and
consulship,
of his
meantime
those
such
interests
provincialcommand
the
this
and
He
he
in
proconsular
Cicero's
by
of
got
for
was
to
as
privilege,so
of them.
which
it
thus
expiration
that
as
he
him
willing
law
assume
from
number
and
him
begged
says,
was
the
administered
the
appointments,
office
now
government
But
escape.
and
puffer,and
of
enacted
granted
not
had
less.
could
elapsed
should
got
important
an
at
interest
he
Pompey
ex-consul
no
for
had
Some
who
person
laughs
sum
employ
to
from
property
the
named
care
be
lighter kind.
Marius
whose
person
3"7
deceased
Cicero
highest price possible should

as
of
heirs, and
sale.
the
at
of
is matter
sold
his
of
one
be
to
PROCONSUL
him
they
possible.
stantly
con-
could
XVII.
CHAPTER
PROCONSULATE.
THE
56-57.
JEX.
We
have
of
governor
regard Cicero
to
now
"
It would
unqualifiedpraise.
say
of
of the governor
his
clean,
at
proconsuls and
like
A
prey.
returned
case
be
the
Rome
character
new
deserves
little at
case
set
propraetors
the
was
to
be
of Verres
El
Dorado
from
luxurious
only
was
day
to
He
respectiveprovinces
down
which
exaggerated
sinned
tunes
for-
ruined
the
at
their
upon
by which
magnificence
an
The
ex-governor
home.
The
of
example
what
degree, but hardly in

than
No
quent
freothers.
kind, more
so
impeachment was
many
at Rome
as
an
impeachment de rcpetundis,to make
the ex-proconsul disgorge the plunder of his province, and
constantly
punish
him
care.
No
engine of
for the
the
doubt
attack
to
De
Ouincey
beyond
enormous
malversation
in
of the
accusation
damage
show
convictions
numerous
was.
occurred.
almost
our
different.
for their
out
restored, and
live in
to
the
was
that of
"
present
very
rapacious vultures, swooping
province
were
English colony that his hands were

was
just, and his integrity unim-
an
administration
; but
peached
in
in this he
and
province
51-50.
b.c.
was
funds
entrusted
often
used
as
politicalopponent
to
a
; but
his
mere
the
how
wide-spread the corruption

The
tenancies
prolongation of these lieuof
was
one
source
legitimate year
"
says
the
evil ; and
it
1
"}
was
Collected
the
rooted
more
Works
"
Cicero.
an
abuse
because
As
unamiable.
very
0 CONS
PR
THE
1 o
he
ULA
travelled
dinner, which
order
her
do
Pomponia,
and
looking
I have
some
time
him
that
His
sister
nephew
and
at
had
Bauli,
that
the
best
to
told
last
more
than
persons
was
time
not
the
thing
to
to
came
only
from
advice
At
in the
his
he
him
"
bore
gave
to
after the
that
farewell
that
society of
to
that
he
; but
Trebatius
another
and
of
an
acquaintance
neighbourhood, but
named
Avho
did
was
had
any
answered
to
do
being
his
longed.
pro-
and
it would
not
he
not
could
might
have
Ouintus,
to
the
capital. But
practise. So many
he
Rufius,
not
Cuman
{ingensmolcstid),
was
Rome
ful
faith-
seat
country
of
seat
of the
called his Cuman
it is a proof how
quite a little Rome
; and
to
a
slight,that, notwithstanding this, he
absence
his
to
if Cicero
already felt
his beloved
him
blame.
to
care
asked
consolation
He
pined
preach
bid
Cicero
advised
him
whose
"tremendous
from
might tell her from
immediate
He
to
sulky fit
newly-appointed proconsul
year.
they in Gaul
one
it
his
a
away
remembered
villa
called
Atticus
happy
it is
he
and
only specialfavour he begged of him was

from
prevent the period of his government
and
when
The
for Asia.
Atticus,
Hortensius,
off.
declined
something
their preceptor.
as
the
which
to
He
be
acted
distance
some
the
Cicero
as
sleepthat night with
departure
to
what
see
or,
it.
accompanied
under
were
visit from
commands,
both
her
to
certainly this
and
Dionysius, who
villa he
she refused
letter
You
"
sat,
touch
not
his
stranger here."
said,
sent
house
replied sharply,
Pomponia
hint, saying that
she
company
would
; and
was
government,
and
to
neighbours,
our
only
am
husband
she
Ouintus
son
dinner, but
to
all this in his
his
The
the last before
"
mentioned
give
his brother
her
declared
husband
her
to
down
she
for
lasted
possible,
when
; and
table
as
before
they arrived,
thought), said,
Cicero
!"
"Oh
"
daily."
it,lay
join them
to
turned
endure
to
expresses
the
cross
as
Ouintus
Poor
gentlemen."
fortunately
Un-
of the
When
(so
tone
they
was.
the mistress
to
and
on
the ladies amongst
invite
the
servants
arrangements.
kindest
you
I will ask
and
her
in the
husband,
offence
for his
Arpinum,
Pomponia
his
of
xvii.
embark
to
at
where
one
gave
interferingwith
as
"
sent
chap.
south
him
to
meet
came
province, Ouintus
proceeded together to Arcanum,
Ouintus
TE.
come
who
to
sensitive
noticed
had
say
he
the
house
good-bye.
VISIT
56-57.
jet.
Pompey
which
had
Cicero
the
three
which
at
he
letter
they
but
the
"
notice.
he
as
he
he
in
"
thoroughly prepared to
And
feared."
writing to Ccelius
of
off
weeks
nearly the same

language, recommending
estimate
closely to Pompey, whose
him
much
the
There
same
Caesar
to
remember
that
letters
than
more
written
were
The
tone.
felt both
time
and
the
sky
occurred
loaded
and
with
to
from
him
about
apparently
He
at
now
in such
and
most
his
change
to
he
had
given
at
the
signs of
to
come
into
any
bent
him
the
have
to
the
exact
; but
to
time
he
this
credit.
times
pecuniary
hands
and
arms
fact that
debt
at
Cicero
which
borrowed
sesterces,
equal
in the
him,
of his
out
friend,
to
pressing
most
of
he
funds
which
or
which
on
probable that, looking

that he might have
chances
the
Caesar, he
obligation
going
Caesar
open
had
previously
wrote
for
he
It is very
and
with
off
(800,000
sum
pay
with
whom
with
refuge
pay
unpleasant
an
noticeable
some
left in the
collision
upon
it is
had
to
caused
received
interest, and
Atticus
had
Pompey
was
Gaul,
Plancus,
took
anxious
considerable
he
under
self
him-
still uncertain
have
he
him
extremely
."7000),
manner
attach
to
reason
were
When
And
presents.
to
used
seems
coming storm
Pompey, although
mind.
by
was
Caesar.
owed
seen
must
convicted,
was
just now
was
that
later,he
persons
of
proconsul
its outburst
lately which
prosecuted,
Ravenna,
of
danger
expressed himself
had
and
in Cicero's
impression
he
by himself
of
frame
make
the pilotsof the
to
sufficientlyovercast
An
incident
keep a good look-out ahead.
was
commonwealth
had
absent
the
direction
deserves
these
Cicero
of
approach
been
that
in which
about
the
friendlyterms
probably in the interval
ference
expressions had reapprehended designs. We must
had
two
elapsed since those
years
his
and
of
to
own.
little doubt
be
can
his
as
trust
him
the
few
very
to
pressly
ex-
says
excellent
an
ward
a
he
like
not
speaks
says,
particulars
indeed
did
and
Brundusium,
to
gives no
together
which
in
way
He
"
such
were
recruitinghis health,
his way
on
and
mind,
is
him
had
they
311
fatigues of the consulship;

embark.
to
left him,"
"
the
was
Y.
Tarentum,
days with
of the conversations
that
POMPE
near
from
suffered
spent
port
his villa
at
was
TO
to
his
to
did
him.
not
wish
He
to
had
remain
found
Spanish province, of which
PROCONSULATE.
THE
3i2
he
had
yet
assumed
strongly
dissuaded
not
Cicero
of
expediency
he
Claudius, whom
him
begged
who
he
on
and
the
on
about
was
account
no
already too
were
him,
reached
pressed
He
of
and
make
to
Brun-
to
Appius
and
earnestly
his soldiers,
of
any
the
from
May,
succeed,
disband
him
upon
wrote
2d
to
to
few,
personally,but
government
leaving Italy.
not
which
dusium,
the
xvii.
chap.
for
arrangements
in the best state

of equipment
leaving the province to him
and
defence
excellent terms,
now
on
possible. The two were
and
to him
as
a proof of his friendship,
Appius had dedicated
had
he
work
Cicero
stayed
Pomptinus
Atticus
at
of his
one
lieutenants.
has
acting with duplicity,if not

Milo, who
friend
of
College
just appeared.
Brundusium
for nearly
letter,which
the
on
the
Augurs,
first
had
of which
volume
for
written
in exile
he
there
exposed him to
dishonesty,towards
then
was
fortnightwaiting
While
suspicion of
the
his unfortunate
The
Marseilles.
at
wrote
terial
ma-
part of the letter is the following :

"
I hear
"
from
acted
the kind
First, that
and
of
the
man
and
to
him
to
he
with
if
complains that
of Cicero's
partner in the
him
I know
for.
His
under
come
the
in
about
engaged to
thing is unimportant
this
underhand
an
most
But
property
do.
of
thus
too,
easilysave
If
you
Milo
has
Cicero
with
manner
been
Milo's
"
siderable
con-
her dowry
something from
look
carefully
reallycomplains,
allow
not
; for
not an
was
object of any
will
judge what is best
you
letter
to
consent
It
so
ill-disposed
he has
Fausta's wish, do
against Milo's
this
was
an
might have
I want
friend of Milo,
whom
Fausta
an
much-
property.
mine
slaves,of
all.
him
done
control, lest
his wife
it is also
his
intimate
an
exaggerated reports.
it, and
he
at
be
object, and
my
of his
could
be saved
possession of the
strength
in
to
was
I have
Terentia, and
wife
purchase of
to
own
that
next,
Besides, I
his friend
to
; and
for I often hear
remain
dealing
him
anything
in person,
and
But
if
the
me.
On
take
you
wished.
matter
writes
be
to
Duronius, whom
property might
number
secured, as
the wreck,
(a freedman
purchaser might depriveMilo
hostile
into the
of
the advice
on
friend Milo
my
Philotimus
agent of his own)
trusted
and
that
Rome
injuryin allowing
great
to
be
timus
PhiloI told
so
moment
done."
accused
of
effects, and
But
I confess
I
buying them from some
improper motive.
His
can
see
nothing of the kind.
explanation is simple and
I agree
with
Manutius
Middleton
and
satisfactory,and
(a
safer
much
and
for the
care
to
on
that
say
Abeken
interests
"
it is
Philotimus
as
"
am
Middleton
not
so
but
enamoured
I
cannot
rather
was
Middleton
But
suspected
bring myself
which
proof of his
friend.1
of his
{Cicero in seinen Brifcn,
p. 221) says:
of Cicero
authority) that
is
so
to
of
condemn
zeal
goes
playing
him
littleclear to us."
in
the
case
B.C.
secretingpart of the effects
and
knave
Cicero
crave
he
not
it appears
very
of Cicero's
purity
founded.
under
the
value,
which
the
he
the
the
to
he
know
relative
to
tona.1
have
afraid
am
feared
it
enigma,
to
it.
Ccelius,who
Philotimus
pains
"
of
to
much
for
the
reference
in his
that
Milo's
shall
and
absence
the
be
is
in
occurs
of your
effects, I
able
peared
ap-
another
letter
freedman
have
taken
honourable
most
his connections
also
his
sale, which
There
satisfyin the
read
to
Philotimus
of
subject which
you
secure."
rest
should
we
accounts
to
accounts
When
me.
regards the duty
As
sions
expres-
the
tyrannicide of Cro-
first time.
same
sake,
(you
some
plain,that
is
in which
freedman
confused
the
expected
wrong
that he
ensure
Milo
manner
says
of
letter in
for the
Greek,
in
understand
not
up
"
with
do
so
relatingto the
passage
bought
Atticus,
My wife's
lately,from
effects
be
made
heard
right
charge is
the
carefullyinto this, make the

Atticus
might not be able
But
have
now
the
hardly
can
explain
Cicero
to
one
written
secrecy
you
yourself looked
Cicero
to
of
is
"
of
sale
tages
advan-
get for himself
matter
occurs,
upon
the
Philotimus
that
none
the
in
which
on
to me
mean) seemed
inadvertently let fall,to have
whom
he
As
himself,
says
Atticus
attempted to
only other
purchase. The
following passage
as
serving Milo, yet
that Cicero
or
alludes
find
though
transaction, it is
money
evidence
can
in
advantage
any
of
Now
adds
this,affectingthe
like
case
that
and
for
"
Philotimus
in
conduct
closely the
examine
to
In
purchase."
the
Cicero
of
which
use,
asserts
letters to
his
with
shared
he
own
undervalue,
an
intent
an
justification
evidently from
subject that
of
at
property
his
Melmoth
entirelyto vindicate
easy
in his
pleaded
this
the
bought
313
to
And
uneasiness."
^reat
Philotimus
that it is
MILO.
OF
COMPLAINTS
51-50.
"
and
fidelityand zeal your reputation shall not

be compromised."
The
upshot then is this : Philotimus, as
his behalf, became
Cicero's agent, and
on
part purchaser of
that
through
Milo's
or
not
his
property, and
we
tell.
cannot
saying that Cicero

From
Corfu),
Brundusium
where
he
1
his accounts
But
himself
he
was
got wrong,
there
was
crossed
is
really not
blame
to
over
hospitably
I"y this expressionof
course
whether
to
in the
pretence
for
matter.
Corcyra (the modern
entertained
Milo
wilfully
is meant.
by
one
of
PROCONSULATE.
THE
3i4
Atticus's
sailed
then
had
land, having
modern
our
double
liking to
not
of state,
habits
the
ludicrous
his
to
in
the
by
With
great officer
afraid
government,
Athens
to
Athens
Brundusium,
find
to
here
Leucate.
of
he
He
from
voyage
promontory
seems
Actium
from
voyage
it
his way
on
his
xvii.
island, and
opposite coast.
journey as far as
disagreeable
the
in
the
on
continue
to
settled
was
Actium,
to
determined
and
who
freedmen,
chap.
of
calm
coasting
of the
waters
Mediterranean.
He
in that
again
he
was
he
courant
he
accordingly
other
amongst
in the
had
passed
he
Rufus.
the
at
interview
Cicero's
dialogue de
Rome.
In
to
I asked
me
been
made,
what
theft
Crestus
has
venture
to
would
?"
his
journey
know
what
what
were
habit
is in the
yet has
and
his
him
have
one
he
another,
meaning
letter,as
send
and
"
got abroad
on
Pompey,
said,
mentioned,
had
to
; and
day
which
anxious
keep
to
added
thoughts." He
Republic^ was then in great vogue
amuse
to
you
of the
assassinated
for,"he
news
"
Do
recognisances have
committed,1 and such
tell
me
about
at
that
at
Cicero
think
that
gladiator matches
of what
account
you
not
stirring,
was
ordinary gossip, but

back
wrote
an
what
public
no
with
half-angry at this,and
was
him
was
Before
promise
rumour
with
ft
and
another
tried
Ccelius
been
conceal
to
Ccelius
absurd
works
and
Rome.
political
gossip
Ccelius
thing
saying one
enough
immediately
finding himself
from
news
made
an
had
real sentiments
Pompey's
tact
that
Forum
and
monuments
letter from
things,that
Pompeius
by
of
received
of noble
had
all the
to
as
of
June,
delight at
for
eager
leaving the metropolis

an
25th
city,full
famous
But
art.
him
the
on
Atticus, expressing his
to
wrote
of
Athens
reached
been
enlarged,
things as no
if
Rome,
were
He
preferredhaving Ccelius's opinion as to the probabilities

of the future, although he admitted
that after his
with
conference
lightened
enPompey he was
likely to be as much
there
as
Chresti
ii.8.
compilationem.
"
Middleton
of
nary mistake
tus's newsletter"
"
that
Writing
one.
any
makes
the
Ad
Div,
extraordi-
Chrestranslatingthis
if compilatio meant
as
compilation."
r
it
compilation
amounts
to
he
Wieland
theft.
took
credit
commits
the
to
same
blunder
by renderingit Zusammen
gesThey might
iopfel, budget of news."
have
is,however,
remembered
the
XT
JNe
many
Atticus,
"
"
True
to
line of Horace:
me
Lrispmi
Compilasse putes.
scrmia
,.
"
"
lippi
the
for
himself
the
at
entitled,as
was
had
had
said
that
hitherto
the
in
cost
refused
his
of
had
he
to
his
compromise
which
he
that
they
that
had
them
be
to
were
to
they
kept
of
the
duct
con-
careful
the
not
terms
on
him, which
accompany
he
and
airs and
were
to
he
hospitality,
themselves
gave
tained
enter-
which
pocket,
own
little burdensome
as
be
at
complain
to
reputation, and
engaged
travelled.
such
any
the whole,
upon
towns
his
of
they
had
proconsul, to
accept
out
315
he
various
reason
no
suite,except
foolishly. But,
talked
TROUBIE.
in which
way
defrayed all charges
and
to
he
public
he
but
IN
inexpensive
law
By the Julian
stopped,
EPICUREANS
THE
56-57.
^T.
were,
the
possible
to
as
public.
While
his
staying
Patro, the
friend
That
and
been
consuls
two
it
as
of
favour
give
to
laughed
the
treated
who
matter
we
them
enjoy
curious
letters
not
to
Atticus's
This
at
letters
quarrel between
Italy.
founder's
open
wife,
to
build
to
in
Epicureans
of
or
Epiculooked
its
being
the
for
and
Mitylene the
asked
him
He
Epicureans.
for
reverence
to
the
as
rather
spot, and
slightimportance
to
mius,
Mem-
hope gratifiedthe philosophersby letting
Atticus
of
him,
to
wrote
of very
one
parently
ap-
earnestly begged Cicero
had
site
little trait of
scrupleto
packet
as
of
banishment
to
the
; but
antiquarian
may
their
intended
quitted Athens
the
Patro's
at
having
profanation,independently
Patro
up
Areopagus,
who,
living in
now
for himself
arrival,he
his
sect.
municipal council
Memmius,
had
Memmius
as
his
the disgraceful
corruption
the
his iniquitous bargain with
was
He
trust.
; and
day before
of
act
curus.
Epi-
after
of
before,
of
of
court
of
sort
site to
made
house
an
violation
interfere
to
of
Athens.
at
gardens
upon
a
had
the
of
his house
devised
leaders
successive
obliging
school
the
of
his will
by
ruins, and
down
years
retirement
rus's
into
convicted
he
revelation
had
of
opportunity
an
president
or
granted the
had
Athens,
fallen
dwindled
had
which
head
had
trust, for the
in
had
house
he
philosopher
gardens,
The
Athens
at
this
a
and
he
not
on
shows
addressed
Pomponia,
who
was
privately abstracted,
Cicero
from
the
did
His
Pilia,
matrimonial
left
and
the
of
himself.
one
subject of
one
that
to
contained
the
in
out
peeps
time, which
Rome
Ouintus,
letter
character
letter
from
him
bounty undisturbed.
behind
opened
in
and
PROCONSULATE.
THE
3i6
read, tellingAtticus, without

what
he
had
done,
his brother's
been
but
her
into
word
not
of
him
begging
conduct,
prying
make
to
let
to
excuse
her
apology,
or
Pilia easy
know
that
Her
correspondence.
xvii.
about
he
had
letter,he said,
sympathy.1
full of
was
and
chap.
He
stayed ten days at Athens, and then, as his missing

lieutenant
Pomptinus had joined him, left for Asia Minor,
an
vessel, which
open-decked Rhodian
embarking on board
he
found
in
fact, a
with
Delos,
and
month
of
which
waiting
pay.
be
Atticus
that he
him, and
from
be
he
which
and
his way
would
his
"
it,
to
what
was
districts,
Phrygia
Ccelius
or
and
what
3,
In
he
one
says:
opinor,
et
in the
of
new
was
persons
doubt
of
patronage
likelyto
was
One
of the
One
of
and
hurry
the
happily removed,
was
revenues
full of
province had
his
dust,"
first town
letters
next
written
in his
at
province
arrive.
Cilicia,comprised considerablymore
the island
would
that
by
of
Besides
name.
Cyprus opposite,and
there
be
now
meantime,
him,
and
as
well
told
of
his letters,ad Att. vi.

Q. Cicero puer legit,nt
certe,
The
called
Cilicia
certain
pashalics,in
Pamphylia.
with
of Bovilke
empresscineiit
philosophy
arrival.
usually known
it embraced
proper
the
crossingover
he
of July, or, as
much
no
in
in
crowd
discontent
Laodicea,
This, although called

than
with
from
give general satisfaction.
to
farming the
described
he
Atticus
killed.
was
his
that
before
concluded
as
to
business
22d
Clodius
landing
on
able
for
Tralles, on
at
to
the contracts
was,
to
by the prospect before him ; but he wrote
the lessons he had
learnt
hoped to remember
of discord
been
which
him, expectant
source
fertile
as
trial
to
put
prison with
as
560th day after the battle
confessed
He
bad
the
on
all kinds, and
of
wrote
a
was,
entirely agreed
ship
was
reached
the
welcome
to
of
escaped sea-sickness
received
deputations
and
he
it,on
proconsul was
by
he
have
He
voyage
is,the affray in
that
"
But
July.
date
to
him
told
Ephesus,
drowned.
He
comfortable.
would
in his definition
Johnson
of being
chance
chose
be
to
sailor,and
wretched
Dr.
the
to
livelya sea-boat
too
epistolam inscriptam
as
him
patrisuo.
tneo
opus
Atticus,kept
what
was
Solet
consilio ;
sit sciri.
si
enim
up
respondence
cor-
passing
at
aperire,iJaiie
quid forte sit, quod
friends
he
themselves
to exert
longed for
and
that
If the
the
Claudius
to
had
and
courts
instead
but
he
slight,and
studied
of
that
the
where
Probably
from
letter
to
events
off
went
had
cohorts
were,
The
He
man.
that
like
saw
scrupulously determined
or
his
suite.
He
would
for his
provender
as
his followers
generally live
expected,
in
them
to
Clitellae bovi
After
see
country,
sunt
arrival
of
The
enjoyed
regard
the
the
houses
tents.
he
that
flocked
through
the
in
the
it
and
proconsul was
retiring
new
not
thirty
days to
to
upon
it
beast
which
the
him
them
himself
and
legal perquisites,
of
quartering
inhabitants, made
them
might be
popularity, and
was,
as
bitter
not
vacate
experience had
proconsul travelling
plundering it
as
the province ; but he
exercise
thority.
So
that
wild
to
of
instead
Roman
not
deep
ruined.
impose
his
as
only
in his
this made
and
unbounded
"
did
them.
claws
Atticus
misery
to
; and
an
governor
allowed
the
the
of
savage
consequence
impositee.
of
even
prodigy
of
"
told
maintenance
horses
ance
griev-
Cicero
its
nearly
of
not
take
not
of
oppressive and
set
reduced,
the
for
expense
sions
profes-
allusion
most
Cicero
that
been
of
for the defence
no
was
all sides
on
the
burden
gave
complaint against the

a
province,which
more
the
become
eagle had
provincials had
any
of
been
Roman
wretched
more
This
missing, and
were
ground
his conduct
and
holding
cause
military force
Appius had
monstrous,
tion
jurisdic-
was
with
Another
made.
serious
was
the
appearance
little in accordance
made
been
to
all the
he
had
the
had
prudential reasons
bad
in
done
had
the vitals of the
his
Tarsus.'2
what
into
the
Appius
nor
ruler.
rapacious
made
all
had
they
retiringgovernor.
said,
travelled
of the scanty
more
he
and
three
province
know
crowds
he was,
grave
as
was
out
horse."1
wrong
through Cappadocia
dignified remonstrance,
friendshiphe
was,
he
friends,
expected Appius
at
at
that
of
letter
saying that what
such
the
had
or
this
of
administering justice
him
est). He
his
and
extended,
was
Laodicea,
at
great offence,and
wrote
than
his home,
placed upon
xvii.
told Atticus
extremity of the province, and although

Cicero
properly ceased when
arrived, he
eastern
not
been
actum
him
meet
neighbourhood,
he
had
(siprorogating
Cicero
prevent this. He
to
of his government
term
chap.
city,the Forum,
the saddle
"'
undone
of
PROCONSULATE.
THE
318
any
jurisdictionor
he
was
au-
CICER
5 6-s7
kt.
passed,
actually not
but
had
if he
Cicero
in his
been
silent
of the
forgive the egotism
he
he
But
sake
We
have
not
of
less about
said
theme, and
for the
man
had
would
such
on
single contribution.
letters
in this respect.
merits
own
ULARITY.
levying
that
might wish, indeed,

his
POP
O'S
the
been
we
can
of
equity
the governor.
At
the
end
of
August
the
Parthians
had
crossed
the
command
of
Pacorus,
serious
also
were
and
the
quarter, Cicero
which
Cappadocia,
pitched
his
it
thought
had
at
camp
in
out
chief
danger
ally of
home,
He
Rome.
giving
by only
worth
address
is
missives
that
M.
of
sent
were
Tullius
public letter
copying,
M.
F.
Cicero
Which
of
fullyexpanded
Marc, Proconsul,
Tribunes
Praetors,
in
the
"
"
"
he
contain
not
found
The
well, it
are
the
authorities
king, and
of
style
S.P.D.
Marc
"
health
the
the
state
Coss.
Pr/ett.
Tully Cicero, the
son
and
"
is well
form
Est
also
the
province owing
apprehended danger
to
the
to
S. V.
Ego
V.
well."
the
of
Appius.
little army
passed away,
through a defile of
marched
the
Taurus
into
Cilicia, and
Tarsus
foot
of the
Amanus
range,
the
case
the enemy
passed through
intending to occupy
to
which
Parthians
Cicero
attempt
letter
in
state
E.
Valeo
The
but
his
E.
B.
Quoque
misgovernment
the
from
am
syllableof allusion
should
at
greeting to the Consuls,

Senate ;" and
it
People, and
the
with
with
Senat.
Pl.
the
If you
does
of
the
much-favoured
the
to
of
interview
the
north
he
"
means
sends
difficult
two
sovereign republic :
following cabalistic
that is, Si Vos
Valetis,Bene
begins
O. V.
show
to
Procos.
Tribb.
which
frontier,and
an
of
the visit
the
to
thians
Par-
in that
against attack
prudent to march
through
more
the
barrier
exposed eastern
Cybistra, a little to
wrote
eastern
south-
Amanus,
an
account
an
from
called
While
range.
There
the
on
was
staying there he had

Ariobarzanes, the king of Cappadocia, and
Taurus
that
news
Syria.
itself
traversed
strong
alarming
Cilicia
in
Syria, was
offered
and
passes,
broken
mountain-chain
from
Cilicia
divided
son
the
But
as
the
Euphrates in great force under

of the king Orodes, and
that
bands
marauding
frontier.
the
had
disturbances
heard
he
invade
his
to
passes
the
in
province in that
the
extirpate
whom
and
them,
They
had
that
which
defied
hitherto
called
he
kept
on
up
was
their
enemies
the
conquer
of
Rome.
something
war
in
mountain
to
attempts
scale
long waged
so
in
eternal
the
xvii.
good opportunity
who
all
smaller
be
tribes
independent
had
fastnesses
chap.
thought that this would
He
quarter.
to
PROCONSULATE.
THE
32o
Caucasus
like
against
Russia.
be
It must
in mind
borne
the
that, with
in the
campaign under Pompeius Strabo

upwards of thirty years before, Cicero
short
and
service,
He
life.
than
More
and
In
of
battle knew
spinster
;
"
order
the
deceive
to
with
he
enemy
the
the
Suddenly, during
ascend
daybreak,
at
held
took
and
the sword
for
out
guard,
whole
of
this
October,
he
he
to
began
inhabitants, who
he
put great
bravely, but
the
range.
the
captives. The
many
burnt, and
of them
their
of
which
mountains,
fallingon
time
some
the
and
quite off
and
scattered
of
foot
the
to
night
I2th
the
of
were
numbers
to
fortresses,however,
all taken
were
region
spirit
pretended
hood
neighbour-
to
objects in view, and withdrew
from the Amanus
of Epiphania, a day's march
advanced
his
in
the field,
squadron in
other
have
to
laid waste
was
and
many
with
fire
sword.
and
In
"
action
an
war,
military
no
this his first military manoeuvre
conducted
success.
set
never
the division
Nor
he
seen
in
never
Marsian
one
was
That
but
probably
most
was
had
of the
exception
consequence
victory") Cicero
was
happened
memorable
Darius
; and
halted
must
in
stayed
here
native
Their
the
as
the
four
days,
hardy race
and
Cilicians,1
citadel
It
Ea"t.
princes
name
of
the
in
was-
was
and
of
then
he
did
him
called
of
Arae
determined
highlanders
who
not
his
Alexander's
Alexandri.
to
try and
called
in
forget
victory
where
spot
it
IMPERATOR
Alexander's
of
forciblyreminded
have
soldiers
Issus, which
scene
(he calls
raid
his
by
at
the
indeed
Free
hailed
was
This
the field.
successful
over
army
pedition
ex-
He
jugate
sub-
themselves
to the
yielded allegiance even
Cilicia was
the days when
independent.
on
a
Pindenissus, strongly fortified and
had
never
Eleuthero-cilices.
b.c.
MILITAR
51-50.
which
loftyhill
the
place, surrounding
redoubts, and
war
in
and
did
neighbouring tribe
of submission, and
token
quiet,
now
to
seem
the
quarters under
of
command
vested
regularly in-
trench
and
of
engines of
forty-sevendays,1
it
the
and
burnt
was
sold
been
whole
Quintus,
ages
host-
sent
being
country
retire
to
slaves.
as
Tibarani
of the
into
and
in
the
troops, except
have
the
rampart
all the
for
out
his troops
allowed
Cicero
Cicero
it with
It held
period.
the inhabitants
this the
in
it with
assaulted
2 1
access.
yield until a great part

booty was
given up to
not
horses, and
then
that
at
use
The
After
difficult of
was
and
ruins.
S UCCESS.
winter-
himself
went
Laodicea.
to
What
he
well, and
he
had
was
Atticus,he told
Issus
at
as
done
proud
him
not
was
Alexander
military honours.
occupied the same
"
"
he
but
much,
general,"he
had
done
it
Writing
of his
had
he
very
to
encampment
with
added
mock
gravity, not a little superior to you or me."

In giving an
account
to Coelius,who
now
sedile-elect,
was
of his campaign, Cicero
him
told
that his reputation had
him
of
served
in the
furthest corner
in good stead, for even
who
saved
the city,
Is this the man
Cilicia people asked,
the Senate
whom
?" And
this gave him
authoritywith
"
"
the
for Rome
than
ever
pined more
; and
writing to congratulate Curio on being elected a tribune, he
passionate entreaty not to allow his
urged him with almost
he
But
be prolonged beyond a year.
in
absence
to
was
and
realityin high spirits
very well satisfied with himself just
of the
then.
It was
impossible for him not to be conscious
his just and
benefits which
equitable rule had conferred upon
army.
But
he
the
naivete,
province ; and he confessed to Atticus, with much
that he reallyhad never
known
of his own
before
the extent
his
letter from
self-denial and integrity! He had received
a
friend Volumnius, surnamed
Eutrapelus or the Witty, telling
him
all the jokes in
that since he had been
from
Rome
away
the capitalwere
fathered upon
him; and he wrote, in a jesting
1
It is curious
different
accounts
that
of
it Jifty-severidays
gesimo die. This
Cicero
the
gives two
length of the
siege. In a letter to Atticus he says,

septimo et quadragesimodie, as I have
stated it in the text ; but
writing only
a
few
days afterwards
to
we
consider
the
therefore
to
Pindenissus
Cato, he calls
Y
is
of
some
Scripture.
suppose
was
instructive
made
use
discrepancies in
septimo quiiiqua-
"
that the
fiction ?
when
of the
Are
we
siege of
PROCONSULATE.
THE
322
to
taken
better
and
kind.
cleverest
be
to
off
considered
as
his
He
was
taken
this
disclaimed
have
Rome
for the
honourable
that
of
Cato's
the
exploits,and
Senate
question
upon
He
Cilicia.
had
such
mark
Lentulus
Spinther
therefore
addressed
beginning of
compliment.
he
had
senator
whether
was,
the
full of
year,
He
the
he
him
to
the
of
former
when
should
the
be
ferred
con-
since
services
own
the
at
flatteryand
artful
then
province, and
the
of
proconsul
long letter
his
days
afraid
was
on
was
a
most
of
government
he
But
be
doing
of
"No!"
said
when
of
number
of honour
narrative
gave
assumed
passed
should
mode
that
remembered
He
stubborn
the
wish
not
metal
usual
to
opposition.
occasion
every
wittiest
did
notice
appoint a certain
for public thanksgiving, called supplicatio.
was
to
genuine ring.1
the
of his
left
of the
All
coin.
not
was
future
phrase, he
base
xvii.
had
in
not
was
modern
of
anxious
very
at
use
utterer
an
must
as
To
which
his
salt
he
by Volumnius, whom
his absence.
He
begged that
be
joke might
Attic
of
property
of
care
it in
manage
his
complain that
strain,
chap.
for
in the
Senate
earnestlybegged him to support a motion
a publicthanksgiving,
attributingthe greatest possibleweight
Cato's
to
worth
One
good opinion.
of
word
from
praise
him
was
everything.
"As
to
I believe
myself,"he said,
of
force
by
if
"
and
reason
he.
admiration, I certainlyam
there
ever
was
as
by nature, and stillmore
and
applause
vulgar
empty
consulship,in which, as in the
man
education, indifferent
I
appeal
to
my
to
from
real
which
pursued that conduct
and
itself
in
itself
but
I
be
that
was
a
never
by
thought
glory
gained,
glory might
the
And
I
of
abandoned
ambition.
this
(when consul)
on
object
principle
proper
of a triumph.
of a well-equippedprovince and the very probable chance
choice
life,I
periodsof my
other
confess
that
"
He
went
thanksgiving
for the
his
Let
in the
me,
Philosophy as
life.
The
and
me
In his
last
advocate, than
my
her
; and
shrine
while
secluded
speech pro
conferuntur.
she
one
we
has
it
as
both
have
he
us
thought by
been
and
says
we
alone
some
the
I had
Stomachor, cum
the
dearer
gods
to
have
earliest years
our
"
call
solicitations,
own
nothing has ever

blessingsthat
from
reparation
a
proof of
and
been
of the noblest
of
public
his letter thus
in diffidence of my
as
for
some
banishment,
concluded
He
which
theorists,we,
Plancio
his
desire
present
regarded
by
place,and
truth is,she is
At
man.
adorations
him
done
wrong
he
because
was
his
that
state
country's approbation.
' '
on
to
on
companion
almost
me
bestowed
paid
only
said, have
aliorum, non
me
in
in my
of
our
dolent
in-
intro-
digna, in
duced
her
And
for
been
very
six
nearly
virtue
bestowed
of
of
asking
letter
of the
for
did
epistle,
have
felt that
the
almost
seems
praise
substantial
more
not
have
formal
to
when
must
with
the meaning
ignore
to
I think
the
idea
was
province by good government

than
its preservation,under
bad
to owe
to
government,
doctrine
to which
-a
no
specialinterpositionof Heaven
the
Providence,
creditable
more
be
and
wrote
and
that
to
he
triumphal
that
had
"
Cato's
He
gave
behaviour
me
then
said,with
strain, and
to
of the
He
for."
the
contradictions
Tullia
and
her
obscure
had
father
was
for
was
on
to
him
I have
in this instance
Cato
had
that
language
; but
had
for
in
he
granted
voted
which
for
successes
ferent
dif-
very
but
now
his
and
what
and
therefore
quondam
asking
then
were
Crassipes,
for
in his
her,
spondence
corre-
surprised to
find
son-in-law, who
him
as
special
myself, with only a slightchange, of Melmoth's

it is spiritedand sufficiently
correct.
for I think
him.
match
for another
tegrity,
in-
my
refused
from
divorced
are
of
ungrateful. Such
been
occur
We
want,
not
vanity betrayed
the look-out
availed
declared
Atticus
did
most
his
to
writing in friendlyterms
then
qaestor of Bithynia,
translation of the passage,
and
startlinginconsistency,
been
meanly malevolent.
honour
time
Atticus.
that
to
has
and
which
some
landato,
garland
proconsulof Syria
me
called
into
allusions
with
him
he
good part,
world
himself, and
wrote
towards
And
in
to
strange and
justice,clemency,
asked
he
the
in
found
testimonial, ivJiich
Atticus
to
he
refused
province.
laurel
the
to
triumphs
when
in honour
reply
this
for the decree, yet the
all the
he
convenient
rejoiced laudari
he
letter
voted
not
his tone
what
thanksgiving
in that
in
worth
was
Bibulus
first took
at
that
; and
changed
soon
Cicero
saying
preferred his praise
car
will be
anticipating,it
Cato
although Cato
used
taken.
it is rather
here
mention
to
it
the
keep
to
is,that
"
exception can
Although
he
but
He
then
content
realities
behalf, and
appeal
ought
been
323
the actual
my
stiff and
was
and
proof of approval. Part
in
letter
that Cicero
instead
him,
his
and
It
reward,
upon
her with
this
to
months,
of it was,
own
familiarised
now
answer
disappointing.
is its
CATO.
solicits you
refuse."1
cannot
surely
Cato's
was
the purport
and
it is that
suppliant Cato
what
write
business, and
therefore
She
is the
Philosophy
of
the world
into
daily life.
of
CONCILIATE
TO
ATTEMPT
56-57.
jet.
PROCONSULATE.
THE
324
favour
be
to
civil and
took
an
meet
with
how
were
than
ourselves.
He
interest.
the
other
Tarsus
Cilicia,and
of his
the
on
before.
made
He
For
the
upon
large
The
not
sums
island
Attic
talents
one
time
was
taken
to
purchase the
from
of their governor,
the
and
except
we
the
bribe
them
upon
much
as
prices;
in
winter.
pounds
Now
not
but
he
as
keeping
passed along
on
have
Atticus, tellinghim
and
himself
himself
a
with
Att.
coins
Lydia
xiv.
were
with
occasion
to
occupation
Cicero
was
get
of
statue
Byzantines.
not
him
See
ad
8 ; Plut.
Cic.
Some
24.
discovered
at
Sipylus in
Cicero's
name
and
head
it.1 There
harvest,
to
alleviate
thus
him
he
extremely
mentions
which
it
counsel
of both.
hearts
suspended,
were
get
Laodicea
to
only following his
civil duties.
Pelops for
his freedman
exerting himself
erected
by the
his
to
of
course
another
On
angry
speaks well for the

military operations
that
addressed
was
It
advice.
Now
he
that
in
temples
his way
their
to
persuaded them
stores, and
open
the sufferingsof the people.
All this made
popular ; and it is pleasant to find him, when
to
gladly
it back
he
at
"
farthing
failure of the
been
hundred
two
provincials would
had
Formerly
during
and
erecting statues
but he positivelyforbade
grain
ants
lieuten-
with
fiftythousand
to
his
few
governor
as
exemption.
scarcity felt owing
dealers
equity
feeling
this
that
gratitude by
severe
famine
than
The
them.
honour
and
mildness
indeed
to
paid
little less
"
of
as
troops
had
Cyprus
their
impossible
known
they had never
single requisitionhad been
used
quarter
shown
was
not
districts
to
of
ruler
the
inhabitants
the
doubt
not
be
of
one
by law, which
passed through the towns.
he
as
and
towns
it would
the
50, and
through
progress
of
ancients
B.C.
allowed
exacted
wealthy
we
constantly
points the
January,
a
provincials,unless
triflingnecessaries
had
of
at
need
months
six
such
admiration
such
was
proofs we
says
especiallyof Tarsus,
government;
many
make
He
and
and
persons
on
he
in whom
some
5th
to
range
wonder
sincere.
was
of the
one
parts of his province.

the
to
less sensitive
Taurus
describe
to
It is
much
quitted
crossed
attentive
xvii.
chap.
He
would
chalked
Cicero
out
for
bring justiceto
them, but they are not considered

genuine. Drumann
(Gesch. Roms, vi.
upon
ill) observes
torn
to
governor
form
The
put
that
the
it
was
head
never
of
an
the
cus-
existing
the provincial
upon
currency,
of the letters also betrayed
later origin.
PROCONSULATE.
THE
326
other
the
that the lenders
stipulation it
advanced.
But
positive law,
could
cent
decree
be
contained.
by
The
of the
decree
and
suffer
to
were
the
chap.
recovered.
could
Senate
accordingly
than
where
Time
passed
who
Appius Claudius,
of
governor
with
this
authority,he
of
the
Scaptius
decrees
were
the
harassed
bond
; and
Armed
prefects.
inhabitants
Salamis
of
shut
occasion
one
on
Cyprus,
to
father-in-law,and
his
of
one
of starvation.
arrived
in Asia
Minor,
him
landing
at
on
He
protection.
him
ordering
had
send
already written
"
that
Scaptius came
no
Cicero
himself
him
while
case.
he
The
they
the
said
his
a
the
for
own,
and
Scaptius;
They
made
take
they
a
"
we
have
had
to
owed
only
for
on
from
to
pay
now
appoint
he
was
could
in
was
heard
his
to
the
order.
it
the
the
juries
in-
said
he
must
adroit
was
pay
flattery,
in
fact
give the proconsul.
bond,
them,
realitythe
they
purpose
to
be
not
he
and
and, with
the
chant.
mer-
Afterwards
them
accustomed
farthing
ready
were
been
would
complained bitterly of
Scaptius ; but Cicero
demur,
no
he
money.
told
him
begged
Appius;
Brutus
that, and
gave
under
Tarsus,
that
from
they
had
they
than
to
they
with
money
larger sum
refused
do
to
money.
that
received
his
at
knew
and
the
interested.
party
Scaptius
that
recover
Salaminians
had
nothing
told
from
due
held
rule, that
was
Cicero
he
he had
trade, and
in
Brutus
Matinius," but
real
met
Scaptius,
to
island.
debt
in camp,
was
wise
should
time
the
of
the
was
Cicero
implore his
to
letters
the
prefect,which
before
parties came
By this
creditor.
had
he
that
about
of them
when
on
Salamis
out
with
deputations that
Scaptius and
he
Scaptius therefore
the
from
him
engaged
was
prefect,but
was
cavalry
laid down
had
who
one
of
friends
his office of
renew
but
to
his
to
his
to
hint then
no
to
Ephesus
the
one
and
going
was
immediately despatched
to
Salaminians
This
the
up
he surrounded
city councillors in their town-hall, which
there
cavalry, and kept them
imprisoned until five
actually died
per
third
have
went
Brutus's
was
him
Cilicia,made
for payment
and
on,
should
was
aside.
set
I 2
reflection,therefore,
Upon
in question
passed, that the bond
specialprivilege,so that in effect the former
no
abrogate
not
more
no
of
account
on
was
money
Gabinia
lex
loss
no
xvii.
and
lay
"
settle the
at
All
as
his
he
had
credit,
right,"said
amount."
But
THE
56-57.
jet.
in the
the
edict
usual
had
declared
48
that
of
support
his
Atticus, says
the debt
at
the
he
last of them, which

all
for
difficulty,
this to
out
that it
thought
that
"
deputies from
was.
They
more,
but
found
the money,
him
to
the
money.
a
new
stand
of
payment
request
was
Cyprians then
poor
in
money
into
court
the
prayed
temple, which
with
48
us,
and
was
thus
can
one,
who
but
he
prevent
nothing blameworthy
totuin
in Cicero's
was
hoc
take
for the
that
says
The
it.
paying
to
pay
deposit
to
he
Bruto
his
judgment
from
did
so
dedi).
tion
admirathat
relative
conduct
the
money
interest
allow
his
it
persuaded
to
admits
should
blind
be
further
he
was
to
wait
yielded
equivalent
it
entreated
Cicero
allowed
the
in
to
him
to
might
that
their debt
offered
force
cent.
be
to
extraordinary that Middleton

of his idol so completely to
see
called
aside, and
not
accruing ; but this Cicero refused, and

of complaisance to
out
Brutus
{sed
It is
him
pay
spot, and
wished
per
of
hundred
much
how
Cicero
scoundrel
impudent
an
him
less than
two
then
the
and
over,
the
pointed
him
immediately
coming,
governor
town.
Scaptius protested
took
of
to, and
He
them
them
on
to
admitting
allege against
to
He
taken
cunning
the
of
was
make
talents.
was
matter
this
aside, and
amount
to
in
payment
others.
word
Cicero.
Scaptius again
The
of
the
right. They
were
but
enforce
the
106
Senate
of
referred
the
asked
and
account
let the
chance
to
said
ruin
realityowed
in
it
Salamis,
an
they
not
town
Very well," replied
"
sum.
the
took him
supposed
begged Cicero
he
talents, and
the
enforce
to
then
repealed
then
the
he
law,
already quoted, relieved
that he had
privately that
it, said
it
so,
ing
announc-
account
an
been
were
been
Scaptius,who
was
have
it in effect
of
first decree
the
horrified,for
has
and
administer
in
only 1 2 per cent, with

Scaptius, however, claimed
loans.
decrees
subsequent
government,
allow
would
rate
published
would
would
was
had
his
Cicero, giving
that he
327
Cicero
he
claim.
AMIS.
which
assumed
produced
that
SAL
which
interest, on
cent, and
per
But
he
when
principles on
compound
OF
proclamation
or
manner
the
CASE
he
to
of
account
gives only a short and confused
the transaction, and
of the
injustice
suppressing all mention
of which
Cicero was
guilty to oblige Brutus, fixes the reader's
this
affair.
attention
He
wholly
upon
his
refusal
to
allow
the
"
extortion
"
of
Scaptius.1He
to
oblige Brutus, yet

but makes
injustice,
an
himself
Cicero
truth
is, that
would
have
but
it
they
were
prided
himself
If
of the
most
thus
of the
conduct
of
this
But
shall
be
the
only
owed
an
interest
paying off
of
a
also owed
he
and
proverb,3
had
from
his
wring
not
of
either
done
to
procure
payment
case
coming
Parthians.
all
the
to
Asia
debts.
Cicero,
had
ward
as
means
"Jase.
think
law
of
easy
to
had
and
was
no
the
money
the
to
could
monthly
Cicero
but
his
and
screw,
and
means
He
Ariobarzanes,
the
debt.
almost
poor
even
pay
the
principal
commissioned
; and
to
being
Pompey's
on
name
was
generally believed that he

take the command
against the
was
to
contracts
to
and
understand
Middleton
clearly did
that the narrative
special protection of
protection of a guardian ; but
difficult
correct.
old
Cicero
Ro-
it is
the
I have
the
under
the
under
There
few things more
are
explainthoroughlythan the
man
for
in
treasury.
nor
had
on
placed
to
his proconsular
Payment, -therefore, of interest to him absorbed

available
of the
the
means
hapless prince whom
Senate
Roman
He
revenue
send
Minor
things in
Ariobarzanes,
these
it
believe
not
these
allow
Brutus.
Brutus,
then
could
he abused
to
to
case.2
the
hopelessly involved
debt
their
in which
money
his
of
when
as
run,
we
they do
a
dry?"
Pompey
began to put
all-powerful,especiallyas
was
of
Brutus
applied to, promised

agents
in
subjectsenough
Pompey.
interest
to
may
to
neither
bond;
pay
dealt with
sum
enormous
the
to
governors
if
For
authorityin favour
petty king of Cappadocia, was
He
had
he
Roman
"
there
depositing the
ceased
equity, what
others ?
not
was
from
The
case
enforcing
them
principal. Cicero, however,
the way
on
trifle with
tree, what
green
the
upright of
to
of the
debtors
have
receive
to
rather
himself
prevent
of it
this that
dedi
Brnto
the
allow
to
would
interest
refused
creditor
hoc
totitm
"injustice" in
no
flagrant
so
from
suppose
circumstances
all the
been
to
heavy complaints
would
Who
Atticus,
under
and
xvii.
inclination
warm
consent
not
frequent
told
where
one
could
he
chap.
he had
"Though
injusticenot
willing,and to
was
money
says
Atticus."
in his letters to
PROCONSULATE.
THE
328
by no
Scaptius
not.
given is
Abeken
in
He
wrote
qui
irascatur
yuer'ifxov.
"
admits
the
p. 214.
"
Atticus:
to
volet
Ad
Aft.
patiar. rb
vi.
Rex.
"
Hor.
Itaque
yap
ed
1.
Mancipiis locupleseget
padocum
difficulty,
Briefen,
semen
aeris
Epist. i. 6.
Cap-
b.c.
was
ruined
to
pay
he
was
the
What
more
does
was
not
his
as
but
appear,
he
he
says
tion
declara-
guardian,a public
insolvency.
he
that
But
allowed
to
their
to
try
local
own
the
with
themselves
their
idea
ironically, Yours
"
in
their
the
no
people,
courts
own
with
the
of
native
men.
jury-
provincialsflattered
independence. Anticipating that

he
jurymen in great contempt,
Greek
hold
would
upon
and
customs,
of
law
causes
that
admits
governor
Roman
effect of this was,
good
Atticus
imposing the
of
them
according
popular
most
was
Instead
doubt.
said
nothing
king's inability that
making for him,
of
result
the
of
satisfied
so
thought
he
and
king,
no
kingdom, he, to gratify Brutus, persecuted

applicationsand reproaches, to try and force him
the debt.
of
the
that
his
than
with
him
than
destitute
more
329
declared
Cicero
although
notwithstanding this, and

one
POLICY.
POPULAR
CICERO'S
51-50.
I suppose,
Rome,
at
the
respectability; for instance, Turpio
all
are
of
men
and
cobbler,
Vet-
contractor"
tius the
One
the
of
the
under
Mogul
The
themselves.
bonds
from
The
consequence
the
tax-payers,
He
way.
Cicero
and
enlarged
the
by the bonds,
interest
should
the
not, then
bond
might
great
be
be
boon
and
larger
the
easily,instead
money
for
rate
This
debtors,
of
agree
and
then
to
bonds
became
only
pay
the
twelve
principal
discharged.
satisfied
all
It
to
parties.
creditors
resort
to
cent
per
in
having
took
following
conditioned
the
the
from
interest
and
arrear.
due
then
were
most
condition
fell into
of
who
levied
relief in the
that
the
these, they
payment
decreed
of
to
sums
the
India,
in
ryots
taxes
them
if the
taken
of
of
if the
gave
of
between
districts,with
enormous
time
recovered.
to
and
interest
that
was,
the
payment
towns
of
rate
secured
If
fleeced
secure
the different
heavy
To
Zemindars
the
tion
the collec-
middlemen
publicani used
the exchequer,
into
been
contractors
position of
the
government
taxes
pay
pablicani or
people,like
the
iniquitous manner.
certain
sum
yearly
to
the
by
occupied
and
state
oppression had
of
source
revenue
who
revenue,
the
fertile
most
got
the
was
their
lawsuits
or
violence.
He
and
also made
courtesy.
himself
A
Roman
personallypopular by
governor
was
very
his
affability
great person-
THE
33"
age
in the
and
his pomp,
of the
eyes
he
interviews
unheard,
of
and
accessible
all.
to
address
to
himself
before
rose
he
walked
do
when
of
made
this
e7i
jokingly,if
says
would
have
besides,
the
an
who
was
died,
ape
and
some
and
went
they
Roman
carried
off.
curious"
We
(sumus
find
in
pursuing
to
their
he
his
that
enim
ambo
Young
spur.
belle
with
assuming
1
Curio
bill for
tain
the
as
tribune
lex
viaria,
the public roads
nephew
Ouintus
two
their
tutor
had
to
brought in a
repair and main-
by levyinga
the
toll
on
he
rest.
he
scandal
"
had
Atti-
to
said,
period
pretty
those
who
of
rein
and
the
his
were
word,
on
very
the
son
age
But
any
he
cousins,
; and
them.
used
of the
the
proper
manhood
that there
sense
were
him
boys thought
of
sions
allu-
Dionysius, whom
the
aware
few
Ciceros
young
reached
our
the
to
pictures of
or
characters
dress
or
had
they
inferred
this
at
The
now
governor,
Vindullus
from
was
and
enriosi).
required
had
toga pnra,
the
to
effects
both,"
correspondence
studies
equipage
them
it
him,
Laodicea
at
put up
his
with
his absence
his
are
we
matters.
his
him,
see
had
respects
whom
thoroughly trustworthy, but

the
passionate. In distinguishing
says
He
left
separate
calls
he
his old
passed, Vedius
five little statuettes
for
"
domestic
to
He
account
to
were
He
sealing up
were
glee,
his
and
came
toll.1
During
ladies,with
great
[cubicu-
amusing
intrigues. Cicero told this bit of
on
with
bill
asses.
pay
things
these they found
married
who
where
to
Vedius's
Amongst
Vedius
wild
distance
as
had
himself.
Rome
gives an
turnpike
Vindullus,
some
examine
cus
he
was
he
him
proconsul
He
considerable
pay
while
baggage
Cicero
grand seigneur,with a couple of foreign

a
long train of slaves, for which, he
Curio's
of
difficulty
chambers
the
for office at
named
to
house
the
see
mal
for-
ready to receive applicants as

hall,just as, he says, he used to
him.
to
easy
litter,and
was
candidate
the
to
at
remained
But
ear.
of
groom
his
down
travelled
chariots,
and
grandee
who
and
at
was
Roman
and
up
straightto
daybreak,
he
habits
to
go
his
it to
not
was
and
have
must
petitionerwanted
It
unredressed, from
of
xvii.
lictors,his fasces,
secretaries
complaint
wrong
If
but might
larius),
through
knowledge
his
frightened them.
and
many
many
conveying
not
dazzled
and
chap.
provincials. With
approach him, except
to
easy
PROCONSULATE.
for
in the
am
not
turnpikes,in
the Roman
via.
56-57.
mt.
his
them
sound
that
Tiberius
by her
divorce
to
her,
with
married
her
the
have
the
been
spared
for his
daughter
married
knew
Cicero
Fabia
was
very
told
and
he
letter
Rome,
at
him
do
had
there
beasts
province
Dolabella
placed
to
The
few
Appius,
on
amicable
retorted
in
not
his
that
that
as
has
arrival
going
had
accepted
to
as
eye
in that
him
that
us
husband
Dolabella,
between
to
in
they
him
gate
profli-
bad
and
age
his
wife
now
be
to
the
get
the
were
from
only
him
that
which
that
him.
province.
between
he
had
But
them,
been
there
poor
in his
violence.
with
Cicero
of attention
This
the
but
the engagement
predicament
explain.
his want
that he
creatures
and
to
if I
panthers,
treachery
Tullia, and
shame
told
answer,
mentioned
the
visit
begged Cicero
It will
"
fiat
very
awkward
an
been
He
was
wittilyadded
marry
I will
in
his
he
suffered
did
Cicero
said,
hunters
correspondence
upon
husband
might possibly
men
stirring.
; and
Appius, complaining of
him
the emperor.
everything just then
the
to
in rather
letter
worst
divorce
was
afterwards
Cicero
married
first thought of
Cornelius
of the
Cicero,
complained
whole
he
his
her
probable,
as
strange
seems
time
panthers,and
only
were
news
orders
given
It
the
that
some."
have
not
which
one
Tullia
If
chieflyin
Tullia
afterwards
He
to
in January,
to him
probable, and Ccelius wrote
that
it had
just taken place. In the same
no
the
remember
meantime
contemplated
had
one
that
mentioned
and
the
daughter
herself,and
himself.
Lucius
was
nobleman,
young
but
at
was
He
man.
and
willing to
her, and, compelling her
monster.
Cicero
whom
person
wife
elder Tiberius, the world
one
in Cilicia
been
the father of Tiberius
became
love
proposal of
the
for
others
Cicero
have
in
disappointed.
was
fell in
Augustus
but
the usual
amongst
to
his
time
some
and
to
appears
to
it with
tages
again, and the advanconsidered
by her father.
wrote
or
subject ;
for
with
hand,
engagement
himself
and
Livia,
been
went
He
the
another
father had
marry
messengers
on
made
so
sent
to
33
him
her
either
consent.
give it, and
S UITORS.
had
sought
Nero, who
obtain
free
was
suitors
Tiberius
had
invested
matches
several
Different
to
uncle
Tullia
formalities.
of
'S
April his
of
month
TULLIA
wrote
in not
led
in
to
which
ence
refer-
to
meeting
not
very
Appius
guiltyof discourtesy
were
more
serious
PROCONSULATE.
THE
332
grounds
of
erect
temple
would
taxed
had
monument
for the
to
on
go
at
that
be
to
were
tion
deputa-
mission
complimentary
had
heavy
Also
purpose.
in
Cicero
and
ground
to
town
inhabitants, who
the
to
money
got up
the
on
way,
wished
Appius
honour
his
to
caused
the
been
the
in
be
raise
to
of
creatures
Appia, apparently after him,
obstacles
expense
Some
or
called
Phrygia
thrown
offence.
xvii.
chap.
to
this too,
sing the praises of the ex-governor
; but
He, on
as
stopped by. Cicero.1
Appius believed, had been
the other hand, brought under
Appius's notice the complaints
and
Rome,
his
of
made
recrimination
each
towards
of
tone
of his
one
result
with
he
his
of
if he
relied
him
upon
different
Cicero
of
made
tone
allusion
no
an
whom
man
very
forward
It
was
his side,
on
But
conviction.
him
to
He
in
very
it is described
He
of
cause
Appius
late difference.
their
lost, but
the
namely, Dolabella's
"
kindness.
to
found
materially assist the
most
for
is
and
he
Cicero
arrival,wrote
letter
full of courtesy
as
have
to
His
strain.
his
on
have
to
notwithstanding
therefore, immediately
there
The
dissatisfied
son-in-law, came
could
he
the
not
was
in his government.
getting evidence
in
arrived
future
Appius
to
hostile
were
prosecution
his
of malversation
everything
course
for
him
accused
and
much
Dolabella, the
he
friends.
Rome
to
he
him.
be
to
that
of his dearest
when
; but
ings
feel-
claring
expressed himself, debelieve
to
returned
Appius
expected
Cicero
one
of
cordial,notwithstanding
Appius
friends,but
successor
be
this kind
while
likelythat their
not
was
in which
impeachment awaiting
Cicero
could
desired
that
was,
it
on
other
compliment
that
only
going
was
; and
exactions
intolerable
change
sudden
; and
accusation
however,
seems,
his
by
in his
Cicero,
home
to the effect of his return
civility
the more
polished society of the capital. With a mixture
and
hypocrisy he readilygrasped the hand
good nature
to
of
of reconciliation
opportunity
friendship,to
to
thanksgiving
1
to
point.
"
ad
entreat
Div.
was
out
to
Appius,
in
his
"
he
availed
of
out
himself
regard
promised,
to
of the embasay,
by Cicero,
and
at
who
last gave
to
get
(Cicero's)honour
denied
distinctly
expense
iii. 10.
and
him,
himself, as
decreed
limit the
See
held
exert
This, however,
wished
his
attributed
answer,
way
the
their
old
public
as
said
of
as
soon
that
even
he
merely
on
that
PROCONSULATE.
THE
334
reconciliation,as
their
rely
friendshiphe
that the
the
in
which
only
not
ancestors
who
elected
Augural College,
violation of friendship deemed
by
was
belonged
the
was
another
indictment
bribery
and
place,
was
he
Before
it
Cicero
wrote
tried he
was
became
five
censorship.
for the
him
that
mentioned
his
of
result
the first
Pulcher
Appius
"To
he
of
previously.
years
the
on
letter
told
Appius had
in which
but
committed
been
have
candidate
his
prosecution,and addressed
He
(as I hope), Censor."
letter
body.
of the
acquitted;
Appius was
for acts
preferred against him
congratulate him
to
be
ever
and
corruption charged to
the
for
stood
consulship
when
could
one
no
member
of any
enemy
the
to
which
into
sin, but
trial took
The
that Appius
might
grounds to show
in proof
character
appeals to his own
insists also
He
professesis sincere.
they both
that
fact
on
their
he
and
him;
upon
xvii.
chap.
the
kissed
had
had
and
acquittal,
for the tribute," he said, that

himself;
congratulatedeven
is paid by the whole
people, the Senate, and the body of
I perhaps flatter
jurymen, to intellect,industry, and virtue
I consider
myself in fancying that these qualitiesare mine
much
not
so
as
paid also to myself." He added that he was
surprisedat the glorious issue of the trial as at the perversity
"
"
"
"
son-in-law
"
This
Appius's enemies.
of
for
in
He
!"
to
Dolabella,
What
of
roars
that
hear
rejoicedto
owing
feelingin his favour, Appius might be said

duty
defended
by the republic herself, whose
the
when
even
who
now,
bereavement
in her
said
and
but
that stamp,
take
he would
against Appius
when
prove
which
pen
execution
such
he
the
cherish
the
them
brand
to
Asiatic
very
it is difficult to
a
to
so
were
her
as
towns
who
to
the
have
it was,
of
protect men
few left,ought
protectors.
opprobrium
with
to
had
the
He
cenary
mer-
appeared
trial.
remember
those
there
when
those
what
of
misdeeds
himself, in his letters
Cicero
complained"
to
at
we
namely
"
care
from
witnesses
Now
to
abounded,
brave
good
laughter
unanimous
been
his
exclaimed,
unfortunate," he
How
present
not
was
excited
have
would
that
me
"
prospect.
only refer
could
to
witnesses
the
ex-governor
Atticus, had
understand
how
came
he
so
had
to
of
strongly
the face
had
If he
this.
put his threat in
as
passage
unless
have
been
would
guiltyof gross injustice,
indeed
the whole
in that
case
prosecutionfor bribery
The
Appius
of his
to
Cicero's
what
Dolabella, the
to
in
his
say
he
upon
again
would
ask
not
him
found
to
here
it is better
it
excuse
to
and
is curious
language
begged
then
if he
wrote
question
He
accuser.
place, and
But
His
words.
own
Cicero
the delicate
with
embarrassment.
his present
signallyas the other,
as
entered
himself
put
know
to
failed
and
connection
own
Appius
easy
disgracefullythan
more
unanimously acquitted.
was
congratulatehim,
to
fiction,and
was
himself.1
Cicero
and
him
libelled
had
335
Appius's misrule
story of
one
no
APPIUS.
OF
TRIAL
56-57.
jet.
quote
teristic:
charac-
"
indeed," he said, "that

daughter'sengagement)
wish
"I
(thatis,his
for
both
and
me
been
turn
may
But
Tullia.
my
has
what
out,
I also
done
as
without
most
you
that
hope
it
knowledge
my
kindlydesire,prosperously
have
happened
may
forward
as
prosecutor),not without
(when Dolabella came
in
this
on
entertaining
hope, I rely more
some
good luck attending it. However,
drawn
from
than
coincidence
of
and kindness
on
any arguments
your good sense
To
absence
time
concurring with Tullia's engagement).
(that is, his own
say the
with
For
I ought not to say
how
vindication.
to go on
truth, I don't know
my
(the proposed marriage)which
anything in disparagement of an event
you yourself
and
annoyed at the possibilityof your not
congratulate me
yet I am
;
upon
done
but
done
has
been
not
was
by me,
by others to
perceivingthat what
whom
I had
ferring
given authority to act according as they thought best without re-
at
time
particular
that
to
ask,
inasmuch
me,
would
What
"
approved
have
done
pains
you
take
this
By
to
long, obscure,
son-in-law
my
"
was
therefore
and
"
prosecuting
approve
of
the
No
wonder
that,
he
which
Cicero
timony,
to
I sent
Rome
or,
seems
as
we
in favour
when
he
his
"
him
to
have
of
after
sent
say,
were
to
as
he
acted
he
Post
hoc
it,
very
I
read
negotium
feel that
should
what
to
In
letter
my
But
autem
et
periculo pnebeo.
"
letter
to
to
Appius,
what
would
temeritatem
Ad
served,
de-
Appius
deposition, Dolabellae, deprecatorem me
Appius.
about
yourself.
as
contrast.
receiving yours
his tes-
nothing
man
thus,
wrote
the
that
heartilywish it had not

own
impeachment."
your
real sentiments
if you
to
should
with
surprised at
What
what
meant
happened
so
think
me.
see
apology, Cicero
I knew
but
time
be
said,
so
more
that it
excellent
of
knew
would
him
sorry
engagement,
point
Coelius, who
am
blame
not
wrongly
in
laboured
You
offend you.
Relieve
difficult case."
not
yet
handled
never
accuser.
in
coincided
advice.
your
and
done,
and
your
do
without
nor
been
for I think
simply this
say
consent
has
what
defend
then, of this burden,
me,
done
of the
to
But it occurs
far off.
that you may
to me
if you had been at home
?"
I answer,
I would
the time of its taking place, I would
But
to
as
so
was
have
marriage.
nothing againstyour
have
as
Div.
nostri
pro illius
ii. 13.
336
THE
do
you
truth
Such
another
and
"
letter
and
to
had
which
he
see,
told
each
at
stronglysuspect
he
as
I very
"
soon
as
ever
other ; for when
He
is
he
pleasant friend, and
correspond."1 But
thoughts without
him.
coldly about
Appius
Brutus
mean,
have
; and
more
should
in other
and
is
the
to
Minor,
the
his
friend
he
said,
He
which,
"
Cling to
I
as
whose
abilities
acted
had
government
He
on
as
was
is
make
terrible
I
a
proof
of
times, that when
not
as
the
im-
Appius
and
Coelius was
was
:nsor
sedile,each
againstthe other
preferredan indictment
under
the lex Scatinia ; a law, in molles
morality
of the
And
of
et
times
turbulent
from
Rome,
to
said
before
are
be
than
desirous
ever
and
petty for those
I well knew
as
all the
and
of
profits
conversation
with
had
this,I wish
provincial
you."
yet been
he
whom
to
person
ing
Writ-
propraetor in Asia
successor
no
him
to
light. Every foreign employment,
consider
singlewalk
and
election.
is obscure
at Rome.
do
proper
her
manhood,
famous
his
more
June he
him."2
devoted
get back
live in
earliest
anxious,
a
in
and
more
Pompey
likely to
seem
became
friend, and
my
them
sort
love
prescient feelingof
then
what
Coelius
to
opinion.
comparable with
find
he
on,
about
will
goodI
about
me
for
can
and
himself
had
to
more
with
and
wholly
is
was
they
that
now
to
It
can
who
impatient
rolled
the city,my
thought from
honour
his
much
all
says,
already made
me
very
Writing
he
pursuits
unbosomed
"
says
He
knows
To
was
time
as
news.
Who
republic ?
ones."
had
Thermus,
"
here
at
respect.
me
feel attached
for him.
and
coming storm,
grudge
and
he
liked
be
to
showed
him
to
that
declares
die
to
he
what
notice
ready
he
with
can
whom
to
began
whom
to
hatred
no
this year,
mutual
extremely urgent with
is
letters he
our
doing," he
am
that
Pompey,
day,
every
We
of
all, I
for
too,
of him.
expressed himself
he
reserve,
fond
April
literarytastes
our
Atticus,
to
"
aside
consul
was
Brutus
likely
thought Appius was
often
like Appius, as I have
laid
we
of
end
I felt that
and
and
daughters
the
much
conversation,
"
personallyvery
be
Coelius, written
in
him
by
professed to
his
of
one
The
Appius, who had

for Pompey's
friends
numerous
xvii.
(sicvivitur)"
with
breaking
to
says
you
and
married
he
of
afraid
was
chap.
the world
of
way
connections
Cnaeus
son
In
is the
is, that he
powerful
PROCONSULATE.
might
effeminatosqui nefanda
pointed,
ap-
entrust
ute-
vaiere
rentur.
2
The
turba
is
ending
habits
active
"
"
The
of this letter shows
of Cicero
day
gettingcrowded."
is
Sed
hicet
breaking
my
the
urget
levee
b.c.
THANKSGIVING
51-50.
the
of the
care
province when
Quintus,
would
but
he
; and
consent
Parthian
he
war,
did
of defence.
that
he
had
were
would
show
if he
appointed
but
there
broken
He
to
he would
some
trouble-
so
enemies
the
at
might
say
of
the
end
self like his brother
for
which, however,
slender
if civil
that
he
think, indeed,
may
rather
on
to
performed exploits
We
little doubt
be
to
seems
of
ill-providedwith
was
that he had
rested
ferred
pre-
prospect
accept
post
second
eagerness.
triumph
to
his
his
triumph,
undue
no
says
of
worthy
that his claim
feared
have
that his brother
be
him
province
he
would
sure
to
ask
to
the
He
means
reallyresigned
the command.
which
no
seemed
like
not
Besides,
not
twelvemonth,
take
there
as
337
he left it.
by
was
post, especiallyas
means
POSTPONED.
grounds,
had
war
not
have
gained this great object of Roman

in his brilliant
the only honour
ambition, which was
career
that he had not yet enjoyed.
Young Hortensius, whose
profligatecharacter gave
great
out
uneasiness
himself
there
invited him
his conduct.
dying.
Cicero
Atticus
in
I
intimate
In
how
At
embarking
to
these
with
set
his heart, and
by the
between
Curio
be
Cicero
he
could
"
which,
as
Senate,
and
he
sure
to
you
resolved
advocate
was
the
on
was
alluded
am
the
it in
point
letter
to
tensius
grieve for Horlive
to
on
very
consuls.
before
the
he
"
the
which
upon
he
had
had
seen,
They
prevented
people, and
while
the
interposed his
in
from
him
revenge
"
though
al-
greatest friendship and

veto,
would
and
place. The matter

consuls
agreed that the
thanksgivingto
in honour
actuallybeen
postponed, owing to a quarrel
was
the
enemy,
have
we
the
professed all
and
great
or
supplicatio,
thanksgiving
against
measures
compromise,
should
the
for Cicero
the
"
tion,
atten-
no
him."
successes
decreed
respect
and
distracted, for I had
am
Cicero's
allow
words
the
Cicero
displeased with
was
just as
news
home,
return
of
he
the
him
this showed
moment
conducted
sake
father's
Hortensius
this very
meantime
bringing
much
heard
terms
the
the
dinner, but beyond
knew
and
Laodicea,
to
disgracefully. For
to
he
as
of
his father, came
to
not
ended
take
in
supplicatio
put off until the following year.

was
be
counting the
released
from
days
his
which
yet remained
government.
He
before
went
to
xvil
chap,
Tarsus
had
the
on
be
there,to
ready
and
he
which
Senate
It
the
his
the
was
what
we
had
successor,
may
ceived
re-
he
He
It devolved,
the business.
to
had
Caelius
and
gone,
arrived.
carried
the
surplus beyond
expenses.1
for his
attend
to
in which
had
had
invested
Owing
the administration,
on
voted
sum
the
by
sesterces
2,200,000
an
(about ;" 1 9,5 00), part of this surplus,in cistophori,
afterwards
silver coin, and

seems
what
to
as
the
to
never
the
was
fatal
"
man," he
from
says,
who
sterlinghad
million
maniacal
"
is
he
money
De
it
arisen
in the
above
was
calls this
Ouincey
regards
as
believe
that
an
it
as
biographer.
far
not
sum
of twelve
course
in
all that
at
none
assertion,"and
could
doubt
some
deposited
saying that
against his trustworthiness
evidence
The
There
atic
Asi-
Pompey,
to
sum
state, but
in
pounds
almost
extravagant,
the
of the
wrong
thousand
eight hundred
"
of
amount
absurdly
is
Middleton
lent the whole
repaid him.
the credit
to
treasury
have
to
quaestor
cellor
provincial chan-
the
was
only just
Mescinius
Cicero
who
he
moneys
of the
specialduty
Volusius
exchequer.
frugal manner
Senate
afraid
was
of the
accounts
or
and
preparing
was
correct, for he
were
therefore, upon
the
Parthians,
copies of
during his year of office,two
by the Julian law required to deposit in two
the
of his province, rendering a third
to
these
Caldus,
He
statement,
Rome.
at
of
the
as
militaryforce
proconsulof Syria,
a
spent
towns
that
see
of
pressed.
was
separate
collected
and
Bibulus, who,
assist
to
his financial
call
June,
attacks
hard
be
of
13th
repel the
to
might
to
PROCONSULATE.
THE
338
months
chiefly with paving-stones,as a little

province sown
fees payable
bagatelle of office,a. pot de vin, mere
customary
the
who
held the most
discretional
to
appropriation of one
from
fleeting
opinion
that
1
the
relation
with
province,
question of
any
upon
the
copies differ
as
to
vi.
says (Gesch. Horns,
that
he
received
his
share
of
the
144)
booty taken in the Amanus
campaign,
he
and
v.
Drumann
20
quotes
as
ad Div.
direct
contrary
Cicero
says
(ad
his
ii.
authorityad
But
7.
from
those
I infer the
Att.
v.
20)
Att.
passages.
:
Militibus
equis exceptis, reliquam prcequoque,

dam
concessimus.
Mancipia venibant.
doubtful
the
And
not
entitled
tenor."
The
is
figures,but
to
an
truth
I believe
is,
none
ii. 17)
De
prseda mea,
prater quaestores urbanos, id est, populum
nee
(ad
Div.
"
Romanum,
tacturus
est
teruncium
quisquam.
attigit
nee
Omnis
.
enim
pecunia ita tractatur, ut prseda,a
autem
mihi attributa est,
prcefectis
; qua
that
shows
This
qucestorecuratur.
did not pocket any portion of the
spoil.
a
Cicero
mt.
6-5 7
the
support
was,
it
S URPL
mistake
of
suite
regarded
as
their
perquisite,
the
After
of
under
the
be
no
Caelius
to
it could
"
he
had
either
the
time
limited
in
frontier,
him
to
peril ;
and
he
but
find,
get
away
on
the
for
the
over
and
say,
haps
per-
agree,
credit
out
thus
rather
enemy
the
the
as
himself
stretch
that
seemed
or
command,
stay
on
You
showed
'
Cicero's
the
or
and
the
he
handed
broke
in
"
choice, although
will
is to
brother
from
out
self-control.'
war
happily
to
letter
you
It
Senate
able
was
deputy-
sent
his
and
the
by
for
determination,
have
"
could
paying
jokingly
next
by his commission,
committed
province
his
he
person
said
with
Parthian
dent,
prece-
for
Caelius
was
my
youth,'
mere
leave
to
competent
said
steadiness
if
he
the
otherwise."2
determined,
imminent,
most
in
be
not
He
'
silly,wanting
but
in
satisfied
it.
this
approving
But
to
sufficient
sum
proconsul
amount
Caelius.1
Atticus,
to
means
appointed
until
this
help
not
province
he
Cicero
at
deducting
the
according
grumbled
necessity of
by
Whatever
quaestor
changed."
was
could
his
province
the
it cannot
he
of
Mentioning
he
339
probably
and
hesitation
some
governor
that
VENUE.
it, most
after
treasury,
year's expenditure
Rome.
RE
Middleton.
his
into
are
US
beyond
the
rity
autho-
than
leave
the
retired
from
the
day
he
originally
intended.
His
3d
of
year
of
August
Pamphylia,
follow
we
the
on
him
and
explain how
that
found
Ad
Att.
It
himself,
at
of
let
happened
as
in
about
came
Sida,
that
he
expressed
this
with
rapid
interval
he
it, in
of
of
coast
before
glance
his
at
absence,
arrived
the
the
on
But
Italy.
cast
when
and
the
on
for
us
the
July,
port
embarking
voyage
of
3 1st
in
midst
Rome
of
the
of civil discord.3
flames
1
had
it
him
point
his
on
events
ended
find
we
the
he
office
is
vii.
curious
what
Cicero
short
time
could
not
1.
"
contrast
to
wrote
to
Cselius
before, when
have
desired
he
a
himself
said
better
that
mihi
potuit.
nemo
optatior
qurestor
"
Ad
Div.
obtingere
te
ii. 19.
he
quaestor
Incidi
cordite.
"
in ipsam
Ad
Div.
flammam
xvi.
11.
civilis dis-
TIBUR
MODERN
THE
"
TIVOLI.
CHAPTER
XVIII.
CIVIL
57-58.
/Et.
death
The
childbed
in
WAR.
of
b.c.
Julia,who
Pompey's wife, followed by

had given birth, completely
and
she
rivals for power
50-49.
Caesar's
was
the death
of the
the
rent
son
daughter
whom
to
the
tie between
two
"
pignora juncti
Nam
Sanguinis,
Abstulit
diro
et
ad
tedas
ferales omine
Julia sceva
Parcarum
manes,
Interceptamanu.
Niebuhr
that
he
would
have
alive;"
years
but
affection
brooked
this
we
may
Pompey
allied
Metelli
by marrying
the
he
Pius, whom
enjoying
that
and
position
recovered
election
of
to
for
third
put
of the
stop
to
was
the
father
if his
himself
to
of
daughter
six
in
His
great.
When
had
mained
re-
to
doubt.
Two
the
noble
family
consulship,after
alone.
he
ground.
great
so
Caecilius Metellus
the
months
was
daughter
allowed
consulship
lost
his influence
energetic,and
talked
by his
be
colleague
high dignity
that
doubt
his
made
as
anything
afterwards
of the
no
Caesar's
"
says
anarchy which
There
strengthened
measures
a
dictator
is
his
were
was
prevented the
ordinary magistrates of the republic,men
in-
the executive
and
of
WAR.
CIVIL
342
interregnum
an
required
carried
was
it
"
plain that
was
xviii.
expedient
by the provisional
on
strong
some
the
enable
and
order,
restore
to
chap,
was
arm
of
machinery
question whether
tution,
the exigency of the crisis required a change in the constiwas
whether
justified
and another
a subject of the state
in
to
Pompey
allow
be
to
give
the
to
way
expire
In
party.
he
and
to
Como
of
Gaul
flogged
be
in the
magisterialoffice
of
St. Paul
of
that
was
that
show
proconsul
his
then
the
did
of
Gaul
that
the
to
at
the end
the discussion
of the
but
to
was
on
the
his
test
proman
to
and
tribunes
if he wishes
militarycommand
it
he
to
be
then
?"
consul, and
To
which
put off
March
the
fair
not
was
was
asked
what
interposed their
difference whether
no
be
formallybefore
that
when
recalled
the Senate
of
1st
matter
admitted
himself
get him
September
question should
obey the Senate's decree, or got some

at all.
from
Senate
making any decree
retain
rights
by this insult
to
to
what,
filled
the
to
of
bring the
should
agitate the question sooner

of the
would
happen if any
"
Cisalpine
scourge
wished
that
and
year,
to
that there
in
the memorable
his endeavours
persistedin
existing consuls
house.
Pompey
like
his dis-
having
as
lawful
Marcellus
was
inhabitant
an
entitled
from
"
effect
show
to
founded
was
Senate
recognise any legal authorityin the

found
a
colony and confer the civic
not
following
veto, said
he
Julian
execution, owing
caused
although,
not
was
But
province ;
resolved
until
he
he
know
we
it
that
Roman."
He
franchise.
from
; and
citizen
Roman
that
to
into
had
Caesar
town,
in the
Further
way,
Rome,
at
would
of the
motion
carried
contemptuous
to
Marcellus
Claudius
opponent
tribunes.
colony which
"
to
"
most
was
refused
men
resolution
not
of the
the interference
in the
M.
brought forward
was
it
proconsulargovernment
determined
Caesar, and
two
and
not
the fatal rupture.
to
his
passed,which, however,
situation
previous year
was
he
May
recall of
for the
the
In
50.
B.C.
consul,
was
periodof
hazards
all
at
of these
each
that led
other
extended
The
of the
deliberately
Caesar
that
resolved
was
master
obstinacy with which
the
one
believe
not
he
this,but
do
to
I do
it.
overthrowing
intended
It is,however,
play.
to
government
Caesar
to
one
"
prevent
But,"
at
the
refused
asked
same
Pompey
the
other,
an-
time
replied,
"
OPPOSITION
57-58.
mt.
might
You
with
stick?"
demand
choose
not
considerable
himself
in
elected
were
inferior
an
he
going
he
was
Rome
to
to
individual, and
be
would
enemies
and
well knew
he
conquered Gaul
that the
of
at
any
or
if he
to
yield
by
private
his
which
with
arrival.
his
retain
to
as
his
on
his
himself
imperil
him
master
might laugh
willing
been
place
aside
same,
impeachment,
attack
to
sure
was
to
laid
consulship
present, resolved
the
therefore, for
risk of
he
of
not
the
do
to
exact
an
command
the
Pompey
for the
canvass
set
consulship
willing to
not
the
run
If
have
to
seems
had
determined
was
ready
was
consul
point ; but
the
He
command
legions which
attempt to deprive
had
the
him
by force.
of it
So
stood
matters
consuls
Curio, the
tribune
him
"
calls
amounted
Parthian
for the
the
from
of
army
Pompey.
of
army
upon
by him
Caesar
and
as
partisan.
be
part of his
his
the
legion to
standard, and
In
troops.
own
to
should
from
the other
under
sent
of these
one
previouslylent
time
some
debts
These
sterling.
that
had
Pompey
debts, which
with
and
gacy
profli-
decided
most
of
hopes
Niebuhr
legions should
two
war,
fought for
Caesar, which
looked
that
decreed
Senate
taken
the
his devoted
became
in
whom
and
overwhelmed
Curio
paid off,and
East
of
bribe.1
flattered
Senate,
new
Êmilius
enormous
an
so
nearly half-a-million
to
The
the
of
side
immorality," was
and
Caesar
had
of great talent, but
man
the
by
two
L.
and
Marcellus
Cicero
The
the year.
Paullus
whom
on
of
end
Claudius
bought
Caesar
securing
the
at
Caius
were
Paullus.
was
himself
he
position.
he
command
military
be
was
Caesar
And
army.
me
imply that such a

impossible; but he forgot,
point, for during his third

proconsul of Spain, and as such had
still
strike
to
to
meant
allow, that
to
343
wishes
son
in
precedent
the
he
this
By
if my
what
say,
the part of Caesar
on
did
or
well
as
CiESAP.
TO
plying
com-
Pompey adroitlygave up that

in fact Caesar's,so
legion,which, though nominally his, was
And
two
to surrender
that Caesar had
legions instead of one.
with
built
With
the
Niebuhr
the Senate's
part of this
Basilica
says
of the church
by fire A.D.
Paulli
that
money
in the
order
longed
recentlybeen
the splendidcolumns
Paul, which perished

be1833, undoubtedly once
of St.
this basilica.
Paullus
Forum.
terior
Rome.
Mura,
to
of
one
It
The
restored,and
the
most
is called San
church
is in the
has
in-
magnificentin
Paolo
faori
le
CIVIL
344
these
not
were
consul
Marcellus
it became
case
Curio
lay
appear
that both
Pompey
militarycommands,
disband
proposed
their
for
by the
in
Pompey
the sword.
draw
to
xviii.
retained
Capua, ready
Italy,at
necessary
now
down
in
chap,
after all,but
the East
to
sent
WAR.
and
Caesar
should
their armies, and
This,"
privatecitizens.
the fairest proposal that could have been
Niebuhr,
was
Pompey's party replied that his imperium had
; but
in Rome
in the
character
of
"
"
says
made
last for
to
yet
for
misfortune
ill
was
longer period than

Rome
that Pompey,
(at Naples),did
so
popular, or
offered
of
appearance
he
which
in
question
their
vote
twenty-two
voted
the
decree
against it.
the
Marcellus
the
Senate,
and
It
their
was
threw
allow
their decree
the ultimate
civil
war
to
would
spread that Caesar

in haste
the
consul
defend
The
general
Pompey
as
he
asked
to
manner
the
put
lay
down
hundred
and
consul
only
Marcellus
jected
re-
refused
to
had
not
have
averted.
marching
him
whatever
and
seems
no
to
reason
false
Rome,
upon
made
and
Curio
and
he
would
have
doubt
that
report
the
was
Senate
over
him
to
the rest
of
the command
the
deceived
When
do
if
Cresar
swered,
ground,
marched
"
and
have
of
militaryforces
these
protested against
the pretext that his life was
sympathy
might
Marcellus
public enemy.
into Pompey's hand, telling him
to
sword
vain
folly he deliberately
become
contemptible in
compelled the consul to
have
been
the fate of the Senate.
his
issue, there
his real position.

what
in
declared
last,under
at
was
In
three
sealed
executed,
republic,and
legions at Capua
Italy.
and
be
was
terror
put
of
to
nevertheless
he
and
would
the
the two
in
and
they
they
been
the
in
instance
chance,
If
it away.
weakness
the
authority."
last
their
were
the
But
by thus acting Marcellus
But
Italy
affirmative, while
the
was
this
He
solution.
perfectanarchy and dischampion for the authority of
state
was
in
that
acknowledge
in
all
Curio
both
majority
answered
senators
When
whether
to
as
severely
assumed
lamented
by Curio.
was
apprehended.
feared, that
yield,but
immense
an
much
so
to
treated
the
to
as
It
then
was
recovery.1 Pompey
his
being ready
was
who
his friends
perhaps
for
imperium,
seventy
not
prayers
up
die
of Caesar.
that
in
measures,
danger, he
against him,
he
an-
only to stamp
on
the
soldiers will rise."
Rome
quitted
345
fled
and
of December,
end
the
at
HORTENSIUS.
OF
DEATH
5Q-49-
b.c.
Caesar
to
at
Ravenna.
let
But
embarking
Sida
the
at
left
we
of
beginning
for his homeward
vessel
the
at
August
Hortensius
show
to
to
there
the
In
his
dead.
was
circum-
the
mentions
he
Oratoribus
Claris
de
dialogue
that
him
reached
news
board
voyage.
he wished
stopped at Rhodes, which
and
accompanied him, and
nephew, who
son
port of
on
first
He
his
Cicero, whom
to
return
us
and
stance,
this
had
of
of the death
I
that, at
good
of
sense
to
w'th
the
because
there
thought,
rival who
are
have
that
told
for
mourned
with
with
whom
without
never
it
fortune
which
to
when
died
life
since
bewail,
and
of
with
if
consider
so
it
the
was
and
not,
were
easier
than
his
to
his
so
happiness
our
occasion
own
in
it
as
the
for
good
us
at
and
deplore the
was
state
misfortune
rather
help,
that
it any
render
long
to
the
on
countrymen,
still lived
to
was
mutual
from
be
to
career
he, with
temporaries,
con-
his loss
him, but,
by
than
poets
their
contend
since
if he
him
be,
an
many
borne
I to have
to
But
than
republic
his death
as
were
by the other with
for himself
must
grieved
noble-minded
art
mine
nor
me,
and
at
of my
all, especiallyas
at
spared
and
mately
inti-
died
always enjoyed, has departed
virtue
it
of
honourable
assisted
favourable
more
dwell
he
been
who
me,
way
feelingsought
encouragement
condition
and
was
of poets who
death
more
competitor
embarrassed
by
advice, and
has
what
contrary, each
time
was
the
the
by
reputation,but
glorious calling. For if we
in the
stood
companion in a
in a higher species
and
partner
had
him
from
away
deeply
authority
who
man,
needed
most
taken
was
the
of
news
good citizens
through life,and
me
state
all how
and
wise
loss
the
mourn
the
increased
was
few
so
distinguisheda
so
associated
period when
sorrow
when
time
had
left,we
were
quitting
there
to
deep
thought
"after
says,
obvious
was
My
affected.
was
reflection
it
Hortensius,
the
at
received
and
Rhodes,
to
come
he
of
memory
betrays the
his health
nreying upon
melancholy that was
of his
"When,"
country's ruin.
Cilicia,I
the
to
language which
in
advocate
great
tribute
affectionate
an
pays
service
permitted
;
"
and
let
us
loss,
congratulating
346
CIVIL
him
than
condoling with
thoughts
turn
to
blest,
may
show
we
for ourselves.
enjoy
bear
his
the
loss of
mourn
we
From
after
letters
other
and
He
letter is short
but
the
state
of
his
struck
once
different
begs her
her
suffering
replying to
up
his
mind
in
couched
sword
under
and
opinion
to, he
he
in the
had
whether
disband
to
when
he
imagined
his
arrived
himself
the
writing,so
of
make
to
leaders
he
letters
better
he
upon
to
be
Caesar.
should
which
the
to
with
Rome,
called
his friend.
be
not
consulship
army,
in
at
If, however,
the
in
was
received
Caesar
for
written
it he
be
as
Cicero,
vanquish
to
his
far
as
having
at
it would
said
candidate
and
of
many
and
had
contending
he
found
"sweetest
him
opened
felt
two
ceeded
pro-
October,
he
his
handwriting
he
than
of
question
discussion
he
whom
Pompey
forced
and
her
fever,
when
the
of
Terentia,
flatteringterms.
become
to
absence,
of
4th
Atticus
of
neat
of
most
with
the
upon
allowed
which
both
the
vanquished
and
meet
character
embarrassment
appealed
were
But
confused
the
to
allow.
that
clear
as
and
we
show
Atticus, and
calls
come
the
join, from
would
to
attack
an
the
He
will
letter,said
from
confessed
health
under
by
He
affectionate.
if
thence
Here
to
wrote
friend,
But
and
voyage.
his wife, and
of
good fortune."
the
on
to
should
himself, we
to
Ephesus,
reached
longer
we
own.
for his
to
immediately
and
our
than
ought
we
; but
happened
went
from
of
and
him
no
the bereavement
as
he
can
sorrow
uncomfortable
him
friends.
dearest,"
not
which
Athens,
and
excessive
evil had
some
awaiting
while
death,
we
calamity,which
our
to
Cicero
tedious
regard for
private advantage
Rhodes
to
is
our
illustrious
so
more
thankful
sufficiently
not
are
man
grieve because
way
some
though
as
that
his
regard
to
but
giving
have
we
we
society,that
XVIII.
that, whenever
so
of
memory
if
CHAP.
ourselves
that
For
without
seem
the
WAR.
his
in
might
felt
be
culty,
diffi-
deliver
his
Senate.
"'Speak, Marc
'Let
Tully.' 'Wait, I pray, until I consult Atticus.'
us
no
of those
shuffling speak.' If I declare against Caesar, what becomes
for at his request I aided
him
in gettingpermission to
pledges I have given him?
have
be
"
candidate
request
now
but,
of
take
as
our
a
Homer
though
friend
different
Pompey,
line from
'
says,
absent.
the
men
At
his
too, in that
him
and
women
request do
divine
third
say ?
Ay
and
at
the
consulshipof his. Shall I

respect the opinion not only of Pompey,
of Troy.'
"
the
claim
according
the
As
opinion."
triumph, it
which
the
he
have
standing
But
liomo
families of Rome,
his
nothing by
On
his
ill to
too
from
Cicero
proceed
kindness
for the
a
of
recovery
In
attainments.
addressed
and
he
him
without
to
"
says
upon
his
which
it is
manumission,
leap for joy.

according
a
to
collection
and
Tiro
the
of
benefactor.
the
He
of
few
have
effected
value
line
at
fix
date
of
he
said
of
names
in such
letters after
cases,
the
his Life
had
Marcus
and
death
he
that
Euripides,
the
a
period he
the
been
another
poet's
tion
deposi-
received
the
congratulating him
of which
the
in
to
did
literary
is like
what
he
have
of
attach
verses
tionate
affec-
tells him
Quintus
you
of his
than
considerable
and
he
him
to
the
to
Cicero
as
displayed
son
seems
original a
to
letters
ever
beloved
leave
obliged to
father
letters
each
wrote
novus
triumphal
exceed
Tiro
the
news
also
the
can
No
nothing,
custom
Cicero's
remembered
grandeur, for
was
nothing
assumed
usual
be
Several
his brother
to
De
circumstances
Patrse, a port of Achaia,
impossible
wrote
of
vanity of
at
It is uncertain
as
Quintus
of
act
that
I think
idle
Italy he
what
know
excuse
to
his
in
quotes
oath."
freedom,
of
the
he could
possessed of
and
an
Senate."
tone.
write
I don't
hand
freedman.
one
can
him
opinions, but
amongst
and
his
intelligentman,
very
own
for the recovery
solicitude
more
elicit my
sought it, and

writers," says
it should
his
their
of
he
happen,
than
with
the voyage.
on
extant,
are
he
of civil
Tiro
self
him-
But
to
care
and
find
would
more
was
in the
freedman
what
it
Athens
would
windy under
so
the other
on
presence
from
his way
favourite
was
and
of
Many
hand
established
Rome,
given for demanding
"
one
monument
have
to
the
on
the
which
claim
upon
must,
Senate.
in
themselves
amused
Cicero
eloquent
with
of
he
nothing
half-ashamed.
"
awful.
been
eagerness
felt
in
here
he
case
walls
good
pretty
reason
have
to
Ouincey,
how
take
the
to
seems
conceal
so
consciousness
comic
seat
good expedient
in that
as
in which
his
347
be
the
outside
took
will, however,
They
to
he
moment
it would
dilemma
the
escape
TRIUMPH.
triumph,
remain
law,
with
added
of
honour
to
thus
would
"
thought, therefore, that
He
to
CLAIMS
CICERO
57-58.
;et.
letter
on
made
the
him
Tullius,
published
of his friend
in several
books, the
WAR.
CIVIL
348
fourth
of which
world
an
is
sailed from
Cicero
Patrae
the 24th of that month,
the
entered
the town
by
reached
the
on
At
bulanum.
oth
and,
far
so
he
For
peace.
had
said
could
there
and
full of confidence
was
him.
the
Antony,
Marc
of
in his
had
He
of
abuse
Turning
So
things?"
position
him, he
if he
do
of
not
"
What
inevitable,
even
although
speech
like his quaestor
he
field,
which
just made, full

to
arms.
think
you
of the
But
in the
appeal
do
for
bring against
mob
an
state
wish
could
tribune, had
gether
to-
even
opponent
of
went
revolution.
Tri-
at
the
was
an
of
master
were
Caesar
republic,when
dares
to
say
such
the real
Pompey understand
rival, that, thinking he could easily crush
did
little indeed
his
did
did
he
spend
to
on
threats
asked,
needy fellow
and
weak
Cicero, he
to
-elected
which
they
be
the copy
and
Pompey,
would
himself
newly
and
consul,
as
entered
Aquila
war
in the force he
hand
went
Pontius
were
for him
professed great contempt
then
that
would
He
Appian Way
conversation
judge,
if Caesar
that
the
Pompey,
thought
Pompey
Hydruntum
Herculaneum,
to
long
Italyuntil
Forum.
and
met
Actium
his wife
as
his friend
he
his army,
dismissed
he
of
Cicero
as
in the
of December,
and
public affairs.
the
was
Brundusium.
to
moment
proceeded
Lavernum
Formiae,
to
of
he
the house
at
two
or
day
same
met
of
coast
gates, through which
both
Brundusium
From
day
they
the
but
at
day he reached
next
the
at
make
not
winds
contrary
which
on
of the
one
that
passed,so
and
proceeded
harbour
to
gave
of November,
2d
the
on
by stormy weather
Corcyra, so that he did
(Otranto), and
xviii.
speeches.1
detained
and
he
quoted by Asconius, and
of his
edition
chap,
like the idea
not
He
of peace.
terribly
soon
was
undeceived.
Formiae
From
arrived
at
the end
travelled
of December,
to
Terracina, where
intendingto
reach
Rome
he
on
birthday, the 3d of January.
his
His
of the
own
would
difficulty
him
Tiro.
treatises have
Two
modern
scholars
His
on
the
relations with
subject of
this time
opinion at
that is,allow
the
Cicero
an
to
been
for the
stand
written
Cicero
by
this
became
calumny,
that
what
be to concede
subject of
infamous
was,
the
best
Caesar
demanded
consulshipand
which
mory
vii. 4.
it would
of both
be
to
an
notice.
solution
yet retain
insult to the
"
"
See
me-
Plin. Ep.
WAR.
CIVIL
35"
powerful tribunes,with the addition

I understand
with debt, who
are
more
his
is
wants
cause
justcause
of
It is characteristic
these
of Quintus Cassius
numerous
the
Athens.
at
be
to
himself
Piraeus
hexameter
his
find
he
which
his
of
than
to
debt,
he
as
would
the
the
put
but
the
on
he
ground
ence
Ter-
quoted
OncJicsmitcs
events
; and
do
driven
in
"
in the
his
ear,
your
The
away,
said
same
"
remain
he
:
as
was
it
more
had
of Bibulus, whose
his
He
told Atticus
discharge
to
the
obligation;
making
then
and
venient
incon-
Senate
the
the
wanted
he
under
of
went
finding
out
of
grand
body
some-
the house,
debt."
years,
'
he
Coelius
from
Senate,
as
very
as
that
be
to
was
of
awkward,
was
contempt.
case
anxious
was
which
in honour
great
to
it
yet
just then,
enough
do
not
pay
it
just heard
had
of the last few
'
he
felt how
He
letter, after reviewing, in
he
difficulty,
when
Pircea,
the government
triumph, upon
imaginary
to
care
another
to
than
and
assume
money
borrow
for it would
Pray take
In
ought
mitted
ad-
which
debt
discharged.
his
speech against Caesar

whispering in
"
the
public thanksgiving
he
it
Cicero
preposition
Italy to
the
pay
of
bent,
that he
and
said
in"
"
expression, anomalous
own
him
ever
left
military exploits he held

the
this, and
Epiro lenissimus
that
he
expenses
decreed
his arrival
plays,he said, on
ascribed
their Latinity,were
to
he made
unconsciously a good
politicalopponent
to
the
Atticus,
to
mentioned
place ;
favour, whose
ab
yet been
not
use
debtor
for
was
off when
to
writing
correct
discuss
to
might palm off,if he liked,

the juveniles. At this critical juncture we
still under
pecuniary obligations to Caesar,
it appears
Cilicia had
or,
letter
-flavit
"
upon
that
pay
in his
that
said, jokingly,Atticus
own
from
to
verse
he
which
as
another
In
Laelius.
but
elegance of
the
he
more
town
authority
of
account
not
when
the
All
letter full of
tempted
in
had,
using
oppressed
are
imagined.
in the
preposition
was
for
was
an
as
the
Pirceum
is
fault with
without
Pir"UM,
that
that
found
Atticus
defended
that
man
He
point of literarycriticism.
used
the expression,in Pir"K,
xvm.
everythingelse,"
in
forebodings Cicero
gloomy
all who
"
I had
than
it abounds
chap.
What,'
which
you
spiritof bitterness,
had
ask
different kinds
keep together in
their
led
'
me,
to
do
the
you
sent
prepose
pro-
of cattle,which,
own
herds.
As
the
all
the
follows
ox
who
events
of
Caesar, and
for he said
death
leaders
the
than
Cinna,
than
Sylla.
upshot
is this
Pompey
it
is,'he
In
ponius.'
the last letter he
with
the words,
in fact is the
in
before
conflict that
is
I
his
might
with
uncertain
Pisistratus.
or
he
day
Pom-
ended
"
and
it
this
of mind
state
be
said
49,
were
now
Cnaeus
Titus
Rome
and
The
out.
was
of Phalaris
reaching
politics,
on
going
it
to
moderate
more
agree
said
night
if the
merciful
more
jest,'with
he
description of
best
of the
whole
half
tormented
am
the
falsified his
diatribe
'
to
on
mistook
be
lamp
my
passage
wrote
"
long
play the part
would
rush
will,in putting
"
wealthy
at
or
perfectlywell that
Tully.'
added,
they
he
aristocracy,not
you
men,
completely
is,Caesar
Marc
another
Caesar
whether
know
longer, only
Speak,
'
All
giving
am
that
"
"
In
event
that
"
if
even
plundering the
in
nor
the
the
of
make
would
and
he
is beaten,
cause
"
honest
however,
respect,
one
351
I follow
will
so
reputed such,
In
prediction;
good
herd,
are
destruction."
character
OFFER.
CAESAR'S
57-58.
jet.
during the
have actually
to
begun.
consuls
The
who
Marcus
before
the
should
be
be
these
their
the
great
offered
he
Pompey
would
wanting
upon
before,
he
authority
but
would
of
the
if
previously,and
L.
they had
from
consuls.
that it should
listened
the
to
They were
briefly
if
military command,
added
the
ominous
complied with
the
that
of
consul
case
to
threat
would
the
state
and
not
animated
advocated
Caesar, as
himself
he
An
country.
they truckled
care
Senate
his
his
in
insisted
letter
Rome
of the
hands
bring
to
in the
the
not
and
Senate!
of
to
; but
were
take
brother
just brought
down
same
that
the
proposed.
Lentulus
said
and
him
lay
himself
to
followed.
measures,
placed
soldier
tho
do
that if this condition

be
had
point, and
to
of
important question whether
had
carried
that
terms
one
debate, the tribunes, who
warm
read,
but
year
Curio
he
which
Caesar, and
another
Marcellus,
first business
the
was
which
read
Claudius
The
Senate
B.C.
year,
the
consul
was
Lentulus.
Cornelius
After
new
Marcelli, Caius
of
family
of the
cussion
disbold
might rely
they
had
done
disregard
Strange language this from
the
the
Scipio,Pompey's
magistrate of the republic. Metellus
the
and
to
declared
same
effect,
father-in-law, spoke
that
first
CIVIL
352
would
Pompey
him
that if
; but
they
to
would
disband
his army
comply,
that
he
Marcus
Caesar
set
he
had
raised
advised
Marcellus
the
had
they ought
by
army
Marc
to
did
Caesar
to be
masse
Antony
and
be
refused
that if
see
they
;
until
they
newly-
Italy. The
in
public.
re-
beforehand
decision
no
wanted
of the
enemy
to
ness,
firm-
ordered
if he
prepared
to
come
they
and
an
follow
show
not
should
day,
xvm.
would
when
vain
sense
levy en
and
declared
be
Senate
the Senate
certain
should
the
an
republicif
by
at defiance
and
elected
the
chap.
they hesitated now,

implore his aid in
by proposing that
concluded
it. He
to
defend
WAR.
Q. Cassius, interposed
from
their veto
to
being carried ;
prevent Scipio'smotion
and
the question was
side
adjourned. The Senate met again outtribunes,
the walls, and

violent
another
and
debate,
passed equivalentto what

martial
to
were
The
law.
and
Antony
himself,
republicsuffered
happened
the
on
in his Bellnm
There
illegaland
unconstitutional.
to
under
dictate the
be
can
the
In
doing
Rome
it
gates of
Rome
the walls with

enter
not
the
heart
was
grant
it,but
he
would
set
the
was
he
the
on
that
the
his
held
gentle
was
had
right
no
obey the
guiltyof
order
Five
act
an
from
returned
he
of
and
province
Caesar
much
as
Hundred
of honour
city then, for

upon
triumph ;
the
Lentulus
the
he
coast
He
had
of
awful
it off
on
would
his
moment
was
the
ready
to
plea that
questionwhen he had despatched

divided
into
hand.
on
Italywas
Campania
might superintend
that
put
He
respect.
the
outside
met
was
the Senate
and
consul
the
and
at
even
reached
Cicero
when
4th of January.
mark
every
the urgent business
that
of affairs
state
bring forward
districts,and
very
demand
He
of St. Cloud.
orangery
was
as
usurpation as Napoleon Bonaparte when

Egypt, and forciblydissolved the Council
Such
fled to
"
of
in the
tribunes,
and
he would
alone
he
so
The
January.
threatening and bitter."
Pompey
which
on
was
of
doubt
no
was
resolution
harm.
no
authority of law, and
terms
of the Senate.
"
6th
There
proclamation of
tribunes of the people
Civile, describes
demand."
his army
call
should
calls Caesar's letter
Cicero
result
Cassius, immediately quitted
This
Caesar.
the
in
we
them.
joined
consuls, praetors, and
that the
see
there
Pompey
the
was
levies
assigned
there,
and
to
see
Cicero,
to
its
b.c.
THE
50-49.
RUBICON.
safety. The
provinces were
L. Domitius
Ahenobarbus
Caesar
353
allotted
in
as
ordinary times, and

proconsul of Gaul.
declared
was
He
addressed
longer hesitated.
called upon
them
spirited speech, and
general against the designs of his enemies.
with
his
no
loud
acclaimingshout
that
they
soldiers
to
in
their
protect
They answered
ready to follow
were
him.1
Between
Ravenna
there
are
several
which
has
been
the
and
small
Rimini, the
rivers,
claimed
the
as
rather
or
Ariminum,
ancient
famous
of
each
streams,
Rubicon.
This
was
boundary
separated,at that extremity, the province
commander
Cisalpine Gaul from Italy; and
no
might
it in arms
without
cross
the reto
public.
being guiltyof treason
that
of
The
story,
the thirteenth
on
Ravenna,
without
then, the
better
told
as
by Suetonius, is,that Caesar
all the force he

legion,which was
declaring the object of their march
mask
to
his
himself
purpose,
sent
had
;
at
and
attended
public entertainment, inspected the plan of a school of

gladiatorswhich he had intended
to build, and in the evening
appeared
he
usual
as
quietlywent
attended
by
he
find.
could
darkness
and
the left
He
came
said,
"
We
bridge everything must

reassured
from
him,
of aerial
picquets
Amongst
the
and
in
was
playing on
melody.
Some
advance,
them
phantom
to
(Pkanissa:,534-5)
were
if
his
we
flute,from
approached
snatched
followers
cross
which
and
that little
listen
to
trumpeters,
from
bugle, and, blowing
[Ctzsar,30), Caesar
quoted
If T must
the
be unjust,'tisbest to be so
Playing for empire : just in all things else."
issued
streams
there, and
were
:"
"
decided
shepherds who
some
Suetonius
guide,
were
standing on
Here
he stopped,
magnitude of the
to
back, but
with
in the
A
by the sword."
tent
porAn
apparition of gigantic size and
seated
not far distant
suddenly seen
him.
beauty
According
be
turned
about
met
the
at
he
yet draw
even
he
Rubicon.
moment
take,
to
wandered
soldiers,who
of the
for the
can
superhuman
his
bank
and
sunset
by mules, and
private road
the most
choosing
daybreak
at
with
up
about
was
escort,
foot, until
and, awe-struck
step he
in
after
But
banquet.
carriage drawn
lost his way,
northern
or
crowded
away
small
on
last
at
at
to
one
a
the
of
loud
lines of
the
music.
whom
blast,
Euripides
CIVIL
354
Caesar
Then
heaven
and
stood
defenceless,
there
he
All
rush
pressed forward
the
The
us.
opposite bank,
traitor
and
and
rebel.1
entirely
and
beyond,
the
money
war
were
time
and
the
indeed
Bitter
should
be
no
by
the
taken
thus
off
the
complaint
whoever
him,
to
remove
sinews
Lentulus
of
some
cavalry
the
money,
securing
that
Rome
of
the
Caesar
of
without
at
told
legions."
the
Caesar.
to
hastily decamped
was
hold
for your
was
and
carry
and
tauntingly
care
report that
would
ground
prey
to
attempt
gates, and
prize.
the
on
fall
to
alarmed
was
stamp
public treasury,
abandoned
did
he
general
Pompey
was
Senate,
Favonius
flightthat
the
in
There
declared
enemy.
to
their
was
Rome.
consuls, the
He
his
Rome
at
hasty
at
the
of
portents
summon
enemy
to
disappeared.
the
occupied by his troops,
at
the
example.
So
but
go
distance
immediately
it ; and
is the
consul
and
where
Italy
short
was
was
leave
Now
soil of
consternation
was
stayed
us
He
sacred
crossed
paused.
to
set
Let
injustice of the
which
Ariminum,
"
xviii.
chap,
it
the
the
on
river, which
exclaimed,
is cast."
die
"
the
into
plunged
WAR.
was
the
the
city
history
left without
magistrates or Senate, and

records
no
more
disgracefula flight. Pompey talked of the
Xerxes
was
marching
example of Themistocles, who, when
Athens,
upon
the
who
inhabitants
afterwards
invader
this with
the
made
the
brought
of
conduct
the
Salamis.
at
Pericles
precedent set by
Capitol while the Gauls
He
aghast
was
confiscation
or
himself
A
curious
had
anecdote
crossed
than
those who
with
the
knight he
floated
of
master
harangued his troops,

sooner
audacity
the
river.
declared
He
that,
satisfythe claims of
by him, he would part
Roman
as
a
gold ring which
not
stood
wore
on
his left hand.
Suit-
the
of
of
rest
the
quoted
Rome.
visions
of
bal
it Hanni-
frontier,and
Rather
Italy ?
the
held
Was
brain.
crossed
the towns
by Suehappened when
and
had
he
who
Caesar ; and
his
wrar,
the walls, and,

; and
state
of
of
across
is told
Peloponnesian
ancestors,
masters
were
contrasted
Cicero
within
the
own
general who
tonius relative to what

Caesar
ruin
Roman
made
1
and
their
the
at
in the
saved
victoriouslydefending them,
the
But
Attica
population of
crushed
quit the city,and
would
ing the action to the word, he drew the

and the rude soldiery,
ring off his finger,
who
the gesture, but
saw
imperfectly
heard
what
he said, were
firmly convinced
each
Roman
that
of them
he
the
knight,
had
promised
rank
and
to
estate
give
of
jet.
57-58.
he
die
thousand
had, he
Caesar
AT
than
times
cried, no
what
know
and
his
when
did
not
only chance
to
venture
slipped away
which
where
he
consul
had
public by
of
anxious
was
the
But
city.
recollection
wife
he
comforted
their
unless
rank
own
his Formian
to
acted.
to
the
the crisis,and
to
sea
he
in
described
done
"
Shall
side, which
defection
cause
of
at
on
who
man
and
haphazard,
I," he
asked,
has
"
be
city up
other
as
ladies of
joined him
one
See
ad
his
At/,
and
invalid.
to
go
his
own
over
was
of
men
whole
Everything
ment.
judgto
the
it ? ulbh,uui TguJag" The
of Caesar's
general,and
rudder.
contrary
at
Dolabella
Their
an
he
in their
guided
that
hesitate
to
them,
to
positionas
was
with
success
Labienus,
of his
the
wrote
to
the
by
his son-in-law
their
without
storm
hope, he said, rested

was
politicsof
he
suspicion with his own

party.
first how
utterlyunequal Pompey
some
from
saw
the
what
fear for their
afterwards
soon
in
joined Caesar
gave
stay according
or
They
villa ; and
exposed him
put
go
and
stay in
or
account
not
he
them
to
as
He
of the Roses, the
need
letters
advised
Sylla.
had
Caesar
the
another
away
wars
he
indeed
of
one
come
their
in the
and
had
left behind, and
were
on
Formiae,
to
in Rome,
Dolabella
case
divided,
was
whether
He
the
possible. He
was
decision
was
to
fasces,
debt, who
his advice
daughter
return
confusion.
and
remained
they ought
"
the
prove
whether
personal safety
plunder, which, in
other
dictator, and
and
his
January, with the
with
who
he
as
escape,
first
of
terror
He
laurelled
went
23d
nothing but
often
was
family interest
hinted
the
that his son-in-law
that, as
He
now,
Cicero
since
with
lictors
as
of Rome.
to
especiallyas
perplexity asked
His
do.
to
daybreak,
to
plan;
no
decision.
overwhelmed
constantly to Atticus,
ought
who
be
found
pitiablestate
to
man
would
he
says
wrote
so
in
"
that he
Cicero
he
comment,
interview, on
Lentulus
boasted
before
conspicuous.
an
and
neighbourhood
and
him
made
in fact
irresolute
and
energy
in the
morning
attended
was
in
crime.
puzzled
was
had
He
weak
so
lay
stay
one
observation
says,
he
himself
showed
never
such
pretence for saying that he
Pompey's plans.
were
3 55
meditate
even
longer
OME.
acting constitutionally.1
Everybody
was
TION
CONSTERNA
ablest lieutenants, from
junction with Pompey, put
vii. 11,
13.
CIVIL
WAR.
spirits. It
was
356
him
for the
of the Allies
camp
this
at
in
period shows
side,owing
to
and
the
It
Pompey
free
Fairer
"
all that
these
and
Pompey
his
accepted
and
friends
not
all
it
return
of his
to
and
would
Pompey
had
he
to
go
security that
troops would
led
should
be
he
rapidly occupied
Ancona,
and
the
other
of the Abruzzi.
where
Capua,
1
Cicero
Pompey
in
there
complained
of
places ;
to
follyof
it
terms
the
were
should
they
would
adjust
to
made
the
dition
con-
only
told that until they
case
the
engagements
the
His
the
of
troops
Fanum,
Pisaurum,
overran
levy
negotiation
advanced.
modern
counts
ac-
to
as
which
in
Arretium,
in
The
Caesar
also
was
meant
madness
this
all events,
Picenum
Marches)
and
(a
part
had
meantime
fears
and
occupied beyond
was
Gaul,
he
in the
entrusting the drawing up

of this important despatch, on
which
hinged the question of peace or war, and
which was
to be much
sure
to
criticised,
had
Senate
the
some
that
the
and
they
the
it to
once
of
if
them.
do
At
towns
the
livered
de-
usual.
as
was
Cicero
he
to
at
with
to
fulfil his
Caesar
armies,
slightlydiffer
that
on.
it
would
; and
would
were
amicable
Throughout Italy let

and
people,in their
he
says
Spain
Cicero
young
an
their
condition
If
return
territorycorresponding
open
therefore, he
two,
close
towns
leave
pressed
nothing, and
to
to
lieutenants)
to
agree
all events
any
dispute.1 Caesar, however,

that
his
imagined,
Caesar
province.
Rome,
be
to
made
was
party.
wished
the government
According
his troops from
limits
to
Senate
at
and
answer.
but
withdraw
the
the
of
one
Spain.
assume
given by Cicero
purport
in
cannot
they expressed
of the
of
own
of Pompey,
irresolution
disband
let the
assembly,
than
terms
his
on
leaders
these
both
province
; and
lawful
and
Let
laid down
be
arms
his
to
go
To
success
and
they brought it to Pompey
Theanum, on the 25th of January.
at
were
briefly this
was
and
him
urge
quarrel.
ultimatum,
the consuls, who
(the son
to
joining the
for that purpose

of
xviii.
correspondence
Pompey
employed
and
Caesar
the
of
of the
account,
own
praetor Roscius,
his
of
counsels
Caesar's
to
Lucius
settlement
whole
he
that
negotiationwith him,
named
his
Moreau
despaired
the inconceivable
follyand
According
man
like
But
1813.
the distracted
and
in
time
chap,
least
proceeded to
number
of gladi-
Sestius,
incompetent person named
of writing it himself
cum
scripluculentus
tor
cssct.
Accordingly, he
Sesread anything more
says he never
an
instead
tiusdike.
"
"
Ad
Att.
vii. 17.
CIVIL
358
to
expect
much
to
borrow
some
Dionysius
mian
from
cash
He
also
as
and
could
intimated
his
thereupon
ingratitude.
He
and
praised
and
he
not
him
part with
to
in
Cicero's
he says, to lose
sorry,
"
where
their debts.
pay
continue
to
him
dismissed
know
not
to
his For-
at
was
did
others
get
desire
It is curious
him
as
In
of
account
on
his
his
allowed
and
his
and
son
February, and went

Campana through
place he
wrote
Pompey's
weakness
Rome,
to
go
is not
to
easy
upon
as
were
back
answer,
He
for Caesar
take
In
not
much
old
Romans
pride themselves
to
of contrast.
by way
They were
petuallygetting into debt. In the
letter in
which
Dionysius
he
Cicero
mentions
was
annoyed
to
discharge a
at
he
upon
per-
had
to
owed
of
by Atticus
him, for
to
be
of
The
it
justthen
it was
It
mands
com-
Lentulus
wrote
first into
the
than
distracted.
was
impossibleto
and
to
looked
was
pey
PomIn
happened.
the money,
the
consuls
Apulia, and
in
so
raise
in
Caesar's
easily said
Cicero
; and
of
impose
go
more
soon
he
had
the
borrow
none
or
with
him.
2
Quintus
of
which
treasury.
that he
him
was
same
complains
that
being asked
debt
the
all events
told
would
the
of
out
at
this
shipboard
to
respect these
one
; but
idea
ordered
money
and
Caesar
of
their faces, and
show
to
already there.
was
predicted that
would
the
at
authority he
that
knew
education
passed, from
high magistrates,except
sarcastic
flat
Pompey
the
what
said
him
sent
the
Latina
dare
stopped.
take
him, and
deplorable account
melancholy state of affairs.
not
of dictator
Picenum.
done,
did
he
left
frightened
so
Capua on the 7th

Calvi),a town
(the modern
He
the
and
good
capital
means
with
undertook
the Via
kind
no
chatterer
possessed
him
to
Atticus, giving
see
these
on
that he
then
Cales
which
and
by
was
come
himself.
to
approach that they

in fact
to
Cicero
to
recruitingofficers
levy was
that he
him
nephew
called him
excessivelyangry
was
refusal.2
rude
he
now
admitted
he
asked
how
see
He
declared
fact,he
he
to
tutor.
and
scamp,
memory.
that when
had
not
glad
instructor,although
that
he
that
feelings
his judgment and betray him into inconsistency.
overpower
had always formerly spoken of Dionysius in high terms,
to
He
when
wished
tells Atticus
he
him
xvm.
have
to
seems
for
him,
to
come
chap.
He
excuses
tutor, but
from
made
was,
family, who
him
last
at
villa,and
his
Greek.1
money
did
WAR.
He
slave
a
year
books
must
of
or
two
from
Italyinto
not
be
confounded
named
Cicero
afterwards
his
Greece.
with
Dionysius,who
some
pilfered
and
library,
fled from
CsESAR
57-58.
mt.
he
meantime
received
back
went
letters from
of
account
be
INVESTS
the
deceived.
Rome
said,
Lepidus, Torquatus,
less gloomy view.
Caesar
he
in
him
and
which
gave
his
they
The
idea
intolerable
of
agony
he
which
fidelity
him.
to
can
forced
him
upon
very
time
and
he
he
said
than
however,
that
not
was
displeased,
he
said,
that
keep
It does
the
Cicero, and
had
the
Abruzzi,
collected
levies.
have
to
sorry
of the
himself
had
it.
deserted
to
received
his
advice
that
or
the best
his whole
Pro
from
quo
to
soldiers
wish
emori
and
cum
pie
of
He
being
impression,"
an
entertain, provided
describe
to
possum,
Caesar
hastilywas
the
the
not
had
do
for
that
been
to
was
of
"
Ad
Att.
and
town
his army.
assistance, but
it
was
not
by
occupied, and
join him with
assigned for this
lubenter.
he
neighbourhood
ranks
Pompey
reply
could
which
the
upon
in
swelled
he
turn
that
government
were
to
force of
punishing the presumption
Corflnium
reason
marched
cold-hearted
that
One
they affected the fortunes
imagine
who
thing Domitius
force.
by
far from
of this work
assume
pressing letters
the
\x
for him
Rome.
"
"
considerable
He
vacated.
him
this
heretofore."
as
as
well
can
his standard
sent
At
done
ever
to
give only
it with
ventured
The
him
scope
opportunity
not
invested
Domitius
We
an
who
man
into
held
and
theory that
of
rapid summary
newly-appointed proconsul of Gaul,
called
Corflnium, in the territorynow
the
himself
was
his conduct,
I will therefore
quished,
van-
Pompey
leader.
that Csesar, so
farther than
war
Domitius,
thrown
hear
the
are
to
the
abandoning
untarnished
fall within
of the
in
gladly allow
honour
my
not
events
them.
clung
willinglydie
act
by Pompey
gratified at
We
before
standing,
letter,in which, notwith-
baser
to
on
as
he would
no
sorry
which
"
that
bodies
we,"
just ; and he stillloved

that was
painful conviction
another
in
don't
was
imbecile
was
that
this
repeated
statesman
was,
that he
declared
he
of
only explicable
thoroughly believed his cause

man,
notwithstanding the
the
he
now
;" although
him, took a
Why
do
to
flying,and
our
we
not
was
was
"
"
what
he
there
cheering
with
were
despair, place
But
is
But
Pompey
crushed, captured." Even

with
rather
all dreams
are
that
359
villa, and
party.
Cassius, who
his life ?
save
of
and
pursuit,was
cried, in the
Formian
I fear
"
UAL
his
to
prospects
He
CORFINI
was,
that
vii. 23 ; lb. viii. 2.
"
he
could
on
the
chances
own
; and
his
his
trust
not
of
fairness
in
It
was
to
oppose
8
The
5.
but
escape,
the
the
place
of
result
was,
This
Caesar.
to
that
who
success.
these
and
Italian
had
and
taken
but
prisoners;
defend
to
their
who
himself
he
Pompey
could
him
called
was
great
one
Before
Luceria,
he
had
his
about
Cicero
back
sent
interest
cause
letter which
the
these
seaboard
of
troops.
Cicero
At
call it.
one
Pompey,
His
moment
whom
the
if he
mind
he
he
wished
was
the
he
painful
it base
to
to
sacrifice
desert
not
care
in the
however,
find
abandon
the
suppliesfor
his
flight
was
did
state
that
not
to
secure
come
him
was
do
we
intention
flight,as
resolved
thought
to
did
possess,
not
ments.
move-
be nowhere
if it
and
him
advised
in
was
We
Pompey,
plainly that
calamitous
there
go
to
informed
that he
would
to
Cicero
to
and
Republic.
Atticus
saw
rapidity,
founded
fairlycon-
he could
spiritedanswer
wrote
Campania,
disgraceful and
to
or
he
written
Atticus,
to
that he
there.
words
had
Apulia, tellinghim
the
Pompey
close upon
He
success.
which
of his
by the lightningcelerity
wrote
safety,but
of
of his
Pompey
in
town
safe.
more
this
followed
Caesar
and
prodigy of vigilanceand
his adversaries
to
people
the port from
Brundusium,
to
easily escape,
most
this
and
hurried
now
Cicero
him.
the tribunes
the Roman
to
harmed,
un-
CisalpineGaul
restore
to
depart
to
of
out
kindly,
oppressed by factions.
were
he
them
give freedom
to
trates
magis-
them
treated
against his enemies,
authority,and
knights,and
refuge in Cornnium,
protectedthem from insult,and allowed

declaringthat he had marched
to
thirtycohorts
of the conqueror,
he made
of his
use
senators
towns,
his
were
the hands
virtually
and
than
generous
of
great number
of the
into
in
Paris
to
privately to
they surrendered
Pompey,
to
More
Italy.
garrisoned the place fell

by the
gained still more
that
Austerlitz
tried
soldiers,and
fatal
was
in
campaign
Domitius
them.
distrust
Marengo and
from
Frejus
Napoleon
his
he
might
only
tached
legions de-
two
of
veterans
stopped by
was
the
decided
march
well
and
that the
the
were
xvm.
everything
largerthan
was
remember
had
Pompey
employing the
like
hazard
to
as
must
we
Csesar's army,
from
so
Coesar's army
battle, and
chap.
troops,
own
regular forces which
WAR.
CIVIL
360
"
not
scruple
of
perplexity.
everything for
in his
adversity;
b.c.
at
CICERO'S
5o-49-
he
another
back
he
now
But
had
the
by his lictors,whom,
troublesome
might, most
fasces as laurel fetters.
them
unless
bear
not
dismiss
to
the
triumph
dream, idle
not
and
them,
portraithe draws
original,it would
which
life.
his
been
that
did
At
there
Caesar's terms
him
meet
great
was
one
word
this much
be
his
the
the
be
cannot
had
bolder,
He
Caesar
his
or
set
was
of
side
for
his
his
impugn
been
less
ail events
at
out
in
Formian
forsake
to
was
have
not
the
and
is
only
opinion,
But
at
he
the
to
; but
believed
that
it
he
preserving,but
his motives.
have
would
been
man.
Luceria, but
stayed
of Pom-
camp
purity of
neighbourhood, turned
he
only
hesitated
think
worth
he
cause
of the other
not
the
the
chained
be
consistent
more
villa, where
never
consulted
may
conscientious,
join Pompey
the
most
But
Cicero's
had
to
strained
There
We
patriotismor
a
the
sinew
losingside, because
which
ready
or
"
the standard
country.
object
an
would
of Caesar
the
deliberatelychose
If he
to
and
Either
was
believed
victory would
that
one,
war
He
If he
it.
to
safety,he
foresaw
He
struggled
we
clung
clearlythan
he
and
have
the first statesman
now.
ay,
Cicero.
the camp
between
eagles of
to
he
decision.
was
every
as
of
simply contemptible.
was
for
said
and
ease
pey.
he
be
right,and
moment
opinion,
It
the
field of battle.
in the
our
conduct.
must
own
offered, and
be
unveil
pursue.
and
"
civil
miserably lost
so
express
Pompey's
of
to
cause
to
avoid
to
must
with
the
he would
to
courses
of
emergency
more
saw
were
in the
copy
to
character
one
two
equal terms
on
no
complied
be
must
energetic resistance
to
only
were
If it
not
the first orator, but
this crisis
could
truth, and
in his nature
iron
he
long-cherished
in this great
his
he
city with
; and
faithful
was
describes
moment.
agreeable
more
displayed
concession
the
make
give
he was,
of his time.
he
to
of
the
the
endeavour
more
enter
his
state
thing lacking in
only, as
not
such
at
was
to
far
he
him
to
he
calls, as
; and
thus abandon
and
it
Cicero
one
had
If there
been
The
accorded
going
Even
and
however, he
not
of
him.
triumph,
could
He
idea
deterred
biographer
be
the
companions
was
sillyas
duty of
weakness
obstacle
hopes of
his
up
361
contemplated
strange
given
not
still attended
well
and
wavered,
Rome.
to
INDECISION.
some
back
hearing that
and
retired
time, uncertain
CIVIL
362
where
to
Caieta,
at
the east, in
he
but
kept
it would
only
It reflected
all the
the
moment,
of
interest.
by
these
form
of
"
reader
and
fears
hopes
far the
Pompey,
of
his
Sylla. The words, he

Sylla could do it ; why
that his
of
plan
famine
to
was
where
discussion
Lesbos,
ships
to
were
notice
few
imitate
and
the
to
stations
torments
the
for
into
He
abroad.
Alexandria, Colchis, Tyre,
"
and
Miletus,
Smyrna,
at
the country
starve
lips,
moreover,
present
supplies from
the
his
says,
was
able
tyranny
Italy to the
himself
he
the
distinctly
constantly on
He
points
conferred
gain into
thereby
are
I ?"
of
rumours
service
we
to
Rome
collected
be
the
In
Cyprus, Pamphylia, Lycia, Rhodes,
Aradus,
Byzantium,
passing
to
were
proposed
naval
fifteen
enumerates
Sidon,
desire
by cutting off all
submission
and
patriotism. Cicero
that
was
on
it in detail.
pursue
insightwe
cannot
expose
it
the
says,
declares
; and
to
the. estimate
pretensions to
with
a
longing
him
either port.
important
most
and
for him
ready
Brundusium,
at
at
sufficient
history is
on
of
charges
the
it will be
By
letters
designs
to
and
weary
xviii.
correspondence with Atticus,
active
an
up
embark
to
vessel
another
coast, and
he wished
case
chap,
had
He
do.
to
the west
on
meantime
what
or
go
WAR.
Coos
of
purpose
Chios,
where
"
closing
the
corn-producing provinces, and preventing the

this he intended,
export of provisionsinto Italy. Besides
his return, if victorious, to
he
landed
when
there on
lay
of
ports
the
the
waste
of
property
the rich.
largess to them
fire and
with
country
should
He
be
and
sword,
promised
that
his soldiers
to
bountiful
more
confiscate
than
the
his
Caesar's,and
that promise.1
fulfilling
This, then, to use the indignant language of De Quincey, was
he
meditated
all Italy,
which
the horrid retaliation
upon
pointed
plunder
to
as
the
of
means
"
wilderness
a
by coming back with barbarous
troops to make
in particular,
Rome
of the opulent land, and
by so
upon
posting his blockading fleets and his cruisers as to intercept
from
all suppliesof corn
Sicily,from the province of Africa,
horror-struck
at the thought.
and from
Egypt." Cicero was
"What!"
some
lead
he
have
cried, in
agony
called the saviour
against her
1
an
For
the
proof of
"
barbarian
these facts
see
of shame,
the
father
hordes
ad Alt,
of
viii. 11,
"could
of Rome
I, whom
"
bear
Getae, Armenians
16 ;
ix. 7, 9.
to
INTENTIONS
57-58.
jet.
and
Colchians,
and
called
against
the
his
Marathon
these
the
with
noble
rather
than
be
what
side ; but
the
such
and
power-"
He
found
of
the
idol
of
him
upon
that
affections
Pompey
was
of
to
he
the
had
object
of
country.1
his
merely
not
was
had
but
truth
astounding
their
on
possession
statesman,
Cinna,
their victory
that
happiness
his
The
and
continue
to
at
preferred
law
the
"
of
fell
real character
same
for the
military capacity.
even
the
was
aid
contrasted
fatal,than
confessed
qualitiesof
all the
in
He
Caesar
cared
and
right
whose
of
man
neither
that
deficient
revelation
and
Pompey
of
had
possible for Cicero
it
was
fortunes
just had
of
then
How
he
Sylla, Marius,
cruel, more
more
the
Pisistratus,who
and
acts
Mamilius
invoked
He
impious
of Themistocles, who
said, have
was
of
son
traitor.
the
Octavius
and
fatherland
conduct
might, perhaps, he
follow
his
fightingagainst
die
to
Hippias, the
Italy?"
upon
of Coriolanus, who
"
of
"
363
antiquity :
Porsena
brought
country
Volscians
of
examples
Tarquinius, who
of
POMPEY.
destruction
bring
the
mind
to
OF
not
forced
was
general
no
"
Vergentibusannis
usu
senium, longoque togas tranquillio
Dedidicit
jam pace ducem.
In
had
He
of
Mediterranean
fame
the
upon
pirates,he
But
and
only
bent
was
The
Brundusium.
from
the
Cicero, in
He
sample.
' '
remind
You
vanquished
rather
but with
with
not
with
this, who
says
disenchantment
flies before
has betrayed our

Italy."2
1
id
ut
esset
actum,
beata
sed
cause,
et
fate, made
no
pania,
Cam-
and
by
complete ;
sea
and
this in his confidential
admits
he
as
he
neutri atcowbs
then
knows
est
civitas
est
ille,
with
Take
one
or
was,
nos
vult.
2
other
"
Ad
he
as
he
his
ut
said
once
the
whom
abandoned
has
honesta
that
victorious
qusesita ab utroque
Dominatio
non
approval,
than
Pompey
that Pompey
who
like
escape
was
Atticus.
soldier
Caesar
Picenum
successful
upon
its
to
and
passage
as
"
with
me,
flyingfrom
was
explicitmanner,
most
reputation as
abandoned
correspondence with
a
his
left Rome
relieve Corfmium,
to
attempt
the
swept
conquered Mithridates,
he
had
He
frightened hare.
had
now
Spain, he had
in
of these achievements
colossal.
become
had
formerly
victorious
been
is
seemed
beati
Att.
Att.
simus
viii.
xiii. 7.
is
II.
rather
I
Well,
to
flyingfrom,
country, and
Ad
would
side.
now
or
me
be
would
to
whither
be
"
abandoning
uterque regnare
CIVIL
364
The
still
useless
that
speculate on
to
himself
the
assigns,and
he
has
irresistibly
occurs,
call to
mind
life."
This
ties
of
him
to
his services
gratitude
death
the
in
coward
the
line of
he
; and
vulgar
he
that
this
meant
of
sense
the
"
position.
price of
ready
He
follow
to
he
for
literally,
my
by the
bound
so
term.
incur
passage
the
was
he
said,
not
also his
deserve
me
is
was
no
that
quoted
Euripides,
"
No
the
mind
It
which
that
another
in
?*
I dare
felt himself
Pompey
to
Tt'j 6' 'tart.dov\os
And
to
Cicero
all.
that
fraught
be
think," he
"
me
I call to
kindnesses,
was
have
he
did
country
we
And
ingratitude."
think
I
3
to
of
well
2
his
his
xvnr.
Why
would
saw
sufficient.
thought
so
he
when
reasons
deserved
of
crime
fine
therefore
question
chap.
whose
success
clingto a man
such
unspeakable calamity
with
"
WAR.
rod
slave is he whom
Oaveiv
dcppovrisuv
Death
doth
of his life showed
closingscene
affright.
not
that this
was
idle
no
he
enormously exaggerated the obligations he

under
When
he
to
was
Pompey.
spoke of his services to
himself
his
in recallinghim
he referred to
exertions
from
boast.
But
banishment.
character
It
that
wrong.4
is
he
He
of
one
the
forgot the
injury, and
his
ready
Pompey
do
so,
not."
point of
Conjungoque
vastandam
ad
dum
"
Sed
might
the
me
Att.
not
in his hour
of
"
Ad
ilium
ix. 7;
Beneficia
subire
see
ejusdem
de
non
also ix.
showed
me
vincen-
he
had
etiam
at
was
now
of
said,
his
in
"
this,
that
to
power
great friendship
"
remember
to
adversity,
him
is,"he
was
the individual
hominemagis
cum
it
than
coldness
he
purposely exaggerated
which
from
it
when
appear
but
ad
quam
Ait. viii. 16.
ita meruisse
he
he
cause,
view
dxaptffTtascrimen
Ad
But
Italiam
parato.
2
ut
not
now
The
the
True
"
assistance
no
although afterwards
that he
was
it himself.
me
gave
I know
why
resented
for whom
by the man
sacrifice everything. Atticus reminded
admitted
his
only the
abandonment
to
he
and
kindness
in
traits
remembered
reparation ; otherwise he might have

with which
Pompey had treated him
and
of
sensible
more
was
amiable
most
the
the
injury.
that attracted
first
dignitatem.
officia mercanda
gation
obliIt
him.
regarded the
.
Ego
vita puto.
"
vero
Ad
haec
Att.
xi. 5.
me
puto,
4
audeam.
cogito ;
Plus
tiam,
2.
cogito
Ad
apud
me
valere
beneficii giavolo."
injuriaedolorem,
quam
Att. ix. 9.
WAR.
CIVIL
366
satisfied
not
was
stayed he
if he
Besides
he
friendship. Again
and
man
city where
no
might
incur
acted
the
other.
not
done
was
not
his
be
This
was
the
single wise
advice
conduct
his
and
defiance
as
and
his hands
into
arms
was
Gaul
who
was
his son-in-law.
became
be
to
thick-and-thin
he
consulship,when
republic,it
forward
for
motion
the
consulshipin
was
passed
to
wished
the
on
power,
Caesar's
which
allowing Caesar
effect.
Senate
that
his instance
to
and
When
fix
be
ist
proconsulate should
lot.
was
his
third
of
interests
brought
candidate
of March
the
the
as
he
it
for
which
law
the
Marcellus
cease,
his
his
tribunes
carried
Marcus
the
the
the
to
he
and
his absence,
that
was
During
defend
to
zeal in
more
exile
when
absence.
reallybegan
at
was
his
in
supporter
showed
He
Caesar's government,
period of
the
prolonged
the
Csesar
gave
sanctioned, by his presence
He
the
augur,
He
catalogue of
turned
adoption of Clodius.
restoring than in retaining Cicero
as
reviewed
He
the
through
which
one
against the State.

in
of laws which
the author
passed by violence and
added
of the auspices. He
Transalpine to Cisalpine
He
the proconsulateof Csesar.
sought his alliance
put
He
it
not
"
wish.
and
went
had
strugglePompey
action
courageous
Cicero's
to
contrary
of the
beginning
or
he
also
where
and
he
now
perhaps disgrace, if Pompey

for
side
of the picture : now
one
previously,and
He
politicalmistakes.
his
brave
as
part, but where
master
own
peril,and
some
Since
a
whether,
consider
to
conspicuous
so
longer
restored.
were
had
professionsof
his
trust
he
and
in a
remain
good citizen,he could with honour
he had
held
the highest honours, both civil and
and
religious,
would
might
he
xvin.
Caesar's power,
fall into
must
far
how
chap.
sul
con-
day
who
was
be
proposal. To turn to later acts, what could
more
disgraceful than his departure, or rather his cowardly
terms
What
from Rome?
ought he not to have accepted
flight,
the
resisted
not
good
this ?
and
as
"
As
to
city ?
of
the
made
were
whole
Cicero
the
restore
the
Had
his country
abandon
than
rather
"
but
when
to
justify such
lost ?
all the
Was
than
his lost
ground
not
public treasure
What
hope
Was
the road
and
were
worse
anything
recover
republic,he asked,
offered
terms
was
plea that he would
Picenum
not
allowed
The
open
preparations
the
not
to
the
private wealth
there
abandoned
been
in Rome
stand
to
actual
the
from
if it
of
scene
for
opportunity
Such
in the
than
of his soul
bitterness
Caesar, and
with
his side.
He
next
he
to
follow
ought
Italy.
At
this
is
he
was
charges which
of
far
land
insanity.
appearing
to
been,"
tormented
He
has
In
him
whether
remain
or
sea
in
exactly that of the
was
hankering swither
who
of
end
the
because
the
fool
"a
not
the
ence.
incoher-
to
upbraided Pompey
upbraided himself
from
followed
I
beginning, and
like
in
a
private
Pompey
the
rushing
on
destruction.
that very day

ceased
he has never
since, and
he
so
that side.
almost
amounted
he
breath
same
place
on
assumed
meantime
and
him.
I have
the meantime
the
invested
inconsistency
cried,
he
February,
off all communication
cut
His
the
at
by Caesar,
desert
pleasedme
never
with
stay."
or
failingas he is in everything,or rather

On
the 19th of January terror-stricken.
blunder.
that
question
language of passionate reproach,and

have
see
strongly against
the
but
thought was
Brundusium
in
and
one
rin
to
to
as
form
"I
venient
con-
Cicero
to
angry
the
across
not
more
most
case
of mind
state
bauldest
Whose
distraction
for
as
"
Cicero's
in
much
the most
afforded
discuss
to
Pompey
Pompey had fled to

was
rapidly followed
In
remote
most
very
impossible
the
proceeds
Whither
of
the
by the poet,
' '
closely by
strength,no
the
it looked
ports
It
puts
juncture his
described
man
Italy,and
catalogue
against Pompey.
brought
all,
up
flight.
dark
the
was
sum
republic to
the strategicalposition
as
and
To
wished
; and
war
its sea-coast
because
was
who
part of
weakest
Apulia, the
"
rally, no
to
chosen
was
367
enemy
which
for those
upon
Apulia
defended.
be
the
to
round
cause
no
was
ground
CONFLICT.
MENTAL
57-58.
Jet.
wrote
never
to
me
"
saw
what
to
commit
never
stantly
con-
ranks,
saw
he
meditated
am
the
him
on
about.
was
blunder
after
but
anything
who
are
dirty,stupid,and ugly,revolt us, so
affairs,women
from
love.
For he has
the baseness
of his flightand
his neglect turned me
away
of his flight. Now
in becoming the companion
done
me
nothing which justified
resist the longing I feel after him
now
love for him
arises
I cannot
now
my
and
studies avail me
nothing. Day and night,like a sea-bird
books, literature,
in love
flight. As
"
"
gazing on
the ocean,
If the
I wish
object of
to
flee
away."
all this
idolatry had
been
might pity but yet admire

sympathise with the feelingsof the man
his
affection,we
"
Who
dotes, yet doubts
more
him.
suspects, yet stronglyloves;"
worthy
We
of
can
CIVIL
368
and
even
it is,the
as
have
We
he
his
his
friend of his soul, he did
with
torn
right course
have
done
waste
had
Pompey
his
unable
I think
plans
when
"
in view
for him,
much
its close
it
"
we
had
that
say
and
ought to
iniquity
the
satisfied himself
sword
was
duty
then
would
for
his
that
that
the
his clear
course
the
was
he
patriotism,and
over
was
clearlywhat
he discovered
he
dignified
forward
come
object which
leave
to
have
the
country
best
endeavoured
and
she
terms
him
to
been
to
he
did
; but
at
obtain
to
make
could
lay
to
"
have
to
the
Atticus,
strict
at
was
and
neutralitywhile the war
raged
seriouslycontemplate the idea of retiringto Malta
observe
His
case.
heart
too
was
see
do
that when
The
fate.
to
what
But
triumphed
Italy with fire
fair
; his
inconsistency. To
had
vengeance
respect.
not
was
take.
to
Pompey's
of
he
doubt,
our
scruple to confess that he often

his views.
Battling with himself, and
in
changed
and
veered
Cicero
of the
war
conflict
The
candidly admits
at
XVIII.
which
deserves
statement
own
feelingswere
his head.
with
variance
fallen fortunes
was
his
and
judgment
and
what
seen
CHAP.
desperate fidelitywith
in his
clung to Pompey
WAR.
the
with
conqueror.
asked
all that Caesar
And
his
lines
where
Rome,
himself
avail
Oppius, who
remain
was,
at
or
and
war,
himself
thus," he said,
to
make
"
not
enjoy
long,with
intend
to
him
to
that
at
he wished
to
Balbus
Caesar
and
him
to
felt that
he
urging
against Pompey,
arms
not
to
be
Balbus
a
to
whom
if I
can,
imitate."
to
gation
oblitook
Caesar
Pompey,
and
terminatio
Oppius expressed his de-
use
lastingvictory;
the
with
reconciled
and
unable
his enemies.
side with
gentle
endeavour,
by their cruelties,been
success
did
anxious
to
of all,and
him
meet
events
letter he wrote
bear
to
to
few
imagined he was, under so much

be abundantly satisfied if he
that he would
all
part in the
declared
in
him
ask
not
wrote
where
and
wrote
him
gratifiedat
influence.
and
both
told
They
be,
to
advice
Rome,
at
were
; and
no
Cicero's
of
him
begged
soon
be
to
Brundusium
to
He
him.
hoped
neutral.
could
he
he
his way
on
thank
to
sembling
neutrality. Dis-
was
he professed
feelings,
real
Cicero's conduct, and
hasty
him
from
of
victory.
to
win
for other
escape
single exception
of
back
"
Let
the hearts
conquerors
odium
me
and
Sylla,whom
have,
keep
I do
b.c.
LETTER
50-49.
These
noble
were
that
showed
Caesar
letter
this
master, and
the
Caesar's
he
which
the
the
the
this
he
of
employ
to
undertake
possiblewith
as
the
and
of
Over
curiosityof the world.

would
take
into
without
him,
offence,
still the
same
while
To
Ought
a
theses, as
we
to
"
Should
sad
and
so
the
reverse
calls
the
"
of
and
of
in
of
one
fortune
for
that Caesar
for
allow
tude
grati-
as
past,
both had
thoughts, he
instance, as
"
oppressed by
to
get
rid
regard
which
be
and
politicalproblems,
when
to
prying
years
may
his letters to
him
published,
him
certain
of
letters,
the
was,
it
much
his
to
his
means
any
direct
as
towards
distract
dozen
an
him
the
be
some
conspiratoragainst
forth;
he
was
upon
that
towards
country
to
part
that
Pompey,
them, such,
native
resort
we
with
both,
discussion
our
in Greek
him
request
said, for
and
time
he
stay in
May
safety?
stated by
was
with
or
despot
tyranny
the
away
himself
amused
he
friendship of them
kindly feeling.
the
courted
urgent
had,
had
no
it
said
laid bare
acquithimself
to
He
demanded.
soul
his relations
account
had
little
of his
His
he
taken
thought
would
friendship,
privacy of
maker
peace-
office,for
ingratiatehimself
to
he
be
that
not, however, suppose
and
confiover
again, in his dential
must
and
the
conferred
command
We
workings
inmost
as
admission
object was
Caesar
in all the
written
that
had
and
the
reply to
he hoped
qualified,as
peace,
of
his
him
to
of
would
important
Caesar
unjust,because
against
opinion.
his
but
In
said
with Atticus, he
correspondence
contrary
he
brook.
the
people.
his real
conduct
galling part
that
better
was
made
war
Roman
was
one
deprive him
to
attempt
ready
was
no
The
not
wished
advocate
; and
war
considered
by
the
been
always
in
thought
he
he
he
; and, if so,
subsequent
himself, Cicero
to
was,
369
it showed
could
Pompey
meaning
the
sincere.
was
addressed
letter
CAESAR.
words, and
determination
the
was
TO
his
be
own
seen
Atticus.
reduced
of
to
It
the
like a schoolboy at his countrywriting themes

of his eloquence
house, instead of pouring forth the thunders
the Senate.
Atticus had steadily
in the Forum
at Rome
or
advised
him
to leave
not
Italy,and the advice of this sagacious
occupation
friend
mental
of
had
always great
strugglewhich
almost
2
influence
drove
r,
him
with
him.
frantic,it
In
is
the
con-
CIVIL
37"
The
him
to
For
to
The
dishonour.
was
of
dread
motives
On
the
the
entered
follow the
to
clemency
the
and
he
he
had
the
felt at
On
the 28th
he reached
We
have
account
an
Atticus, the style of

is clear
that the
him,
and
than
he
form
of
he
declared
Casar.
reluctant
Cicero.
found
This
to
come
Their
said
identical
him
which
him
much
We
may
than
less
give
to
dialogue,keeping strictly
that he
will be
would
regarded as
in if you stay away.

is different from
case
not
censure
mine.
go
t"v
to
on
war
letter
expressed the
Dolabella.
Cicero
in
met.
letter
to
It
usually abrupt.
soldier
yielding
the
in
engage
interview
formidable
the
of
those
that
he and
there
his
repent
not
of his son-in-law
more
letter
praised
heard
and
di
{Rocca
of his former
Rome,
at
receive
to
did
to
terms
dreaded
is
he
upon
short
to
means
no
march
to
had
he
that
Formiae, and
of this
he
abroad
gone
conduct
bearing
expected.
a
place
which
shown, although
had
the
In almost
against him.
he begged Cicero to meet
satisfaction
had
he
as
able
not
was
Cicero
sent
in
Csesar
released
had
left the
before
him
from
one
mercy
wished,
soon
day
Corfinium.
at
had
but
Caesar
ever.
waiting in trembling submission

Sinuessa
the
at
27th he was
On
answer
he
if he
board
on
Italyfor
and
following day,
therefore
was
Mandragone),
whom
the
on
He
embarked
Pompey
Brundusium
fugitiveeven
master.
the
March
of
town
which
Rome,
of
"
Christian
of
7th
of transport.
in
the war, by its

carrying on
all obligationto follow him
from
something
morality at the best was
of
plan
pagan
abandoned
vessel, and
her
inability
flame.
holier
and
for instance, his
as,
"
ciently
suffi-
not
was
sense
principle. Half-a-century had

to
came
supply new
elapse before the great Teacher
into a purer
of action,and
kindle the lightof nature
to
yet
that
say
moral
his
wrong
him
absolved
fell short
that
was
Pompey's
wickedness,
only
points
some
what
to
that
see
in
that
say
alive
He
was
much.
To
is
what
do
to
disgrace,the alaygoZ
the sake of this we
forgive
may
the
was
calls it.
he
as
(pavracia,
him
scared
that
phantom
really feared
he
only thing
xvm.
chap.
anxiety still was
find that his chief
solatoryto
right.
WAR.
and
offended
courteous
conversation
in
Cicero's
words.
own
the
Rome.
myself,and
others will be
more
Well
Ccesar.
Cicero. At
don't think
You
Cicero.
If I undertake
that
Ccesar.
I want
Cicero.
So
either
must
CAESAR.
37
of peace.
?
mean
going
am
dictate to you
to
that
task I shall propose
the Senate
disapproveof
I shall express
into Greece ; and
carrying your army
nothing of
thought ; and
this, and
say
WITH
the
going into Spain, and

sympathy for Pompey.
much
kind
the
be said.
to
I do not wish to go, because

I
that very account
be silent about, or
that I cannot
not
more
go
on
much
all.
Caesar
counsel
advised
him
Cicero
; and
conduct
able
Atticus
for
say
obsequious
than
be
if it had
I," he
him.
The
all the
we
he
be
may
to
probable that
would
Caesar's
read
to
own
had
been
permitted
in
to
He
saw
he
never
much
felt towards
not
the
How
"
Senate
the
of Caesar
the
that
doubt
disgusted
of
courtiers
upstarts of
the
to him
the
volution.
Re-
indeed,
encircling Caesar ;
had
rascal in Italy who
to
a
as
passed
Rome.
sit in
it
and
no
faces known
them
expected
was
to
go
the retinue
And
amongst
there
to
not
more
of what
is,however,
"
them
towards
suppose
subsequent letter,
P"1
Gabinius
much
was
version
own
There
us.
he
Atticus
have
asked
conduct
that
had
than
more
was
his
with
see
and
not
his standard.
just then
said
of
Certainly,"answered
"
But
determination
that
said
he
monarchy
which
joined
benefit
others, and
to
resort
quite satisfied
was
in his
felt
He
French
he
the
he
it is
down
come
alongside of
but
he
account
man
curious
firm
was
old
would
over.
time.
long
the
the
could
that
of
character
he
matter
have
not
gives of the conversation, which

From
the
carefully translated, is quite correct.
have
would
the
he
this interview, which
whether
doubt
could
they parted.
so
at
to
think
if he
Senate
in the
to
told
He
that
said
then
Cicero's
he
VIE
to treat
then, come
discretion,do you
my
Ccesar.
your
at
INTER
5 7-58.
*t.
much
he
of young
Ouintus, his nephew,

It will be
grief.
remembered
required the bridle and

spoiled by his father's
been
good effect
of
Cicero's
his cousin
Cicero
caused
that
his
the
spur;
indulgence, which
stricter discipline. His
uncle
but
undid
acter
char-
and
there was
straightforwardnessand sincerity,
him ; but he had behaved
in managing
kindly
great difficulty
it was
and
in the quarrels of his parents, and
affectionately
wanted
through
his interference
1
Gabinius
was
chieflythat
recalled from
divorce
banishment
by
between
Cfesar.
them
CIVIL
372
had
so
taken
not
much
He
offence
intended
to
Caesar
to
wrote
his
other, gone
he
subject. Cicero
base
treachery,but
same
of
affection
them
for
had
of
was
the best
he
wished
Csesar's
and
wickedness,
conduct
he
from
to
evil.
From
his
his brother
with
his
villa
He
old
same
his
visit,attended,
he
had
his
to
himself
considered
of
point
Cicero
as
all events
at
fortunes
ruined
him
that
to
angry,
if he
town
to
take
until
by-and-by
his enemies
and
his
would
not
until
the
he
language
join them
war
was
Ccelius,
into
now,
over,
flying
laurelled
that
he
had
Curio, however,
given them
the
by
Senate,
honour.
of
praetor
pro-
This
who
was
on
Spain,
was
the
wrote
the
in
and
to
most
safety by joining Caesar,

step in following Pompey's
from
not
shown
had
was
it is the
Cicero
had
with
to
own
would
Caesar
days
month.
but
implied
triumph.
Csesar
returned
they
as
these
Caesar
rash
no
not
was
himself
lictors with
six
fountain
his
mation.
infor-
few
nearly
paid
his
sity
propen-
betook
this
of
this
stay
letter, entreating him
consult
of
for his
Atticus,
angry
follow
affectionate
an
coming.
to
that
appointed by Csesar
was
the
was
setting off
pressing terms
or
he
now
significantof what
then
surprise,by
for
authority ;
own
to
thither
gained some
victory and claimed
soon
explained it by saying that
his
went
been
quite unusual,
was
him
natural
own
with
thought
by exciting
that
remained
his way
on
his
and
country,
Curio
Sicily,and
fasces, which
he
correspondence
story.
of
A.rpinum
villa,where
continued
believe
to
man
bottom
reward
getting a
but
at
the
at
was
education,
in the
Cuman
own
of
Atticus
begged
acquitted
avarice
hopes
both
of
out
first supposed
them
safety of
act
an
young
have
may
at
afterwards
that
in his
fault
any
the
said
in
Cicero
Cicero
as
or
the
on
done
the
he
uncle
Csesar
been
means
which
for them.
he
was
only
home,
but
anger;
the
motive.
pretext
some
with
have
may
1 1.
gave
and
regarded this
his father
as
now
father
on
xvi
good
his
interview
really it
endanger
from
having,
an
and
at
thing
to
and
which
act
that
him
had
both,
them
keeping
the
proceeded
told
Italy;
Rome,
to
uncle
and
leave
to
chap,
perhaps
and
place ;
WAR.
show
the
and
go
he
and
He
ness
gentle-
for
he
advised
stay in
assured
warned
same
hitherto
threatening.
to
He
Spain.
him
some
that
was
him,
quiet
if he
CIVIL
174
thoughts
short
that eternal
to
life of the
was
the
to
his way
wrote
losing side, and
the
on
Spain,
to
him
to
observe
to
not
strict
the
of the
one
not
xvm.
contending parties. Antony, who was

been
tribunes, had
appointed propraetor of
neutralitybetween
now
the hereafter, and
life of
on
himself
commit
chap.
present."
Caesar, who
to
WAR.
Italy in his absence, and was

making a sort of progress
through the country with his mistress, a ballet-dancer named
panied
Cytheris,carried in a litter by his side, while his wife accomhim.
He
he
that
rumour
of his
is dearer
am
certain
friends."
his
from
it
Antony
made
not
him
neutral
his
was
did
would
expected a visit from the great man,

Capua without stopping to see him, and
to
Cicero
was
He
but
had
now
would
be
although
of
the
recollection
quite
made
of
month
for
his
was
ckvtclKt)kaKuviK-f). This
a
letter
stick
was
or
roller
wrapped
round
to
make
of
sailing.
passage
Asia
to
closelyguarded, by
in
in
Caesar's
him
on
his
up
embark
the
year
called
sailor,was
to
Athens
from
went
him.
miserable
was
not
with
obliged
it
had
he
angry
being
time
that
say
he
then
to
afraid
of the
small
vessel
had
the
Minor.
orders,
Rhodian
feared
the
it
sea,
as
boat
or
was
he
and
bad
unpleasant
most
ship when
Besides, the
to
sage
mes-
voyage,
sea
he
was
intercept fugitives,
properly ligible.It was used as

the
which
The correspondenthad
it intel-
he
to
on
cross
May, declared
He
him
sent
If,
Cicero
passed
because
mind
who
get leave
it.
grant
but
one
no
side.
and
send
wine.
Those
took
went
an
calls
of
that
see
to go.
must
doubt
not
him
who
he
to
he
Cicero
influence
duty
in
brought
tone.
the
allow
not
leave,
to
he
under
those
and
wished
Csesar, who
it
of
about
go
This
mind.
different
very
could
he
stayed,
therefore, he
from
that
quitted Italy,and
were
in
unmindful
like to
not
dearest
thought of embarking
his
up
his
not
was
did
; and
excepted
amongst
he
he
despatch,1written
told
"
replied that
Antony
laconic
alone
by his lictors,he
however,
answer
Caesar
sea,
Cicero
as
credit the
not
assure
the
ranks
friends;but
and
Italy attended
had,
he
could
against the wishes

you," he said, that no
you,
Caesar
this
that he
cross
"
than
me
that
family
to
friends.
to
To
him
to
about
was
and
family
one
wrote
of
cipher,
sort
similar stick.
mt.
57-58.
none
of
whom
diploma,
have
it
as
Caesar
himself
should
Cato
held
the
of
Cicero
alludes
Quintus,
to
both
resort
means
in
villa before
way
to
left it
at
the
end
of
the middle
of
have
the
order
and
better
him
drive
been
always
He
by
was
Greece
This
in
He
had
here
diversion
three
cohorts
make
mad
their
pleased,
of
; for the
centurions
an
from
writing, and
rather
also
corresponded, and
On
his
the
that
9th
character;
hardly
of
of
soon
day he embarked
to
man
plan to
anything
had
suffered
prevented
him
amanuensis.
an
which
ague,
in which
of
was
constantly
friends
two
and
been
of
was
he
often
and
him
have
or
of
view
inter-
an
have
it
employ
the
but
to
time
day passed
daughter Tullia
his
May
is
fever
town
letters
were
them.
at
months'
seven
afterwards
June there
to
have
that
which
him
making
to
would
them
long
nothing else.
the kind
been
see
ill of
villa,to
Pompeian
child, which
ith
to
eyes,
interchanged between
not
the
obliged
obstinate
an
had
For
lying
was
the
up
suspected
declined
of
affection
Atticus
he
scheme.
from
give
This, however,
it was,
he
asked
Pompeii
if Cicero
As
the
with
do
in
were
captain.
and
him,
entrap
to
it.
of
ground
opportunity, if he
in favour
of Pompey
enterprise,even
undertake
panying
accom-
expected
him, offering to
him
Here
have
which
could
he
them,
an
small
with
he
adversity ;
passed between
of
private affairs.
thought that Dionysius was
and
yet, after what had already
on
Cicero, for
pained
deserting him
the
seat
his purpose
a
Italy, while
getting ready.
ship was
himself
from
to
him, and excused
Dionysius came
to
no
Cuman
his country
conceal
to
ready
too
left his
to
went
quently
freand
leaving
him
In
himself
regards
as
times.
May,
that
was,
April.
difficulty. He
some
to
troubled
such
Pompeii, in
near
his
in
escape
hoping against hope.
was
expedient of borrowing, which
the
easy
it
or
would
to
on
seem
he
desire
strong
subject,both
of whom
to
His
was
the
to
thought that
was
Curio
he
passport
merchantman
some
Spain, but
375
without
Cicero
board
island, and
V.
sail
to
cruisers.
fail in
matters
money
ITAL
; and
on
Sicily,but
the
of
out
called
was
vigilance
VES
allowed
were
hide
to
the
LEA
died.
blank
in
son,
Caieta, with
very
this date
From
his
gave
birth, at
weakly
until the
correspondence.
his
brother, his
On
son,
CIVIL
376
and
his
nephew,
coast, and
he
board,
his wife
to
one
for
been
dejected,but
to
before
night
decisive
decide
and
than
wrong
He
did
quality than
villas
of his
such
his
of
any
slaves
still able
to
Caesar
dictator
by
be
office of
had
had
these
his
final
take
recover
to
army
Palaeste
his
with
crossed
enemy,
struggle.
he
measures
of
civil
the
and
to
follow
have
been
be
to
seems
that
is
welcomed
should
debts
laid
absence
can
we
no
the
down
he
where
in December.
was
with
seven
landed
at
in
see
Spain
there
reason
by
the
to
suppose
to
rest
place
face
Epirus, and stood
so
long been
preparing
that
astonishing
Pompey
Caesar's
as
He
it stood
as
in
had
far
declared
was
Brundusium,
He
afterwards.
who
There
of
himself
face
to
for
the
did
not
try
and
nothing
was
prevented him from marching upon Rome

have
would
the capital,which
placed Caesar
disadvantage.
stay
legions,and
opposite coast, leaving the
the
[Palasd)
and
-he
"
This
assemble.
to
advantage of
Italy. So
to
soldiers,
the
arbitrators
war,
transport for only
It
that
stayed only eleven days ;

of which
one
provided
by
hastened
to
over
of
praetor Lepidus.
valuation
that
to
"
valued
be
army
of
means
he
called
have
his
tude
forti-
to
establishment
hoped
Spain,
the
by
where
dictator, and
ordered
He
of
should
paid according
of
master
Rome,
outbreak
He
to
republic.
passing several
the
their
dare
is kind
them
from
away
his
more
advised
remove
proposed
to
property
before
the
law
He
the
it better
them
showed
they
the
as
'
letter
exhort
Arpinum.
himself
back
after
that
to
near
defend
made
hastened
and
farm
his
to
would
farthest
them
recommended
and
Torn
His
all.
sex.
were
as
usually
attributed
he
felt
have
at
on
He
than
relief.
must
that
own
got
left behind.
"
he
know
not
he
as
perplexity, letting
he
says
the
some
decide
to
not
affectionate.
he
"
would,'
'
and
doubt
him
from
quantity of bile
fact
of
taking
up
him
brought
by
upon
if
not
last
at
soon
as
xviii.
opposite
have
we
which
spirits,
better
having thrown
and
perhaps also
been
not' wait
in
now
his
step
had
mind
at
some
the fact of
day,
the
to
he
daughter,whom
time
previously more
and
was
that
on
sail
to
last letter
The
wrote
chap,
vessel
join Pompey.
is
had
board
on
this year
WAR.
and
that
to
ing
occupy-
at
he
people, with whom,
great
would
as
we
B.C.
have
with
who
Antony,
entirelyin
so
suggest
motives
waited
to
imagine
the
see
crossed
have
possessionof
Of
force
feeble
He
abilityand
him
perhaps
felt that
their
who
sole
paid
and
we
can
him
for
he
to
could
seized
was
the
told
when
in
use
to
of
the
to
little attention
and
this
peace
struggle
According
That
by
whose
Cicero,
influence
sword.
suggestions.
indeed
desperate, and
like
man
no
his
folly in coming
was
him
of
be
reception in
slighted by Pompey,
was
his
to
give
could
arbiter
authority,he
was
would
eloquence
the
cause
in its ruin
involve
to
Spain,
Antony,
are
for his
upbraided
restored, but
which
We
nothing.
Cato
wish
not
pursued.
troops
of
know
that
he
capital.
defenceless
almost
to
than
all the
Epirus with
from
the
favour
his
in
conjecture
; but
there
contest
we
them.
same
the
particularsof Cicero's arrival and
Plutarch
was
of
of
in
legions
are
councils
policy
his
on
to
the
camp
did
hopes
crushing the
and,
muster,
his
diversion
over
driven
are
We
the
in
it
swords
measure
propraetor
faint-hearted
the
issue
better
no
to
passed
we
Is
unpopular.
as
what
to
as
for
rested
have
may
Italy
period, that
this
at
He
dark
377
afraid
been
governed
the
Pompey
have
could
he
possiblethat
CAMP.
become
already
had
Caesar
seen,
POMPEY'
IN
50-49.
is true
can
we
both
in
We
know
that, while
they were
readily believe.
Pomadmitted
to
not
Italy,Cicero complained that he was
done
contrary to
pey's confidence, and that everything was
He
and
advice.
his wishes
by indulging
revenged himself
sarcastic humour
his
irritated
the
he
camp,
in-law?"
There
tells
scurram."
defended
of
L.
he
were
his caustic
Macrobius
to call him
for
coming
I find
he
notoriously
off by his
particularlythe
which
of
known
says became
of jests collected
See
cuius.
Macrobius
hire, and
"
Who
sword
once,
long
has
?"
sword
him
one
when
was
by
book
Furius
Biba-
i. ii.
c.
of
Cicero
at his
tied that
who
Gaul
ii.
Saturn,
Dolabella
son-
When
to
by
to
nothing
is your
citizenship to
with
late
father-in-law."
your
son-in-law
"consular-
got them
mentions
Flaccus,
"
rights
adds, that when
who
sometimes
and
used
buffoon"
He
men
guilty he
case
that
doubt
no
offence, and
consular
jests;
the
enemies
many
"
retorted, "With
gave
that his enemies
us
"the
em
is
him
made
reproached
was
associates, which
"
On
promised
often
have
his
late,for
By no means
Where
Pompey asking him,
answered,
he
Pompey
1
he
of
expense
must
When
ready here."
wit
and
Pompey,
army.1
in the
the
at
His
short
sta-
him
saw
side,he asked,
little fellow
to
his
373
CIVIL
had
deserted
fellow
when
he
there
still
were
"
That
were
going
that,
as
Cicero
us.
seven
would
be
fight
to
Macrobius
would
restore
after
go
eagles
left
over
to
us,
own."
pretty
upon
On
camp,
some
No
to
he
plied,
re-
if
we
then,
wonder
become
for
up,
encouragement
exclaimed,
order
XVIII.
country
Pompey's
Pompey
in
is
cheer
jackdaws."
Caesar,
This
might
for
reason
against
our
they
in
"
foreign
to
us
that
good
said,
of
defeat
tells
CHAP.
Cicero
citizenship
cannot
remarking
one
Caesar,
the
bestow
to
Gauls,
from
WAR.
"
wish
afraid
POMPEY
GREAT.
THE
CHAPTER
DOMESTIC
TROUBLES
OF
DIVORCE
TULLIA
renewal
down
to
Epirus,
of
in
the
but
almost
by
Another
her
afraid
who
of her
husband
dowry
that
was
the
dissatisfaction
his
had
rest
would
wrote
with
relates
great
steward
his
disquiet just
who
already
go
him
state
been
in the
from
of
dated
had
Rome
the
by
that
on
the
the
to
left
was
was
now
to
Philotimus;
anxiety
tressed
dis-
vagance
extra-
spent the portion
paid,
same
from
measure
property
some
come
entirely
daughter Tullia, owing
to
the
relieve
to
of
in
has
it
as
Atticus,
to
of his
Dolabella,
which
prsetor,
It
afterwards
cause
of
letter
48.
tended
condition
48-45.
b.c.
misconduct
immediately
DEATH
MARRIAGE.
affairs,caused
or
will, which
account.
B.C.
his
mismanagement
him
of
of
TERENTIA
correspondence,
with
February
embarrassment
59-62.
Cicero's
begins
us,
FROM
SECOND
JEt.
The
XIX.
and
Cicero
Ccelius,
manner.
in
things there.
was
tone
of great
Indeed,
he
LOAN
3 So
used
language which
been
settled
understand
are
about
you
forces
in-law
(vii
and
chance
best
who
heard
him
addressed
the
the
Athens,
if
wife
at
or
driven
We
find
towards
tone
for the
it not
were
took
place
between
and
it
important
have
to
appear
find
is
the
been
hint
temper,
which,
that
the
on
successful
such
midst
of apparent
borrowing,
offer.
the
money
agents
supply
of
in
able
was
would
but
short
of
do
we
this time
he
in
Epirus
he
and
from
his
to
do
not
the
nor
of
her
been
if his
his
so
wrote
his
seal
and
friends.
or
lend
fesses
con-
side
and
was
One
credit.
of
in the
Ouintus
scruple in
security they had to
had
Cicero
a
to
clearlyis how,
what
know
not
Atticus
probably require
they
candidly
both he
difficulty,
They had
money.
this
name
flourishing
and
before
We
in
at
understand
time
clothes
his
redound
to
find
to
long
time
them,
means
no
to
distress
able
always
were
he
puzzling things
most
by
were
that
act
an
in
obscure
so
authority of Plutarch, has
Pompey, chiefly,as
he
Atticus, because
thought that
to
and
tioning,
men-
complain
to
cause
his
to
very
possible terms.
any
join
bad.
be
affairs
position,it appears
of money
large sum
would
this
quarrel between
had
sole
to
his
Although
best
of any
Cicero
generally assumed
the
the
on
retire
worth
is
to
up
carry
and
before
of which
cause
to
health,
be
not
which
him,
Cicero
her
after
notice, that
to
he
from
would
divorce
the
them,
slightesttrace
faintest
This
her.
fate
where
the
out
advised
his
letters
period,inquiring kindly
self
him-
attempted
to
town,
Cicero"
pointed
He
him
son-
between
he
and
Epirus, and
three
your
his
dearest
"my
embraced.
quiet
what
from
divorce
abandon
to
other
possible.
usual
had
of
out
some
this
he
pitched
know
also
as
imminent,
cause
elsewhere,
war
him
then
was
What
are.
for
to
seem
fight stubbornly, and
to
He
not
we
I don't
jiicwidissiiucCicero),although
Tullia
weak
had
all events
at
do
waiting
accustomed
are
You
how
you
our
which
asleep.
hunger easily."
hopelessness of
if Pompey
was
his
all
are
if there
treason
and
Rome,
at
xix.
chap.
been
points,nor
yonder ? Are
Dolabella,
and
on
You
Ours
cold
bear
is
are.
have
weak
our
battle, which
to
"
POMPEY.
would
government
treachery.
was
TO
of
sum
told
He
handwriting
no
received
and
money
him
said
as
borrow
to
they
a
from
would
security,
SELF-REPROACH.
382
that
his
Caesar
permission
him
and
adherents
late
that he
added
had
he
received.
informed
write
But
pleased.
He
declined.
might
side
afraid
indecision, he
summoned
to
ceased
revolted
determined
then," he
of
become
if
of them
honourable
whereas
he
was
was
than
would
at
he would
had
that
to
With
in
until he
with
included
was
also could
He
allies
as
feared
might
to
lest
by
the
was
still
and
in
as
the
he
of
the side
of
me.
they
beaten
are
mine."
all
be
fall
branded
the
as
of the
of
having
Their
that
meant
deserter
he
See
ad Att.
took
xi. 9.
of his
see
and
an
what
come
will be-
fate will be
fightingbravely to
a
Pompey.
the
the
more
other
last,
apostate.
and
position,
by self-reproach.
view
unhappy
constantlytormented
1
'
By this he
events
been
cated.
confis-
one
despairinglyto Atticus, "you

Ay ! but you will say, What
cried
was
classes,
be
idea
at
fight against the legions of

the issue of the
by possibility
in favour
be
spirit
more
case
to
name
that
His
war.
was
bear
not
the
coming to
formally
proscriptionhad
he
his usual
all repent
at
formed
had
too
and
him
taken
witnessed,
Pompey
out
however, that the
had
do
Cicero
ception
special ex-
expose
away
to
him
any
all Caesar's adherents
himself
hordes
in Africa
leaders
anything
of
Still,he
contest
case
him
possibly that
his wish.1
to
this
only against individuals,but whole
not
victims.
Rome.
that
soon
except
Pompey
not, however,
told Atticus
property
barbarous
of
It seems,
step he
did
to
point
would
stayed
He
have
He
on
intended
Such
favour
had
return.
Atticus
will
the side
the
plans which
successful.
"And
from
the cruelties he
at
the
he
to
atrocious
and
it would
apprehension
his
repented
wished
Italy,and
the
that
promulgated contrary
was
offered
to
Italy as
special edict, but
of his late associates.
vengeance
he had
in
sanction,
Dolabella
to
come
victorious,in which
by Caesar
edict
might
uneasy
prove
of Pom-
express
directed
Antony
under
an
had
he
deserter
without
not
was
Caesar
this
name
prominently as
his
without
sent
obey the orders

option, but must
of a friend,
Cicero, through the medium
tell him
was
perplexity,Antony
no
Upon
by
xix.
Italy without
to
Caesar, forbidding any
return
that
and
him,
Ccelius
and
had
Antony
to
he
as
to
coming
his
increase
to
letter from
his
at
angry
and,
of
copy
pey's
be
might
chap.
own
end
the
At
alludes
He
WITH
QUARREL
59-62.
*x
he
it in terms
of less
expected, considering his

the closer
in the
him
he
his
friendship.
for in the
state
"
him
fate ; for I knew
his
he
that
be
to
haps
Per-
the
had
he
he
him.
doubted,
never
would
end
had
not
said,
of
warmth
"
upright, pure,
an
with
pitilessrevenge
Pompey's
cannot,"
have
brought
cooled
his fortunes
of
his side.
people on
nor
desperate
the
Pompey.
should
to
been
of
knowledge
Pharsalia, what
battle of
the
after
had
he
which
of
we
attachment
told Atticus
He
of the death
victorious,had
if
take
to
his
and
383
feelingthan
devoted
into
contact
camp,
intended
heard
of November
to
US.
QUINT
be
king
but
deplore
and
earnest
man."
health
The
him
caused
to
had
Atticus
with
take
to
of
care
brother
Ouintus
had
had
parted
at Patrae
on
by
no
in
passages
that his
clear
means
had
had
declared
retorted
With
the
spoke
in
however,
Nothing
to
him
his
sent
that
he
was
shown
blame
of
leave
had
But
to
opposed
by
At
of
his
and
"
life is
thorny, and
And
to be
wroth
work
like madness
youth
one
we
above
is
vain;
love
in the brain.''
and
he
nature,
charge,
refuted
alienation
they had been friends in youth;

whispering tongues can poison truth
had
Quintus,
The
And
in
joint offence.
himself
himself
constancy dwells in realms
by
taken
forgiveness,
his
warmly,
so
Caesar
influence,
their
the
than
more
had
all events
of
Coesar
and
several
imagined
with
brother.
his
of
with
They
of which
Ouintus
Cicero's
the scapegoat
loved
sorrow,
him.
cause
entreat
And
Doth
his
to
wrote
likely Ouintus
Very
affection towards
such
Alas
add
step he
Italy.
terms
he
that
peace
the
Caesar
Cicero
he
"
him
impulsive vehemence
afflicted
hitherto
earnestlybesought
exact
his
make
almost
probable, from
seems
to
utterly untrue,
was
whom
it
Epirus.
him
harshest
the
the
terms,
but
to
son
by making
hasty and
brother
to
as
quarrelled with
bad
saying
himself.
reduced
was
To
eyes.
now
the
throwing upon
following Pompey
who
and
told
and
his
tried
him
strongly advised
his wife
correspondence, that
Cicero's
brother
to
Cicero
her,
bursting from
tears
at
distressed
time
this
Tullia
wrote
husband,
extravagance.
his
is
he
much
as
was
worthless
his
by
penury
she
knew
Tullia
Poor
daughter
great uneasiness, and
well
he
that
his beloved
of
who
it.
of
had
FRIENDSHIP
384
It
affected
so
It
he
was,
Amidst
The
been
of
horse.
master
return
the
This
took
but
year,
whom
when
few
have
men
few
for
they have
had
have
was
himself
his
feelingis reflected in
formed
plan,the sudden
his
was
until
Csesar's
Q. Fufius
recalled from
had
have
ment,
banish-
remaining period
M.
and
in which
As
yEmilius
aloud.
letters
such
Every
in
as
hostile
Atticus
as
with
gives vent
justlyremarks,
fully to
so
hearts
Cicero
Abeken
friend
thinking
of
Antony
following year.
their
like
consuls.
allowed
short
such
unburdened
It
he
themselves
exposed
happened.
any
lasted
for the
painful to read the letters

feelingsof self-reproach.
his
without
things
It is
to
his bed.
to
have
xix.
ended.
year
he
to
care
for the
nominated
Lepidus
Egypt,
chap.
took
it should
of
consuls
he
dictator,and
state
Vatinius,
elected
be
created
again
US.
time
opened
47,
from
P.
and
to
of
the
Rome
to
Calenus
unhappiness
B.C.
ATTIC
for
that
year,
had
that
incredible
said,
new
Ca?sar
health
his
all this
WITH
whom
to
absolute
serve.
unre-
transient
mirror.
cism,
criti-
phase
The
half-
impulse, the
all
hasty change, are
recorded
in a rock
for ever;"
and
"graven
by the cation
publiof his private correspondence, which
he
could
never
have anticipated,the most
secret
thoughts of his soul have
"
become
no
"
known.
long
series
such
absolute
They
realised
of
we
calm
he
was
his
his
just
a
Cicero.
have
anything
honour;
but
whole
these
as
world
all the
life
his
Atticus
mistake.
with
the
kind
of
of
such
We
may
be
had
influence
man
which
if he
he
had
keen
eye
counsellor
a
with
believed
listened
his
to
guide
own
sure
him
sufficient
to
to
be
him
not
far
So
hardly
cold
and
but
interest;
in the
even
to
path
of
disposition
Atticus
make
incompatible with
more
is
afterwards
excitable
that
men.
It
Cicero
of
man
of
hensive
compre-
lost.
reason
to
and
warm
very
frankness
his
secrets.
and
seeing
was
most
are
sound;
without
advice
his
Atticus
was
for
distinguished
into
of
know
terms
-on
"
two
taken
letters
judgment
temperament,
would
do
that
see,
prudence
as
whole
the
repent
for
friend
blessingsof friendshipin its

the penalty of
but Cicero pays
neglected
ever
to
can
with
communicated
nay,
"
literature
historyof
the
;
unfortunate
as
years
has
confidence
sense
having
whole
the
friend
Avhere
case
by
In
him
his
attentivelyhe
LETTER-OPENING.
48-45.
b.c.
have
would
steered
billows
and
steadier
in which
the
385
of
ship
the
amidst
course
the
republic
whirlpools
last
at
went
down.
the
In
he
had
first letter written
said,
"
which
declared
lost
am
chance.
to
sorrows
by
fault.
been
January
owe
me."
upon
fortune
mis-
no
all
myself for
blame
to
brought
followingPompey
that in
in
Brundusium
own
my
have
have
from
he
But
the
now
Epirus he had yielded

to the persuasion of his family,or
tions
rather obeyed their direche speciallynamed
his brother Quintus as having
; and
instigatedhim to take that step. But it is due to him to
mention, that he
of
was
too
to
nature
generous
injure his
to
brother
by saying anything of the kind to Caesar. He wrote

to Caesar, and
earnestlyabsolved
Quintus from having given
could offend him, declaring that his brother
any advice which
had
rather
the companion
been
the
than
instigatorof his
him
conduct
his own
not
to allow
flight;and he entreated
to
in
operate
This
any
before
was
he
had
Quintus
had
declared
that this should
to
reconcile
A
Caesar
despatch
He
sent
have
to
seem
immediately
which
this
his brother
in the
full of
were
Cicero
the
discover
it,he
in his endeavour
ing
contain-
Cicero
to
Vatinius, Ligurius,and
Brundusium
at
Vatinius
to
and
others.
Ligurius,who
the town.
They
and
of
neighbourhood
bitter
determined
excusing
did
to
him
to
came
he
which
to
extent
difference
no
addressed
been
when
make
brought
those
on
; but
the
his brother.
his brother.1
to
was
letters from
discovered
him
wronged
disadvantage of
the
to
way
him
showed
their
letters,
reproaches against himself.
to
what
see
the
contents
Upon
of the others
the
ground that it was for Quintus's

interest not to allow such discreditable proceedings to spread
further.
He
opened the letters,and having read them, sent
them
to Atticus,that he might exercise
his discretion whether
were,
he would
him
forward
that
resealed
I have
as
on
them
to
Pomponia
had
by her, and
then
already noticed
by Cicero, and
he
act
ought
to
1
Ego
tamen
is
was
ero
or
not.
He
seal,they could
told
be
respectiveaddresses.
of letter-opening
previous instance
the act be justified.What
case
can
done
destination
her husband's
sent
in neither
have
their
to
to
decline
qui semper
2
their
fui.
"
to
Ad
forward
Att.
xi.
the letters
PECUNIARY
386
if he
and
he
behaved
with
he
which
had
of his
confiscation
hinted
in want
and
orphan
thought that
agonising
was
would
him.
to
I
passionate despair he exclaimed,
to God
would
birthday- a day on which
of
him
But
he
by
by
of
republican party
the
side
might
He
He
had
sold
he
fatal
lent
bailiff
the
or
of
inheritance"
to
appears
The
election
he
have
word
cretio
by which
constituted
"heir"
purchase
to
had
to
borrowed
other
to
even
in
waver
perplexity,
of either
success
the
but
the
person
determined
of
act
who
to
ac-
cept the property with all its liabilities.
the
He
The
of
form
Quum
tuerit, earn
que."
me
He
he
had
Atticus's
supply
partly to
another
legacy,
left to him
by
stated, only
property,
anxious
was
again.
from
is not
of Galeo's
afraid
was
large sum
was
amount
"
was
it back
this time
sense,
{Frussi-
he
; but
money
At
whole
the
simplex}
meant
difficulties.
Frusinum
quarters,
the -Roman
been
the
He
his
the
near
redemption
from
in
called, a cretio
was
farm
his brother.
Galeo
named
person
fires,and
affected,
dis-
Italy was
begun
the
that
heard
this increased
his present embarrassment
necessities
"
unable
Pompey, and
in Epirus, and
to
ultimately
expected, in pecuniary
be
or
be
wrung
his brother.
the conqueror.
legions had
wards
after-
not
would
Africa, that
in
my
never
were
of
He
on
himself.
to
might
would
attributed
world.
two
mortgaged
lonc),retaining a right of
that
Caesar
All
him,
to
as
was,
that
his
that
rumour
be
conduct
Roman
placed between
was
of the
alienated from
attachment
for he
last words
strong
was
had
mother
my
an
language
I had
that
These
sure
the
Rome
and
their
means
no
master
credited
son!"
the recollection
felt
become
that
events
another
borne
from
all
at
or
left
this
write
"
born,
darkly
be
the
In
"
been
of
possibility
property, and
Tullia
have
might
the
to
Terentia's
and
own
The
suicide.
at
forward
he looked
So
Caesar.
calumnies
these
speech
in accusation
with
interview
an
effect which
Caesar's mind, that
on
a
obtained
of the
he
was
he
when
also
the young
written
deliver
to
this ; but
nephew
; and
him
Ephesus
at
intended
prepared, and
of his uncle
afraid
Cicero
friend of
His
them.
read
animosity towards
great
showed
man
have
he
should
account
no
against
of
apprised Quintus
have
might
xix.
chap.
false accusations
contained
suspected that they
himself,
on
DIFFICULTIES.
Mcevius
it
it
as
that his wife
acceptance
hereditatem
or,
was
hseredem
adeo
this
"
consticerno-
ANIMOSITY
59-62.
*t.
should
make
debts
law
she
her
from
the absolute
here
his
affairs,and
that
such
when
wrote
his
in
Roman
give the husband

personal property. And
that
Cicero
the
uses
satisfied
dis-
was
of
management
He
from
the
the
not
the
own.
of
payment
that
hint
wickedly"
her
strong
pression,
ex-
Philotimus, his steward,
thing, he
"
bitterness
of
adds, which
from
appears
Misfortune
the
the
exception
who
party
Tullia
for
sorrow
to
not
to
in
Cicero
himself
wrote
his
to
to
uncle.
his
beloved
her
in every
be
measure
Atticus
the
on
Greece,
war
ing
intend-
her
even
her
husband
seemed
to
to
usual
as
most
like
elected
for the
sell
some
such
was
from
be
second
was
way,
in
daughter
and
adopted,
be
to
leaders
sinking spirit. It rather
only question
to
was
Pompey's
chief
June, but
proposal should first come.

her dowry had been
paid, and
caused
blame.
seems
of
carry
in
as
that, with
The
remained
his
between
conduct,
far
so
to
son
one
the
His
had
returning to Italy,
only
predicament.
see
the
of
hitherto
his
ill-
waters
consideration
the
was
console
plebeian family, in order

people, and then proposed
debts.
by the
wavered,
at
Ouintus
all his
such
was
in
Africa, prepared
divorce
of, and
that
affection ; but,
wrong
Brundusium
openly talked
had
done
him
his
of
who
C?esar.
not
side
brothers
pardon from
to
Dolabella.
in
could
distress.
find
than
worse
display
to
tone
sting of self-reproach. He
that
others, who
to
which
the
in
were
in
grossest ingratitudetowards
Lasljus,he
was
came
affection
added
of
was
to
closest
increased
was
pang
sue
of
that he had
and
to
the
added
was
there, and
two
but
says
fortunes
melancholy
bonds
with
convinced
adherents
He
correspondence, Cicero
made
Quintus unjust, and
had
all this
the
the
it
his
behaved
now
is
flowing between
by
face.
crushed
It
himself;
declared
his
to
his
him.
united
have
vindicate
to
him
accused
towards
been
him
to
advantage
will
He
have
animosity that Cicero

he
took
of
wife's
heard
"
acting
was
Ouintus
To
had
did
conduct
of
for the
remembered
and
we
387
scarcely credible.
was
of
he
be
of the
wife's
perhaps
QUINTUS.
provide
own,
first time
with
she
our
ownership
for the
that
will,and
; for it must
owed
differed
OF
stalment
in-
spent by
disgraceful.
Clodius, into
tribune
of
confiscation
of his
the
of
plate and
DOMESTIC
388
furniture,in order
that
his
had
some
out
of
and
wrote
than
and
told him
concluded
difference
; and
still extant,
the midst
his
such
of
her
had
the
with
face
hope,
and
narrative
reminds
Jacob
down
and
him
the
of which
end
of
he had
his Tusculan
weeks.
as
to
he
before
way
found
for
was
the
expected
some
he
of
the
heard
that
he
own
ing
meet-
Caesar
did
not
of
experiment
in the
of
story
of
Cassar, as
soon
meeting
he
as
the
rest
of
him,
and
leading
the
so
tarch's
Plu-
alarm.
the
the
of
presence
need
saw
company,
the way,
furlongs."
intended
to
there, and
he
bath-room
ready
to have
his
altogether without
not
the
of
Pharsalia.
from
Brundusium,
"
The
forward
quitted Brundusium,
he
in
moment
injuriousto his health, and
villa,where
have
For
"
the
"
he
no
of
was
is,that he
described
making
was
us
September
Terentia
tellingher
there
alone
has
conqueror
him, saluted
meet
with
Esau
good
to
conversed
At
and
enemy
in
write
to
looked
account
When
of
fear
some
it
September.
had
no
him,
wife
but
conqueror
to
towards
in
in
Plutarch
Tarentum
from
But
coming
came
; but
witnesses."
between
him
an
have
we
should
we
to
both
are
health.
the
graphic touches.
yet
of
many
that
what
mind,
apprehension
with
was
of them
of tenderness
Cicero
which
face
to
hastened
but
them
Roman
of her
care
and
interview
few
the
indication
to
doubt
his way
wait,
to
it
against
none
husband
Italy at Tarentum
unfortunate
of
on
take
to
arrived
being brought
It is very
common
of
in
not
are
had
the
this time
at
tone, and
He
of
Atticus, said
her
to
by
habit
left.
was
complaint he
him
he
named,
defrauding him
addressed
only
in
much
so
from
had
all that
subject. They
as
The
of
causes
that
his
at
Atticus
it to
in his usual
the
landed
moment
temper
mentioned
the
nor
strain.
Caesar
was
he
misfortunes
always begs
pen
was
letters
to
habit,
with
his wife
affectionate
consider
not
that
all written
allude
he
does
was
him
disposal
Terentia, however,
which
that this
when
several
But
amount)
Cicero.
to
amount
of innumerable
one
her.
the
less
therefore
only
to
belonging
property
him
sent
the
(mentioning
money
xix.
generously replied
informed
Tullia, and
to
open
chap.
Atticus
funds.
raise
to
was
purse
TROUBLES.
friends
wrote
and
with
remain
her
a
him.
the air
proceeded
for
short
supply
He
few
letter
of provisions,
stayed
RETURN
39o
The
old
The
civil and
other,
calendar
and
in
human
Fruits and
according
and
rose
the
the
to
and
would
summer
the
the
operations
of the
it
that number
of
the
to
in four
once
the
to
which
the
with
ashamed
with
wiser
was
things
Plancus,
who
well
him
to
war
might have
advice
believe
and
more
side.
In
Rufus,
he
with
caused
persuasion
another
admits
of
letter
that while
he
might
the
he
had
have
his
was
that
of any
one
espoused was
This, paradoxical as
all
to
Munatius
he
begged
during
owing to
on
the
the
had
Pompey's
quaestor, Mescinius
strugglewas
weakness,
desperate,he
it may
intimacy
his counsels
else
the issue of the
exhibited
they
above
Africa,
Caesar
he
said
But
never
his conduct
former
strife
abandoned
letter
and
others,
rather
turbulent
anxious
in
part of
to
feel
he
faithless,
was
army
those
him
had
of
use
quarrelled
his former
In
to
with
the
had
into
resume
the
offence
than
moderate
to
Caesar.
with
will subsist
their precepts.
He
that whatever
uncertain
cause
him
himself.
then
was
he
most
to
task
accordance
made
that Varro, who
than
stand
to
invited
and
tellinghim
them,
found
little attention
The
books,
because
by plunging
had
intercalate
took up his abode

made
his peace, as he
they had
he
advance
slightrectification
entire
and
not
in
accord.
oid friends, his
For
whom
paid too
pardoned him,
them,
his
of himself.
had
was
Cicero
over,
returned
because
associates
with
He
discontinued,
but
them,
sun
what
rate
Julian Calendar
bring it into
planetary system.
of the
had
this
into
to
Varro, with
he
not
time; requiring only
quietly in the city.
been
and
last,then, his wanderings
wrote
the
synchronise with
sixty days
therefore,to
was
bring them
to
centuries
economy
At
of
of
when,
due, and
At
them.
necessary,
was
days
end
did
were
arrangement
not
which
civil year
happily accomplished,
was
sky
long change places with winter,

husbandry could no longer be guided
of
The
and
the
their appearance
were
the
before
by the almanac.
solar,
each
defy
to
earth and
made
to
seemed
conventional
flowers
assigned
hopeless confusion.
seasons
The
calendar, they
periods there
called
of the
in constellations
set
xix.
longer corresponded with
no
with
chap.
almost
computation.
contradiction
the months.
ROME.
fallen into
the solar year

the silent march
efforts of
both
had
TO
seem,
but
felt
we
now
more
can
still
that
fidence.
con-
easily
PANEGYRIC
5962.
^t.
believe.
He
ON
relieved
was
from
CATO.
the
39i
miserable
constantly balancing the claims of prudence and

himself
to
having submitted
Caesar, and
taking
part in the
conflict,he'
looked
and
at
on
In
resignation.
death
was
would
active
left Rome,
of
whisper
but
in
that he
he
May
it
Tullia
she
all her
his
and
Tullia
says
give
kiss
Attica.
is in
TusCulum
at
strong
wrote
would
arrived
Cicero. had
have
been
asked
June,
Atticus
charms
death
to
were
all mention
could
offence
to
mustered
effect
merely
brace
em-
and
tell
what
me
with
that
his
by Atticus
all the
He
Islands
absent.
hand
own
others
did
warmth
the
even
were
and
this, his
Utica,
at
to
but
like
not
The
compose
he
felt
to
fine
con-
praise of his moral qualitiesand omit

of his political
But
opinions and public career.
he handle
that part of the subject without
giving
the
to
drawing
Anticato.
occupied
to
who
men
courage
of
the
at
and
run
from
their illustrious countryman,
himself
be
write
and
if he
by
panegyric upon
in undertaking the task.
difficulty
and
somewhere,
country, tell
declared
no
of Cato's
in
to
and
friendship,
how
the
visit
Atticus,
to
meet
Pray
pearance
ap-
might
April;
pay
wrote
to
the
to
in
to
gladly shall
to
if she
residence, he
had
How
he said
time
little Attica
and
"
him
of the Blessed
news
appointment
an
retired
showing the
So
he
the
gladly have
malevolent
short
of
you.'*
to
find
favourite
of
and
the
them,
wisest
and
of
of which
one
made
prattle,or
writes
We
villas,from
for he
rendezvous,
me
quit the city for
that
seems
of
tongues
the
him,
afraid
was
He
upon
would
meditating flight.
was
he had
whom
and
The
did
of his
some
with
fear.
he
of
approach
in future to take
of
He
come
dreaded.
was
some
good service.
everything offended
country, but
the
least write
at
of sullen
good had
than
if he
of
example
that
desired
state
where
quiet of the
be
to
and
further
no
kind
republic
to
the
the
the
study, and
politicshe could
part in
ancients, do
of
ruin
duty,
personal safety,
with
events
spirithe declared
himself
copying
so,
of
rather
thing
devote
and
to
this
fears for his
no
course
of evil,for in the
out
no
the
had
of
necessity
with
were
now
the
compose
from
Caesar
This
he
the
wrote
in
work,
himself
while
power
and
it had
However,
the
reply,which
from
absent
Spanish campaign.
When
he
curious
he
titled
en-
Rome
Madame
SWIMMING
392
Stael offended
de
from
France
had
to
was
at
Rome
did
of
the
his
best
victorious
who
those
friends
his
plea
the
was
and
his pen,
endeavoured
he
send
suppers
he
enjoyed,and
lessons
in
declamation
called
his
his
place
the
him
taken
friend
and
for
been
Paetus
such
one
of
then
was
intimate
sensitive
it
Paetus
rallied
would
him
any
attack
he
did
another
or
always
of gout
would
whom
he
in the
Dolabella
already
taken
find Cicero
to
of
It is
society at
how
much
suppose
to
up
and
off
had
an
days until he
three
of life
at
Tempori
2
was
See
Cicero
less
He
appointment
with
the
paid
when
and
est.-
him
Ad
"
Cces.
c.
Div.
56.
told
"
He
begged
gout
He
himself
ix. 7.
for
scribes
de-
received
the levee,which
betook
he
visit.
follows
as
had
nevertheless, for
also.
over,
Suet.
him
Paetus
the gout
this time
serviendum
bed, but
to
with
had
early in the morning,

attended,
him
sup
his cook
put
epicureas himself.
an
confined
which
come
friend
well
giving
subjects affectingfamily happiness. He

and
in jest that
he had joined Epicurus'scamp,
for supposing that
plain dishes and simple fare
his mode
visitors
in
son-in-law.
and
times,
capital
on
was
longer satisfysuch
not
the
of
the state
different
modern
that of
from
was
his worthless
proofs how
time,
his teachers
either
his
some
Dolabella,
astonished
are
we
with
terms
the many
Rome
imminent,
to
collect.'2
found
he
had
desired
to
about
speaking,but
Tullia, which
of his discretion.
pains
some
and
offend
to
additions
as
had
he
the
altogether resist
mots,
amusement
of
art
with
not
not
bons
to
Hirtius
to
from
divorce
or
on
told
pupilsin
the
march
entertaining. Considering the character
of
and
them
his old
cheerfullyto
wrote
art
these
leaders
their dinner-tables,
sense
could
Cicero
the
wit got the better
his
he had
which
facetice,
in better
than
was
spirits
Cicero
with
must
good
He
relished
to
he
of
power.
Rome
at
mark
joke, and
that
of
stock
and
with
Caesar
But
two
descended
con-
Africa, and
from
frequented
He
in
for
fondness
his
he
with
ingratiate himself
to
party.
it
were
back
his way
on
now
excusing himself
times,1and that
him
her
refute the work.

Caesar
an
xix.
He
course.
while
author
generosityto praisethe
the
nobler
lists of controversy
the
enter
chap.
writings he banished
her
took
Caesar
TIDE.
THE
Napoleon by
; but
to
WITH
to
was
his
MODE
48-45.
b.c.
either
studies, and
the
devoted
he
LIFE.
OF
wrote
for
read
or
393
after
time,
some
which
of the
day to bodily exercise, not

the good dinners
friends.
given by his luxurious
to have
seems
thought he might now
go out of mourning
I have
for
the republic,for he says :
already mourned
rest
getting
forHe
for
"
my
"
country
son."
But
this
writing in
longer than
heavily and
more
refuge
house
was
the Forum
and
poured forth
one
of
his most
closed
were
his
in
sorrows
learned
he
that
had
more
other
was
pleasanter than
and
he
speaks of
September
as
little better
himself
been
victorious
His
this
was
stretched
genius, and
And
these
been
one
he
the
not
were
way
back
be
to
Rome
related.
perpetual
silence
that
to
one
none
the
had
seaside,
to
much
be
libertywas
was
; but
to
pardon
in the
for
he
says
have
of the
was
that
If
it.
Senate,
if the
be
found
it
was
elsewhere,
his
of all,and
the
was
mark
place to stay
best
he
arm
friend
and
forced
and
conqueror,
murdered,
he
was
and
as
had
on
had
so
by
on
will be
overcome
his
the civil
was
resolved
of
renown.
although Marcellus
almost
but
had
of the
man
of eminence
men
submit
Pompey
persevering opponents,
most
Cicero
lord
now
idle words,
when
to
living
better, and
a
M.
to
and
if
from
withdraw
protect
which
been
return
that
was,
not
world
thought
the
him
urge
to
whole
disposed
received
to
at
autumn
by
Pharsalia
still to exist,
Caesar
of Caesar's
war,
weeks
of
notwithstandingthe
idea
mistake.
hostilitymight
clared
de-
life than
city in his time, and

He
here wrote
day.
argument
not
was
the
over
to
would
ought
to
the
considered
wholly lost,Rome
as
of
few
Antium
the battle of
Mitylene,
be
Marcellus
in ; for
in
present
matters
republic could
of
the
Caesar.
to
eloquence.
to Rome
delight. But he returned
Horace
scribed
deScptembribus Jwris, which
since
at
the Senate-
friends, and
months
near
only
it with
at
Marcellus, who
spent
hot
the
seat
unhealthy
so
in retirement
his
the
In
and
his
Nigidius Figulus,
to
complain
to
When
and
efforts of
letter
cause
his villas.
of
the
to
only
disguise his grief,
not
accomplished
and
rejoicethat he still lived.

In August
he left Rome,
are
did
mind.
of consolation
scarcelyadmitted
;
the study of philosophy,since both
He
in
of
state
he said
which
or
he
strain
serious
more
his habitual
not
was
for her
mother
to
his
wards
after-
keep
by
INTERCESSION
394
of Caesar's
sense
p-iving-vent
It is, as
of
To
consent
in Africa
continued
had
and
Marcellus,
him
Cicero
clemency.
supplicate the
He
well
as
meant
imply
to
famous
orator,
his
in
When
is
Ligarius
that
it would
and
there
himself
heard
was
and
man
be
observed
his
all.
to
touching
orator
affected
held
that his
body trembled,
dropped from his hands,

acquitted Ligafius."
and
There
We
must
and
pey,
advocate
is
no
remember
it was
the
the
native
whelmed
the
that
prove
we
Wolf
that
have
and
therefore
of
cause
the
he
but
visible
Plutarch,
he
was
"
was
the
so
he
the papers
overpowered,
was
have
shame
Never
tried to
speechpro Marcello,
it, is spurious.
But
his
as
most
for
had
of its
been
is
are
an
of
essay
to
to
applied
a
proof
he
ovei-
intercept
bestowed
so
dexterously
flatterymore
scholars
There
Caesar, and
attempting
which
was
charge which
own
pardon as
of
mercy
another
himself.
littledelicacyto have
no
upon
cited
and
with
accuser
of
matter
person
goodness
Spalding
of
of
he
Cicero
as
became
some
thus
and
eloquence
speech was a masterpiece of art.

had
too
espoused the side of Pom-
he
that
bounty towards
largelyupon
and
the
tribunal,
Pharsalia,
of
He
that the
doubt
equally to himself;
of
battle
the
upon
words
the
length,"to quote
At
"
There
hear
But
his emotion
colour, and
change
to
might
to
the
alter
was
enemy."
an
guilt.
opinion of Ligarius's
sat
as
judge in the
proceeded, Caesar, who
would
an
Cicero
Why
Cicero
that
fear
no
he
that
"
amusement
an
had
against Caesar
arms
speech from
bad
posed
dis-
nature,
own
his friends,
to
longer
arms
absence, when
Caesar
said
hear
more
in
on
pardon of Ligarius,
having borne
case, he
once
that
doubt
him
for
the
therefore
his
campaign.
undertaken
not
to
Tubero
the African
no
men
speci-
carried
had
time, and
defended
impeached by
is
call it
to
who
to
more
Caesar
with
afterwards
we
Caesar, or
to
praise of Caesar's generosity,
in
wrote
and
more
interview
had
be
those
of
one
was
saying that publicopinion,and
in
compliments
return.
abject flattery.
war
and
of
short
Marcellus's
to
it would
descriptionof
truer
Ligarius,who
than
his
gave
xix.
refrain from
not
delivered
and
rose
expected, full
be
might
perhaps, a
the
Caesar
when
oration
He
feelings.
chap.
could
he
that
magnanimity
his
to
LIGARIUS.
FOR
by
genuineness.
different
Passow
opinion,
in defence
DEFENCE
59-62.
jet.
applied
conciliate
to
that I have
I
said
compassion.
coadjutor, whilst
my
Forum
; but
have
I have
How
in the
addressed
pleaded many
you paved the
did
never
LIGARIUS.
judge.
of the dictator
the mercy
"All
OF
to
your
future
for my
client
some
do
it ; he
contemplatedthe
never
Tell
questionof fact,and
silent.
not
care
'
broke
war
out
heart, and
a
judge
but I
plead
in
as
Conscious
as
for his friends
letter from
'
forsworn
the
If
it lasted
Such
'
would
1 have
upon
charge is
the
once
their
Fadius
of
was
misfortunes,
Gallus^ who
before
all
he
bear
not
been
who
you,
when
and
had
do
do
to
could
in their cause;
in his
was
from
forgiveness
have, then
he
the
the
unadvisedly ; I
pardon for my
; I ask
obtained
his desire
he
acted
; I
mercy
has
then
line of defence
the
sinned
with
left in
was
by surprise when
even
"
be
your
one
no
He
war.
taken
it ; but if very many

bestow
favour."
of backwardness
accused
'
are
was
ask
Cicero
as
you
'
the
He
animositywhile
no
forgiveme.'
in
before
of peace.
wishes, on your side.'

am
speaking to a parent
fault ; I throw
myself
encouraged hope, likewise
lieutenant
continuance
to
with
by practicein the
Pardon
him, judges ; he
is the
That
again
He did not
justice this :
"
there
sorry
my
offence ; I pray you to
it is presumption in me
witnesses
clemency, your
even
sittingas a judge to try Ligarius on

in whose
I am
found
at
garrisons he was
that which
excuse
might perhaps avail,even
me
he showed
the
"
are
in his
for
am
ask
to
He
went
judge.
province during the
act
Caesar, that you
me,
to
honours
has erred ; he is guilty; he did it unwittingly

; if ever
of
to a parent, but to a court
language to be addressed
false.'
appeals
humanity, your
your
Caesar, and
to
this tone
adopt
artfullyhe
following passage
causes,
way
395
you,
have
could
be
to
he received
during
exile, reproaching him
his
quaestor
in
was
now
consulship, and
apparently for not
assisting him, and
upbraiding him with
to him
forgetfulnessof former services,he wrote
a
sharp and
stern
of his
reply. It is almost the only letter in the whole
voluminous
Ave
not
correspondence dictated
by angry
feeling,and
be sure
that the provocation was
may
great, or he would
have adopted a tone
It
and
with
him.
style so unusual
is,I confess, refreshingto

one
is
and
encomium
are
zeal
almost
proofs
with
friends
tired
of
which
of
the
he
was
had, during Caesar's
he
one
heart
himself
noble
of
his
and
to
be
so
angry,
for
statelycompliment
epistles.
of
the
console
testimony
the exiles,and
of
to
But
they
indefatigable
and
this
assist
his
borne
was
for whom
Cicero
tained
Spain, by urgent entreaty, obfrom
and
Balbus
trusted
Oppius, two of Caesar's most
said
agents at Rome, permission to reside in Sicily. Caecina
that
Cicero's
friends
absence
could
language
of
devoted
in misfortune.
who
that
characterises
his kindness
which
by Caecina,
find
knew
in
well
so
them, that they felt they might

not
merely hope
to
have
the
his
command
benefit
inclination
his
of
them.
to
serve
exertions, and
This
was
in
to
answer
of
He
who
honourable
and
terms,
generosity by the
He
opponents.
himself
he
indeed
made
by his
had
fallen
not
that
doubt
to
Cassius
He
rule.
time.
His
would
was
conduct
victorious,would
blood
and
tears
of
This
Rome.
Greece,1
of
Cicero
To
conqueror
his
power
sible
impos-
not
only the
sagacious statesman
of his
and
praise,and
all
is above
of
Pompey, who,
in the
his thirst for vengeance
slaked
late
largely benefited
the bitter malevolence
have
his
legates, Brutus
been
his adversaries
to
most
his
of assassins, it is
have
most
the
honours.
large-heartedman,
never,
treated
his
former
by the hand
Rome
stronglywith
contrasts
of
one
all his
brilliant soldier,but the
most
had
daily proofs of his friendship.No

of
more
use
a
magnanimous
gave
ever
if he
and
he
one
proofs of
sufficient
given
in which
to
He
in
except
name
had
manner
Marcellus
restored
and
nature,
Cisalpine Gaul, Sulpicius governor
of
governor
of Caesar.
spoke
by
xix.
noticing for
by superior intellect.
he
made
he
merciful
and
Pompey's
mentioned
said,
and
mild
as
is worth
in which
terms
especiallyattracted
was
he
the
showing
him
described
chap.
Cicero, which
letter from
the purpose
if
GENEROSITY.
CESAR'S
396
alter
not
may
opinion
our
justiceof Caesar's quarrel in the commencement,

but it must
judgment as to whether
materiallyinfluence our
we
ought to regret or rejoiceat the issue of the struggle.
from
Cicero's
It is pleasant to turn
politicalletters to
the
to
as
those
he
called
addressed
Roman
the
guests.
Verrius,
"
'
What?'
observers
'
you will say,

In sooth I did
none
of that class attracted
now
that
uppermost,
Cicero
number
enced
and
an
turn
mentions
of
those
old
'
Cicero
such
at
banquet? he,
how
he
when
me
one.
like
into
came
had
But
to
not
'
but I
young
Did
you
it ; for he
he
not
say
do
had
the
frail
But, however,
was
kept by
I
there
of all
observed
there.
when
am
man.
banquet.
mirth.
experiI do
was
Sulpiciusamongst
who
be
not
mourning
Cresar's clemency.
understand
and
and
fair
of
one
was
Atticus
the
suspect that she would

disciple of Socrates, blushed
am
supper
courtesan.
'
he
were
Eutrapelus reclined
even
with
him
with
Aristippus,the
I keep her,' he said,
keeping Lais.
not
the
couch
of
account
Eutrapelus when
same
below
and
Cytheristhe
the
amusing
an
of Volumnius
On
sparkle of indigenous
possessed a
gives him
He
wit.
the house
at
who
him, of those
he
livelyfriend Psetus, the last, as
his
to
need
reproached
her.'
say
whatever
better
opposed
when
the
But
nothing
you
comes
made
hostile
at-
colleague Marcellus, and

had
not
joined
during the Civil War
tempts
of
require Pompey.
his
DIVORCE
398
and
These
debts.
great
for the divorce."

of
these
offer to
not
allow
of
trace
her,
and
his
that Cicero
says
honour
and
some
lived with
bed
and
dear
had
above
him.
to
But
the
and
husband's
of all his
distribution
in the
verseness
his
fortunes
succession
the
to
seems
power
in
evidence
to
find it"
is
any
of
Plutarch,
in the
wife
who
children
two
of
He
had
of his
extremely
inferior
an
in the
public,and
have
from
all in the
I mean
had
the
and
had
He
and
only place
in
easily borne
the
abroad,
height of
chief hand
her
flourishing
state
declining life,soured
of misfortunes
at
her in any
faithful partner
no
was
longer tolerable
quiet at home
this portraitof Terentia, except
in one
no
or
bulent
tur-
negligent in her private affairs,
of health
of
woman
favours.
vigour
; but
and
intriguing in
respondence
cor-
It is clear
apocryphal.
away
the
mother
was
spirit,
expensive
busy
putting
thirtyyears,
she
least
at
wars
is there
only authority
are
would
in his
during the
charges against
for
fortunes, and
slightest hint
some
parted with his wife Terentia, whose

to him
long been uneasy
; this drew
censure
him
he
neglectof Tullia.
whose
last
at
conduct
him
upon
"
her
which
reasons
the
reasons
Terentia
but
Brundusium,
xix
that
that
necessaries," nor
such
no
Middleton,
assigned
shown
have
at
of
to
as
the fairest
as
neglected him
destitute
brought
letters.
has
is not
had
complaint
Cicero
that
there
chap,
confidently affirm
may
untrue.
she
away
alleged
join her husband
him
sent
we
are
that
"
TERENTIA.
were
Now
reasons
did
FROM
by
the
want
to
him."
we
letters of Cicero.
of
ease
To
should
The
the
per-
of
continual
and
justify
there
particular,
where
her
is
expect
exception
is her
matters.
negligence, or perhaps misconduct, in money
Cicero himself
to see
account
what
naturally turn
gives
We
of
on
the
nately
deeply affecting his happiness,but unfortufind in his correspondence no
we
explicitinformation
he alludes
subject. In a letter to his friend Plancius
matter
it,but
to
hints
at
the
cause
rather
than
explains it.
resolved on
a
not," he says, "have
divorce, if I had not, on my
affairs in as
bad
domestic
a
abroad, found
plight as the republic
my
conduct
of those to whom,
in
itself. For when
I saw
that, owing to the wicked
of my
consideration
never-to-be-forgottenbenefits,my safetyand interests ought
been
free from
to have
dear, there was
treacherywithin my own
nothing safe nor
connections
of new
walls, I thought that I ought to be protectedby the fidelity
against the perfidy of the old."
"
return
I would
so
from
what
Now
which
the
charges
have
This
of
been
is
than
remitted
really all
also
for that
the
that
good
any
when
he
had
he
of
Cicero's
show
defend
she
with
was
one
addressed
Tully
:
"
souls
Cicero
; and
two
One
of
seek
and
the
steeped
caused
by
so
dearer
have
to
to
he
(the son) to
I shall
sell
her.
her
the
assured
you."
not
Again
think
thrice married
was
fiftyyears
lost
no
an
the
in
of
calls
her
all used
should
to
an
nor
her
we
may
divorce
Cicero
"
be
to
ever
sure,
was
that if I
She
was
his difficulties,
penniless.
son
favour
gossip
old
extreme
and, if
after
in
to
"Attend
is
her
Light
"
this
leaving their
is in
mothers
harassed
says,
him
loved
so
this be
malevolent
old when
untrue
time
of
have
we
year
"
to
Tulliola,
to
best
be
one
Of
"
assist
to
for fear
lived
he
no
from
Cicero
myself wholly ruined."
property
fourth
that
taken
under-
letters is thus
that
and
another
had
whom
should
you
misery,
In
evidence
probably
He
be
her
She
and
sius,was
most
and
part I disbelieve
hundred
she
than
all the
own
about
that
fault!"
dissuaded
Surely
think
tears
my
me
you
ready
my
in
health, and
your
but
To
help.
husband
Father
"
for
from
passages
his
In another he
darling sister."
longed-for darling ! from
eyes
my
of my
treachery,
they had
know
that
his
and
his
think, conclusive
and
woman,
Terentia,
to
speaks.
I have
as
or
are,
passionate fondness.
"
two
amiable
her
And
divorce.
I will quote
an
that
the
and
which
We
in
persons
he
domestic
Caesar.
steadily denied
for the
her,
to
is
rest
more
brother
injury of
to
correspondence, which
that
her
Terentia
of
of whom
his
alluded
account.
sight of that,
those"
specifickind
grounds
to
as
that
ought
the
and
in
seen,
which
the
falsifying
"
her," but
have
we
matter,
doubt
no
conduct
money
lost
be
guilty in calumniating him
Plutarch
his
"
in his eye
was
of
the
not
help thinking
nephew
of
be
think,
just quoted, Cicero complains
It is not
cannot
been
must
the
and
treachery of
Terentia's
to
part of
know
we
the
previously, as
him,
to
It
I have
one.
had
abstracting
utterly obscure.
passage
he
can,
reference
some
; for
her
accused
to
had
399
what
and
There
complains
matters
money
TERENTIA.
the wickedness
was
here
he
that
FROM
DIVORCE
59-62.
xr.
age,
from
divorced
of
Plutarch
dying
believe
for
; and
in her
Dio
Cicero.
CasBut
her, this
is
story.
looking
out
for another
wife, and
his
friends
as
suitable
another
as
have
to
appear
for
reason
whom,
She
against the
Cicero
been
have
Rome
by
the
after her
son
first she
and
at
but
soon
like
lady
of
and
such
the
on
riages,
mar-
Caesar
45,
war
in
he
tells
Tullia, who
of
Dolabella.2
from
thought
was
she
sad
be
to
in
was
Spain
She
birth
to
seems
house,
of recovery,
fair way
he
us
gave
late husband's
the
under
sank
This
died.
seen
young
most
B.C.
stilllivingin her
father's Tusculan
her
was
confinement
divorce
afterwards
and
to
gave,
never
fortune,
during January, where
that time
at
As
Pompey.
at
was
detained
was
of
sons
idea.
guardian at the time.

now
sixty-one. It was
was
beginning of the new

year,
Italy engaged in carrying
from
Pompey
considerable
January and May,1 and,

turned out unhappily.
the
absent
last fell upon
of
it
At
at
he
of
had
he
that
her
xix.
him,' he
to
to
girl,and
the
like
mentioned
Plutarch, he
to
almost
union
the
to
had
chap.
daughter
not
had
choice
His
according
was
did
proposing
not
Publilia, who
named
he
Atticus
uglier person.
an
suggested
partie,but
lady whom
TULLIA.
OF
DEATH
4oo
ment
of her confine-
effects
happened in February,
she was
probably removed
event
villa,where
there
But
themselves.
showed
alarming symptoms
good deal of obscurity attending her last illness,and
at
is
before
a
have
first intimation
is in
him
So
Astura.
far
tells
He
gardens, which
Atticus, and
1
late Sir
The
told
me,
alluded
the
that
to
asked
once
before
him
case
numerous
Scotch
having
instances
"between
marriages
a
Cresswell
him,
as
he
was
wrote
him
in
as
one
of
of unfortunate
to
and
May,"
him,
and
statisticollecting
cal information, whether
he
could
ex-
plain why marriages that took place in

period between January and
May
the
turned
out
so
badly !
"
to
court
to
his
The
have
right in
the
expressions
villa
child
some
villa
suburban
residence
to
seems
have
supposing
ad
that
the
xii.
Att.
lived, and
to
are
in
passage
"
velim
him.
we
28,
Lentulum
.
visas," refers
of
near
called Lentulus, if
been
aliquando
in
thirtydays
country
letter
of Atticus
house
the
spent
at
Cresswell
January
gentleman
he
from
left his Tusculan
to
gone
belonged
find
next
and
that
us
probably
we
incidental
have
to
seems
whelmed
over-
in March
Atticus
to
gather from
can
daughter'sdeath,
his
Rome.
at
we
calamity which
of the
letter written
as
him
from
correspondence, he
in his
after
have
we
himself.
Cicero
from
particulars
of the
account
no
we
The
But
we
puerum
know
nothing of his subsequent history. Very
probably he
line of Cicero
extinct,
died
young,
in that
and
thus
the
generationbecame
DEATH
48-45.
b.c.
Astura, writing
shrine
or
Tullia.
he
"His wish
where
it would
itself to
his
is suitable
mind.
for
the
on
place
to
401
subject of
to
erect
it in
some
own
His
words
confer
less
Rome,
at
little island
first suggested
at
but
genuine apotheosis,
in the
The
"
of
memory
gardens
"
are
monument
the
to
conspicuous than
birthplace,which
more
his
TULLIA.
anxious
was
was
be
Arpinum,
near
his friend
to
which
OF
Arpinian
afraid
am
island
it
might
My
it lies out
of the way.
inclination,therefore,is for the gardens, which I will look
to
seem
honour,
as
at
I come."1
when
He
garnered
his
his
up
existence.
his
blow.
affection
and
letters,
In
left
her death
heart, and
His
lightthrough
and
by the
terriblystunned
was
he
Tullia
had
dreary blank in
for her shines like a gleam of
he had
clung to her as the prop
stay of his declining years.
He
tried to
himself
occupy
with
study to distract his thoughts,and read such books as

heathen
row,
sorphilosophy could supply to soothe a mourner's
He
but in vain.
work
on
Consolation, in
composed a
hopes
that
others
he
he
wandered
solitude
all the
morning
in their
with
minister
to
attempt
his own,
might assuage
His grief,he said, admitted
pang.
the
the
in
literature,but
the
to
but
it
of
with
his
consolation.
no
himself
occupy
floods of
In
himself
buried
day long, strivingto
overcome
increased
only
the woods, and
into
afflictions of
He
tears.
took
melancholy pleasure in the idea of dedicating a monument

his daughter, and
to
again and again consulted Atticus on
its form
and
the
localitywhere it should be placed.2 It is
a
known
not
whether
probably
most
"
when
come
the
design
not
but
of
fragment
some
relic of the memorial
carried
ever
was
if it was,
it may
which
into
the
be
day
discovered
father's love
tion
execu-
yet
may
a
"
cious
pre-
consecrated
his child.3
to
Although overwhelmed
against it,and
1
There
adopted the
wisest
Essay in the Mimoires

vol. i. p.
Inscriptions,
le
Montganlt, " sur
370, by the Abbe
de Tullia," in which
Fr.num
he investilearnedly illusgates the subject, and
trates the practiceof Apotheosisamongst
is
de FAcademie
the
an
des
ancients.
sumptuary
Cicero
grief,
with
law
There
was
regulating the
kind
of
tombs,
the
beyond
idea
also
enough ground
a
residence
to
there
for his old age,
of
or
was
the
was
enable
himself
manfully
be
taken
imposed equal
legal limit.
to
purchase
him
as
to
a
have
retreat
he called
as
iyyrjpafia
it.
;
expense
2
a' fine
and
excess
His
could
that
course
to
battled
There
is
wild story told
by Bap-
FROM
DIVORCE
402
by one
supply
country
When
he
to
had
blamed
in the
quiet of
incessantly.
wrote
Rome
at
for
himself
secluding
written
in
giving
they
that
met
He
told
his
firmness
cheerfulness
his old
him, but
more
and
way
private,he
those
than
read.
likely to
when
find
would
had
he
ever
were
and
xix.
religioncan
by showing that in the midst of

been
busily employed, and added,
bitterness, that
him
himself
books,
was
and
sorrow
himself
fering he
his
that he
heard
much
with
and
chap.
revealed
that
occupied
He
unknown.
was
the
too
consolation
the
whom
to
PUBLILIA.
all his sufwith
who
some
censured
Atticus
that
had
gaiety
fended
de-
he
serted
de-
not
wholly
were
gone.
lately-marriedwife ?
his
this
certain, but
was
not
was
so
Tullia, that
he
real motive
for the
whatever
for, of
her
Astura
to
to
had
received
she
prayed
her
mother
him
pay
letter
suspected, however,
that
daughter'sname,
and
her
of
any
Atticus
begged
that
be
in
note
letters,ad
Alt.
xi.
to
the
were
excavation
amongst
an
embalmed
body
was
believed
found
one
17, that
an
was
the
of
out
he
terms
to
able,
unconquer-
the
whole
in
come
that
says
he
her, in which
relatives.
He
written
in
bade
peremptorily forbe
alone.
He
they left Rome,

they arrived and
if
notice
which
on
of
in March
to
when
way
his aversion
really
wished
he
the
her
events
timely
him
his stay at
during
was
tista Pius
it
as
If
her.
he
stood
with
relations !
new
which
all
at
of
He
had
he
death
from
come
mother
union
brother, should
visit.
is
Plutarch,
indeed
accompany
her
come,
give
Such
them.
It
to
to
might
he
avoid
his
them
to
The
the
refund
and
purporting to
allowed
be
to
absent
Atticus
to
unwelcome
an
was
money,
to
writing
she
believe
been
have
side, the
divorced
have
must
was
his
feeling at
her
him
wife, with
his
frightlest
of
time
by
desire.
may
was
would
find
We
we
afterwards
cause,
he
That
express
want
marriage
course,
dowry.
her
soon
very
if
; and
happy one
disgusted by
a
her, from
Publilia
Was
by Cicero's
was
all this
during
of his affliction ?
soother
and
sharer
as
where
naturally be asked
It will
to
amongst
the
Astura
of Cicero's
in
making
Alban
hills
discovered,
was
be that of Tullia,
the
sepulchral
that
of the Tullian
urns
/////strata
Abela
found
tion
form
the
at
celebrated
gens.
mentions
Malta
in
and
his Malta
In
an
the
inscripfollowing
"
TULLIOLA.
M.
TULLII.
F.
letter
beautiful
addressed
was
""
him
to
LUCCEIUS.
from
403
Athens
by Ser-
"
The
"
which
in
drawn
It
he
has
Lucceius
it.
Lucceius
of
them
tried
He
letter
his
to
not
country
others
than
had
trumpeter."
ashamed
the
take
with
that
had
from
books
it
in
being
he
to
his
degree
but
own
my
said
seemed
will
You
"
he
nothing
was
the
in
certainlymore
some
studied
thought
given
him.
Lucceius
to
he
allusion
he
grateful
hopeful
more
the
that
him
wrote
confessed
said
letter
it, for
enduring
him
demand
for
another
In
also
duty required,but
to
"
added,
of life,and
for
him
right
he
pardon me,"
his
than
more
is doubtless
acknowledged
pleased by
services, and
own
reader
of
the
Cicero
was
all
by arguments
earthly things.
historian
make
public affairs,but
desperate.
that
he
to
mind,"
mourner
decay
the
which
least mortal
the
and
quoted
consolation,
thanks.
view
often
so
with
of
comfort
to
the vicissitudes
been
letter
friend of Rome's
Roman
strove
from
familiar
he
was
upbraid
prolongation
to
misery.
In
of his letters
one
alludes
make
whom
to
like
do
his
to
to
some
Tullia
had
There
can
be
good
faith
in money
sincerityand
His
Caesar
to
in the
dissuade
for him
young
wished
also
gave
to
consulted
His
father
him
for his
the
and
rents
of
some
any
one
her
she
have
of her
Spain
and
to
go
how
out
acted
as
wanting
he
idea
of
for which
feel
Caesar
Spain
upon
proposed
property
Cicero
sons.
would
than
and
the
sum
to
set
he
had
under
serve
he
had
be
lately
findinghis
on
himself.
to
he
should
apart for
the
The
Athens.
went
on
tried
it would
inconsistent
cause
with
Atticus
expenses,
Let
not
speaks
against Pompey's
favourite
up
grandson,
"
are,
I could
he
and
against a
annoyed
how
little
self,
him-
of purpose.
steadiness
greater
man
the
that
arms
like
ought,
perused by
that
Cicero
I have
done."
grandson than
he
Terentia's
greatly distrusted
my
campaign
bear
fought, and
cousin
will find
him, pointing
to
Terentia
will to be
my
matters,
Marcus
son
March
in
provision by hers for her

His
words
given birth.
doubt
no
written
that
says
I will allow
me.
Atticus
to
will,and
pleases to name
; she
more
liberally towards
in
SULPICIUS
Sulpicius
vius
of
OF
59-62. LETTERS
jet.
the
allow
pose
pur-
Aventine
Mount
and
who
the
spend
not
keep
to
horse
than
more
He
He
more.
composed
taking
essay,
as
with
satisfied
his
Caesar's friends
to
submit
it to
to
him.
They
suggested
adopted the
were
this Cicero
do
His
friend
of
account
Marcellus
the
Rome
killed
had
met
was
at
the
body lying
him
the
with
in
He
had
the
he
the authorities
hurried
of
rest
wished
the
Athens
of the
of any
interment,
noblest
where
the
attached
body
was
of
his
him,
him,
on
in
the world
reduced
The
Caesar,
it buried
though
real motive
the part of
that
most
Magius,
seems
because
been
cellus
of Marfled
of
within
assent,
the
the
they
as
had
him
the
place
in
to
been
have
Marcellus
"
erected
monument
had
the
Academy
unjust suspicion at
he
in
conveyed
burials,which
ashes, and
to
as
"
found
had
having
not
who
and
and
litter and
would
and
who
Sulpicius,
freedmen
his
to
ances
acquaint-
stabbed
suite
of
nated
assassi-
was
gymnasiums outside the city as

a
Sulpicius says he chose
spot
of Marcellus.
itself to
murder.
revenge
and
gymnasium
the memory
this
he
there.
way
religiousscruples against
been
allowed
there.
The)-, however, offered
choice
of
his
on
an
vote
murder
and
have
to
than
give
to
down,
the
placed in
at
and
they
all.
by
day with
slaves
three
the corpse
city,where
he
if
rather
it at
reached
place where
or
that
recalled
by one
suddenly
a
sent
was
just happened
Caesar,
spent
feeling
it
Athens
intramural
never
to
two
from
before
from
political
begged Atticus
sending
news
Athens,
the
in
attendance,
walls, but
had
in
he
Piraeus,where
the
and
of
been
who
Chilo,
Piraeus
at
were
which
Batf/Xs/ag,
far
was
had
supper
When
moment
committed,
the
in at
evening after
himself.
there
of
vszi
and
him
of
assent
Magius
form
re-written,and
to
seen,
the
all necessary
at
alterations
idea
have
we
Mitylene put
named
terror.
the
which
with
in the
then
be
must
tragic event
as
He
good family
they would
journey
Rome
at
many
Sulpiciuswrote
had,
from
so
abandoned
Senate
letter
not
he
but
performance,
own
sure
Aristotle's work
Alexander,
to
was
in the
Caesar
to
his model
addressed
was
letter
of
for the
and
Argiletum.
men
was
xix.
at home.
horses
enough
he
said
that it
added
Athens,
at
young
and
Athens,
to
chap.
called
Rome
several
of
names
going
were
MARCELLUS.
the district of
in
mentioned
to
OF
MURDER
404
first
privy
been
to
private
refused
to
406
originallyconsisted
lus, and
and
had
the
character
of
of the
one
really a monster
He
also completed
chief
objects
Cato
school,
and
literature
was
the book,
find
the
of the
dowry.
light on the
Not
her
this
made
never
period
minute
fact
of
the
about
his
of
of
tone
had
all,and
his
shrine
letters
in
Cicero
was
But
is certain, that
painfulthat
whatever
may
can
only
we
expected
to
writing to
find
her
he
have
guess
at
to
not
many
and
course,
no
idea
discover
the
bear
the
matical
enig-
as
of
with
him
been
is
name
Very probably
could
his
Terentia
to
anxious
life.
his domestic
letters
expresses
cipher. Atticus,
be
of
frequently
is almost
correspondence
writen
to
throw
to
is
memory,
regard
with
and
of
so
her
to
Atticus
of
repayment
Although allusion
Tullia, and he constantly
a
himself
topics his
all domestic
on
chief evil.
it is remarkable
separation,and
the
combats
divorced
offices
good
in
he
we
with
daybreak
is the
had
he
him
August
in which
pain
Publilius
details
have
that
the
posterity would
them.
month
tion
atten-
made
and
years,
In the
the
attracted
written.
if he
it
philosophy
eloquence. It
of
study
Essays,
distant
might
to
of
claims
the
the
summer
reserve
erect
were
upon
of
are
to
Publilia, the
understood
aim
to
sius,
is his Horten-
period
syllable occurs
mentioned
once
that
the
brother
the loss
as
to
inquiry into
an
villa,busy before
employed
cause
desire
earnest
ments
argu-
work
for those
ought
men
early
Epicureans
absolute
to
Finibus,
upheld
his
in
of
course
what
and
same
with
Tusculan
her
at
the
to
philosophy.
to
with
with
Romans,
unhappily lost,which
now
Publilia,and
arrange
which
part of his Tusculan
the doctrine
from
at
contrasted
his
at
the second
In
De
he
Augustine
St.
him
work
ends
or
belongs
as
himself
devote
his
in which
dialogue
of
whole
that
composition
a
the
making Torquatus represent the Epicurean

the
Piso
the Stoic, and
Peripatetic. Another
happiness
secure
the
of erudition.
times
the
persons
as
suit
better
of the
learned
most
Hortensius,
and
Varro,
dedicated
He
them.
to
would
minds
whose
assigned
Varro,
Cato, Brutus, and
instead
introduced
the
also
changed
Catulus, Lucullus,
been
Lucul-
and
Catulus
He
four.
into
them
xix.
chap.
called
books,
of two
turned
speakers, who
we
LABOURS.
LITERARY
the
to
reason,
things
fully explained in
his
cumstances
cir-
dwell
the
which
confi-
SCANDAL
59-62.
jet.
ABOUT
C.ZRELLIA.
407
dential
intimate
correspondence with his most
the
style of his letters at this period is more
be
abrupt than usual, and it may
safely said
interestingportion
of his
life
In
one
absurd
She
we
it is
scandal
of
some
her
his
name
"
few
say
against Cicero
writings, and
the
he
forgot to
is copying
mention
least
the year
is
to
In
Atticus
that Crerellia,
who
mentioned,
her
with
admired
copied
get
or
an
name.
who
copy
the
of
account
on
connected
trouble
to
says
the
embraces
words,
philosophical works.
occurs
that
blue-stockingdame,
took
difficult and
lady called Casrellia
been
which
Even
encased.
now
right to
have
to
seems
is that
are
of them
two
or
whom
about
his
which
on
them
of
friend.
first letter where
"
has
wonderful
passion for philosophy,

possession. She has the
treatise Dc Finibus.
But
I can
assure
(althoughI may be mistaken, for to
you
is human) that she has
of
err
not
been out of
copies, for they have never
any
my
So
from
far
sight.
my
having two copies made, hardly one was
completed.
my
from
However, I do not think that it was
copyists,and I wish
any fault of your
understand
to
you
them
to be
of my
some
this.
For
from
those
I omitted
in your
mention
to
Dio
to
Cassius, the
speech against Cicero, to

particularlyallude, charged him
more
second
wife
Publilia
letters
of
an
Cicero
to
her, and
amatory
The
delicacy.
of
the
dame
that
seventy
frail
letters
correspondence,
and
Madame
of
was
must
never
the
ancients
; and
others
that
which
wish
he
mentioned
some
appeared written
expressions offensive
this scandal
to
hereafter
had
contained
answer
I shall
in
his
putting away
turbed
might carry on undis-
he
which
Calenus,
with
Casrellia,and
nature
Fufius
is to
made
the
by
to
the
state
were
spurious.
just
as
nature
forget the
there
; but
that
they
wished
many
of
The
by Cicero himself.
good
Publilia's
if
employed by
family, not
little doubt
there
to
of
damage
attacks
offices
by
to
invective
to
the
was
suppose
attributed
licence
the
Chateaubriand
it is ridiculous
unbridled
indulged when
this applies to
be
between
malevolence
must
mentioned
Very probably
was
he
speech
at
Recamier
the
If Fufius
by his audience, for he

I think,
lady. There
can,
laughed
the
the
order
which
best
was
been
of
age
I did not
the alleged
respective parties at the time when
Cicero was
tive
going on.
sixty-two and the seduc-
intrigue was
have
in
intrigue with
an
ages
that
you
tribune
abusive
an
to
publishedyet."
According
it
works
it.
We
in which
an
made
of Caerellia
Publilia
that
nent
oppoupon
were
herself,to
him
induce
would
he
but
In
of
one
property
felt
his
letters
him
twice-widowed
divorces,
and
he
Perhaps
looking
him
upon
would
man
young
continued
hostile
as
reports
treated
from
Caesar,
Upon
which
might
be
Cassar
father,
his
by
who
of
Victory
of
Cassar
At
and
would
skill
it
close
the
sent
it
August
letter
as
and
with
to
of
one
fear
to
is
them
prudent
from
written
in
expresses
the
with
he
was
plain
applaud
was,
King
he
much
procession
this
from
That
villa, he
to
reason
which
Cassar,
address
to
pleasure.
adroitness
beginning
or
than
of
statue
image
an
said,
because
is
another,
No
himself.
one
he
September
extant
not
flattery,and
without
written
equal might
read
him.
neighbour.
bad
of
end
The
it.
harshly
that
assured
Tusculan
in
calumnious
bitterness, that
sentiments,
refused
had
carried
was
beside
his
at
Ouintus,
against
himself.
In
letters.
was
guard
Caesar, however
real
ferent
indif-
on
was
nothing
had
as
his
people
when
describes
one
he
the
had
Victory
he
first
utterly estranged
was
not
was
of
in
the
at
young
Marcus
some
if he
still
how
still
was
kinds
his
on
with
with
his
in
when
that
joy
be
to
conceal
him
September,
uncle
that
discontented
passages
many
his
little determination
such
made
policy
that
charge
well
very
thoroughly
cousin
remarks,
formidable
his
ought
Cicero
knew
of
and
that
pression
ex-
was
Athens
nephew,
spreading all
ever,
for instance,
as,
"
as
his
and
brother,
his
with
terms
the
son
at
Cicero
uneasiness.
some
his
by
uncertain
felt
his conduct
for
out,
here
little satisfaction
had
he
heir, as
alludes
But
his
that
he
leave
reduced
was
daughter.
his
that
his
turn
father
his
caused
he
considering
meant
as
of
loss
remarkable,
is
living.
the
to
He
of it.
which
to
state
he
could
he
whom
to
one
no
his
pleasure, for
than
trouble
more
that
declares
he
time
this
about
having
at
proposal.
gratification in the enjoyment
the
man
the
to
much
distress
more
two
his
listen
gave
it than
to
not
xix.
chap.
again after their divorce,
lady back
that
take
to
CAESAR.
OF
DISLIKE
4o8
but
could
in
wrote
but
tone
yet
such
as
do
this
with
he
which
Cassar
more
CESAR.
JULIUS
CHAPTER
XX.
DEATH
JEt.
returned
CAESAR
afterwards
to
such
called
had
as
The
battle
Avar,
but
in the
of
Caesar
and
Rome,
sham
several
are
told
the
mountain
Munda
gained
but
celebrated
fights,and
days.
that
taxed
with
He
the
and
displayed during the

March
of
great
Sextus
escaped.
the
people with
they amounted
home
to
contest.
terminated
the
fell
returned
Caesar
great
pomp
to
and
gladiatorialcombats
them
at
enormous
more
general
difficulty. Cneius
triumph with
entertaining
brought
was
determination
and
courage
17th
last
as
of
sons
of what
resources
it with
his
victorious
Sextus, the
fastnesses
his
his
from
October
been
on
magnificence, amusing
and
Cneius
fought
engagement,
44.
There
elsewhere
not
B.C.
in
Granada,
and
utmost,
63.
Rome
had, amongst
Pompey,
the
Spain.
in
campaign
to
C^SAR.
OF
than
public tables
treasures.
six
hundred
for
We
mil-
OF
DEATH
4io
lion
he
sesterces
and
He
pounds.
seventy
of
donation
proclaimed
sterling
and
"
about
hundred
the
for
amnesty
an
xx.
the consulship which

assumed
he had
laying down
the
he
dictatorship,he
colleague when
gave
up
past, and
without
soldiers
the
of
each
gave
chap.
is, upwards of five millions
that
"
CsESAR.
appointed
of the
remainder
for the
consuls
as
day of the year,

nominated
in his place for the few
Rabilius was
Caninius
and
remaining hours, which gave rise to one of Cicero's jokes,who
consul of such surprisingvigilancethat he
said that he was
a
at
never
during his consulship. For it terminated
slept once
Fabius
C. Trebonius.
and
midnight,
Cicero
of
proconsul
their
who
Deiotarus,
Cilicia
he
to
of
1st
which
cause
he
Caesar
and
his
sent
and
son
their studies
pursue
pleaded.
ever
that when
remember
may
of
originallytetrarch
was
January,
at
he
with
nephew
the
Galatia,
of
court
had
and
During the
king of Armenia.
by the Senate
he had
espoused the side of Pompey, and Caesar,
and
had
Pharnaces,
deposed him
victory over
created
been
civil
war
his
after
of his
him
deprived
royal
the
retain
to
last
the
We
Dionysius
tutor
last
office.
this.
was
on
the
on
the
to
undertook
now
occasion
was
day,
next
succeeded
Antony
The
and
died
the
O. Fabius
year
The
conqueror
was
and
received
from
of
him
upon
entertained
hospitably
him,
but
Armenia,
title conferred
Armenia,
in
dominions
kingdom
allowed
him
by the Senate.
by Deiotarus,
notwithstanding the loss

some
magnificent presents.
of
his
After
ceived
departure, Castor, a grandson of Deiotarus, consuborned
the idea of supplanting his grandfather,and
Caesar's
of
attendant
Philippus,a medical
of having practised against
his
Castor
Armenia.
in
stay
the
court,
to
life of his guest
the
Philippus
sent
against Deiotarus, who

and
they entreated
represented by ambassadors,
undertake
was
cause
their
master's
heard
before
He
defence.
Cassar
during
Rome
to
charge
the
prosecute
tarus
Deio-
accuse
there
was
Cicero
consented,
and
sitting at
his
himself
to
to
the
own
house.
When
the
intimating
campaign,
that
the
case
ovef, the Dictator
intention, when
his
to
was
pursue
dagger
the
of Brutus
he
inquiry on
struck
him
postponed judgment,
undertook
the
down.
spot.
the
Parthian
But
before
CAESAR
63.
mt.
On
20th
the
his villa
at
length
to
of
troublesome
house
the
villa
truly puzzled
was
rescue,
the villa
the
Saturnalia
until
I
took
listened
without
to
have
only
emetic
and
Not
He
spend
would
of
account
So
closed
up
from
the
On
of
that
and
Rome
a
in
the
guest
return.'
of
to
one
He
wards
after-
He
then
of his countenance,
muscle
the
at
both
banquet,
and
ate
and
call
shall
rightand
would
of
that
next
it
'
say,
class
drank
well
served,
His
inferior
here
little
Dolabella's
But
good friend,
my
was
now
it was,
while,
villa
no
you
so
He
said
he
given
you
an
then
whole
this they did
sation
conver-
are
as
and
the
ever
How-
man.
Why
I have
treated
were
enjoyed himself.
Puteoli.
at
Pray,
There
literarytalk.
he
?
billeting
"
tables,
better
enough.
was
deal
stay
The
left of his horse, and
Antony
a
her
succession
the
of
day
few
the
year
in order
constant
victories
having vanquished
every
1
was
Caesar
have
go
body
nowhere
said,
to
my
of
his
else.
to
and
carry
"imtikt)v agebat.
on
at
to
his
home,
to
campaign
enemies
Napoleon,
necessary
opponent
intended
troublesome
Like
the
assumed
He
colleague.
frontier.
eastern
of
new
his
as
weeks
Parthians,
on
the
three
at
acquitted myself like
you
showed
passing by
was
One
good
shall
the
on
first
Rome
against
day
Nicias."
consulship, with
leave
fields,
no
bath.
capital dinner,
want.
whom
to
Baiae and
or
could
long story,
me.
he
As
I heard
they
your
at
visit ;
disagreeable
Tusculanum.
guards
had
to
came
third
admitted
was
well-digested good discourse.'
delighted, and
day
the
of
on
to
not
all
topics, but
was
one
with
make
to
visit
serious
was
Balbus.
therefore
He
It
the
on
with
the
at
men.
Cassius
place reclining
his
of
day
pitched in the
afternoon, and
changing
took
cause
he had
scarcely room
Barba
o'clock
no
when
But
was
Philippus
two
have
second
was
camp
liberallyentertained
had
kind
the
another
on
thousand
accounts
afterwards.1
Seasoned
was
slaves
is not
anxious
over
without
the
day, but
next
at
enjoyed himself.
retinue
sumptuously.
pay
at
that, but
Besides, his
he
were
in the
oil, and
But
there
stayed with
going
was
that
guards.
shore, and
with
'
freedmen
the
o'clock
Mamurra
on
an
do
of
had
evening of
the
There
Caesar
one
he
the
on
scrapie,and
not
me
an
quoting
pleasantlyenough.
soldiers
sup.
could
body
imagine
rubbed
was
intending
me
epigram
an
nearly
walk
to
next
what
to
protected.
was
in
filled with
so
he gave
presence.
and
guest
gives
worth
is
have
"
says,
Philippus
himself
know
to
and
and
and
Atticus
to
It
visit.
for all passed off
of
dining-table for Cassar
his
Cicero's
became
letter
the
guest," he
happened,
the
at
Saturnalia
my
and
Puteoli,
account
Caesar
411
"
regret what
arrived
December
GUEST.
What
"
of
near
interesting
CICERO'S
he
felt
position ;
he
wished
banks
of
1st
the
of
Csesar
him
This
expedition.
and
he
he
would
went
far
so
his
use
election.
the
kept
although,
up,
whoever
and
the
by
to
offended
not
the
at
as
when
Dolabella
out
to
thian
Par-
his
on
by Antony,
the
time
came,
invalidate
to
augur
in their
by him
also
set
centuries
that
certain
was
be
to
he
But
opposition.
took
he
that
mighty
that
in Caesar
magnanimity
chosen
of Rome's
intention
law,
was
spirit in Antony
some
still
was
wish
fact, Caesar's
of
point
the declared
it shows
the
on
election, for it appears
people
shows
It
oppose
and
master,
influence
nominated
was
people.
ventured
in
usual
present
was
when
that
word
voting by the
of
form
the
the
use
the
nominating
himself
declare
and
power
as
xx.
eagles to
strongly opposed
was
to
as
rest,
of
he
when
consul
met
the
intention
his
as
Senate
Cicero, with
and
announced
succeed
The
Euphrates.
January,
chap.
by carrying his victorious
gain fresh laurels
to
C^SAK.
OF
DEATH
4i2
he
was
himself
upon
these the
dispose absolutely of the praetorships.Amongst
real importance
of any
the only one
indeed
highest office
to
"
of prcetor
that
was
"
in
both
who
Cassius,
Junia,
the
sister
pride
the
the
of
Antony
pale
of
if the
it is
he
slight that
the
also
satisfyhim
Caesar
mischief
spare
me
have
men
about
me
that
are
fat ;
sleep o' nights:

Yon
Cassius has a lean and hungry look :
He thinks too much
men
are
dangerous.
: such
Sleek-headed
men,
and
such
as
in
was
in
without
Brutus
told
he
figuresof
"
Let
; but
that
said,
that I fear, but
men
the
to
was.
the
engage
about
misgivings
he
it
not
was
let
of
one
to
long-haired
Brutus,
must
we
determined
when
it.
of
Cassius
meditating
lean," alluding
Plutarch, after
that
that
were
to
supposed
life.
is true
story
fat and
the
Cassius
had
and
Dolabella
and
is not
and
him,
gave
it would
that
conspiracy against Caesar's
himself"
It
this
he
The
hold
but
claim,
stronger
and
wounded,
was
suspicions
and
has
married
to
in favour
friends, determined
his
praetorships,in hopes
consequence
"
Caesar, who, according
praetor." And
first
be
other
his
Cassius
"
anxious
and
Brutus
Marcus
(Cassius having
Brutus), were
with
deliberating with
saying,
of
subordinate
being
rest
both
and
power,
brothers-in-law
were
rested
decision
Brutus
and
dignity
the
urbanus,
the
Brutus
DEATH
414
of
one
his
tribunes,
that
he
they
The
plan
next
make
report that
the
With
them
for
speak
in their
mystic
was
to
come
weeks
some
Of
effect
the
little.
of
was
the
and
whose
rely
in the
thereby
of
to
attempt
we
told,
are
it
made
design
whom
to
wife
Porcia,
confide
sixty persons
the
best
and
Cicero
afterwards,
secret
said
are
Brutus,
Domitius,
That
the
known,
Decimus
believe,
deed
as
the
The
is well
been
Marcus
besides
Trebonius,
enterprise.
an
should
to
his
cousin, forced
less than
No
the
plot,of
whom
Cassius,
and
Tullius
Casca,
join
by which
known.
Brutus
cate
communi-
to
own
to
to
last consented
at
privy
Rome,
which
on
Brutus
his
and
her
have
ventured
acter
char-
at
man
of heroism
act
in
ceived
con-
plot,whose
strength
and
know
we
extremely
was
any
that
had
shrouded
desperate
Cassius
to
to
in
not
was
the
Cicero
not
are
Cnasus
Cimber,
for,as
skies, but
because
of
popular
him
strongly
denied
we
he
he
shall
was
is
number
accused
because
wrong,
the
tide
against the murderers,

well
of
so
Cato
they
Servilius.
wrhen
but
of
daughter
of
for
time
first who
he
the
in
cautiouslysounded,
was
the
and
condition
had, if
the
and
been
that
out
carry
have
sible
impos-
life.
secret
tower
it is
that
king.
design which
in
Brutus
be
by
great conspiracy
assassination,
would
They spread a
a
prophecy
might
warned
have
to
part in the conspiracy.
to
the
they could
and
Romans,
formed
Marcus
name
It
taking Caesar's
of
take
him
the
perhaps higher than
He
them.
in execution
engage
stood
his
put
of
their purpose.
to
conquered
stratagem
been
seems
plan
to
be
not
Cassius
mystery.
Several,
this
course
the
contained
was
only
particulardetails
It
anxious
leaves
pretence
make
they pleased.
as
harboured
to
the
him.
was
guardians,
superstitious as
so
had
men
the
could
what
say
bold
bribe
to
Parthians
friends
his
the
on
xx.
of
some
against
part subservient
oracles
people
to
few
play
of
offices
sedition
by
to
order
their
stir up
to
chap.
by
of
resorted
necessary
their
that
them
trying
were
only
removed
deprived
Sibylline books
was
and
statues,
C^SAR.
OF
of
would
hereafter
not
feeling
being
it.
see,
turned
this
shrunk
he
of
had
of
one
And
have
the kind
Antony
certain.
man
the
spirators,
con-
we
may
from
extolled
who
the
it to
would
be
in
engaged
taken
be
likely to
"
lest to
adding
his
the
now
weighing
make
the
Ides
of
"
day
Sibylline
time
for
theatre
splendid
Martius.
His
portico.
Senate
to
was
favourable
the
joining
there
their
to
stood
when
called
this
Curia
that
When
his
to
son,
the
But
of violence
the
fatal
morning
assembled
at
who
on
was
from
Forum,
with
Brutus
gladiators,and
the
that
daggers
of
this
had
'
of
those
in which
by the
part of
the
city with
monwealth
com-
the
building
portico,and
it
to
in
was
toga
hastened
their
between
exhibit
the
games,
some
assembled
in
case
spirators
con-
accompanied
the
assume
in Brut.
of
body
great
in readiness
Plutarch
the
done.
pretext, he
them
the
where
him
concealed
to
the
Campus
recess,
they afterwards
about
of
appointment
of Cassius, and
day
the
with
certainlywas
the
house
of
to
the
was
came
which
was
there
from
distinct
deed
availing himself
of
that
or
no
Pompeii,
portico,one
erected
Pompey,
adorned
Pompeii
was
the
The
the
divine
on
was
west
place, too,
large exhedra
the
Senate-house
Decimus
with
theatre."
the
porticoes and
It
in
curia
"
king,
part
of
the
by
that
Ctitia
the
on
be
15 th
once.
formed
very
to
the
at
extremity
The
"
seemed
of
which
confound
to
"
he
business
there
the
was
southern
are
statue
not
blunt
Caesar
struck
Pompey
purpose.
theatre,
should
believed
that
be
portico
seems
meet
might
in
his
by
contained
saw
meet
by
be
to
must
to
the
words
he
declare
to
said
was
erected
Plutarch
made
blow
the
far from
Capitol,not
Cicero,
and
age,
for
currently
conspirators
Senate
building adjoining
from
resolution
was
be
the
and
the
it
was
The
delay,
where
place
and
what
books.
old
of
summoned
was
would
with
Plutarch
despatch possible."1
all the
March,
conformity
which
naturally timorous,
was
and
were
and
resolution.
greatest security,he
the
who
danger,
particularthat
forwardness
proposal
those
concealed
was
caution
meeting of the Senate
that
every
their
required
in
of
edge
which
would
step without
one
the
and
he
as
plot
wariness
of
and
nerve
disposition,which
own
415
full of
was
as
the
that
expressly
us
much
so
SENATE.
counsels
the
into
enterprise that
an
required nothing
tells
THE
OF
MEETING
63.
jet.
virilis,
to
the
robes.
and,
large body
a
a
rescue
was
In order
attempted.
the
of
other
early
We
happen.
the
that
whom
violence
from
At
last
the
Caesar
has
Brutus
stranger
ear
told
me
he
escaped
him
which
would
relieved
obvious
the
went
the
Laenas
more
are
design.
than
usual
with
you,
But
no
be
lost.
But
where
wearing
on,
of the
secret
now
!"
and
may
and
It
was
the
he
evident
meantime
had
delay
to
not
of
Another
known
whispered
haste,
that
was
appeared.
not
them
to
we
not
incident
widely
Popilius
them
"
"
accomplish
may
you
make
for
Caesar
What
the
The
was
My
your
thing
moment
was
not
had
more
named
senator
It
was
he
that
sudden
full,and
were
answer.
in
Cassius, and, saluting
hope
you
plan, when
alluded
rejoiced
have
saying,
rich
man
us,
that
might
the
to
minds
and
from
?"
aedileship
plot was
earnestness,
advise
in
unusual
we
Brutus
to
up
the
have
that the
waiting
countenance
word
so
for the
conspirators imagined.
came
wishes
showed
by the hand,
his
be
to
imprudent
an
being
time.
secret
and
fatal
all their
must
of
group
him
anxiety by
which
to
which
by
occurred, which
If
hinder
naturally supposed
his
you
in
the
plot,
election
Casca
himself
betrayed
with
Brutus
he
point
the
taking
been
from
secret
how
imagine
have
an
in
surprised.
came
of
one
the
to
him
stand
that
terrible
than
some
left and
warned
stood
Casca
was
How
"
could
you
can
shall
the
concealed
all."
privy
was
laughing tone,
You
"
much
other
he
as
"
how
the
one
with
which
then
on
been
have
might
showed
that
to
him, the party
nor
He
was
their victim, and,
his
into
whispered
secret
Casca,
to
up
arrival of
for the
the
decided
upon
me,
law."
to
going
declared
Caesar,
hinder
not
the
moment
and
came
person
the
does
deciding according
betrayed,
but
before
selves
them-
proceeded
was
Brutus
morning
to
some
Senate-house.
the
to
unusual
Marcus
appeal
and
Forum,
given judgment
would
Caesar
"
calmly said,
me,
had
he
that
when
that
came
he
in the
xx.
and
praetors, seated
were
nothing
that
told
are
causes
against
who
if
as
cases,
chap.
suspicion, Brutus,
tribunals
their
on
CAESAR.
disarm
to
conspirators
dispose of
to
of
OF
DEATH
4i 6
to
was
day
the
was
cause
believe
the
concurrent
testimony
of
is
many
b.c.
SINISTER
44-
writers, several
ancient
the
and
night
need
We
true,
not
of the
imagination
be
by dwelling
it had
after
It is
often
the
be
of
exist
he
says
His
heaviness
dreamed
slepthad
fallen,and
that
which
for
arms
its
In
accord.
own
her
The
he
omens
not
leave
to
Brutus
was
lofty soul
to
the
which
thrust
a
it
revelation
of
be
home
tell
him
not
come
deterred
and
As
there, fell
to
read
his hand
of the
a
he
to
mined
deter-
impatient
Senate
was
that
his
the
threshold
and
ground
been
which
that
he
in the
one
be
carried
broken
was
had
to
taken
passed along
street.
by
his statue,
if he
saved
as
to
sence
prehis
summons
spirators
con-
last Decimus
litter
the
passed
paper
custom,
mind, and, accompanied

got into
by some
plot ; but
was
It contained
Caesar, thinking probably that
petition such
receiving,and
tion,
divina-
that he
The
of
opened
by the paltry omens
yet he might have
merely
was
habit
left his
Even
into
day.
fled
Mars,
to
Roman
it is said
that
frightened a weaker
stood
the trouble
and
old
him
to
Senate-house.
pieces.
did
see
disdained
he
the
to
they
and
attempted
say
might have
Brutus,
he
personally and
urgently required. After such
still he
to
dwelling, rattled
at
to
message
off to
went
in his
when
house
which
dedicated
and
but
very
declares
in
that
the
the
sent
assembled,
his
the
ment
presenti-
of his bed-chamber
morning
unfavourable
were
event
beyond
wounded
was
kept
by feeding poultry according

the
terrible
way
house
armour
the door
the
the
husband
Maximus
during the night, and
are
ever
merry
the good event.
that
refuge.
Pontifex
as
men
foreruns
Calpurnia
her
the
mysterious
it would
as
"
wife
to
of
is
superstitious
fact established
some
Against ill chances

But
the
to
doom.
account
approaching evil, and

that which
Shakespear
of
happens
rule, when
in
the
the utmost
to
seemed
impending
whether
circumstances
place.
often
his
origin
excited
the
upon
possibilityof doubt, that
reverse
of
their
Romans,
taken
does
him
warn
owed
they
import happened in
his assassination, which
curiouslyinquire
too
whether
or
before
to
41 7
of sinister
omens
morning
Providence
by
sent
OMENS.
which
as
was
he
of
was
no
constantly
in
the
pressing importance,
thrust
told
it
he
had
said
day
Yes,"
was
actually
and
prophecy,
he
was
whether
would
the
true
be
not
be
must
the character
to
be
unsullied
mistake,
and
no
was
one
advisable
while
house
with
the
it would
of
went
out
declares
he
and
Caesar
had
been
Antony
he
the
dictator
kept
got
him
of
conversation,
in
it
low
point
of
policy
it is
at
all
Popilius
Laenas
engaged
This
fore
therehim
distinctly
Trebonius
that
this
By
read
seem
came
time
in the
of
moments
litter
to
up
approached him,
outside
alarmed
the
the
in
Senate
the
Cicero
senators
his
have
events
engage
and
was
have
way
where
last
he
Trebonius
and
viction
con-
Senate-
as
some
can
however,
armed
affectingto
the
The
law
the
the
in
sisted
in-
capital
was,
from
Philippic
which
he
right and
It
accomplice,
an
tone.
that
had
injustice. There
way
portico when
time
some
second
ought
who
man
of
chamber
the
spent.
were
able
unfavour-
an
says
away
his
on
in
way
in the
out
for
one
might
plan, or
the
the door, and
reached
lounging
the
himself.
presence
of
was
Brutus
design, which
preconcerted arrangement.
writers
doomed
in
entered
his
In
by
met
ancient
as
he
before
that
made
Antony
him
meet
assembled.
was
from
But
give
safety of the conspirators.

to
conversation
pure
time
same
kill him.
to
being done, for,
was
execution
the
endangered
in
conspirators
the
at
in defence
Cicero
authority, his
embarrassed
gift
science
fully impressed with
keep
to
deed
the
consular
man
for the
the
Plutarch
more
than
afterwards
thought
and
in this he
that
doubt
no
yet
the
that
get credit
to
of their
undertaken
action
kept
not
conspirators,or perhaps
murdered
solely to the removal
an
You
"
it has
but
amongst
destroyed the liberties of Rome.

that
and
met,
reputation of the
the
are
still alive."
am
suppose
of the
hoped
enhance
come,
must
we
majority wished
thinking that
consent,
limited
be
it has
"
we
of March,
Ides
and
come,
design
should
complexion
to
of the
seriouslydebated
and
not
he
xx.
adept.
an
Antony
Caesar,
soothsayer whom
plot,and
so
been
It had
as
the
in the
And
other,
chap.
folds of his robe.
has
story is
inklingof
C^SAR.
beware
to
the
If this
some
to
feared
you
had
which
him
answered
passed."
of
gaily
warned
the
see
the
into
unopened
that
who
"
OF
DEATH
4i8
door
the
have
; and
and
in close
conspirators,
63.
for
they knew
Cassius
no
they
for
the
make
and
hand
to
kiss
of
In
the
in and
he
walked
down
petition him
to
others
joined
importunity
Tullius
In
instant
an
him
the
in
too
of the
handle
are
you
his
into
?"
But
body,
and
when
had
go
Casca's
loved
So
blind
of most
1
and
"
did
meant
You,
use
more
Brutus
of them
Dio
to
than
mere
term
he
sat
which
Cimber
him
the
Their
Caesar,
to
get
As
did
so
he
his shoulders.
from
stabbed
Casca
air,and
he
had
Casca
was
Caesar, seizing the
and
Casca,
you
villain,what
was
now
hand
without
grasped,
of
assassins
moment
he
son
cried
?"
If
have
may
of affec-
kill
to
of them
some
cut
was
and
plunged
Brutus,
whom
in the
hand,
with
tween
his
in the
him, that
while
robe
inevitable
his
were
let
themselves
the
clothes
blood.
tion, for
was
his
folding
struggle to
if
as
request.
slight,for
the
saw
as
affection,uplifted to strike,he
Cassius
too, Brutus, my
the
expression it
"
out,
besmeared
were
him
As
upon
seat.
was
home,
he
the
of the
their
dagger after dagger
warm
were
eager
According
out,
blow
submitted
confusion
wounded,
which
arm,
him
fate.1
with
wound
him
to
brother, and
pulled it
the
in
rose
Tullius
"
his
from
cried
weapon,
about
he
around
the
send
to
nervous
The
gone
Pompey
disagreeable,and
his robe, and
shoulder.
all
men.
of
Rome
at
dagger glitteredin
of
statue
eagerly
abruptly
at
had
they
his banished
more
became
rather
snatched
the
recall
urging
last
at
of it, rose
rid
he
of
purpose
safe.
were
senators
entreaty, pressing close
the
in
affable
Spada
to
they
talking familiarly with
most
Palazzo
turned
conspiratorskept close
under
just
in the
began
for the
the
was
say
stands
now
he
some
"
his chair,
to
far
so
entered
Caesar
the
and
him,
up
for
usual,
was
As
Caesar.
to
Caesar
as
of the
great body
seats.
receive
to
they felt that
the
their
and
left him,
and
"
ness
in readi-
daggers
talking
they
their victim
upon
Popiliuskissed Caesar's
But
once.
Judas
meantime
taken
body
at
Senate-house
the
enter
as
work
if
rush
rather
not
We
him.
trust
their
had
Popilius was
did
they
sure
the
"
that
secret, but
the
in
was
and
Brutus
to
destroy themselves
to
and
while
purpose
It is strange
ready
were
prematurely discovered,
were
said
they might
far
how
sure
he
that
before
time
419
Popilius had
what
means
that
told
are
from
short
by
were
ASSASSINATION.
THE
jet.
son
scandal
"
declared
the .fruit of
his mother
that
an
Servilia and
amour
Brutus
be=
Csesar.
is certain
It
of
one
letters
his
witnessing the
and
in the
annals
that
the
tyrant.
The
terms
He
the
of
the
who
had
and
says
that
hid
his
of
at
in
first all
the wild
in
the
symbol
of
liberty,on
aloft,marched
The
the
gazed
off his
on
of
be
near,
he
hurried
Plutarch
and
cries
As
Brutus
he
shouted
the
sword,
the
him
the
In
Brutus
cause
the
the
was
"
of his
restoration
were
Philippic Cicero
this
done
was
that
his
the
own
Perhaps," he
appealing to
because
only parallel
gloriouscon"
says,
me
was
Caesar,
fears
Cicero
when
cause,
ploit similar
to
bear
had
witness
that
rival of my
renown."
the
was
out
be-
moment.
never
of
hand,
of
he
called
had
That
his
the
Lentulus
performed
he
the
as
lating
congratu-
and
mine,
more.
his
him,
upon
to
there
no
in
he
the
it became
was
himself,
case
of
that
liberty.1Several
of
it
gladiators
republic,and
the
the
as
carrying
the
bloody dagger
of
cause
the
protection in
Cicero, calling
whom
second
thought
achievement
sulship.
of
on
that
of
name
amongst
senators,
his
sudden
cap,
and
by
for
called
they
as
along, with
went
representative
assumes
tyrant,
shouts,
by the
placed
they relied
slave,
in, increased
was
followed
Capitol
in
dress
But
first they had
attacked.
at
no
they were
expected
populace turning against them, and
would
be
a
general rising in their favour when
that
robe
the
to
was
Antony
consular
occasioned
of
upon
it
When
streets.
assassins
point
whom
upon
fro
great
building when
everybody
the
to
up
Decimus,
victim
the
secret
filled with
were
and
to
city.
threw
which
place of concealment.
passion that
tumult
the
putting
places
running
surprise and
known
of
country
the
for
with
happened
or
himself
of
he
happened,
in attendance
home
of
it
plunged her dagger in
along the
being recognised, and
was
and
of
detestation
more
in the
not
out
alarm
fled in wild
what
fear of
no
she
were
rushed
They
and
heard
felt
when
did
who
senators
scene.
over,
he
interests
no
speaks
in
the
imagine the stupifiedhorror
can
body
that
at
glorious
most
he
lost
was
joy he felt
the
of
In
regicide was
eyes
one
murder.
the
in which
man
sacrifice, and
Corday
as
xx.
of Marat.
breast
We
the
believed
Charlotte
than
the
of fame.
for
his
In
blood.
act
pity
the
at
expresses
in the
the
required
he
exulted
all
show
of
chap.
present
was
Atticus
to
deed
he
crime,
Cicero
that
CAESAR.
OF
DEATH
420
an
ex-
on
me
become
consulship
thoughts
for
DEATH
422
from
recover
destruction.
feared
was
show
was,
side.
It
is
conspiracy, and
it ;
encourage
the
kept
of
stage
part with
he
for
time
all
of
change
his life
had
and
to
his
give
confer
Capitol,that
well,
the
influence
the
trusted
dis-
was
that
himself
and
go
he
would
to
without
body
of
their
master
from
it to
his
usual
residence.
the
in
place
any
was
between
to
Antony
immediate
had
where
would
left his
and
result.
removed
it
under
over
him
lay, and
the
republic.
knew
day Antony
Next
he
been
endeavour
the
he
danger
spot
had
everything while
the
when
Caesar's slaves
of
It
refuge
defend
and
this
office of Pontifex
and
Antony
For
Lepidus's son,
they took
promise
colours.
true
Capitol, but
three
high
to
nation,
assassi-
by which
to
errand, saying that
the
negotiations took
meantime
the
forward
come
fear, but
in his
in the
marriage
himself
the
by Caesar's death.
should
declined
of
in
he
was
troops.
engagement,
an
took
followed
his
with
when
mind
first step he
the
conspirators,when
to
and
too
party
his
Antony
as
murder
of
presence
Forum
vacant
Cicero
him
Cicero
house,
played
long
as
Caesar's
night that
daughter
was
proposed by the
show
the
Lepidus
upon
which
persuade
his
hastily concluded
to
Maximus,
But
chance
public, always
in
say
gained by
in the
occupied
he
promised
that
ever
Cicero, who, what-
but
first that
safe, and
was
Lepidus, who,
purpose
man
He
but
by his profound dissimulation
the
recovered
soon
that
secure
not
Csesar,
good
so
in
masters.
Antony
found
did
knowing
himself.
as
politicto
be
well
had
join
but
it to
had
one
over
he
that
ambitious
so
everybody
felt from
would
that
no
seat
skill,and
it
of
nothing
win
to
him,
removed,
clear
deceived
and
him,
said
vacant
might think
he
lived
the
admirable
some
understood
Caesar
left
was
into
climbing
he
have
to
sorry
the
when
well
very
might
would
he
whether
see
faithfully." Perhaps
secret
not
was
to
"
however,
"
they yet hoped
was
perhaps
which
step
his
it
hostile, or
any
xx.
by
Perhaps
said, indeed, by Plutarch,
Trebonius
by
thrown
were
itself
take
to
whom
Antony,
they
show
might
chap.
overruled.
however,
Senate
of
sounded
the
into which
unwillingness
distrust
been
He
an
their
to
terror
the
that
there
the
C^SAR.
OF
the
the
In
dead
carried
Antony
whole
took
next
Caesar's
of
of
temple
million
to
day, the
the
of the
none
actual
carried
and
his
will,which
should
On
the
them
meet
crowd
that
Caesar
to
lands
the
been
he
left
assumed,
much
when
and
the
the
Forum
Cicero,
Italy
the
and
the
of the
as
at
they had
had
his
in
been
to
fied
rati-
Virgins,
public
people
the
assembled
made
promise
by
of
distribution
mentioned,
to
that
do
next
and
to
reconciliation
Cassius
held, and
supped
with
the
amnesty,
an
Antony
as
affected
evening
A
Antony.
allotment
already designated, was
of
and
hostages
into
descend
that
The
stronghold
their
was
in
March.
previous day.
ventured
oblivion, Brutus
of
of
kept there
be
people
8th
until both
so
to
from
down
them,
then
the
the
of
favour
in
office ;
consular
the
meeting
on
him
succeed
to
had
against the Parthians,
Antony,
come
to
They
house,
was
of
voted
son
in token
Senate
contents
the
to
I have
as
war
again
declined
safety.
past buried
Lepidus
for
made
be
the
invited
make
spoke
invited
sent
the
disgust
Senate
each
streets, and
Cicero
agreed.
following morning, the
Capitol, but
their
Senate
but
preserving
have
by Caesar,
consul
summoned
the
conspirators were
Lepidus
would
conduct
to
the
to
attended
the
all
Vestal
should
the
sacred
he
that
nominated
for
for which
for
of
the
declared
Dolabella, who,
consuls
two
guard
them.
meantime
previously
lowing
fol-
should
mode
Cassius
and
hold
soldiers
the
appointments
of
the
Capitol,and
they would
his
the
attend.
to
best
he
that
Brutus
the
on
amongst
In
on
the
as
resolutions
these
day
same
in
soldiers
Dictator
custody
and
known,
both
To
in the
was
made
be
funeral.
to
to
Piso, Csesar's father-in-law,proposed that
peace.
of
deceased
execution,
into
his
summoned
on
of
body
all the
that
advising
given by the
directions
He
care
ventured
of
hundred
seven
Tellus
took
the
long speech, pleading earnestly
and
of
of
strong
conspirators
made
general amnesty,
and
by
custody
sterling.
and
seized
master
safe
sum
temple
March,
approach
and
there,
was
of
7th
of
avenues
in the
him
meet
for
the
millions
six
He
himself
deposited
to
423
step.
made
amounted
about
sesterces,
Senate
and
been
and
Ops,
ANTONY.
important
an
papers,
had
which
treasure,
the
OF
PROCEEDINGS
63.
,et.
the
and
with
meeting
provinces,
formally confirmed.
DEATH
424
Macedonia
will of
given
was
Caesar
when
the
dead
body
when
it
funeral
the
to
He
off the
which
lines
Caesar,
in
the
accuracy
the
corpse
out
along the
Antony
the horror-stricken
crowd
in
as
of the
embalmed
of
the
historian.
funeral
the
rostra,
has
It had
corpse
able
memor-
by Shakespear
us
drama
of
observed
been
view.
to
that
in
his
of
poet
and
pall,1
exposed
for
whole
the
The
blood-smeared
all
been
This
streets.
mounted
the
its
excitement
with
wounds
gaping
imagination
the
uncontrollable
covered
The
effect.
of
bier
marked
cloak, showed
has
which,
set
Forum
its
addressed
speech
on
the
people, with
then
in
procession
reached
and, throwing
state
carried
was
Syria to Cassius.
publicly in the Forum, and
out
to
xx.
chap.
and
populace produced
increased
feeling was
C^SAR.
Brutus,
to
read
was
the
to
liberality
OF
Julius
faithfully
intended
burn
to
pile in the
Campus Martius, but the

people in a transport of fury collected hastilya heap of wood
in the
Forum
of the neighbouring
some
by pulling down
fire.2 They
it set
it on
shops, and placing the body upon
then
on
snatched
the
along
the
streets
to
On
their
Helvius
man,
fire to
set
Cinna,
of
one
Cinna
the
of
to
meet
praetor, who
been
the
which
uncertain
Lepidus,
turning-point
the head
at
of
attached
by every tie
neutrality,and declared
of
the
of
public opinion
Senate.
and
But
Antony
was
not
to
It
their
According to one
effigyof the murdered
carried
on
the
bier.
of
veteran
Caesar, had
to
that
he
setting
in
account
Dictator
wax
was
on
of
ii.
Even
take.
who
were
cautious
by the
decision
the
current
strongly against the

critical in the
decidedly
2
it had
Hitherto
clear that
His
caution.
wary
of
memory
troops
abide
now
position became
himself
the
maintained
would
however,
proceeded with
commit
crisis.
distinguished
populace would
body
was,
was
the
of
the
side
murder
an
had
by his intemperate speech against

Caesar, they tore him to pieces on the spot.
was
the
principal conspirators.
himself
This
rushed
and
unhappy
tribunes, and, mistaking him
the
the
hands,
buildingwhere
they happened
way
for his namesake
the
also the houses
and
committed,
was
in their
burning brands
on
spot
dedicated
Julius Cresar.
148.
extreme.
great object
either side, but
Augustus afterwards
the
spirators,
con-
See
built
as
temple
the memory
App. Bell. Civ.
to
b.c.
44-
far
as
APPROVAL
the
well
possible keep
the
until
Cassius,
mask
and
desire
act
nothing
and
time
gained
with
MURDER.
the
partisans
when
came
he
as
so
Senate
in the
CAESAR'S
OF
he
For
pleased.
could
42.5
of
and
safely throw
time
some
Brutus
he
off
affected
to
much
as
some
popularity by voluntarilyproposing
the
that
moderate
of
office
and
sures,
conciliatory mea-
Dictator
should
be
for
ever
abolished.
It does
like
anything
follow
his
the
to
the
sudden
catastrophe
the
Roman
world.
his
hearty approbation
few
passages
which
in
"
he
Though
But
depended
the
endure,
may
of
Our
"
"
the
their
exclaims
"
"
that
March
of
other
words,
killed.
letter
he
And
shown
much
he
the
to
Ad
leaders
They
core,
Vellem
Martiis
Idibus
xii
.
of
chapter
its heart's
Div.
of
kill Caesar
to
foundations.
quires
re-
tute."
desti-
except
me
perils they
to
to
the
me
been
that
precisely the
deeply deplored the
by the
enough
to
advised
sole
con-
are
we
Writing
invited
have
"
the
"
In
other
an-
illustrious,blessed
be
act."
nobly
glorious deed."
have
uses
says
consolation
great
would
would
he
"
always
terms
remains
Whatever
"
no
Cassius, he
feast of
Antony
the
f"1
In
should
be
remains
expression
same
in
in
Trebonius.
to
But
there
quote
March
What
to
as
the
nothing pleases
one
had
you
of
he
of which
and
their
by
show
of
to
destinies
gloriouslyand
both
another
will
of
.
Ides
of
is
affected
will
them
do.
to
grand
saviours
consciousness
Ides
done
have
heroes
our
consciousness
have
In
of
Cicero
mistake
no
murder,
the
Hitherto
"
"
March."
of
Ides
be
one
wrong,
resources,
another
In
In
themselves
on
and
money
goes
heroes
our
the
subsequent letters,to
it.
which
were
changed
may
give
to
business
our
they
Caesar's
of
of
spoke
everything
me.
what
his
had
there
with
and
how
see
biography
events
which
That
from
of
concerned
and
fortunes,
of this
scope
detail
minute
immediately
not
was
fall within
not
4.
to
me
enterprise. They
accidents, and
thought
establish
that
that
ad
plan and
the
forgot
and
of
want
ccenam
the
a
the
body
century
invitasses ;
foresight
trusted
republic
that
on
politicwas
of
very
it
its
old
corrupt
struggles
reliquiarumnihil
was
and
fuisset.
"
426
disorder
had
DEATH
OF
the
people
made
constitution, provided
politicalpower
regarded
benefits
theatrical
generally obtained
their necks
preserved
Antony
that
brow,
it
was
the
dread
patience
name
curious, however,
obstinately
that
wonder
would
with
energy
like
men
themselves
en
when
they
from
the
were
paralysed
retired
of
the
city
law
for
for
more
praetors,
as
and
to
and
days,
ten
the
to
Senate
observe
for
legal
not
to
shown
the
saviours
the
of
of
Rome.
and
mob,
saw
became
it
as
but
nothing
Antium
Italy
viding
pro-
if the
It
at
from
news
to
contrary
was
from
the
obtained
So
purpose.
even
the
wait
to
themselves
that
forms
have
no
people
they therefore
and
adhere
hastily quitted Rome,
of
leave
absent
and
that
was
unfavourable.
be
to
impossible
flames, they
neighbourhood
to
cling
which
of
thought
to
so
enterprise on
the
execrations
intending
Not
such
city
pensation
dis-
careful
crisis
of
confusion.
and
hastened
to
the
as
in
time
same
men
should
hope
them
fear, and
the
continued
them,
It is
personal safety. They
to
than
Cicero
the
with
events,
they
terror
Their
hail
should
institutions, though
guiding
lives.
heard
from
were
of
the
Caesar's
liberty."
for
was
to
they
departed,
Cassius
and
were
on
the
at
their
life.
Capitol their houses
for their
course
and
and
masse,
effete
Brutus
their
staked
rise
of
incapable
so
they had
forms
names
that
yet
has
bowed
reference
imagined,
substance
who
man
freedom
with
of
Greek
the
to
instinct
longer
and
the
as
the old
Roman
fact, and
and
they
kingly diadem
destruction
long after the
shadows
But
the
as
the
rule
thing enough
the
to
securing
money,
was
as
that
the
curious
corn,
Caesar's
remarks,
place
to
"
with
submit
Plutarch
of
long
so
the
tomed
Accus-
of
means
bidder
To
votes.
fate of
amused.
the
as
xx.
gigantic scale, they
highest
murmur
and
shape
they fancied
and
of
attempt
which
under
kept,
the
their
without
the
in
and
shows,
on
the
to
as
fed
were
chiefly
themselves
to
chap.
careless
bribes
and
largesses
to
they
CAESAR.
not
was
away
for
another,
at
the
from
the
Rome,
few
next
Tusculum,
Naples, pouring
for
man
out
an
where
months
emergency
he felt that
wandered
like this.
he
was
from
He
less,
powerone
villa
Formiae, Sinuessa, Puteoli, Pompeii,

his
complaints
in letters to
Atticus,
ANXIETY
63.
mt.
and
seeking
literature.
distraction
In
Rome,
where
Caesar,
who
April
he
clearlythat
was
lost.
He
told
difficulty.
with
powerful
so
from
its
which
him
that
he
what
that
that
visitor
if
Cicero
was
in the
had
theatre
repeated
which
which
and
wrote
would
have
for
he
had
been
at
the
unsettled
aspect
gloomy.
The
looked
in power
veteran
ought
"
in
to
have
been
only applauded,
to
shut
themselves
in
joy
at
but
the
the
death
doubt
lieve
be-
to
as
long
so
to
wait
heartily;"
me
be
not
used
populace had
Games
affairs.
of
when
his
by
applauded
the
caught
were
After
exalted
the
; while
actor
Pub-
at
plimentary
com-
as
staying only
from
Lanuvium,
to
in
he
were,
and
the
to
had
not
that
saw
tyrant
everything
their
conspirators,who
whole
world,
houses.
to
said,
by Caesar's
him
and
not
compelled
The
said, enthusiastic
flocked
he
were,
attended
the
afraid
appear
high office,were
to
safety
Caesar,
He
armies, and
protected by
provinces
of
fool
hates
unwillingness
an
of
for
can
sits
proceeded
body-guards
as
the
satellites
command
soldiers
summoned
honorary legation [Icgatiolibera),

for leaving Italy,but
an
excuse
him
of
Caesar
on
friendlyintimacy together.
Cassius.
an
from
deterred,
strongly ;"
was
told
ance
import-
great
How
he
Upon
Atticus, regretting that he
to
given
he
state
Matius
called
such
which
villa,he
the Senate
to
that
the
wills
he
would
of
lines
some
Brutus
place he
applied
hear
he
"
gifted
was
right."
of
out
ruined."
is
Cicero
that
terms
on
who
"
extricate
until
than
worse
getting
It is of
"
I be
can
Megalesian
his Tusculan
at
is
ceremony
to
the
at
he
wait
doubt
not
been
pleased
All
friend, when
much
so
observed,
how
is my
man
to
day
? I do
they
lius had
had
friend
be
no
he wishes
to
of
was
not
when
down
intimate
said,
Brutus,
once,
Caesar
that
of
whatever
sat
convenience
meaning
Perhaps
said
wishes
this
"
of
could
there
so
neighbourhood
an
nothing
do
and
passing events, and

conspirators had played
Caesar," he
can
unpopular
am
that
my
if
philosophy
of
the
things, and
had
presence,
Matius,
intellect,could
mentioned
his
to
that
an
his house, and
at
Cicero
in
the
in
observer
which
remarks,
Caesar
he
visit to
perils,who
Cicero
and
For
"
him
game
of
state
present
the
the
427
politics
find
shrewd
CICERO.
from
we
paid
was
saw
the
OF
in
people
towns-
in
their
numbers,
428
DEATH
anxious
hear
to
OF
all he
had
CAESAR.
tell them
to
xx.
chap.
thrilling
that
on
theme.
On
the
several
here
of
April
at
his
villa
days
written
in
was
making
he
expressed
his
the
He
man
this time
about
these, he
cracks
but
mice
the
call this
in the
have
Good
It
speech
at
patience
read
to
sometimes
in
consuls-elect
for the
how
and
who
far
was
near
most
staying
to
the
at
deferential
finish
contest,
frequent
Puteoli, and
by Caesar, who
his
two
of
whom
attention
education
his
and
of
he
Their
veteran
respect.
nent."
perma-
had
hardly
far
as
we
and
may
he
position as
importance,
their
were
But
political
another
conspicuous
more
immediate
with
his
than
Antony's
him,
some
hood,
neighbour-
Cicero.
only eighteen
the
things.
times
under
what
in the
of
ence.
inconveni-
relied upon.
play
interviews
residence
treated
was
was
an
had,
them
gave
be
continued,
Balbus, Lentulus,
pupils.
ascertain
to
Octavius, then
young
met
they might
part in the coming

had
to
destined
was
that
he
year
he
him
sent
declared
his
tenants
likely to be
seems
in declamation
next
anxious
even
of
showed
the
thousand
also
jest calls them
perty
pro-
Two
rest
only
not
was
he
some
the
see
Just
money.
nothing for such
died
he
were
to
shops.
Others,"
care
copy
last
lessons
Cicero
and
Here
it.
Pansa, the
remember,
person,
that
Caesar's funeral, and
taken
views,
Rome,
with
of
call it
not
have
to
"
things,which
here
was
Hirtius, and
made
; I do
! Now
of
this state
endure
emigrated."
better
were
from
and
therefore
"
and
sentiments
left him
down,
walls,
Heavens
It
consisted
tumbled
misfortune
which
of
said, had
ominous
Cluvius
son
generally managed
absence
named
the
probably they
liberally
provided
friend
Puteoli, part
at
his
his
proof that
Most
not.
or
was
learning
studies, whether
during
was
was
He
from
showed
begged Atticus, who
affairs
young
his
stayed
neighbourhood.
remarked,
genuine
were
pecuniary
that
the
the
Puteoli, and
style which
in
progress
in Greek.
written
and
reached
in
Cicero
scholarship. This,
"
he
gratified by receiving satisfactoryletters

Athens,
at
6th
years
This
of
age,
was
who
step-father,Philippus,
statesman
He
had
with
been
the
sent
great-uncle,to Apollonia in Epirus,

have
to
there, and was
accompanied
wishes
the
was
these
between
was
OF
DEATH
43"
carried
interval
of
Octavian
in
the
to
hostility
for
hollow
but
apparent
the
an
CHAP.
which
until,
after
reconciliation,
it
destruction
imperial
of
throne.
Antony,
XX.
sprang
the
and
power,
phases,
various
under
knows,
of
of
competitors
two
on
everybody
elevation
foundation
CESAR.
up
contest
short
ended,
and
as
the
CHAPTER
VACILLATION.
XXL
DEPARTURE
FROM
RETURN
TO
63.
JEt.
In
the
and
kept
His
friend
hilly
to
in which
of
son
was,
was,
as
Pompey,
as
had
he
done
all that
he
number
included
enemies,
side
as
that
he
must
either
shown
had
was
join
it in
especiallywhen
what
to
at
the
would
odious
death
be
of
camp
on
the
the
or
the
struggle
Caesar,
result, he
alternative, and
reflected
in
neuter
of
Sextus
He
should
he
regarded by
The
viving
sur-
by him.
course
of
from
Cicero's
he
told Atticus,
he
for, as
proscribed.
the
now
was
civil
only
and
remain
closing scenes
the
struck
be
it
quarter
Spain,
in the
joy
he
in
arms
as
that
Sextus,
out.
at
sea
foresaw
different
the
that
not
either
an
country,
pleasant
could
himself,
and
He
would
Caesar
and
Pompey
between
he
so
best.
in
was
of
prospect
were
broke
first blow
the
felt that
He
contest,
years,
both
usual, terriblyperplexed
adopt.
but
that
the
quietly in
the
or
expected
actually
it
44.
B.C.
liked
he
but
hand,
at
idea
Arpinum
which
say
ROME.
remained
replied that
Cicero
was
sure
of
scenery
difficult
that
and
wrote
SUDDEN
AND
correspondence with Atticus at Rome.

he preferred the
him
asked
whether
active
an
up
Puteoli.
war
Cicero
meantime
ITALY
was
in which
the
other
said, was
of
Brutus
ill-suited
uncertainty
to
of
his
war.
He
in
added,
and, whatever
duty,
and
and
not
But
he
let
and
mortality ;
continued
trusted
that tried and
to
It
and
Pomponia,
each
other, put
to
who
wife's
restoringhis
the
under
divorce
intended
to
March."
line of
in
was
he
conduct
and
confiding
fears.
and
or
dowry
pressed
been
law.
another
the
of
got abroad
that
Aquillia,but
named
lady
of
means
consequence
rumour
in
generally
find
to
inevitable
the
"
Roman
have
to
hard
marry
literature,
of
all his anxieties
seems
was
difficulties,
money
of
accidents
Ides
counsels,
my
perhaps earlier,that Ouintus

been
have
long heartily sick of
their matrimonial
squabbles by a
must
end
an
his
is
opinions,and
the
to
into
friend
time,
who
Ouintus,
divorce.
he
this
about
was
the
the
two
as
adopt, taking Atticus
should
of
between
painful irresolution
of
state
halt
to
of
one
the recollection
little with
me
xxt.
fortitude
myself chieflywith
console
me
what
it with
bear
it is
that
chap.
consider
me
let
happens,
remembering
wisdom,
Let
"
loftier tone,
ANTONY,
WITH
CORRESPONDENCE
432
to the thought
utterlyaverse
of a second
marriage, and, in the joy of his newly-acquired
more
delightful than a
freedom, declared that nothing was
Cicero
that his brother
said
himself.
all to
bed
Knowing,
Antony,
we
he wrote
to
of
from
as
might
him
and
impression
of his
Sextus
Clodius, who
that occurred
in the
family
have
Sextus, however
a
copy
took
he
question
the
was
implacable
letter,to try
much
of
would
he
his
not
desired
answer
take
to
to
entirely
an
exile
from
Clodius.
Caesar
from
as
enemy,
upon
do
and
men
proceedings
riotous
obtain
and
us
recall
no
Cicero, of
than
his
possess
recollect,banished
the
but
given
to
obtained
restored
be
not
relative, Publius
of his
had
frequent examples
himself
to practise
may
in
toward
letter which
opinions of the
we
as
of
did
we
wished
been,
part he
it he
without
letter and
if
of his
the funeral
at
complimentary
that
had
should
Sextus
Clodian
not
which,
Antony
pretended that
interested
had
allowed
he
of many
time.
for the
Rome
Antony
tone
correspondence, would
events
that
Puteoli, if we
from
motives,
political
erroneous
the
surprisedat
which
confidential
from
be
of Cicero
dislike
rooted
do, the
we
dissimulation
the
was
so.
one
whom
he
promise
was
more
the
whole
to
wrote
his consent,
himself
Cicero
Atticus, and,
saying
recall
to
sent
by
him
way
this
of
p.c.
CORRESPONDENCE
44.
told
comment,
showed
such
wished
"
For,
This
find
But
Caesar
this
may
up
would
have
done
be so, and
we
the
had
always
present crisis had
one
more
assured
him
and
Antony
sometimes
almost
he
wishes
He
that
mind
it whether
he
could
I liked
it
or
might therefore have expected
Antony's request
and
no
more.
of
loved
him, but
him
endeared
so
at
that he
his
a
doing things. He wrote
of
expressions friendshipfor Antony,
warmest
declaring that he
no
made
Cicero's way
not
was
letter full of the
at
expressed
civil compliance with
he
part of
for, by forging documents,
"
had
that
he had
as
he liked, he
not."
back
the
on
433
"
Antony.
as
request
ANTONY.
cilable
utterlyirreconthe whole
of his acts and
tenor
But,"
policy.
I have shown
myself perfectlyready to humour
with
to
Csesar
that
he added,
the
that
disgracefulbaseness
have
to
pretended
do
him
WITH
once
would
his conduct
now
that
he
esteemed
granted Antony's wish, and

always comply with his requests
his interests
with
without
hesitation and
the
promote
zeal.1 This letter was
afterwards produced by Antony
utmost
in the
Senate,
and
of Cicero
known
show
contrast
the
as
friendshipfor
when
he
repliedto the speech

the
first Philippic. His
to
object was
between
the expressions of respect and
himself
language
by him
read
which
it contained
and
the
ferent
dif-
very
of the
In his second
public attack.
Philippic
animadverted
this
as
a betrayalof confidence,
severely upon
and
of
as
man
taking an advantage of which
no
Cicero
honour
would
avail
himself.
For
that was
little conversant
of the usages
ever
so
who," he asked,
of
of quarrel had arisen, ever
cause
some
gentlemen, when
brought forward and read
in public letters which
had been sent him by a friend?
To
render
impossible the
confidential intercourse of absent friends,what else is it than to deprive life of all
and
communion
?
How
fellowship
things are there in letters said in jest
many
which, if they were
seem
published, would
silly! how many
thingssaid seriously
which
yet on no account
ought to be divulged !".
"
"
There
and
is
it would
in mind
be
oftener
the assertion
1
tween
lived
Cicero
on
terms
than
remember
there had
and
of
been
truth
they
last two
the
in
that up
and
apparent,
In
disposed
are
they
this date he
about
to
retain
had
"
offensione
if not
xvi.
very
letter to Tiro
2
to
is attacked
man
rupture be-
no
Antony,
sincere,friendship.
of
sentences,
well, perhaps, if biographers would
that, when
is fair to
It
this time
deal
good
23.
Antonii
do.
as
But
"
it
to
as
having
expresses
inveteratam
amicitiam."
bear
been
his wish
See
sine
ad
to
ulla.
Div.
all
infamous
he
not
may
divulged.
It
is worth
between
noticing, as
that
in the
same
of
breach
of
to
show
good
said
He
you
would
have
you
of
hand
what
By
tainly
cer-
day.
present
adversarydenies, the assailant
allusion
For
your
what
cannot
could
do
you
is
stupid,I
against
do
by
the
how
to
Caesar's
since it is
so
rhetoric, who
in
allege that
it
forgeriesof
the
sent
ever
know
you
master
more
I
Is
me
which
to
How
charged.)
was
convict
you
that
deny
to
were
expertness
an
bitter
would
have
you
was
reply if
reallyenvy
secretary ?
urge in
evidence
large salaryto teach you nothing.

than
to
orator, but an ordinary man,
not
got such
say
in
an
adversary which,
an
step farther ?
advance
never
flashed
across
ex-consul,
would
But
I do
if
not
it."
deny
We
well believe
may
Cicero,
that
mind
his
but
would
the
at
orator
an
the
which
argument
an
to
to
handwriting ? a thing in which

to good
account.
turn
(This
Antony
handwriting with which
in the
in order
"
letter at all ?
that
of
use
occurred
have
what
But
"
after
reading his letter,

only of an indecorum
guilty not
made
folly, Cicero
point of honour,
accusing Antony
in
manners
was
difference
the
of
the
on
speech, immediately
that he
not
ideas
modern
and
ancient
that
communications
illustration
an
friend,
it is carrying
conduct,
or
confidential
forbids
his
be
opinion which
the
his character
xxi.
chap.
professedto
letters to show
far which
be
who
one
expressed of
the rule too

to
by
former
use
then
person
life
his
ANTONY,
WITH
CORRESPONDENCE
434
and
place
idea
of such
the
party
resort
to
take
the
lie,and
being
set
in that
up
with
Antony's
only
be
base
where
enough
evidence
some
The
occur
would
assailant
in
get up
letter.
own
could
to
the
case
his
of
supposed
was
furnished
be
to
care
and
genuineness
defence
attacked
it
senator
deny
a
that
to
generally
confute
to
him.
He
wrote
Dolabella
in
just put
punished
down
the
shows
and
the
Some
them.
high
body
in
was
PATRLE,
the
with
had
to
his
which
than
erected
memory,
he
tumult
Rome
at
death.
Caesar
with
remembered
he
had
once
a
stone
on
and
was
regret
entertained
distributed
had
them,
amongst
pillartwenty
feet
where
his
the
spot
inscriptionupon it,C.TiSARl PARENT!

been
sacrifices had
actually offered there as
burnt, with
and
more
had
persons
Forum
classes, who
with
son-in-law
quondam
praise, because
extravagant
vigour a
ringleaders with
feasts
he
his
to
stern
the lower
and
money
of
of the
some
time
same
terms
with
favourite
the
at
an
if
63.
mt.
it
were
altar.
an
bella, as
riot
forth
Atticus
felt
described
to
the
It
letter
this
as
that
Cicero
that
It
not
him.
the
he
the part of Dolabella
be
may
mentary
compli-
if he would
find
we
a
much
only
pay
meaning Tullia's dowry, which

restored
husband.
never
by her worthless
yet been
frequentlyharped on this subject,and was
obviously
money
had
Cicero
much
owed
annoyed
the
is
one
on
-of
act
Dolabella, which
to
active
most
from
with
Dola-
down.
was
encomiums
remonstrate
the
quote
greater action
him
the
at
"
delay and
of
prospect
poor
recovering
money.
He
left Puteoli, and
first
For
did
reason
reside
to
for
his Cuman
he
took
left her
far
the
and
he
accounts
letter
he
should
cellar.1
a
pay
country
the shore
on
visit
had
of
of
to
Atticus.
she wished
"
Cicero
and
the Lucrine
gave
lake,
comfort,
every
and
wished
himself
his son,
trusted
for he rather dis-
him.
from
of
He
to
satisfied
not
was
travel
distinguished Athenian
named
Leonidas, who, although he spoke favourably of the
used
the
expression so far as at present,"and
man,
young
Cicero
thought that this betrayed some
misgivings as to the
future.
But
he
for leaving
was
glad to have any excuse
he was
uncertain
Italyjust then, and only lingered because
a
received
wife
have
He
Pompeii, but
near
of health
account
in the
that she
of the
key
the
villa
villa
Pilia, the
to
on
period
care
Athens,
as
kindness
short
his
to
went
probably
"
her
where
with
of
act
an
some
up
as
to
thrown
long panegyric in Cicero's most

style. And
yet immediately afterwards
writing to Atticus, and saying that it would be
him
to
executed.
extraordinary
obliged
while
and
far, and
too
quelled,and
soon
seized
such
435
going rather
the pillarto be
was
were
DOLABELLA.
was
ordered
which
the leaders
worth
This
consul,
ensued,
drew
OF
PRAISE
"
of
the
fixed
as
plans
them,
on
the
him
to
convinced
of the
deed,
Cui
of
give
whole
he
quidem
the
cause
of
want
of
said, was
totam
his
life.
villam
he
deed
of
were
regarded
Atticus
disgust at
bring himself
not
He
hopes
all his
with
foresightshown
the
his
republic.
the
politics,but,
taking, he could
of
All
Brutus, whom
up
habit
ego
Cassius.
and
especiallyon
things were
change the
and
stay
turn
Their
Brutus
last
advised
the
of
was
more
than
to
ever
by the conspirators.
men
cellamque tradidi.
"
"
Ad
their
counsels
Att. xiv. 9.
the counsels
were
bitter
made
me
life is
over
than
rather
had
wished
to
heard
made
to
feared
that
shown
themselves
they
have
What
caused
when
to
they
do
with
attack
the
has
so
such
to
It
domestic
marrying
her.
Brutus
him
sent
he
lady
a
the
addressed
As
advisable.
the
either
taken
it out
afterwards
not
it.
correct
that the
down
two
His
would
one
stylewas
of
have
them
now
What
such
when
had
it
old
the
the
But
so
it has
sorrow
people assign
What
disease
physicianof
we
born
are
her
alludes
scure,
it is ob-
to
he
few
hints
his
at
apparently is, that

him
for
he
think
to
had
of
delivered
Capitol immediately
been
as
he
Cicero
thought
extempore,
spot,
or
Cicero
different
amalgamate.
that
fancied
paid
corrections
on
memory.
not
much
dearth
speech
have
must
some
from
in
such
speech
by
medical
intending to publish it,wished
make
it,and
peruse
of
the
had
distressed
habits, and
he
too
people
after Caesar's death, and,

first to
of
was
who
which
in which
are
was
it
"
for alarm
he
purport
copy
and
lady had
because
herself
being
were
and
how
stay
man."
in which
the
to
myself by reflectingthat
some
passages
him
reason
in his
this time
passage
he
agreeable disposition. Besides,

be
not
mortal
her,
the
such
his
"
to
with
and
was
physician?'
is there
temperate
so
happen
all the
the
get for
there may
man
can
affairs, but
or
It is incredible
chieflyfor
in all this I console
The
almost
either he
when
off
which
compliments.
Atticus
June,
friend
to
his kindness
cause
He
wrote
means
the
those
upon
his
will you
"
what
in love
was
as
me
no
made
thousand
troops,
of
require one,
that about
seems
Cicero
by
me,
But
skill.
all accidents
seen
of
advised
death
is this of Alexio
believe
help thinking
suddenly carried
bear
had
meeting
of
of Caesar.
thus
and
'
Whom
say to me,
doctor ? or, if I
a
eminent
be
sudden
I regret is his affection for

I cannot
would
of
body
die
to
preparations
secret
the enemies
sad event
and,
me,
determined,
He
1st
friends
his
that
better
the
for
readiness
Alexio,
attendant
"
in
of
hearing
my
livelyrecollection
life."
of
time
my
present, but
for
be
It would
summoned
been
away,
at
But
camp
an
"has
"
be
added,
was
war.
had
last contest, and
deaths, especially at
Senate
He
with
do
to
xxi.
he
joined the standard
campaign when
exclaimed,
Anything," he now
Epirus.
of
in
Pompey
nothing
chap.
everything.
it."
to
see
young
have
to
miseries
of the
"
the
age," he
"Old
dissatisfied with
am
of it in the
enough
of
CAPITOL,
THE
children.
of
"
; let
all events,
at
IN
SPEECH
BRC/TUS'S
436
from
Atticus
Brutus
said
he
it
was
wrote
could
that of Brutus
wished
him
DOLABELLA'
438
had
one
in the
usual
up
able
was
than
do
to
himself
Caesar
alive.
to
got back
He
and
advised
present
Antony
to
his
that
Cicero
remarked,
if he
done
king,"he said, "is slain,we
body
was
dead
had
been
ence
defer-
pay
majesty."
villa before
he
that
request
the
his
But
anxiety
He
May,
at
as
also
wrote
legation given
Italy without
injury
leave
to
of
end
resolved
have
might
him
enable
reputation.
he
after
declaring that he was

from
Rome.
keep away
to
would
him, which
which
Atticus
to
wrote
have
would
his Tusculan
to
as
of Caesar
name
or
of his
nod
every
could
the
Though
"
in the
more
of
quoted
Antony,
were
entirelyignorant. Thus
was
to
Senate
xxi.
chap.
engraved on brass tablets

the Capitol ; and
even
on
were
hung
and
the
of
they
manner,
resolutions
to
heard
ever
LIEUTENANT.
this
on
point
was
soon
had
the Senate
by Dolabella, to whom
of Syria with a militarycommand,
in
given the government
order
the campaign
that he might conduct
against the Parof his
thians ; and on
the 2d of June he made
Cicero one
afterwards
relieved
him
lieutenants, giving
time
he
as
and
pleased
general permission
he
where
travel
employ
to
He
liked.
his
could
Italy without
from
seeming to fly,and might

of his position under
the pretext
from the difficulty
escape
He determined,
that he was
obeying the orders of Dolabella.
thus
go
away
therefore, to
for Rome
He
the
he
when
year,
the
coast,
country
houses,
He
in
to
Greece,
and
of
for
and
the
had
Naples
The
notice.
from
that it
Tullius
keeping
up
and
he
to
them
to
allow
in their
other
able
slowly along
his various
of
Rome.
to
Brutus
accompany
Brutus
by pirates,and
ships lying in the neighbourhood
them
Caesar
and
away
had
Syria
through the influence
Cassius
Cimber
be
convey
Brutus
to
Pansa.
and
travelled
or
dawn
correspondence with
fleet of
small
would
era
the
infested
was
ready
one
might
provinces which
; and
commands
Crete
at
dangerous
was
Hirtius
and
of
until the end
better
and
new
stopping
sea
namely, Macedonia
taken
consulshipof
hopes that
Cassius
stay there
and
his steps southwards
turned
was
that
hoped
under
western
Athens,
visit
them
place
Africa.
Bithynia, and
to
at
assigned
to
of
Cassius
such
them
to
had
"
Antony,
assume
moment's
who
"
been
knew
important
the Senate
had
given Brutus
Trebonius
got
Asia
Decimus
Brutus
Minor,
Cisalpine
determined
thus
be
to
not
Brutus
ultimately landed
fought
and
the
for
Just
however,
now,
attempt
an
should
Philippi
Antony and
at
empire.
remove
quietly
to
indulging
in
to
Cicero
wrote
he
Brutus
question
Cicero's
was
imposed upon him, or

pretext for leaving Italy.
had
there
such
on
Achaea.
will
; for
Servilia
mother
grain
The
to
regrets for lost
vain
danger
Brutus
that
to
cancelled,
disobedience
the
up
that
order
Cicero,
of
want
Dolabella
1
Nihil
of purpose
and
leave
go
over
to
"you
replied,
"
advise
such
the
idea.
be
step,
His
to
get the
no
ance
appear-
and
after
the meeting separated.

opportunities,
plan betrayed in
him
greatly disappointed Cicero,1and made
of the appointment
resolved to avail himself
utter
not
you
Senate,
the
by no
But," rejoined
"
might
there
of
he
influence
all her
use
so
the
gave
as
for
Cicero
safety,would
with
all
out
undertook
commission
of
many
was,
there."
there
go
cross
Rome,"
safe
it
would
?" asked
answered
be
of
commission
would
Nay,"
Senate
discussing the
he
to
sion
commis-
the
use
were
that
tone
adopt.
to
a
which
make
I will go
"
best
similar
present.
were
was
his
Cassius, and
undertake
they
had
"
will not
pointed
result
the
and
it
Rome,
While
of
had
which
at
Favonius,
do, Brutus
ought."
you
Cicero
it?"
wife
all events
at
?"
Rome
at
if I could
"
Brutus,
for
fierce
will you
think
if you
means
safe
be
June,
contemptible errand, but
What
"
not
in
declared
Sicily,but
for
should
He
arrived.
Cassius
might be excused
He
of weeping.
course
in Asia
up
this
Tertulla, the
Brutus
Brutus
about
Atticus
in
Antium
what
that
was,
purchase grain
matter
weary
at
debated
was
advice
to
he
said
that
Sicily,to buy
to
Porcia, together with
wife
own
The
Crassus
Servilia, his sister
mother
his
and
irony, and
laugh, as
with
interview
an
use.
bitter
a
resolution
Minor
public
of
strain
Asia
to
go
for the
corn
by
known,
Roman
passed
Senate
The
Cicero.
by
ever
were
two
an
"
the
made
was
there
made
of
masters
Cassius
arch-conspiratorsfrom Italy by conferring upon them

ridiculed
was
appointment, the idea of which
insignificant
the
in
joint
time
Octavian
which
battle
439
is well
as
and
in Macedonia,
decisive
lost the
and
Brutus
off; and,
put
CASSIUS.
"
But
Lombardy.
modern
the
Gaul,
BRUTUS
WITH
63. INTERVIEW
alt.
and
Italy.
He
that the
said
consilio,nihil ratione, nihil ordine.
"
Ad
Att.
xv.
the
more
sation
conver-
than
given him
kind
n.
of free
PECUNIAR
44Q
legationhe
he
had
received, with
for five years,
pleased
the
recollecting
should
why
My
words
words
were
no
Octavian,
when
he
name,
the
which
he
case
to
But
had
been
and
he
call
in when
Marcus
had
not
him
Tiro
the
anxious
more
heard
from
Athens
for
supply
of
were
of his steward
while
The
we
what
the
memory
abroad,
of what
and
quarter.
to
called his
been
that
him
he
and
son's
him,
and
Antony,
we
his
sent
and
so
trusty
was
he
he
received
Atticus
at
money
to
inquire
of the houses
rents
his
for
son's
use
allowance.
opposition that is,the

pected
now
joined from an unex-
Ouintus, who
stood
the
ample
were
"
; he
He
letters
appropriated
an
son
as
liberally,
wants
call the
may
Cassius
Young
it
his
to
matters.
the
with
done
not
give the
year'sallowance, referring
his
he
thought
and
party of Brutus
useful
had
of
of
could
he
most
remember
may
ranks
the
He
cost
remittance
any
all these
to
see
the
found
begged
payment,
to
accounts
and
for
to
in money
pay
which
full quarter
Atticus,
to
He
it.
owing
now,
borrowing.
to
erect
others,
wanted
a
training in
was
to
rents
to
to
Rome
of
his
him
Caesar's
of
satisfactorycharacter.
was
already out of pocket by advancing him
Athens, which
surprised Cicero, who begged him
which
year
frequentlythe
been
recourse
of
for
at
to
excellent
him
he
steward
factotum
have
money
to
credit
his
to
the
over
steward, hampered
still intended
had
applied
his
to
had
exile, Cicero
some
lent
always
As
up.
of
aside
had
man
next
the
received, and
from
return
obliged
was
which
Tullia, and
therefore
had
brought
his
laying
shrine
the
misgivings came
youth, his adoption
he
management
been
of
end
me
not,
or
natural
his
inheritance
since
matters,
young
"
Brutus.
the bad
the
his
remembered
ever
had
he
was,
towards
and
the
before
let
hopes that they might rely on

thought, animated
by feelings of
of calling
fond
heroes," as he was
without
who
good-will
ominous
years
more.
not
was
Cassius
Whether
prophetic,for
"
; but
one
But
"
added
period of five
as
go
suddenly
Then
contracted
ill-omen."
of
was
He
be
likelyto
and
come
reached, he
thoughts to
my
to
him.
exactly suited
had
xxi.
chap.
permission
of life he
I extend
avoid
Cicero
time
seems
span
EMBARRASSMENTS,
"
had
made
steadilyby
right hand, quarrelled with
him
him
for
some
himself
that
he
reason
so
was
or
b.c.
other, and
went
from
away
He
his uncle
was
wished
to
have
letter
that he
of guarantee
be
might
to
of
him
get
both
chief.
mis-
introduced
was
by
Nesis, opposite,where
back
going
his
from
Atticus
to
great joy of his
doing them
been
was
441
glad
Puteoli, and
at
staying. Ouintus
Brutus
the
very
in the little island
Brutus
to
Cicero
to
came
was
had
he
where
Rome,
SIDES.
side,to
uncle, who
his
of
other
the
to
over
also
father, and
CHANGES
QUINTUS
YOUNG
44.
Rome,
to
uncle,
kind
as
by the party.
trusted
and
Cicero
highest praises of his nephew,

of his sincerity. This
he delivered
and
emphatic assurances
said of
he had
he might see
what
to his nephew, that
open
the same
time
at
to write
care
him, but took
privately to
therefore
wrote
and
Atticus,
he
had
him
put
much
give
full of the
one
credence
spoken
fact, however,
his
on
guard
the
to
of
Ouintus
the
young
complimentary
showed
man
In
he
that
not
in
terms
letter.
other
in the
him
cautioning
which
point of
might be
He
adhered
faithfullyto the side he
depended upon.
adopted, and fell a victim to the proscriptionbefore the
of the following year.
the
his
of
games
it would
be
of
to
advertised
Brutus
was
been
the
place
in
the
memory
and
gave
the
he
amongst
voices
if he
directions
at
games
Julius
to
meant
that
He
a
gave
outdone
the
of the
QUINT.
He
visit
to
say
in
ground that
the city for the
of
honour
were
games
July, which
name
Caesar
of
the
of
nothing
The
exposed.
exhibited
should
pay
be
by
him
; and
posthumous
wrote
hunting-match, which
was
not
be
without
advertised
it
who
had
to
take
announced
therefore
should
at
present
the
on
to
month
end
this,thinking naturally that
Apollinarian games,
III. ID.
was
that
of
time,
Quintilis,in
his victim.
of
people would
he
for
annoyed
July, as
be
in the
place
assassin
now
celebrated
be
to
declined,
for him
such
might
inconsistent
very
place
take
much
was
follow
he
substituted
been
had
which
to
he
be
and
about
were
But
at
Rome
to
go
unbecoming
very
amusement
danger
to
which
Apollo,
praetor.
as
name
sake
Cicero
wished
Brutus
to
honour
to
to
Rome,
was
to
hopes that
to
take
the
ingratiated by the splendour of the spectacles

them ; but in bidding thus for popular favour
largely money
by Octavian, who distributed
be
lower
mob.
classes,and
thus
gained for himself
the
LITERARY
442
During all this time,

been
to
period
celebrated
than
works.
was
may
study
the
belles lettres.
De
also
Natura
the
the
giving
which
work
had
also
He
sent
for
allow
"
strict
read
his
Old
aloud
in the
hope
"
desire
"
to
few
lie
have
no
to
of
offer
to
me
like to
often
mourn
done.
that
suppose
inn, and
an
but not
I
not
do
was
my
permanent
life as
over
Nor
born
regret that
nay
in vain
home.
habitation.
divine
assembly and
For
I shall
go, not only to

there never
was
than
"
whom
whose
body was
by him.
been
burnt
look
upon
The
existence
me,
For
that
burnt
But
born
me
flitted to those
is
boon
embarked
few
friends
nactus)
was
"
at
"
of
one
one
the
in
passage
so
the
presses
beautifullyex-
I cannot
resist the
that I
might grow young again,

strenuouslyrefuse it ; and I should
been run, to be brought back
to the
rather, what troubles

bring satietyor have
many
have
ay, and
"
leave of
has
it not?
end
an
life
lived
so
But
for I do
philosopherstoo
lived, since I have
I take
of whom
a
on
soul
form.1
composed two of
Friendship {De Amicitia)
my
of souls, and
those
his
and
Destiny {De
have
"
as
not
to
though it were
has given us a halting-place
for a while,
nature
O
bright and gloriousday, when I shall go to
concourse
by
events
He
"
evil,which
an
lished
pub-
also
There
"
not
in
upon
son
he
of
Cato, which
as
"
himself
publish it,but only
which
on
wailing infant in the cradle, I would

that the race
of life has
wish, now
from
the goal.
starting-post
For
what
advantage has life?
the
granting
advantages, they at all
three
Brutus
His
before
immortality,"that
It is this
we
his
mutilated
to
He
what
entirelylost.
in
presence
Rome.
at
full of
deitywere
it is
custom
tion
consola-
times,
own
{bonos auditores
mouth
it.
quote
if any
But
and
"
{De Senectute).
the
his
injunctions not
though
into
latter,put
occupied
just
most
to
of
engaged.
Atticus
to
recreations
Age
them
he
exists
delightfulessays, those
most
and
only
his
to
Glory {De Gloria) and
supper-table,according
intellectual
time
which
of
with
fit
History
some
on
Gloria
audience
or
and
owe
greater
finished
dedicated
;
devotion
wrote
father's death, but
his
be
and
had
we
his chief
life,and
He
and
to
the De
it to
never
philosophy,
for
been
latter
Athens,
activitywas
Divinatione
treatises
Fatd),the
of
Deorum,
De
it after
wrote
of
last touches
he
some
his
xxi.
Cicero
alarm
and
of
years
left Rome,
and
intellectual
the
call
books
two
had
chap.
literarycomposition,
anxiety
His
the last
in
in
full of
so
he
since
activelyengaged
LABOURS.
not
quit this rabble crowd

before
spoken, but to
I have
better man,
the funeral
nor
one
pyre,
desertingme,
regions where
Glorid
disappearedwithin
essay De
in the time of Petrarch.
it was
the
as
earth.
Cato,
my
full of filial affection
more
whereas
but
on
mine
should
casting back
conscious
that
have
lingering
should
myself
last five centuries.
It
was
in
LITERARY
63.
jet.
I seemed
day arrive.
reallypossessed equanimity
would
us
separation between
He
manual
of
heathen
antiquity ;
until
had
but
cannot
about
for
to
best
by
us
publication a collection
he
supply
must
which
he
edition
did
seventy
probably
the
Officiis,
bequeathed
that
the
admire
when
him,
saw
the
the
of
some
would
not
look
appear
distract
his
institutions
them
prize of
thoughts from
his
such
on
through
in the
the
clouds,
delight than
and
world
stormy
chaos
the
of
adventurer,
and
politics,
to
employ
It seemed
like
while
all
dark
of
expatiated with more

regions of contemplation and
was
the
bursting
dreary for
sun
and
action, he
the calm
in
ever
and
successful
most
lofty themes.
the
industry
genius which
mind
and
was
depressed by sorrow,
of his country crumbling to ruin, and
liberties the
him
De
been
prepared
Most
correct.
enabled
her
Tiro
work
after his death.
We
he
and
has
tellingAtticus
that
and
over
long."
be
not
443
calamity with fortitude, not because I

my
consoled
myself with the thought that the
which
ethics
and
them,
; but
besides, his
commenced,
of his letters
bear
to
one
LABOURS.
philosophy.
He
still anxious
was
Brutus, having given

sium,
the
the
usual
legions which
march
the
to
Antony
think
had
wait
the
island
Naples
Rome
to
with
the
which
heard
there
in close
also
of
spectators
he
News
had
had
loudly applauded
him
hands
of
more
tyranny
sorrow
in
; but
than
clapping at
off
from
acted
was
in
lay
come
of
Tereus
would
him
Cassius, who
met
not
Caesar's
with
play
hatred
did
last Cicero
at
to
which
with
interviews
ships.
and
he
and
contact
of
some
waiting
campaign,
several
where
that
Macedonia,
in
Brundu-
at
during
some
sages
pas-
Cicero
joy
that
marked
re-
the
theatre, instead
defending the republic.

All
out
had
their
he
as
with
company
embarking
dilatory,and
Attius's
people employed
of
expected
was
it gave
Italy in
Parthian
himself
expressed
that
of
the
squadron
idea
quartered
He
Nesis,
that when
games,
Greece,
for
Brutus
of
for
trust
longer.
no
the
for,were
sent
But
up
were
East
it safe
soldiers.
the
port
sail from
to
on
was
his
tellinghim
at
last
voyage
ready
he
that, amidst
for
wrote
the
his
departure, and
a
before
parting letter
conflictingemotions
to
he
he
set
Atticus,
felt
at
CICERO'S
444
leaving Italy,he
affectionate
before,
from
leave
in his presence
few
and
He
the
he
describes
Attica.
absent
she
that he
sent
did
from
houses
of
be
and
possiblewith
and
from
small
vessels
and
he
landed
tius
had
Before
in
passed
kiss
last
for
kind
to
me
ments
compli-
sailor
short
he
as
to
sea-passage
will
go
come
as
I shall
far
promise, and
you
spend
I have
country seats, where
my
with
better
on
at
I shall
and
find war;
is this
consolation
my
able
ascertain how
to
But
either
is
progress
I hope ;
as
"
me.
of
his
Velia, where
of
town
16th
the
on
of
of
compendium
he
reached
he
in
was
Treba-
friend
Rhegium
the
former
he
paid
he
kindness
days
des.
"
Pilias salutem
Ad
Att.
dices,
xvi.
et
that
flyingvisit
had
exile
an
liciis atque
received
from
Rome
amoribus
name.
Sica
to
him
from
; and
meis.
"
at
lb.
he
xvi.
6.
2
n.
Atticse, de-
of
of Aristotle
work
Atticas, quoniam (quod optimum

pueris est) hilarula est, meis verbis
suavium
the
villa,but
Vibo, remembering
when
In
only stopped there a day, as the proprietor

He
was
absent, and then
proceeded on his voyage.
himself
board
on
ship by writing his Topica, a
amused
sort
her
July with three

some
open-decked boats,2 and coasted
his
On
(Reggio),opposite to Messina.
the
at
to
wrote
her
sent
hardly satisfied
was
and
return
shall be
Pompeii
Rhegium
way
or
Besides, you
sailed
disposition
often
for the
the
even
of
"
everythingwill
so
of
ness.
happi-
daughter
and, wretched
more
son,
He
towards
idea
my
him.
if this be
the
away
wore
are
his love.
He
so
his
time
as
merry
he
had
abandon
he
this
letter."
pleasant scenery.
to
use
some
going
done
Pray, give
"
that I may
peace,
that I might have
me
in travellingthe time
good
"
deserves
in
said
I leave behind
"
said
in your
me
He
Athens.
he
when
messages
She
right
shrank
was,
sailed
had
him
and
playfullystyling her
he
if he
Attica, the
have;"1
can
he
in his friend's
girl of
as
how
correspondence
of
time
some
increase
took
an
him
made
to
he
interest
affectionate
letter before
have
Cicero's
in
child
and
repliedthat
he
taken
Tusculum
told
seemed
had
xxi.
that
thought
friends
and
perhaps
warm
father, sometimes
my
written
especially fond
was
best
kisses
at
attachment
whom
"the
"
other
Cicero
things
pleasing than
Atticus,
each
it would
Their
journey.
on,
two
the adieu.
after
wept
The
had
the
by
him.
of
Atticus
and
chap.
chieflyaffected
was
separating
was
DEPARTURE.
"
Ad
Tribus
Att.
actuariolis,decern
xvi. 3.
scalmis
LAST
446
Cassius.
which
The
of it
had
Rome,
that he
happy
too
addressed
him
pleased
so
his
which
found
him
slightlyannoyed
and
to
embarked
had
he
that
it
ships lay
Hales, hastened
river
last interview.
given
calumnious
time
at
any
at
which
those
Why
could
been
and
they
senator
to
been
go
take
to
must
we
them
see
for the
by
Latin
writers
of Greece
games
with
of
the
travelled
August.
gates.
him
in all
He
met
Plutarch
that the
he
graceful
dis-
utterly
crisis
would
enter
the
be
that
It may
repute that it
in
Roman
English
man
states-
fair.
Bartholomew
the contempt
nation
it is
in which
show
raree
felt by
contempt
"
in
spoken
the
perhaps they thought

than
not
been
dignity of
of
tone
amuse
Olympian festival,
grave
was
was
disgraceful for him
gigantic exhibitions
own
and
sea-fights,
gladiatorialmatches.
Cicero
Greek
the
; and
sham
their
whole
little better
their
the
for
strong
in
had
reason
have
low
so
merriment
how
remember
constantly appears
the
that
sunk
as
in the
part
proud Romans
which
had
their
had
to
some
present
been
derogatory to
as
and
the
at
declared
games
of
mouth
there
him
kings for competitors ?
have
opinion.
the
Greece
to
spectator of the
had
once-famous
have
But
have
his departure,
his
at
told
gone
it have
would
of
tone
great joy that Cicero
had
and
17th
previously approved
justiceto believe
off
him,
meet
he
period,
any
to
would
meet
distance
and
satisfactory
changing
leaving Italy,and
Alexander
lists if he
at
short
was
the
blame
some
the
at
indefensible.
day
for
expressed
that
report
at
of
reason
he
on
to
had
to
return
Atticus, the
required
tone
his vessel
reached
Olympian games, which, for

to us, Cicero
declares would
intelligible
very
the
of
idea
he
his friend the
to
Brutus
the
up
himself
the
which
board
on
himself
did
good
some
Brutus, whose
the
Cicero
But
of
speech
to
once
for it seemed
explanation, although Atticus

of it.
at
letter from
that
assume
of
copy
voyage
Velia, which
he
Here
.of August.
xxi.
chap.
people, and
determined
He
to
course
the
to
abandon
to
already heartilysick.
retraced
Cicero
showed
Rhegians
the consul
BRUTUS,
WITH
INTERVIEW
when
the
best
pared
com-
theatre,
combats
of wild
beasts
and
bloody
haste,and
reached
Rome
on
the last
with
says
most
such
compliments
and
enthusiastic
multitudes
reception
flocked
civilitieswhich
were
out
to
paid
and
there
him
whole
the
exile, thirteen
bestowed
were
fellow-countrymen, who,
him
valued
have
who
in
that
of every
left who
bella
were
were
other
Roman
state
Not
There
once
more
have
to
his
without
who,
nobleness
had
had
themselves
It may
be
previous
career
exercise
such
He
name,
was
who
the
was
of nature
off
as
saw
or
had
amazement,
passed
who
their
not
in
fatal influence
over
; and
Caesar, when,
he
had
debts,
another
the
Caesar,
intellect,and
the
which
who
was
fortunes
grandson of the celebrated

by Marius
put to death
orator
and
they
of
the
destined
to
slightsketch
geries
for-
impudent
decrees
and
neither
was
merely mistrusted,
commanding
agreed to ratify.
not
uninterestingto give
of this unprincipled man,
a
state
of
him
witnessed
edicts
was
proposed
bankruptcy by relieving
Dictator,
national
of
for his vices
lifetime
obligationof paying
forgiven. Antony was
senators,
there
odious
the
in silent
he
country.
domination
the
the consuls
the
his
of
helm
the
be
appeal must
republicwould again
beneath
of the
the support
seize
the
the
was
the
vessel of the
The
liberties
the
and
the Senate
of
great
fugitive
was
would
who
that
neck
by the
hated
virtue,
foreboding that
proud
forgotten nor
but
and
in Rome.
of
master
measure
who
knew
one
her
upon
The
or
of
existed
no
fame,
to
lofty name.
and
something
and
from
debtors
Dola-
had
sword,
nefarious
the
none
Caesar
hostility. Dolabella
conduct
as
a
politicianin
presuming
were
Curio, and
of sullen
his
there
Cato, Pompey,
the
Between
of
fortitude
of
gloomy
to
bow
ruler.
with
compare
yet known
not
was
Brutus,
orator
an
was
graves.
himself
make
and
nesses,
weak-
and
intellect dwarfed
and, indeed,
inheritor
stage
adrift, and
was
them
made
faults
his
of
greatness
alive ;
the
as
stamp
abroad.
had
could
to
appear
case,
his
who
in Rome
Octavian
left the
slept in bloody
old
all
by his
Antony and
ordinary men.
distinguishedchiefly by profligateambition
only
had
actors
the
absence
honours
than
more
known
was
with
man
morals.
licentious
And,
The
reputation?
him
his
then
there
often
so
of his
back
welcomed
was
when
most
was
is
as
worth.
his
appreciate
he
and
almost
up
similar
before, when
years
him,
on
city took
vividlyreminded
been
have
must
447
the
into
entrance
He
day.
from
return
his
at
ROME.
AT
RECEPTION
63.
jet.
of Cicero.
of the
Cinna
same
B.C.
87.
CAREER
448
father
His
received,
in that
and
sea,
whose
After
death
of
as
that
the
his
even
if
of
such
youth he
of the
kind.
death
not
was
and
profligate,
enable
him
to
pursue
his
his
of
of
received
enormous
his dissolute
looked
by
Plutarch
were
his
the
the
The
he
him
be
to
likened
youth of the
Antony,
Roman
When
favourite.
who
to
was
of the
tribune
was
with
Clodius's
twenty-five
him,
but
hereafter
the
his
third
first
his breach
his
caused
"
dissipated
universal
people,B.C.
Fulvia.
being
with
Curio,
the
had
tribune,
he
Prpetextatum
te
daughter
year
had
second
left
Antony
study
B.C.
decoxisse.
"
that
of
O.
hear
Fadius,
thing
some-
Antonia
for
After
Greece,
training for
57, when
Phil. ii. 44.
husbands,
Clodius.
and
on
married.
two
Italy
the
carried
first cousin
already
in
he
shall
we
his
the
and
employed himself
military professionuntil the
where
5 8,
because
afterwards
he
was
She
intrigue
an
whom
of
second
of
the
Fadia,
Tusculum,
"
years
whom
wife, Fulvia,
of
freedman
and
discovery
first married
are
of age, at first attached

took
them
soon
quarrelbetween
then
the
was
had
He
a
reason
to
fortune
place. According to Plutarch, he separatedfrom him

he was
frightened at his violence ; but Cicero hints
real
him
we
almost
an
that
presence
the
amongst
of
actually
aquilinenose
; and
aristocracyhe
Clodius
was
himself
Hercules
to
volting
re-
of
small
by Cicero, with rhetorical exaggeration, that

became
bankrupt while yet a boy.1 His noble
and
we
most
from
told
forehead, flowing beard,
as
earliest
wife
sums
career.
been
sown
the scandal
was
called
be
the
for this hatred
reason
licentiousness
to
of
stepfather. But,
Curio
complice
ac-
was
Cicero
From
ashamed
had
told
existed.
ever
to
he
as
are
abundant
was
up
father
and
order
and
by
broad
vinces
pro-
received
rapidlyspent,
his
the
He
by
against
intimacy with
young
left him
swarmed
Lentulus, the
P.
we
hatred
had
cause
His
He
act,
execution
himself
gave
Rome.
then
protect.
to
xxi.
command
plunder
to
to
put
was
Antony's
by the
no
who
married
widow
hereafter, there
see
charged
the
74,
powers
consulship of Cicero,
seeds
in his heart
shall
his
was
the real author
upon
B.C.
Mediterranean,
Catiline,who
the
in
he
chap.
of Creticus.
his
Senate
the
abused
coasts
nickname
the
he
propraetor,
as
against the pirates of
ANTONY.
OF
the
Gabinius, who
B.C.
CICERO'S
44-
then
was
his way
on
POPULARITY.
GREAT
to
the
assume
proconsular government
him
Syria, invited him to accompany

equitum). He
cavalry {prcefectus
of
he
when
Gabinius
with
was
449
commander
as
the
accepted
offer, and
step of
unauthorised
the
took
of
into Egypt
leaving his province and marching with his army
It is only fair
to reinstate
Ptolemy Auletes on the throne.
in
to state
that, according to Plutarch, Antony's behaviour
him
such
that he left behind
a
this campaign was
high
very
tion
the admirafor humanity, and won
reputation in Alexandria
of
Roman
the
Gabinius
returned
short
time
thenceforth
devoted
partisan.
what
with
he
patron
to
of his
and
quaestorship,
own
of the
waiting for the allotment

legal authority.
No
wonder,
then, that when
such
for
that
order
furnished
Cicero, who
oblige
he
by
did
mined
the deter-
He
returned
obtained
to
province
at
powerful
his
himself
were
men
was
left Gaul
was
immediately
to
of his favourite
Clodius.
enemy
without
any
He
He
showed
Antony
then
Gaul.
to
him, partly to
partly because
opponent
the
assist
services
one
and
Senate,
the
letter of recommendation
could
and
into
admission
his
in
quaestorship,
for the
stand
to
might get
Caesar
most
Northern
in
54,
B.C.
year
offered
became
readilyreceived, and
a
then
was
the
in
Italy,Antony
to
Julius Caesar, who

officers and
When,
troops.
to
Caesar
him
by
the head
of
back
welcomed
by the people with
republic Cicero was
enthusiastic
an
greeting. The faint-heartedness he betrayed
known
to the
not
when
pouring out his soul to Atticus was
bold front in many
gencies,
a
great emerpublic. He had shown
and
his matchless
eloquence in the Senate and on
of
the Rostra had often decided questions in critical moments
and
difficulty
danger. No wonder, then, that both senators
and
people longed to hear that voice again, and to listen to
the
the
words
lips. And
period of
that would
of counsel
he
did
not
flow
from
those
persuasive
disappointtheir expectations.
At
no
truly great as in the closing

of his life. Overawed
scenes
by the genius of Caesar, and
attached
to Pompey
by personal regard and an exaggerated
statesman
faith in him
a
as
feelingof gratitude,but without
and
oscillated in a pitiable
or
a
general,he had hesitated
manner
his
career
was
throughout the
he
so
civil
war
; but
now
his
course
was
clear
his
and
the
would
the
that
the
of
he
and
the
stand
hope,
patriot,
had
heal
the
with
consul
his
of
sense
which
led
;
with
be
the
but
man
him
the
like
destrover
he
cause
him,
of
the
he
I
not
defended
if
liberties
he
were
of
small
Rome.
it
little with
such
not
part
wealth"he
common-
reminds
us
him
thought
the
no
motives
lence
viru-
compromise
destroyed,
of
that
was,
unsparing
of
admitted
the
denounced
believe
with
Antony
who,
took
illusory
the
of
and
discovered
act
to
with
might,
was
which
Catiline,
mingled
attack
to
going
boldness
that
he
xxr.
lot
what
Rome
wounds
be, and
may
affront
personal
of
to
was
showed
It
safety.
own
back
with
days
which
violence
the
in
him
his
come
When
die.
intestine
in
cast
that,
Antony
the
him
opposed
of
lured
chap.
had
the
of
that
mean,
and
He
resolved
was
hazard
which
hope
ANTONY.
manifest.
duty
regicides,
he
"
ON
ATTACKS
45"
would
THE
CAPITOI.IXE
WOI.F.
XXII.
CHAPTER
WITH
QUARREL
THE
ANTONY
63.
ALt.
There
and
morrow,
a
be
to
was
it
duty
fine,just
of
Parliament
to
But
House.
Cicero
grossest
it
as
the
is
be
in
when
did
that
in honour
the
not
hypocrisy
and
duty
his
44.
of
morning
Caesar's
every
member
when
there
came,
He
Senate
the
intended
Antony
of
place
appear.
of
attend, under
to
senator
every
B.C.
meeting
known
was
public thanksgiving
the
full
OCTAVIAN.
AND
ANTONY
OF
MENTS
MOVE-
PHILIITIC
SECOND
and
could
to
the
penalty
of
the
British
call
of
Senate
not,
inconsistency,support
was
of
is
the
propose
It
memory.
the
on
the
bled,
assem-
without
the
motion
by
WITH
QUARREL
452
which
to
Caesar
would
and
frustrated
with
him
It
sent
effect
into
of
out
he
heard
He
by
recall
triumphant
the
to
but
he
Antony,
state
the
much
so
as
He
an
the
It
was
worthy
those
the
famous
These
the
niana,
xiii.
i.
fourteen
the
and
man
of the
debate
in
speech
which
public
cost
of
welfare
not
way
great,
was
break
to
his
give
with
of
the
admire
to
sensible
of
the
reconciliation, and
friend then
the
attacked
were
is tiie much
and
there
delivered
orations
so
well
known
Philippics.1
"
as
did
grave,
dignified,and
occasion.
indecent
day before, he probably
as
Senate-house,
masterly speech
Conscious
formidable
wish
himself
of
was
the
monument
impossible
hand
the consul
to
of the
name
a
of
day
next
went
under
the
out
the
policy the
showed
he
send
enemy.
first of
the
while
which,
Senate,
was
provocation
it is
The
Antony
down
The
not
"
because
not, however,
did
it
insult, he
did
and
; and
expostulatedwith
rather
He
conduct
still held
affront, he
He
of
ears.
at
the
was
cause
be-
would
more,
him
the
Cicero
and
in the
pull
to
for
of anger.
depended
with
tact
him
whose
upon
said, the
It
himself.
restrained
see
he
his
rapid
that
threw
outrageous
rebuilt
Rome.
to
impulse
sudden
the
It
come
about
his
absence.
his seat
not
stayed
taken
his
from
act
form, than
be
explain.
did
Senate.
the
would
threatened
been
had
of
order
an
had
of
to
of
excuse
felt it,he
Antony
which
one
very
to
rose
of
consuls
to
Palatine, on
fatigue
matter
his house
down
pull
which
the
wish
Antony,
therefore
by the senators,
notice
he
with
He
on
xxi.
not
being able
the
the
as
if Cicero
deeply offended.
house
of
did
of
house
from
Antony
of rage
Cicero
When
to
is difficult to
that
to
his
serious
to
paroxysm
workmen
state.
obeyed
any
produced
declared
the
courtesy, and
thought
he
breach
cherished
business
was
messenger
it
and
the
attend
to
summons
of
made
unwell
was
was
he
himself
he
that
journey.
more
service
chap.
deified, and
have
hopes
confined
plea
"
the
the
in
and
the
almost
it,for this would
oppose
away,
be
ANTONY.
ndt
Antony
violence
wish
Cicero, who
of his
face
to
an
was
calm
not
"
sent.
pre-
language
the
opponent
so
remarked
sarcastically
called the Antonian

originally
more
appropriatename.
"
Orations, Orationes
See
Aul.
Gell.
Nod.
AntoAt/.
QUARREL
454
the
people
of them
themselves
country
they had
The
the
in
obliged
were
off the
torn
said
abandon
the spectator
of
free
1st
day
for the
He
but
of
of
these
January, which
meeting of
then
related
I
which
been
he
might
need
had
said
of
be
the
I had
the
of
that he
to
have
"
memoranda
authority for
their
the
on
motion
a
of
1st
Piso, and
or
that ? but
and
Is it that
"
to
care
power
grave.
"
into
He
look
of
state
of Csesar, not
I
think
public
were
was
to
are
be
are
of
have
he
of
no
at
with
thus
brought back
are
sole
his
be
to
the
in
records
consistenc
his in-
out
salutary laws
the
same
time, he
religiousscruple the
with
expressed
which
on
said
"
able
prepared
account?"
Antony, pointing
repeal of several
be
is
maintained
"
be esteemed
to
sion
permis-
would
writing produced
author, while,
as
fashion
what
above
present, provided
were
may
He
I prove
apall
because
ought
we
even
commented
the Dictator
Exiles
of
execution
of Caesar
him.
which
the
was
carry
alleged wishes
left behind
by
even
produced, but only

engraved on tablets of brass
procuring the
Caesar
acts
scraps
not
nay,
the conduct
reviewed
those
and
papers
genuineness
in
took
the acts
because
Conscript Fathers, after
"
of which
said
of consular
singlesenator
him,
that
August,
of Lucius
second
to
existence ; and that those which

Ccesar
of the laws and decrees of the people
He
first
already formed
I wish
interests of peace.
that Antony
his satellites.
But
he, I suppose,
denied me
was
libertywhich
yesterday.
teach me,
rather you,
or
the acts of Caesar.
to defend
in
returning on
expressed his regret that he had
that not
do
can
to
found
privilege
led to his return,
without
came
be unwell
rather
thought,the
which
they
for the ratification of
who
the
things to consult
fore,"
There-
auditor
intention
as
Senate
shame
the
as
troops
"
for
them,
neck
"
First of all I vote
"
whose
spoil.
to his proposal.
signifiedthat he assented
In declaring his opinion generallyon
the
affairs,he
their
of
veteran
of fresh
be,
repeat,
his voice
raised
to
Senate."
supported the
he felt surpriseand
rank
the
would
He
in
The
things,and
the
not
present
have
done.
the circumstances
part of the narrative.

not
had
legation,I left with
the
from
body
dare
not
saviours
Rome,
by the hopes
I preferred to
as
than
the great
did
The
xxn.
the consuls
yoke of slavery,although even
in popular harangues, and wherever
they
"
Cicero,
which
Senate.
to
excited
were
from
chap.
consuls-elect
applauded them
spoke of the deed that they
of Caesar
ANTONY.
meetings,
excluded.
was
show
mock
at
"
WITH
in
the
papers
sarcastic
enabled
from
to
he
irony
exercise
banishment
on
had
the
in the
by
the
dead
but
State
the
of
revenues
against Antony ont of

went
to compliment
on
anger
putting
then
turned
when
Senate
the
alluded
tumult
the
to
of
him
of
the
and
during
artful
With
the
abolished
brought
To
Others
"
may
He
upon
that
have
as
to
the
odium
attribute
to
himself
his
suspect that
to
him
take
to
believe it. I have
never
intimate
of
some
fate of
the
by
warning
Caesar,
signs of popular applause bestowed

him.
assassinated
He
for the kindness
Senate
him, and
to
necessary
base, though
ciates
assoyour
rectitude
of disparagement ; but I know
your
"
well as crime !
been
able to avoid suspicion
as
with
concluded
the
his oration
ended
with
they
which
"
words
The
had
time
nearly enough, both as regards the age I

reached
and the glory I have
acquired. If it be prolonged,
for any advantage to myself,
much
it will be so not
so
I have
lived is
State."
for you
and
for the
We
well
imagine
can
moderation
wormwood
villa
they
were
bring
not
; it is not
or
had
had
who
by thanking
listened
they like
unmistakable
those
the
of
"
that you
implored
the
and
asked,
anything
do let drop words
would
entirely
you
so
account
on
Manlius,
mean
you
sometimes
soul, and
what
say
in
known
of
bribed
was
he
could
He
Manlius,
of
Dictator."
one
then,
cause,
change
Antony
by
Marcus
one
decree
"
Dictator
of
name
it
upon
what
sudden
of
of the crime
account
on
as
Caesar
of
the
brand
to
memory
proof that Antony wished
For
with everlastinginfamy.
as," he said, by a
the Manlian
patricianmay be called Marcus
gens, no
"
the
dexterity
Dictator
of
office
present
were
conduct
patriotic
of his
him
He
Caesar.
if he
as
he
when
Forum
memory
of March.
Ides
abolition
the
to
the
in
displayed
he
vigour
temple of Tellus,
in the
met
the
on
reminded
days after the
first few
he
Dolabella
appelld),and
(absentem
ceptions
ex-
was
an
Antony, addressing
to
the
saying anything
unfriendlyspirit; and
he
in
or
erected
the column
removed
dead
by innumerable
away
that
the seditious
down
the
viduals
indi-
to
granted by the dead."

idea
in
only
given not
provinces by
swept
the
deprecated
He
455
was
and
were
taxation
from
city
nations
whole
to
the
of
franchise
the
PHILIPPIC.
FIRST
THE
63.
"jet.
which
and
to
affected
Antony
had
this
how
candour,
he
when
belonged
to
all its studied
speech,with
must
read
it.
Metellus
have
He
been
had
Scipio
at
gall and
retired to
Tibur, the
modern
Tivoli, about
than
more
reply he
him
it
answer
how
to
opponent,
make.
to
what
Antony
brooded
that he hired
rhetorician
imaginary
an
attacking his pupil
for
himself
make
the
told
afterwards
he
to
as
the
over
were
that
Senate
enable
thirsty,and
him
drink.
to
summoned
He
1
And
declaimed
he
says
materials
the
abundant.
so
anger
for
and
Rome,
pleased against him, that he might

for the master, Cicero
sarcastically
he
task
easy
observed, when
from
declaim, permitting him,
to
say
an
"
Cicero
xxn.
chap.
miles
fourteen
fortnight in sullen
was
teach
to
ANTONY.
WITH
QUARREL
456
of
9th
September,
this is
And
have
Rome
him
stayed
the
guard of
of the
the walls
in readiness
The
speech
he
attack
charge
the
he
could
hatred.
of
he
had
persuasions
declared
murdered.
took
Antony
care
the door, and
at
the
under
the
overawe
pretext
senators,
desperate enterprisehe
any
Philippic.
of
think
of
his life
at
Cedant
hold
to
his verses,
togee, concedat
arma
the
nature
of
tained
reply contogether every
raked
his
opponent,
him
care
his
and
ridicule
to
up
taking
standing joke of
the
"
He
damage
to
know
we
the elaborate
from
Cicero
on
second
line
unfortunate
for
Senate-house,
is lost, but
Antony
laughed
He
which
been
attendance
execute
his
afterwards
have
realityto
confront
command.
act
every
in
to
made
in
would
in
soldiers
the
the urgent
improbable ;
preserving order, but

be
he
to
speech
he
; and
for
Senate
prepared
with
away
so,
means
no
might suddenly
the
went
done
not
by
within
even
and
to
friends,Cicero
that, if he had
of
and
the
of
carefullyprepared. But, yieldingto
of his
to
meeting
overwhelm
antagonist and
so
another
to
enemies
quote
torted
disand
that
"
laurea laudi.
of Publius Clodius ; of
being the murderer
Caesar and
Pompey ; and of
severing the friendship between
plice
being privy to the conspiracy against Caesar, and an accomin his assassination.
He
reproached him with joining
He
him
accused
of
the camp
of
Pompey,
him
by his language
how
little Cicero
had
received
Such
was
few,
the
was
and
and
alienating that leader from

to show
ill-timed jests; and finally,
loved
yet
or
esteemed,
he
declared
legaciesfrom deceased
catalogue of charges which
if any,
that
he
friends.
Cicero
had
to
b.c.
meet,1
and
on
the
he
was
to
resolved
write
to
himself, but
shown
him
face, he
The
occasion.
villa
near
not
intended
then
afraid
which
he
will
knew
he
sent
it to
your
criticisms
And
will
yet
is not
to
the
likely to
time
of
It
was
he
was
and
got
said
publication
when
come
again
"
"
I ?
the
see
his
at
invective
Atticus,
should
why
first
the extremities
to
And
had
the
perhaps
day
his
use
he
on
terrible
the
it forth ?"
send
leave
when
But
right to
if the
and
care,
as,
October.
"
case
defence
composed
of
end
confidentiallyto
it
speech which
been
to
He
only
attack
publication
the
be
must
it
fear your
I for
immediate
discretion.
think
latter
him
kindness
unwilling to provoke Antony
or
but
your
have
to
the
not
the
personal
seems
about
for
I commit
to
oration
feel
for
course.
adversary such
him
make
be
risen
mentioned
safe
different
should
his
portraitof
Puteoli
abroad"
took
speech which
I have
longer
have
had
present, and
reason
no
was
abstaining from
in
been
for the
it
as
to
had
But
expression, would
own
"
; and
face
Antony
if he
457
triumphantly he would
how
reply.
to
PHILIPPIC.
see
them
there
not
to
answer
instant
meet
of
it is easy
able
been
SECOND
THE
44-
you
How
What
I
care
light unless
the
republic is restored ?"

the
Although
invective, which
might
Philippic
carefullyperused,
be
to
second
the
in
annals
if I did
unrivalled,
say
Demosthenes
against
facts,throwing much
Midias
lightupon
as
the
allowance
its main
the
to
libel ; and
Antony
have
1
suo
more,
old
it
as
dictum,
defence
for
of
suchthe
it in
Cicero
the
for it the
pay
"
"
dicere."
"
greater the
Ad
Div.
Omnibus
xii.
2.
est
of
record
of
time.
of
truth
visus,ut ad
must
characters
and
the
but
in
attack
ing
But, accordthe
of his
te
an
to
Some
tells.
exaggeration,
penalty
In
ought
Cicero
"
reader
sentence
of
speech
speech
surprisingthat when the time

his power
to gratify his revenge,
strong expressionis
non
every
made
valuable
is,I believe, substantiallytrue.
it is not
had
made
His
be
course
features, both
Antony,
upon
of
must
will feel how
he
then
period, and
the
history of the
to
serves
de-
specimen
unsurpassed
recollect
not
appreciate the full effect which

have
delivered,
produced if it had been
and
be well
acquainted with the events
order
as
is
oratory
but
"
spoken, it
never
merely
not
of
was
antea
greater the
when
came
he
should
life.
The
vomere
scripsi,
consul's
character
than
more
would
one
How
been
of
comes
no
all
They
I wished.
their
doom
motive
other
Antony
can
Nor
would
give
then
had
Antony
The
"
Why
regard
you
your
house
you
up
election
by the
Not
me
win
dare
you
me
the love of traitors.
for his antagonist. My

are
abilities,
scarcely such
contempt
the prospect of
such
me
favourable
audience
the
"
odds
what
more
I desire
can
than
for
speak
to
?"
himself
of
charges which
against the
him.
I once,
friendship.
it seems,
appeared in
court
that is, for my friend Sicca against your minion, the young
rake up this story, unless to curry favour with the freedmen,
by marriage one of themselves ? You say that I resorted to
as
"
for lessons in
false ; Curio would

You
he had.
say
statesmanship. It is
reputation might have gained if
your
Nor
defended
interest
freedman.
avoided
to
way
public services, my
brought against
who
gladlyhave
readier
of the country' offers no

vantage-ground to my
of trying his strengthwith me
ambition
as
a
speaker;
first charge is breach
againstyour
'saviour
myself and againstAntony

Cicero
no
had
have
slight.
me
yet the
not
would
there is
he
can
to
hailed
detractors.
else he
now.
"
influence,my
my
afford
which
Senate
which
coarseness
in
and
epitome of the speech, with

1
the most
:
strikingpassages
that
knowing
privatecharacter,
as
oration
an
Clodius
and
Catiline
what
For
depicted with
colours,
it, Conscript Fathers, that for the last twenty years there has
time declared war
against
republic who has not at the same
was
completer
paid the penalty of their crimes, and my revenge
I wonder, Antony, that as you imitate their acts you do not dread
the encounter,
to
darkest
xxn.
brief
of
some
the
chap.
of the
enemy
than
in
ANTONY.
in
is
tolerated
following is
translation
"
is drawn
passage
be
not
The
me
WITH
QUARREL
458
not
that
have
given
I owed
my
nominated
No, this is not so ; when I was
of the college,Curio, whose
cut-throats
leading augurs in the name
in Asia, and you were
carried your election,was
bankrupt.
as
to
augur
two
afterwards
withdrawal.
your
life at Brundusium.
No thanks to you, but to Caesar's
call me
ing
ungratefulwithout brandspare me, you cannot
in the habit of styling
illustrious men,
Brutus too and Cassius, whom
you are
However, where have I
ingratesno less ; for they also were
spared by Caesar.
You
"
as
shown
saved
say you
safe conduct
if you
or
'In
ingratitude?
your
did
but
measures,
my
did
not
the first Philippic,'

you
touch
your
person.
No, truly;I then blamed
say.
To-day
shall learn how
you
much
my
forbearance.
read
for this
acquittal
eloquence confute
mark
his folly.
from me.
Let the ill-breeding
as
pass :
I
if
their
shall
(as
applaud
eloquence
you procure
may
your
day's work of intimidatingthe Senate) ; but how will all your
if I disown
the letter ?
Not
me
by the handwriting; for it is
that of
estates
by making
owed
you
"
He
Tiro
to
also
Mustela
and
clerk.
letter
for
a
"
request,
"
Your
if he
second
were
some
have
the
as
you
to
me
already, as
of your
in
master
rhetoric,who
the
However,
of honour.
man
allow
you
I shall
the recall of Sextus
say,
included
letter
in
Clodius
consul
availed
of his
in
myself here,
You
appointment).
censuringmy consulship;
with
alterations,of the epitome of the
speechgiven by
and
translated
not
earns
mine
retaliate
by
was
"
fluous
super-
generalpardon.
apologisefor seeming
charge is againstmy consulship. I must

Antony (althoughhe is no true consul,
disrespect
life,his policy,or in the mode
principles
sufficiently,
Antony,
to
that
his scholar
of
deny that it addressed

publishingthat in which you beg
will
nor
like
chance
blockhead
in
have
a
his
manner
declared
of
your
consulshipdirected
German
by Mayor.
writer,Halm,
63.
set.
by
THE
SECOND
PHILIPPIC.
459
the
Senate, approved by the chief consulars of that day, and among

the rest by
his sister's son,
then rejected for those of
counsels you,
Caesar, whose
your
for those of parasitesor pimps whose
stepfather,the traitor Lentulus, as now
days
birthof the delay of public business.
You
you spend in feasting,careless
allege
that your
the
wounds
mine
which
opened ; and this you assert
consulshipheals
L.
in that
temple of
in which
Concord
I consulted
the
Senate's
wish, and
every
which
You
slaves on the ascent
of
besetting with assassins.
say I posted armed
the Capitol. Not slaves,no ! every knight, every high-born youth but
listed
you, enin defence of order.
I denied, you
for burial.
add, the body of Lentulus
are
you
This
is
school
falsehood
but
The
'
verses
my
"
yield to your
make
bold
the
to
"The
that
"
yield
to
Of
; but
why
the crime
blame
is, you
remind
for which
the Senate's
force on
posted an armed
which
to guard that Senate
archers.
You
the gown.'
pleased
are
Is it better
in what
us
I arrested
barbarian
your
Clodius
confess
of citizens
arms
that
tulus,
Len-
work,
and
the ascent
to
crack
freedom
my
to
this very
at
little they may

be to
writings,however
they have been serviceable to our youth and
that
say
Roman
by
Let
?
arms
to
force
is overawed
upon
for P.
You
charge is, that
next
Capitol. Yes,
moment
gross even
traitor ?
complain of his execution
praise mine.
the
too
bred
were
you
joke
should
taste, I
your
discredit
no
name.
third
charge is
the murder
of P. Clodius.
You
say that I tutored Milo
if you,
had
Antony,
despatchedClodius, when you chased
him through the Forum
with your
I cheered
drawn
sword ?
you
on, I confess ;
but you will scarcelysay that I tutored you.
If this charge were
should
true, we
have heard it on Milo's trial.
kill Clodius.
to
The
"
What
fourth charge is, that I
the author
was
in
fact.
had
married
I remonstrate
admission
as
"
The
into my
"
them
been
than
revenge
concealed
to
promote
consul
so
of
been
mine.
me
crime
their
bound
wished
saved
had
it is
tillnow
example
the
; others were
if the plot had
as
consulshipin
for the
ceased
never
Caesar's blood, and

too
here
from
alienation
Pompey's
make
an
Caesar, and
in dates
error
still more
so
than
his absence.
But
when
to
rupture
peace.
fifth charge is,that I planned Caesar's murder.

Now,
For
undeserved
me
honpurs.
hands, and forcing upon
have
name
You
But when
consulship I did warn
Pompey against him.
his daughter further remonstrance
was
hopeless. Yet twice
and
against the prolongation of Caesar's command,
against his
candidate
imminent
was
caused
Caesar's
In
Pompey
did
of the civil war.
Did
and
Brutus
ancestors
Caesar
could
say, raised
Brutus, you
joy, singling me
If it is
the country.
of which
honest
no
man
out
crime
had
by
in
is clear.
his
could
any other
private
have
not
playing
are
how
need
Cassius
Domitius
that
you
dared
my
gestion
sug-
to
wrongs
to sound
dagger, reeking with

Yes
name.
Me
because
rejoiceat
to
me
you
condemn
liverance,
de-
our
on
hand dealt the blow, you say you wish

suspicionof complicity
; Brutus, whose
with all respect.
to name
Sleep off the fumes of last night'sdebauch, and tell us
I conjureyou, are
Brutus and the rest assassins or saviours of their country?
plainly,
men?
If assassins,why do you always call them
honourable
Why have you
them
You
?
do
then
consider
all
their
not
assassins,if we
granted
requests
and
hold
them
words
to be
acts.
must
Consequently you
judge by your
may
the
I
will
liberators.
Good
I
the
conspiratorsto
deny
beg
charge no longer ;
;
mere
"
it ; I
confirm
glory in being shut
the least is
where
hero, whom
up, as
to have
in the
seen
is
Trojan horse,
an
if my
stilus (dagger-pen) had
indeed
written that
would
the
first act, but
have finished the whole
at
I retort
You
are
cleared
epoch
play,it
drama.
amidst
in any
would
What
man's
not
company
life. Yet
have
one
"
You
say
if
accusation
?
You
discussed
such a plot with Trebonius
at Narbo.
your
for
and have
inherit
his
the greatest gainer by Caesar's death,
power,
you
will
believe it of you ;
off your debts.
Nay, do not be startled, no one
give you credit for patriotism.

in Pompey's camp.
I then tried to avert
talk of my conduct
peacefulcounsels.
Pompey thought too much of his dignity. I put the
no
stopped
will you
will
ruin by
safetyof
before
countrymen
my
had
the
been
dignity.
from the
flight
his
friendship. On
ANTONY.
WITH
QUARREL
46o
differences
these
But
And
I had proved the truer prophet.

againstme his friend, you who are livingon
of Pompey
for the memory
and then have
I may
now
are
you
his
"
the
enlivened
by
camp
jest.
Your
if he
that
confessed
sanguine
more
interruptedour
never
Pharsalus, Pompey
field of
xxn.
chap.
jealous
spoils?
of my
censure
the proper mean.

melancholy and my mirth may prove that neither transgressed
that it were
Would
true,
in his will.
remembered
me
friend ever
You
say that no
received
I
have
in
fact
But
be still alive.
of my friends would
for then more
that I
only
can
his
whim
L.
of
the amount
to
legacies
boast your luck, for whom

also his
but
brother's son,
Turselius
Indeed
inherited
nothing from
This, then, is the
grant of publicland
Cicero
assailed
"
not
cases
spoliation
expected from
you
who
father.
he
and
But
as
not
odd
had
enough
an
easy
task !
For
this
of defence, it is time
to
you
say
rehearsals
in
rhetoric,
repaidhim
something of
corrector."
and
censor
my
Other
of your impeachment, the fruit of your many

Sextus Clodius, your master
this you allowed
"
in your favour.
I should
have
By
of
sum
For
in Scipio'svilla !
he
as
attack
to
pleased
you
by
disinherited
Fufius.
heir, young
declared
sarcasm
own
your
(,"178,000).Not
sesterces
perfectstranger, Rubrius,
his brother
discarded
this is the last
I omit.
"
twenty million
than
more
with
Antony
his
position to
merciless fury.
changed
now
that
of
attack,
and
the knights,
bankrupt, but stillappeared among
boy you became
the
You
law.
Roscian
the
disgraced
the seats assigned to bankrupts by
outbid
Curio
all
till
of manhood
comers,
young
by prostituting
your body to
While
on
gown
his rivals
yet
the offer of
by
discharge
bond
which
permanent
the
son
had
settlement, and
signed
on
your
persuaded the
behalf, on
elder Curio
to
that you
I will
life.
private
condition
again. But modesty bids me veil your

before the civil war.
brieflytouch on your publiccareer
he
when
with Gabinius
You
supported Clodius in his tribuneship. You were
of
share
than
a
Having no other home
reinstated king Ptolemy Auletes.
illegally
candidate
You
to Rome
as
a
came
villa at Misenum, you joinedCaesar in Gaul.
a
it was
that
Then
and I, at Caesar's request, supported you.
for the quaestorship,
the
for
On being elected,instead of waiting
P. Clodius.
you attempted the life of
to
returned
Caesar, in the hope of
legaldistribution of provinces,you at once
sharing his plunder.
On
of Antony.
"I
New-year's Day (B.C. 49) the
to the treasons
pass on
for obstructing its decree ; a proscription
Senate
proscribedyou as an enemy
saved your life by flying to the
You
own
obstinacy.
brought upon you by your
entered
never
the
house
"
him
with the desired pretext for drawing the
and calamity.
of all the ensuing carnage
guilty
you
restored
You
the ruin of Troy.
was
You
have been the ruin of the state, as Helen
Licinius
Denticulus),
notorious
the
the
exiles
rest
gambler
(amongst
illegally
many
of Caesar, and
camp
sword.
so
furnished
Posterity will hold
Then
came
banished
uncle, C. Antonius.
your
mistress
in
Your
Caesar's
absence
Cytheris,
Spain.
progress through Italyduring
received the homage of the country towns,
in a open litteramong
borne
your lictors,
mother
while your neglected
brought up the rear.
ness
A great kind"
to death.
did not put me
Brundusium
On
to
you
your return
and
yet had
truly !
no
Yet
mercy
your
on
your
affronts
made
it difficult to show
welcome
due
home.
gratitude. Cytheris
Again you made
you
lengthof the Appian Way
through Italy,to the grievousloss of the people. Then, while Caesar
as
You
Master
named
of the Horse.
thought yourself,
in Egypt, you were
was
another
actor,
leave
to
Sergius,
such, entitled to live with Hippias the actor, and to
All this
which belong of rightto senators.
those appointments of the racecourse
the
at
marriagesurfeit
time you lived,like a robber, on your plunder. After a
came
all the
progress
to
462
QUARREL
Cicero
then
dealt
with
death
; but
I need
not
told.
The
orator
went
"
should
Why
about
speak
ANTONY.
WITH
Antony's
chap.
repeat the tale which

on
of
after
conduct
has
already
"
unnumbered
your
forgeries,which
hawked
were
like play-billsannouncing gladiatorialshows ? In

that from
and
after Brutus' departure Crete
should
decreed
Caesar's
been
the streets
you
xxii.
Caesar's
name
be
to
cease
province, forgettingthat while Caesar lived Brutus had nothing to do with Crete.
You
recalled
the exiled convicts,and
yet excepted three or four from pardon, as
had
before
uncle.
You
uncle as a candidate
for
excepted
set up your
you
your
the censorship,
and
You
struck his
exposed him to public ridicule in his canvass.
out of the commission
for dividing lands.
name
You
divorced his daughter,your
own
cousin,1 after blasting her unsullied
character
for chastity by a charge of
You
the commissioners
adultery with Dolabella.
neglected to convene
appointed
to ascertain Caesar's genuine acts.
For
the Senate
had, for the sake of peace,
confirmed
those acts, not
He
then
his
and
of
1st
Our
terror.
the
Rome
the
June
absence
salutarylaw,
through Campania
progress
head
dared
did
his."
were
"
the
at
senators
said
Antony's
Rome
to
entered
Antony
as
described
return
You
"
such
not
of your
not
troops in order
We
meet.
prevent
fled from
from
you
of battle.
the
repealingthe
On
the
Senate-house
in
laws
of Caesar"
for
instance,limitingthe duration of proconsulships, and others.

people of the statues and picturesbequeathed to them by
Caesar, along with the park beyond the Tiber, and carried them
to
off, some
Pompey's gardens,and others to Scipio'svilla,which you had made your own.
Divine
honours
have been voted
to Caesar, and
his flamen.
are
Why
you
You
also
robbed
the
"
are
consecrated
not
you
law
; to-dayby your
games
is the feast not
observed?
can
you
I
"
he
as
though
hemmed
saw
so
your
round
with
in
those
The
from
arms
of
name
soldiers
and
hands.
your
even
spoke.
all
But
the
circus
you
Why
what
"
of Caesar
acts
orator
speak
than
guard.
The
He
to
sons
thing itself is sweet.
But
wrest
her.
defend
there
is
"
live
to
will
people
find noble
says
unable
be
to
"
is the Senate
Why
while
deaths
republiccan
the
archers
without
The
things.
defend
Roman
of Caesar.
harangued the people half-naked
thousand
the
honour
grandfather,consummate
your
barbarian
is dear, and
peace
difference between
who
you
"
of
day
of these
none
fourth
festival in
as
Better
to die
protect himself.
the
midst
of one's countrymen
to
of
open
you ; he never
breast bare when
you
not
was
we
for
was
observing them
eloquentreply. For
your
was,
for not
say
await
the
Yesterday was
is a fifth day
wide
and
slavery. Our saviours are absent, but they have left

their example.
Their
us
is their
and
their conscience
glory is without parallel,
reward.
But yet, methinks
own
that a mortal
will not
man
despise immortality
of renown.
Remember
the day on
which
the dictatorship,and
you abolished
the joy of the whole
You
people. Or if glory cannot, let fear move
you.
trust
cannot
Not
that
at
followers
own
your
can
you
taught us
peace
bear
Caesar
slain by
him, except
was
comparison with
least whom
to
and
trust
whom
to
fear.
those
who
Now,
him
owed
in ambition.
His
too,
we
most.
tyranny
know
the
glory and profitof tyrannicide."
last words
The
"Consider,
and
not
reconciled
myself.
The
at
Rome.
of
I beseech
your
to
you,
associates.
your
I defended
word
of the
peroration are
while
Be
there is yet time.
reconciled
But, act
the republic when
country.
is soror,
that
very
as
to
you
was
if you
like for
me
young
is,patruelis. Cousins
;
were
fine
Think
"
of your
choose
; at
I
yourself,
I will
not
ancestors,
all events,
will
abandon
speak
it
be
for
now
called sisters and brothers
that I
TO
STATUE
63.
jet.
despised the
old.
am
arms
sacrifice
offer the
CJESAJZ.
463
of Catiline ; I will not

quail before yours.
of my
life,if the libertyof my country can
gladly
Nay,
death, so that the indignant grief of the Roman
be purchased by my
people may
of which
it has
For
that
freedom
birth
so
if,
to
long felt the throes.
at last give
in
that
could
I
death
declared
this
not
now
nearly twenty years'ago,
veiy temple
who
had
attained the dignity of consul, with
how
come
prematurely to a man
To
old
I
it
in
of
truth can
much
myself
more
Conscript
me,
my
age.
say
I have
after the honours
be a boon
gained and the actions
Fathers, death would
Two
done.
I have
things only do I pray for one, that dying I may leave the
than this :
Roman
people free : no greater blessing can be granted me by Heaven
I would
"
each
other, that
the
receive
may
his
reward
according
he
as
deserves
of
the
republic."
Cicero
Although
he
house,
Cassius
in
stayed
the
at
dared
end
where
Rome,
September,
of
good
fallingfortunes of the republic.

to take
ventured
Antony now
had
hitherto
and
enemies
which
the
side
affected
to
with
all
or
weaker
the
most
of
of
memory
of
to
Forum
the
his
Caesar
Optime
assassins
therefore
No
none
"
had
the well-known
of
Rome,
Rome
He
to
called
show
that
His
league
col-
pillar erected
raise
the
on
rostra
in
ment
monu-
in the
inscription,PARENTI
be conartful epitaph could
ceived
reflected more
strongly on the
more
which
to
of the
be
him.
would
the
of
deprived their country

form
as
popular favour
may
to
the
placed
Caesar, with
of
what
dear
he
in
anxious
down
He
this
sepulchralurns
thrown
dictator
fame.
who
equally
deceased
Merito.
than
therefore
was
But
line.
bolder
him
of
occasion
from
absent
on
specious
out
one
on
see
itself,he
in favour
took
champion
was
had
statue
he
and
he
to
tumult.
were
might outbid
the
held
demonstrations
whom
him
declare
had
friends
uncertain
was
seditious
weaker,
as
Dolabella
was
and
and
by coming forward
the Julian party,
honour
hand
that Octavian
afraid
it
as
and
Cassius,
high
rolled away,
became
the
and
Brutus
"
was
long
He
course.
for
popular sympathy would

kind of neutrality. He
observe
a
conspirators
"
As
the
defend
to
to
ness
scanti-
parties,the
two
necessary
was
writing
decided
the
down
months
It
blew.
wind
professions to
put
the
between
Caesar.
of
way
which
trimmed
left
was
more
him
Senate-
deploring the
and
that
men
the
in
find
we
of
of the number
himself
trust
not
be
seen
by which
pious gratitude to a father's memory.

He
wrote
it implied in its full force.
the
on
children
Cicero
to
It
its parent.
tombstones
and
expressed their
felt the
Cassius
and
censure
said
:
"
CRUELTY
464
friend day by
Your
"
the
which
statue
he
day
Optime
Merito
but
even
parricides.What
say
/.
the
For
deed.
Would
madman
had
of the
it into
he
would
had
of
First,in the case
Parenti
inscription
the name
of not only assassins,
branded
?
Nay rather I should
in your
the chief hand
glorious
be
givingus
trouble now."
no
for
sagacious plan
of
destinies
the
with
with
branded
are
he
and
Rome,
proceeded
that
already mentioned
appointed by Caesar governor
been
himself
making
have
xxh.
chap.
furious.
more
Rostra
I say ? that you are

declares that I had
formed
execution.
Brutus
the
on
you
do
that I had!
Antony
master
that
so
and
more
grows
erected
has
ANTONY.
OF
of
to
carry-
Decimus
Cisalpine
confirmed
by the Senate
appointment was
after Caesar's death.
to take
Antony resolved
possession of
Backed
this important command.
by a strong militaryforce,
he would
have
then
the capital at his mercy,
ready at a
that
and
Gaul,
moment's
this
notice
of modern
to
if not
himself.
upon
rested
to
the
with
plains
bestow
This
for the
illegalact;
an
the wide
got the people
therefore
provincialcommands
to
it from
upon
CisalpineGaul
of
unconstitutional
an
He
Lombardy.
the government
down
sweep
was
ments
appoint-
Senate,
and
already conferred the province upon Decimus

He
Brutus.
treated
Antony's appointment as wholly invalid,
the
and
authority
prepared himself to hold by the sword
body had
that
which
had
bestowed
been
him
upon
by
by the Senate.
Hearing that the four legions which
had
Macedonia
the
reached
and
English
veterans,
the
treated
port
the
on
to
money
offer
with
of
9th
had
left Rome
He
donation
The
the
But
of
names
there
lent
equiva-
largesses of
the
contempt.
for from
sent
October.
"4. a-head.
about
confirmed
and
Antony
promised them
remembered
who
he
Brundusium,
at
soldiers,and
the
harangued
in
arrived
Caesar
pered
pam-
Caesar,
the
four
the
the
Martial, the Second, the Fourth, and
legions were
them
all his oratory to induce
Thirty-fifth.Antony exerted
of them, either
with
succeeded
to join his standard, and
one
refused
the others
to
the
the Thirty-fifth. But
Second
or
follow him ; and he took a terrible revenge.
Inviting their
centurions, to the
to
blood
"
the
carried
the
number
his house, he
before
the eyes
caused
of
blood
of
him
the
to
the
dying
them
himself
dignified general,"as
with
hundred,
of three
army.
men.
to
and
Cicero
Her
What
be
under
massacred
his wife
some
text,
prein cold
Fulvia, whom
ironicallycalls him, had

face was
spattered with
astounding picture
an
b.c.
MEASURES
44-
these
brutal
almost
465
of Rome
state
the soldiers made
the
along
side
they
would
put himself
at
the famous
one
addition
Rome
by
eastern
leaving
coast,
They passed
to
avenge
commenced
their
it uncertain
which
on
ultimately declare themselves.

Antony
the head of the remaining legion,which
was
levied by Cassar in Gaul, and called Alaudcs
number,1 and turned

Appian Road, intendingto
his
its
to
the
attempt
no
officers,but, quitting Brundusium,
march
in
OCTAVIAN.
give of the
murders
unnoticed, and
their
OF
towards
steps
recruit his forces
on
the march.
In
the
villa
at
time
proconsul
he
Puteoli.
In
of
deplored the
"
For- my
much
also
arms
to
had
lived at
been
able
to
At
camp,"
consider
If he
his
to
friend Cornificius,at
that
"
and
said
"
all these events, and in eveiy mortal

accident,I
from
but
me
only withdraws
distracting
care,
philosophy, which
and
retired
just before his departure,

of the republic, if a republiccould be
not
nothing
And
of fortune.
against all the assaults
me
city,and
Africa, written
part, amidst
own
remedy,
same
left the
letter to his
state
said to exist in
owe
Cicero
meantime
evil which
an
as
advise
involves
you
adopt
to
moral
no
the
blame."
happier period,he would have

word
religionfor philosophy.
later and
the
substitute
composed, as I have mentioned, the second

and
it confidentially
to Atticus, who
sent
suggested
Philippic,
He
self
which Cicero adopted.
some
employed himalterations,
his work
De
else could
he do, he
on
Officiis
; for what
? but at the same
time
he kept an
asked, but philosophise
he
Puteoli
watch
eager
forward
to
crisis.
imminent, had
of Caesar's
nor
money
liberal than
he had
army.
He
Rome
to
Antony,
and
to
he
offered them
Cicero,
to
he
and
to
five
the veterans
spared
neither
his side.
More
the
times
the nucleus
and
Italy,where
found,
of
proposed
his real reason,

that it could
Antonium
cum
as
take
he
that
says
place
it
interview
an
He
legioneAlaudarum
ad
2
urbem
pergere.
"
did
Ad
Att.
at
his usual
to
childish
was
unobserved.
amount
considerable
Capua or the neighbourhood, but this Cicero, with

I say timidity,for this seems
timidity, declined.
been
hurrying
struggle was
military quarters
visit the
gain the soldiers

formed
soon
wrote
to be
were
fast
were
that
saw
in different parts of
campaigns
promises
done,
Octavian, who
quitted
settlements
and
which
events,
political
upon
to
not
have
pose
sup-
think
xvi. 8.
IRRESOL
466
it
prudent
he
Look,"
"
his
at
had
He
war.
commit
to
little confidence
sent
him
advised
Cicero
have
would
not
him
friend to consult
to
Rome,
to
go
if he
! where
are
Octavian,
a
the
and
prominent part himself,
of the state,
found
it
quoted
might
tellinghim
easier
was
career
political
be
to
he
should
where
he
was
city might
be
the
to
to
to
fight,and yet
case
to
any
If
off.
cut
time
in his
In
side.
the saviour
in Rome.
be
to
than
take
to
Cicero
He
it.
himself, which
he
of
the whole
express
ashamed
his
he
services
without
hension
appre-
out, and
small
left Puteoli
letter which
short
his
where
longer, access
was
to
earlyin
the
had
Antony
of
chance
his
ber,
Novem-
Atticus,
to
wrote
better
thought it
not
was
broke
war
fly."'
He
opportunity
therefore
He
to
return.
him, there
exclude
entering the city.

and
his
on
second
might be useful should occur, and he

much
lest,if he stayed away
power
adopt.
likelyto
"
advice
motto
as
Afraid
the spot in
on
course
applicable to
as
suddenly determined
he
wished, he
"
"
But
boy.
he
ought
give
to
adopted
have
as
not
be
that he
Homer
line of
him
look
"
help ejaculating, O
ing!"
? What
an
opportunity you are losother hand, kept urging him to take
you
on
bears
as
citizens
of
leader.
inspiredconfidence
sincerity,the respectable class of

telling this to Atticus, he could
Brutus
him
to the
as
he
name
meet
as
only the rabble, but
not
the
at
xxii.
prospect
in Octavian
constantly spoke of
he
Finding that Cicero
"
Atticus,
to
!" and
age
chap.
irrevocably in the
himself
but
wrote
UT10N.
while
his villa near

Sinuessa
at
{Rocca di
stopping on his way
Mcuidragone), gives a livelypictureof the anxiety his journey
caused
him.
It
was
follows
as
"
On
I reached
country residence at Sinuessa.
7th of November
my
halt
Casilinum.
intended
at
to
it
that
the same
was
Antony
currentlyreported
day
to go
I therefore changed my
straightto Rome
by
plan. For I had determined
have
for they
he
would
In
come
that case
the Appian Road.
easily
up with me,
"
On
the
say he travels with

in the direction
of
(where Quintus had
Arcanum
mind
to
me
to
:
do what
your
of
rapidity
Arpinum. I
the
I therefore
Cassar.
intend
to
stay
villa). Now,
turned
to-morrow
my
dear
aside from
Minturnse
either at
Aquinum or
Atticus, give your whole
open
question,for it is a matter of importance. There are three courses
I will
or
at Arpinum, or approach nearer,
to remain
go quiteto Rome.
But
know
soon
as
let me
as
possible. I look eagerlyfor
you advise.
the
letter."
"kileoQev
refuse, and
jxev
av-qvacrOai,deTcrav 5' viroUxdai.
yet feared
to
accept."
"
Literally, they
Mere
ashamed
He
and
It
the
road
dark
too
was
had
amongst
of
many
his
that Atticus
him
leave
to
He
Arpinum.
his
write
friend
him
be
to
curious
told him
He
daily.
find
he
him,
this
at
he
passion for writing history,and

him
right
from
on
he
Arpinum
reminds
other
words,
Your
"
Antony,
of
the
treasure
which
probably
to
seems
have
he
indeed,
afraid
said,
father's
Your
"
writes
as
my
to
account
an
He
Ops."
of
temple
to
December
of
nones
the
in
joke, for there
using it, unless,

letter falling into
improper
for
reason
the
of
which
manner
public meeting,
other
no
his letters
of
Ouintus
the
on
was
been
was
my
this circumlocution
intended
set
to
grandfather's
father's grandson
(in
nephew
my
at
"
to
intends
from
demand
with
father is my
?" for he
writes
and
that he
Marcus")
son
me
It is
Atticus
to
in
to
great-grandson
referred
man's
required
smitten
was
himself
If that
to
private perplexity
one
"
relation is he
what
son
he
sulted
con-
there.
go
In
"
again
begging him
chronology.
expressed
riddle
of the
us
of
point
and
to
of
moment
public confusion, declaring that
and
his villa
to
that his honour

afraid
was
then
he
and
detour
movements,
feared
he
but
Rome,
at
to
his future
to
lights. He
another
proof
no
there,
went
Atticus.
question by advising
his
make
and
immediately
as
had
"
anticipated
daybreak,
letter from
"
Appian Road,
the
before
day dawned
of early rising
until
habit
had
with
his party
it,and
read
to
467
morning
him
met
wait, therefore,
to
found
courier
ATTLCUS.
TO
villa next
left his Sinuessa

on
at
LETTER
LAST
63.
jet.
hands.
spoke
He
had
animosity against
that
he
had
not
his
his
was
yet satisfied.
son
had
according
his
to
contracted
as
to
fire
inconvenient
also
and
to
said
medicine
go
to
pay
friend.
to
he
claim
For
them
ought
not
was
which
debt
private
the
"into
look
and
bade
he
For
Rome
flammani),
of
want
Cicero.
Terentia's
promised
{in ipsam
Hippocrates,
to
even
surety for
he
politics,
who
man
dowry, the
for Tullia's
determined
"
as
to
meet,
had
As
to
to
He
of the
affairs.
no
very
therefore, he
midst
was
owed
he
demands
several
reasons,
very
off
gone
paying the money

which
just then
had
him
of Dolabella
betray his country, but his

doubt
quickened by the fact
in Syria without
government
by Antony
bribed
been
bitterness
much
with
adieu
to
be
after
;
for,
given
CHARACTER
468
when
he
the
patient was
might expect
The
him
letter which
the last which
as
last which
has
in Rome
time
before
that the
We
he
wrote
been
his
of
account
his
of
record
real
full of
possession of such
Cicero's
life.
Atticus
had
his
character
friend
It would
had
in him
of the
this
wanted
beneath
better
for him
anything else.
perhaps their intimacy might not have

in
have
unbroken.
taken
to
so
They both seem
view
in the troublous
times
the same
of politics,
in that
suffered
even
stormy
here
do
of
with
was,
indeed,
all
all sides.
parties and
he
as
Bray, and,
like
This
public life,and
competitors for
has
cautious
thus
offence
gave
He
power.
passed
wealthy private gentleman

and
keeping an ample table
opposite
most
his fame, and
luminary.1
1
Nomen
Epistolce non
fuisset gener
he
shines
He
Attici
perire
Nihil
et
illi pro-
Tiberius
pro-
stand
He
on
into
ambitious
existence
literature
Cicero
as
and
art,
assembled
politics. To
we
friends
of the
he
to
entered
never
to
as
his subsequent
politicalVicar
luxurious
which
round
he
men
owes
the reflected lustre of that great
unharmed
Ciceronis
of
none.
made
none
devoted
in
with
lived
sinunt.
Agrippa
views
to
he
long
life-
the midst
with
of
personage,
for
difficult,
not
was
called, a kind
been
that
himself
compromise
of the
happiness in
which
never
strife.
and
anxiety
of
main
delightfulto
Parting company
with Atticus, it will be interestingto know
fate.
His great object throughout life was
sea
well
of
haven
calm
"
in
of such
course
But
the
attachment
It is
disinterested
and
pure
mutual
diminution.
momentary
contemplate the
friendship
a
their
all events,
; at
if
remained
case
they lived
the
stuff of Cato, for
sterner
than
more
an
as
been
perhaps
more
most
biography. The
crowning happiness of
the
was
the
well
as
though
in
probable
far
by
short
correspond.
to
sentiments,
interest
have
remained
it is very
is
the
events
Cicero
as
what
little incidents, which
many
dignity of history are
own
of
benefit
all
occasion
again
not
that
specialinterest,
at
death,
xxn
Atticus
following year, only
proscription and
had
chap,
told
or
Indeed,
of the
autumn
lose,therefore, the
trustworthy
he
and
Atticus,
to
preserved.
friends
two
immediately.
have just quoted has
until the
hope
past
US.
ATTIC
OF
through
gener,
tarn
eum
et
magna
the
conflict
Caesar pronepos
Drusus
nomina
of
inter
taceretur, nisi Cicero
applicuisset.Seneca, Epist. 21.

"
REVOLT
47o
enemies
the state.
of
was
in him
act
of
OF
To
conduct
him
life entitled
of
of
the
vice,
part of
for
did
not
conspirator against Antony

the
day arrived, he did not
drunk
had
he
Cicero,
therefore
hard
too
another
summoned
the
subterranean
which
passage
the
when
time
lorum
afraid
speak
rose
to
the
right
object
to
was
public
had
moment
that the
only
not
he
business
thanksgiving
the
it
by
had
the
at
called
was
Gal-
forbidden,
the
for
had
cf
Fourth,
had
position at
declared
Alba,
within
that this
suppose
regiments
legion
at
thousand
which
in
the
time
Antony
legions,
in
be
the
of
miles
merely
like
we
twelve
thousand
of
afterwards
Phil.
them
startling
iii. 6.
speaking
Caesar, the
We
argued that Antony
must
couple of
Roman
about
was
and
of
these,
flower
had
six
force
the
defection
very
their
up
from
soldiers,
the
and
Rome.
strength of
the
him.
marched
taken
the loss of
by
had
who
and
and
of
was
disconcerted
subtracted
would,
campaigns
"
are
amount
reckoned
1
To
this,Cicero
get over
forfeited the rank of consul.
The
army.
which
senators
Lepidus,
same
Octavian,
few
that the
so
men,
was
modern
for
a
anxious
coast, two, the Martial
Adriatic
the
along
just
the
he
thought
instant
left Brundusium
northwards
he
or
pass
when
lay before
to
in honour
At
to
But
enemy.
had
legions that
the three
veterans
in
made
Senate
completely
two
He
to
up
been
in Gaul.
military command
news
suddenly arrived which
on
believe
28th,
failed him
had
come,
not
when
come.
the
the
get
either his resolution
proposal for
Of
himself
may
to
he
moned
sum-
But
we
and
own
November,
avow
slunk
arbitrary edict
an
declaring Octavian
resolution
his
that
secret
found
By
to
be
to
present,
pain of death, three of the tribunes
It was
exercise
their
lest
veto.
they might
apparently
under
no
for
have
to
seems
if
able
captured Rome,
Gauls
'cuius.
Cum
country.
Capitol, and
temple of Jupiter,on
of
his
as,
his
He
would
meeting
him
purity of
attend
be
an
was
proclamations
24th
to
it
censor.
appear,
standard
them
the
and
xxii.
ignoble birth, and
if the
as
his
to
compared
of
being
Senate
that whoever
declared
and
with
play the
to
meeting
him
all kinds
of
him
He
of Octavian.
Spartacus,reproached
accused
legions
summon
rightfulauthority ; in
He
immediately issued
rebellion.1
denouncing the
chap.
of
act
an
LEGIONS.
TWO
the
as
of his
by his
crimes
He
troops.
the
for
been
house
the instant
bring back
The
Senate
This
the
in
the
In
the
that
Caius
"
"
was
speech known
in the
their
the Third
as
got Macedonia.
Antony
the
gives of the
used
to
give
Addressing
wanted.
provinces they
the
said
trick
unfair
some
of
withdrawn
Cicero
that
account
eligiblefor
themselves
have
to
to
of
presidency
were
availed
have
try
following year.
the
who
senators,
to
proceeded
of the
under
absent, and
afterwards
soon
he
Philippic,
the
ironical
the
had
Senate-
Alba,
and
evening
done
to
was
friends
Senate
of
seem
implies
Antony's
been
several
the
from
city to
again
objection that he
ballot, he
the
his standard.
appointments,
names.
from
flew
to
have
says,
was
the troops
to
and
Antony,
hastened
provisionalgovernments
ought
over
passed,and, changing
military dress of a general (palu-
rather
met
ballot for the
hurried
Cicero
as
case,
then
He
for the
datus),quitted or
and
that the resolution
robe
his consular
of his wits, and
such
in
before.1
done
never
471
thanksgiving by immediately calling for
thing which
"
BALLOT.
THE
frightenedout
was
motion
division
WITH
TRICKERY
63.
it.
Lucky
always talking of that province. Caius

Calvisius got Africa.
lucky ; for he
Nothing could be more
had
just quitted Africa, and, as if divining that he would
But
the
return
there, had left two of his legates at Utica."
side.
M. Iccius got Sicily,and
all on
Q.
not
luck was
one
he
! for
man
was
and
Spain. Cassius
Iccius
belonged to
said
Cicero,
Cassius
the
I have
"
for
ballot
the
no
those
Antony did not succeed

had
legions at Alba, who
hastened
therefore
rallied
his
round
them
amongst
legion had
placed itself
levies
1
to
it
The
he
and
he
under
of
in
to
own
keep
time
two
provinces
Antony
because
in
play.
not
was
case,"
their
I
pose
sup-
dentially
provi-
so
shaking the resolution
of the
their
leader.
Octavian
chosen
Tibur,
it
and
them
good
in
back
the
passingthe resolution,
a
desperatehurry. I
suppose
as
and
Macedonia,
from
himself
mode
fifth
humour.
it
at
was
thought
carrying so
sitpplicatio.
oi
the
head
an
solemn
had
money
that, including the
so
found
resorted
was
distributed
standard,
come
as
join the troops that
to
his command,
raised, he
why
reason
was
this
had
probably was
shortest mode
to
by
suspect foul
to
conspirator,
In
"
party.
same
cause
of the
brother
!"
directed
He
the
was
new
of
undignified
a
measure
respectableforce
Octavian
men.
the
upon
Brutus
of
four
of
had
the
the
co-operationof
CisalpineGaul,
in
Antony
which
He
province which had

authority of the Senate, and
approach of Antony.
the
office, convoked
take
into
elect
when
it
was
buzzed
in
numbers
in
Temple),
known
was
an
the
action.
had
He
shown
Gaul
; and
the
flower
round
their
liberal
He
on
rose
as
denounce
December,
the
to
consuls
to
senators
properly the
And
they
more
more.
insisted
objects he
the oration
praised Octavian
the
to
for
Brutus
inhabitants
the
of
firmness
his
of
the
He
governor.
be
their part, be
reward
that
declared
regarded
as
yet he
expense,
he
in
the
lead
worse
for
best
the
rallying
military
troops, and
made
to
than
any
called
the
diers.
sol-
Tarquin,
consistency
they applauded the
acting contrary to law in

really consul.
They apopposing Antony, if Antony was
plauded
of the legions that deserted
the conduct
him, and
conduct
yet those
of
of
Brutus,
and
own
unanimity
was
spirithe
holding Cisalpine
be
consul
immediate
in
longer,with
no
and
his
that
to
and
at
should
Antony
could
he
that
appointed
of
promises
advised
view,
enemy,
province, which
Italy,"for their zeal and
in
for the
skies
raising levies of troops
had
public
necessity of energetic
the
should
commanders
and
into
delivered
and
Antony
in
Decimus
that
entered
there, the
once
the
Senate
and
"
just
allow
(or
Philippic.
excellent speech for
to
were
show
House
He
the
of
wras
hearing him
of
hopes
oppose
20th
he
that
the
to
to
January, for the tion

protecthat day.
meet
on
Cicero,
the 9th, went
early; and,
on
abroad
by the
the Third
as
which
Rome
to
had
to
him
of
1st
would
disappointed.
not
were
reckon
on
troops
the
on
the
on
Senate, which
returned
flocked
It
was
levied
proposal
militaryguard
had
could
by Decimus
the avowed
object
bestowed
been
Senate
consideration
of the
who
it
newly-elected tribunes, who
The
he
possession. Brutus acted with spiritand

issued
a
proclamation declaring his resolve to
the
hold
in addition
commanded
army
of
thousand
but,
that
xxii.
seize
to
firmness.
number
same
remembered
be
chap.
twenty-four
legions, or
about
it must
these,
to
PHILIPPIC.
THIRD
THE
472
legions were
mutiny, if Antony
was
guilty,and
was
consul.
deserved
the
punishment
b.c.
THIRD
the
attempt
because
his
ridiculed
He
Octavian
upon
from
his
wife
fool.
in
bad
English of
and
conduct
Senate
in the
not
kindness
the
of
us
escape
and
become
had
nothing
to
expect
but
servitude
he
exclaimed,
in
all the
honour.
be
concluded
He
ignominy."
his
of
proclamations
the
criticising
Antony was
Cisalpine Gaul.
let
with
If
he
But,"
disgrace.
the omen
!) the last
"
the
us,
foremost
men
gladiators do, fall
with
dignity than
with
serve
by declaring his opinion
that Pansa
resolved
from
stutterer
and
noble
die
rather
us
was
Latin
avert
arrived,
what
world, do
Let
should
(may Heaven
republic has
of the
Antony
victorious,the provinces
to
hour
were
nobody
to
by the
caught in
entered
suffered
if
all
upon
Cobbett
; for
was
"
applied
After
gods
if he
rear,
it
Al-
present opportunity afforded
the
immortal
front, flank, and
of
he
bad
Mons
describing his character

colours, he earnestly adjured the
darkest
lose
to
of
also the
royal speech.
the
he retorted
cial
provin-
almost
for
because
reminds
that
way
of
discredit
of
stigma,
daughter
Bambalio,
ridiculed
He
native
foot
was
; and
the
was
nicknamed
Tusculum,
and
Fulvia
the
throw
to
senators,
provincialstock
was
at
of
body
473
Antony
mother
if that
that
said
banus). He
nearly the whole
that
of
(Aricia,in Latium,
town
sprung
PHILIPPIC.
THE
44.
that
it
Hirtius, the consuls-elect,
and
provide for the safety of the Senate at the meeting of

Brutus
had
deserved
well
the 1st of January; that Decimus
and
of the state, in upholding the authority of the Senate
should
of
liberties
the
that the other
given
the
Senate
the Fourth
and
rallied
who
advantage
their
A
and
same
the
successors
keep his province ;
should
retain
their respective
were
Martial
him
that
; and
Senate,
of
the
in
soon
as
the way
soldiers
the veteran
legions,and
office,they should
upon
before
the
and
round
elect entered
to
tion
appointed by a resolube paid and
should
thanks
; that honours
(or Caius Caesar, as he designated him),
until
Octavian
to
ought
provincialgovernors
commands
of
people, and
the
as
the
consuls-
bring all these questions

best
for
they deemed
republic, and
most
with
consistent
duty.
resolution
he
then
day
passed
immediately
was
addressed
from
that Cicero
in the terms
went
to
the
rostra
the
a
Forum,
crowded
proposed
and
on
the
meeting of
DISTRIBUTION
the
people,tellingthem
formally declared
ground
same
It
that
therefore
the
of
his utmost
did
he
had
He
general
completely broken
that
into
put
The
defiance.
at
publish
to
great
was
him
in
was
much
over
this time
about
set
been
not
audience.
Philippic.
and
Antony,
went
previous speech,and
his
his Second
circulation
He
such.
as
had
xxii.
by the Senate, he
enemy
passions of his
probable
is
with
in
as
the
inflame
to
them
by
effect treated
chap.
although Antony
that
public
LEGIONS,
THE
OF
474
temptation
which
attack
he
had
so
Either
in his retirement
at Puteoli.
he
carefullyelaborated
the success
fall ; and his safety depended on
or
Antony must
of his attempt
their
unworthy
For
inevitable.
now
along the
troops
defiles of
possessionof CisalpineGaul,
himself
northern
to
of
range
with
town
Mutina, the
into
the last
the
and
Decimus
modern
Modena,
He
extremity.
in the
disciplined
legionsfrom
the
entered
consuls
new
would
Roman
army,
ratified the
which
the
rely to
the
ist
act
to
cease
and
his
Pansa,
be
office,on
upon
Antony
and
would
all
of
Octavian
Antony,
of the forces of the
other
forces of
thus
Italy,were
Spain
the
Lepidus four
in the
Cicero
was
year.
anxious
north
Plancus,
if
we
may
of
of
Spain
to
Plancus
believe
his
the
armies
it could
to
terms
him
and
on
at
with
The
the
to
east
legions
two
the
in
triple
Brutus.
those
had
Pollio
three
against Antony, and wrote

the best of
on
They were
in effect
represented by the
; Plancus
secure
Hirtius
to
which
and
day
command
had
on
Consuls, Octavian,
distributed
province of Gaul
Senate
and
they
that
pass
the Senate
republic,exclusive
ensian
very
be
well-
the forces
On
legal rightto
own,
the
of
levying troops,
call its
ance
assist-
raise whenever
to
it
lected
hastily-col-
also upon
January.
as
in
would
the
his
authority would
And
union
of
his
of
any
successors.
republic could
oppose
have
able
defend
to
by three
; and
Macedonia
the
occupied the
upon
field with
thrown
the foot of
at
course
forcible
had
resolved
relied of
was
take
to
He
was
levies, strengthened, however,

which
against
leading his
was
Brutus
mountains.
same
Octavian, who
of
the
Antony
Apennines
strong garrison,and
his countrymen
consul.
was
war
of
raise the hatred
to
the
rest
the
Narbonof
Gaul.
side of the
the end
each
in
of
the
other, and
professions,regarded
him
with
affectionate
feelingsof
had
and
one,
ratified
were
of
end
letter he
December
of
in
Italy
to
hear
so
many
him
of
to
the
flower
and
such
flatteryand
the
republic.
your
at
age,
time
and
months
Lepidus,
Senate.
"
and
he
gifted with
when
as
he
the
you."
and
joined
abandoned
his
delighted
was
the
him
order
of
is bereaved
for
alas
of
forces
the
the
the
upon
head
in
consul-elect,
highest
by the slippery sons
Plancus
"
said,
But,
his
of
lavish
earnestly exhorted
He
fatherland
our
to
of
glory, by supporting the
true
are,"
You
wrote
said
the confusion
at
was
At
to
service
think
who
man
compliment.
path of
children, such
professions made
short
it.
answer
watch
Cicero
that
upon
He
the
careful
Gauls, lest they should

from
in
next
dictator
prevent
Cicero
to
tus
Bru-
the
enter
to
energies
keep
to
sentiments
pursue
this
all her
the
had
for
November.
in
all his
devote
he
him
from
Decimus
deceased
then
to
wrote
disciplinedbattalions,
of
the
good opportunity for revolt.
of
terms
to
But
movements
of
occurred
Plancus
received
was
republic.
unforeseen
and
consuls
as
by the Senate, they would
had
wish
only
acts"
"
475
He
respect.
all the
as
high office, if nothing

the
PLANCUS.
designated by Caesar
been
but
year
TO
LETTER
63.
JET.
side
of
in
of
almost
In
those
Cicero
the
eloquence,
promises
Rome
to
cause
of
and
a
few
Antony
and
the
CHAPTER
XXIII.
EMBASSY
THE
JEt. 64.
We
have
reached
was
dark
and
the
through
public
the
and
him
worse
as
he
was
to
at
the
head
be
Decimus
fall.
If
while
rapidly
him
in
become
Aulus
it
which
at
of
this
and
The
Mutina
in which
net
Octavian,
and
inevitable
and
must
if
for
the
him
of
walls
he
that
;
was
hoped
Octavian
would
front
the
Cicero
against
pline,
in disci-
in his
before
as
rity,
autho-
denounced
him.
and
check
declared
but
Cicero
numbers
possible that
was
in lawful
consular
with
him,
acted
employ
case
master
Hirtius
consulship
all
everything depended
to
breaking
consul,
had
in
act, it seemed
refused
command,
in
horizon
private citizen,engaged
armed
upon
consuls
new
them
upon
defeated,
but
be
to
longer
no
formidable
army
would
and
wavered
would
an
the
they
But
seemed
light
Senate
The
Brutus, holding
believed
Cicero's life. The
of
people had applauded when

than Spartacus or Catiline.
fast closing around
caught was
marching
Mutina.
43.
was
army,
even
enemy,
of
was
their
Roman
yet
desperate rebellion.
him
but
Antony
gloom.
of
B.C.
last year
stormy,
command
in
the
ANTONY.
TO
they
forces
at
might
be
fall, and
Antony
CisalpineGaul.
Caius
eventful
Vibius
Pansa,
crisis,had
both
who
their
began
belonged
to
the
THE
478
Caesar, and
EMBASSY
by him
was
for
suffectus)
personal
of
enemy
should
roof.
his
such
at
to
but
previous
and
was
of
one
the
consuls
not
retire
from
to
callingupon
to the authority of the Senate.
rank
consular
of
Cicero's
to
came
known
oration
the words
as
the
Fifth
Milton
My
who
He
regretted that he
the
other
that
others
length
would
Plancus
Gaul, of which
"
exclaimed,
he
What,"
for the purpose
of civil war
friend,' says
my
"
him
I hear ?
Again
like to
see
after
speak
to
on
them
all ; and
he
were
prepared
to
should
to
put
have
Can
the
even
man
arms
pleasyou
first show
is my
relative,'cries another.
that of one's country, which
embraces
I should
now."
opinions,for then
their
who
The
.
in
in the
Moloch,
; not
called
been
this,but
is
described
he
feared
go
the
province of
the
governor.
Let
one.
was
they need
when
him
He
do
or
proposing that Antony
of
the
let those
them
reply upon
follow
last it
at
of wiles
delivered
to
be
of
mouth
senators
delivered
and
It may
himself
"
not
had
able
been
need,
had
ex-consuls
have
Lost
is for open war

unexpert I boast not
Contrive
would
the
into
sentence
More
side, and
Philippic.
for,
Antony,
to
other
rose
tionship
rela-
him.
and
He
bate,
de-
pretext
L.
same
the
near
submit
speak.
to
of Paradise
' '
'
his
and
Piso
he
that
Mutina
the
on
turn
by
put
book
second
followed
Antony's
lead
thus given
justifiedthe precedence that was
that an
His advice
embassy should be sent
was,
him
the protection
were
although
only gave
crisis ;
momentous
calls him
under
it
as
of
one
circumstance
ominous
an
{consul
In
time
very
staying
speak first,and
to
this
xxiii.
47
Cicero
year,
at
B.C.
that year.
of
children, were
It
chosen
be
the
chap,
consul
months
himself,
her
wife, Fulvia, and

of
in
ANTONY.
substituted
last three
the
letters,written
his
TO
there
one's
who
of
of
avail.
are
urge
himself
in the hands
no
friend
the
of
an
his
enemy
'
He
is
country.
closer than
relationship
He
?
owes
me
money,'
parents
be
would
any
'
dare to say it."
"
He
will find
Antony wish for peace 1 Let him lay aside his arms.
equitablethan myself, of whom, while he throws himself on the
than the friend.
There
he had rather be the enemy
support of impious citizens,
there may
while he carries on
war
be granted to him
:
is nothing which
can
perhaps be something which will be given if he sues as a suppliant.
' '
no
Does
one
more
"
He
went
over
his
former
inconsistencyof sending
ground
ambassadors
of
argument
to
man
to
show
the
whom,
by
their
previous
in honour
acts
He
country's foe.
him
charged
sarcastic
the
number
He
of
them
of
some
acquainted
such
of
man
himself
with
laws
the
from
Cyda
and
and
to
soldiers,
of the Alaudae
legion;
of
idea
that
and
at
Roman
he
could
not
Rome.
Did
Were
of Rome
trial
sittingon a
Antony, he said, alone,
"
of the
on
language ?
customs
Greeks
even
serve
ground
Rome.
at
member
Crete
crime
done
common
Latin
the
had
them
Athens
at
of his
jurymen
to
the
been
his audience
amused
exiles,and
and
had
market
and
of
men
the
on
know
even
as
audacity
the
he
Antony
summoned
moment
same
what
among
with
being
excusing
the
He
body
gamblers
merry
Areopagus
trial,and
serve
added
himself
made
court
placed
the ranks, and

had
Antony
but
of
the
of
had
Caesar, indeed,
privates from
making
his
as
Antony,
of which
acts
and
account
of
conduct
private emolument.
own
troops who
already denounced
the
papers
479
generals and
had
all the nefarious
with
grants for his
increase
of the
reviewed
guilty in forging Caesar's

with
PHILIPPIC.
against him, they
marched
had
FIFTH
THE
64.
jet.
they
Fancy
monster
of all
men
force
city,kept openly an armed
This
the old kings had never
within
the walls.
done, nor
aimed
at monarchy.
those who, after their expulsion,had
these
"
like
whole
squadron
but
to
here
in battle
led their bands
through the
Lucius
assert
the guards
followed
and
creatures
Forum
nay,
"
array."
that
advised
and
Caesar
Sylla,and not long ago

given to the state by
whole
republic. I cannot
strongest language the idea
Antony,
not
of
war
sending
(bcllum)
proclaimed1
be
{tumultus) should
"tumult"
was
Classitius,Mustella, Tiro,
men.
their swords, and
in the
denounced
embassy
an
the
stood
bowmen
seen
by armed
of armed
them, brandished
barbarian
He
in
kept
have
freedom
when
more
attended
never
"
powerfulthan the
guards; but this I do say, that
background. But this pestilentfellow was
themselves
they were
few, and
were
time
three, since the
Brutus, made
that
by
China," he cried,
I remember
"
of the
the foundation
since
"
that
military uniform {saga)

He
of justiceclosed.
and the courts
be generallyassumed,
in his previous
form
the
as
then
same
proposed, in much
speech,that a public vote of thanks should be decreed by the
and
Brutus
to
Lepidus, and that a gilt
to Decimus
Senate
levy
masse
en
distinction
The
appliedto
domestic
a
Gallic
this
was
foreign war,
insurrection,
or
invasion, owing
decreed
be
should
the
to
proximityof
Bellum
tumultus
to
threat
the
"
of
close
of
in, but
not
Gaul
all
tumultus
so
to
Italy.
In the
furloughs were
in the
case
case
called
of bcllum.
THE
480
EMBASSY
of
equestrian statue
in
or
other
any
Octavian
"
him
"
of
Caius
he
seemed
the
that he
should
it must
"
be
be
that
of the
higher
under
the
be
Cicero
legalage,
Octavian
honours,
and
forgetthe duty
the
no
other
the
Roman
that
Caius
is
him
he
exclaimed,
"
will
to-day, and
such
be."
saying
doubts
of
common
Octavian,
with
cause
to
fightingon
the
one
open
side
have
could
who
it.
they
republic.
True
honour
my
most
Cicero
was
have
guarantee
citizen
wish
to
and
you
such
think
Conscript
to
undertake,
and
as
desire
quite
sincere
his
former
been
But the
Antony.
hostilityagainst
young
and
the
Senate
he
cause
the
he
that
dreamed
the
such
chiefly lest he might make
were
of the
scouted
love of the Senate
himself
prove
an
with
I will venture,
"
ought
we
guished
distin-
enjoyed this would
promise,
as
the
was
With
futurity,he
and
pledge
"to
always
then
guiltyof betraying
of years.
to
to
for any
that
intoxicated
esteem
It is very likely that

this; for, whatever
may
committed
no
people
Caesar
to
in
securing the
place allotted
Senate
march
he owed
people,and the man

glory comparable to
Fathers,"
he
in
the
become
might
the
have
objection that he
little prescient of
was
that
and
the
military force
candidate
had
Octavian
should
he
in the
reminded
the idea
consisted
of
become
anticipatedthe
which
earnestness
that
to
proposed
militarycommand
head
and
As
offices.
state
excellence
glory
the
at
libertyto
at
for
He
this time
to
propraetor, sit in the Senate
praetors, and
the
with
up
"
preferred. As
praise of him.
in
levying troops, and was

without
legal authority
any
of
Rostra,
to desigalways took care

nate
in finding language
difficulty
been
rank
xxiii.
the
placed on
he
formallyinvested
remembered
chap,
he
feel
sufficientlycomplimentary
be
Forum
Caesar, as
to
ANTONY.
should
Lepidus
part
or
TO
had
adventurer
was
and
was
consul,
republic.
would
adopted,
so
And
be
soon
and
form
victory had
his own
crowned
a
fugitive
eagles, and his adversary was
Cicero concluded
from
the field of battle he had lost.
by
coalition
with
Antony
moving that rewards

joined Octavian.
It is here
the
He
scene.
making
that
most
Dio
at
should
the
moment
be
given
Cassius
and
legionsthat
had
Calenus
on
risingafter Cicero,
and
to the
introduces
represents him
bitter
when
as
malevolent
Fufius
attack
upon
him.
b.c.
in
can,
but
is,that
was
spoken
ever
the
in
dared,
blister upon
his tongue
than
that
he
make
given
speech
that
safelyassert
is the
old
of
had
enemies
Cicero's
doubt,
not
Cassius
Dio
the
the
he
That
but
may
abuse
down
of
The
himself.
come
did
that
and
we
is filled with
as
subsequent orations,
improbable ;
it
of
invention
of
need
we
is not
much
so
in
to
clear,from
provocation.
this occasion
mere
traditions
such
no
Antony
defended
in it he
Cicero
on
him
it is
But
put
him
expose
to
would
have
rather
it to
Fufius
speaks of
Cicero
had
allowed
Rome,
invective
an
would
He
receive.
to
sure
was
such
have
not
of
orator
greatest
reply which
him.
castigationhe
in which
the
upon
down
way
of
tremendous
drawn
would
It is certain that he
all.
at
presence
provoke the
have
481
reality,be no doubt that he spoke beforehim

The
mistake.
be a trifling
this would
important fact
of Fufius
such speech as Dio puts into the mouth
no
There
""
CICERO.
OF
ABUSE
GROSS
43-
his
to
of the
the memory
courtly historian hated
He
fore
therefreedom.
last and greatest champion of Roman
seized the opportunity of collecting all the charges
had
ever
whispered, and
against him which those enemies
threw
the
and
times,
them
together in the
of
form
he
speech,which
buted
attri-
good example of rhetorical skill,

and
is well worth
reading as an epitome of the accusations
which
the blind
fury of party hate brought against Cicero.
of the
the
It shows
atmosphere in which he
impure nature
ence
lived, and explains the frequent allusions in his correspondof which
he was
the object.
and malevolence
to the envy
It
Calenus.
to
be considered
It may
is
as
of
kind
monster
indictment
which
antiquitydrew up to blast the character of one of her greatest

The
a
men.
speech is inordinately long, and I pass over
is
Cicero's conduct
tedious
catalogue of charges in which
with
contrasted
which, perhaps
of the
in order
quote
These
better
style,and
tirade
"
actions
blackened,
motives
idea
Antony's, his
than
to
any
are
distorted, and
length
at
passage,
one
other, will give the reader

truthfulness
taste, and
of
his
an
this abominable
"
then, Cicero,
or
Cicerullus, or
Cicerreus,
or
Cicerethus,
or
Greekling,
the coarse,
rejoicein, are the things which Antony
But
did
him
has
done.
nothing of
half-naked, anointed Antony, as you call
you
much
and
make
and
who
more
use
clever
so
so
so
wise,
the kind
are
you, who
let your dress trail down
to your
ankles, not like
of oil than of wine
you, who
or
whatever
other
name
you
"
"
"
"
dancers
the
hide
to
the stage, who
on
deformity of
the
much
keep
that you
wife, who
in order
you
letters
than
love
say,
forget that
not
to
being, as he
night and compose
at
is
he
that
only
either by day
On
the
nightfall
to
"
and
it
then
was
has
to
the
vote.
not
to
call
for
Next
such
Salvius,
one
at
last
motion
to
of the
period
the
of
the
the
of
The
vote.
going
the
Roman
and
the
son
calumniate
to
impure
tute
prosti-
to
as
as
that
so
"
the
it seemed
question was
their
took
care
business
to
quire
re-
they thought fit.

them
the
that
At
from
the
Cicero's
against putting
was,
there
day after that

great majority of the
was
veto
awake
of his
Senate
afraid, and
were
debate
result
keep
protracted
was
prevailwhen
his
must
revel,he
Antony
to
debate
Cicero,
it
I"1
tribunes, extricated
interposing
difficultyby
day
and
division, which
But
to
far
so
of my
led out
dissolute and
so
wrote
you
drunkard
embassy
the consuls
But
a
all his life
an
speakers supported the views

certain
that his opinions would
put
been
be able
such
relatives ;
opinion. The
unusual
thing in
continued,
was
whom
to
besides, he tried
And,
daughter
own
the
loose-tongued jester,
I have
makes
been
nearest
adjourned.
discussion
the
he
of
very
is
as
night.
or
question of sending
great difference
was
his
seduce
and
wife
So much
speeches,although
of decorum,
observe
not
good as he brings.
against Antony the story of some
up
Antony's morals, although he himself

disregardedthe chastityof his
own
wife, and
who
man
water-drinker, that he may
that he
his
seventy.
bring
to
does
gray hairs of yours

that you
divorced
your first
in your
old age a young
man
wo-
second
attacks get
in such
but in order
it for the sake
of her fortune ?
And
by means
yet
might with impunity carry on your
committed
adultery,although she is
from
come
of
woman
says,
his
sober
never
expectedto
may
ventured
himself
you have
than your
were
xxur.
those
scent
married
debts
do
for who
know
not
that you
whom
he
he
does
off your
you
old
an
that
to
course
as
you
might be
as
makes
and
? who
Crerellia,with
older
much
don't
does not
? who
chap.
thoughtsby pantomime,
assuredly you
Antony's habits
her, in order
even
ANTONY.
for
children, and
two
you
able to pay
be
to
keep
not
intriguewith
such
borne
their
express
legs;
your
combed
well
so
had
did
TO
said about
you have
cloaks
that you
wear
as
womanish
thin
as
EMBASSY
THE
4S2
question
was
proposed, and a resolution

Three
was
passed for sending the embassy to Antony.
rank
of consular
Servius Sulpicius,the first lawyer
senators
carried
Calenus
Fufius
as
had
"
in
Piso, the father-in-law
Lucius
Rome;
of
Philippus,the step-fatherof Octavian

of drawing
the task
and
"
to
were
Mutina,
ness
was
briefly these
were
deliver
His
to
,.".,,
Hie
to
in the
thalamum
hymenaeos
Antony
was
to
hostilities
line
"
...
invasit
"
Cicero
the ineffable base-
had
pretend that
to
from
cease
enemies
entrusted
natae
vetitosque
(sEn. vi. 623)

"
Caesar;
up
the
himself.
terms
siege
Brutus,
his
"
eye.
of
to
Quod
credi, dictum
dixit, nefas
de Tullio."
Servius, ad loc.
Donatus
esse
in
they
The
the
abandon
Cicero
missioners,
com-
message
against Decimus
Virgil had
the
named
were
Lucius
and
est
"
make
inroad
no
the
to
these
The
he
commands,
with
Brutus
garrison the
and
which
sense
of
entertained
the
of
an
to
him
rendered
and
of
the
Rome
the state,
to
for
in
store
assembled
in
rewards
and
interview
people
and
had
they
have
convey
honours
the
himself
submit
to
to
Senate
the
services
assurance
an
itself,and
Mutina
in
instructed
also
were
be
to
was
483
people. Failing obedience

treated as a publicenemy.
and
Senate
the
commissioners
and
Cisalpine Gaul,
into
authority of
to
PEOPLE.
THE
ADDRESSES
CICERO
64.
iET.
them.
anxious
Forum,
loud
cries
from
the
obeyed
the
tribune
would
but
haste,
it has
been
to
assume
shall
our
to
speech
their
in
the
by
"
its patron ?
pass
by
honoured
amongst
them.
the
gift,and
1
But
Who
If
one,
any
ought
baseness
wickedness
in him
to
par
at
f.
The
sagnm
was
he
bestow
have
myself.
been
distributed
them
order
that
general
in
been
their patrouus.
as
or
sordid
Vos saga
to
censor
was
It
back
horse-
on
had
one
adopted by
is, that
reason
tioned.
men-
gladiator,
of him
him
to
was
What
myself.
the
it
ing
notic-
city tribes
quondam
similar
dedicated
before
the
all
we
ET
inscription,OuiNQUE
Nor
this the only public
was
Another
ever
we
Cicero
which
giltstatue
the
Rome.
knights, and
asked,
I
erected
with
the
For
are
obey ; and
not
of
thirty-five
Lucius,
PATRONO.
TRIBUS
Cicero
But
had
commissioners
uniforms.1
hardly worth
fact
curious
brother
Forum,
had
it that
from
learn
the
he
raised
the
prepare
be
his
to
Antony
that
Let
bygones.
it would
his
him.
upon
you
by
conceal
your
the authority of the Senate
not
for
it not
were
TRIGINTA
statue
do
to
short, and
was
patron, and
in
do
does
adopted Antony's
had
be
; but
occasion.
contrary
conviction
imposed
bygones
them
to
voted
been
certain
terms
intend
if he
that
We
as
the
to
they
see
had
his
affect
not
address
multitude
the
to
obey
The
embassy will go ; he will
militarydress.
claysof action."
regret the loss of so many
farther
as
declared
decreed
have
The
did
; and
former
the
on
He
said Cicero, "let

I
done
embassy
and
the
debate
long
come
Apuleius.
listen
as
to
introduced
the
Therefore,"
make
had
the
of
was
he
not
Cicero
he
as
result
the
for
meantime
call, and
the
that
chagrin
advice,
heard
rostra,
the
in
hear
to
were
He
"
had
numbers
Vast
to
it."
shoit militarycloak.
was
so
lands
accept
The
Hitherto
single hour.
it as
best
right for
the
command
Roman
all nations.
is for freedom.
endure
The
health, and
ficius in
them
to
the
to
and
oppose
the
Rome
at
in the
that
whole
of
of all
long
servitude.
had
another
the
return
of
the
by Pansa
politicalnature,
encourage
steadfast
Deci-
to
going
was
on
called
be
addressing the
ambassadors
before
for
Senate
meeting
was
some
what
we
should
language of Parliament, private business.
They
related
But
Cicero
the
Appian
the
seized
in
to
lay
but
more
speak
to
thoughts
His
speech
his
like
the
and
Way
occasion
"
Antony.
to
to
them
to
of
opportunity
summoned
the
"
campaign.
could
if that
Italy
in ill
wrote
levy of troops
time
remain
also
He
the
"
desire
of
Antony,
Gaul,
and
under
friends,Corni-
absent
Farther
in
some
fatiguesof
his
to
him
also left Rome
consul
for
return
not
the
so
everybody volunteered
passionate was
for liberty,and
of their
so
great their detestation
levy where
before
the
commonwealth.
told
did
and
been
may
people."
against Antony
bear
wrote
party
the
nations
Other
slaves.
Roman
mission,
had
of
be
of the
act
Plancus
of the
and
He
to
was
Cicero
Africa,
"
Hirtius
hardly fit to
was
cause
its
on
although he
Brutus, and
mus
that
meantime
the
In
out
January.
army
come
attribute
is the
set
of Mutina,
walls
now
gods destined to
to the last extremity. The
struggle
as
surelyyou will be with so much
immortal
the
anything rather than
freedom
of
end
the
join
to
but
put off
be
pursued us, and we have borne

It is not
will
fault.
suffer it
be our
own
either be victorious
suffer
became
than
it cannot
fatalityhas
we
have
that
opportune
so
slaves, whom
be
later indeed
of Rome,
men
yet
of
if
to
Matters
embassy
until the
must
or
"
slavery;
kind
people
You
concord
piety and
"
Henceforth
could.
we
xxiii.
chap,
people,but
Roman
ANTONY,
TO
has at length arrived,
moment
dignityof the
for
fine
perorationis
The
' '
the
EMBASSY
THE
484
the
on
subject that
probable
the
is
Mint.
Roman
that
known
call,in
was
the
of
result
not
matters
most
upper-
embassy
the
as
seventh
Philippic.
We
of the
return
topic of
to
set
the
mode
conversation
they
to
the
Senate
be
at
in which
the
in
would
?
were
message
interval
the
in
Rome.
bring.
If
defiance?
considered
newsmongers
that
their mission
ambassadors,
answer
the
they
and
easily imagine
can
All
he
sorts
the
was
the
ing
absorb-
one
rife as
Speculation was
Would
Antony yield,or
proposed terms, ought
of
rumours
busy in inventing
of the
before
Senate
had
afloat,
were
stories
been
of
the
received.
486
how
and
with
Will
I say
of
with
the
Servius
lost
of
one
by
about
the
he
first sought
at
life than
their
resist
jurist,but
death
Forum,
speak
me
"
question
with
question, by
in
conclusion,
I agree
in the
such
at
juncture
He
was
journey,which
yielded
He
rather
of
It
his
great
Rome,
public calamity.
to
took
sacrifice
only
not
orators
of
Cicero,
as
Senate.
was
Antony
death
age
the
the
eloquent
most
sudden
same
would
authority.
of the
one
of
of
decline, but
to
that he
told him
aside, and
the
undertook
strongly-expressedwishes
Cicero
shall
in the
the camp
number
was
when
he
account
their
He
in ill health
that
hardly reached
had
Sulpicius.
was
the
ing?
meet-
What
dismissed
real
the
was
public
to
he
Senate,
subject which
ambassadors
they
and
the
xxiii.
of P. Servilius."
opinion
when
of his oration
the whole
presiding consul, and saying,

which
matters
bring before us,
you
the
The
at
them?
the
to
to
with
properly before
not
brevity the
turning
As
will
having devoted
laconic
them
address
to
me
upon
chap,
Antony?
Antony keep peace
in thronging multitudes
Roman
people, who
twice
clamoured
for my presence
to hear
voice,
whole
was
ANTONY.
TO
called
people they
love
heart and
one
which
on
the
they
After
"
EMBASSY
THE
and
his
was
so
felt and
besides his intimate

was
deplored by Cicero, who
friend.
Piso
and
When
Philippus had their interview with
and
to make
ditions
conAntony, they found that he too had terms
offer.
to
the
ambassadors
This
embassy
the
as
such,
and
therefore
made
with
treated
them
of
on
six
required
to
his
troops
"
founded
decrees
ratified-
further
"
by
Caesar, held
safety
his
own
on
the
of
Ops
him
to
harmless
of
his
lands
He
war.
divide
"
of
army
of
his
followers
new
the
jury
law
by
Comata,
Brutus.
be
given
confirmed
Caesar's
"
from
commissioners
the
not
an
pointed
apof
veterans
repealed
"
amnesty.
his
papers
taken
money
amongst
secured
for five
Gallia
should
Scptcmviri, or
lands
as
obedience.
Decimus
money
of
his
demanded
previous grants
of
alleged contents
the
"
sending
addressed
was
called
Gaul
and
demanded
account
no
temple
that
demning
con-
He
against his country.
footing of equality,and
arms
portion of Transalpine
from
the
legions taken
He
the
rebel in
By
in
recognise Antony
to
that
years
the
seemed
right
was
mistake.
capital
all the laws
to
as
Cicero
counter-proposals as the conditions

offered to give up Cisalpine Gaul, but
He
with
not
as
Senate
entitled
belligerent,
that
shows
and
This
the
was
of
language
and
resolved
two
ambassadors
who
man
show
to
Rome
to
return
to
the
with
immediately summoned
Senate
the
the
with
vigour
while
but
option
no
and
answer,
Pansa
and
receive
to
allow
to
unabated
unpalatable
strength,
interview
an
therefore
had
They
in his camp.
were
have
and
siege with
the
in his
confident
was
Mutina
enter
to
487
absolutely refused
He
it.
Brutus, pressing forward
they
PHILIPPIC.
EIGHTH
THE
64.
jet.
consider
their report.
Cicero
the
brook
not
and
Antony,
consenting
at
refused
was
the
the
demands
the
consul
of
whether
was
milder
term,
his
ground of
a
similar
and
spoke,
followed
effect
that
he
then
This
too
the
struggles,like
Sylla,and
Antony
once
claimed.
pro-
Antony, spoke
of
with
to
Fufius
his sister
to
Calenus
the
declared
the
vote.
and
This
others
'of
to
Pansa
in direct
was
it does
Julia,
carried
was
wishes
although
Senate,
conspiracy, in
resolution
of Cicero,
views
Catiline
married
was
the
not
appear
eighth Philippic.
names.
that
at
part in that
argued
right
be
But
next
day's debate.
day
any
in
it
delivered
and
which, although
a
was
speech,
late, he strongly expressed a contrary
opinion.
was
He
of
reminded
the
side, and
in accordance
took
rose
of
Antony.
same
opposition to the
that he
uncle
an
afterwards
who
put the question
he
when
that
dishonour.
to
thought
no
was
time
Antonius,
the
on
the
at
father of
the
was
he
of the Senate, and
{helium)should
war
when
ex-consul
admitting
only question proposed by
was
the
and
Cicero
as
of Caius
favour
was,
tantamount
was
Csesar, who
excuse,
he
when
Philippus for
that they ought
and
rather
than
bellum, as the
calling it tumultus
himself
the
but
on
in
doing so he excused
He had made
near
relationshipto the ex-consul.
of
favour
Piso
arrogant
there
met
proposals from
orders
man
Antony,
Lucius
in
the
entertain
view
His
peremptory
Senate
the
When
them.
such
to
with
angry
denounced
negotiate with
to
having
very
bring
to
obey
to
of
could
He
highest degree indignant.
idea
have
to
once
the
in
was
that
it
was
They
were
those
in
could
were
make
now
which
not
call
to
actually
the
actors
at
fightingon
no
such
the
In
war.
of the
pretence.
"
As
other
Marius,
were
side
their
things by
contending partiesmight have
Cinna, the
they
absurd
to
law,
the
but
and
cuse
ex-
here
the last civil
he
war,"
cause
said,
hordes.
robber
share
of
the
Tusculan
beasts,
its
not
Puteoli,
and
other
the
and
gardens, their
places frequented by the Roman

had
they to 'offer on the other side
luxurious
fashionable
wateringAnd
aristocracy.
to
what
who
soldiers
the
rather
or
the
promised
were
for
the lion's
himself
soldiers,
Rough
city
possessions to
their
houses,
them,
called
the
out
appropriatedto
villas.
Albanian
of
attractions
had
their best
"
Cicero
as
"
houses, lands,
their
He
spoil
and
xxiii.
I know
of it
marked
had
Antony
promised
plunder,and
speak
chap,
the result."
that
showed
He
like to
not
I abominate
"
his
I do
"
ANTONY,
TO
EMBASSY
THE
488
were
far better
Better
of the republic?
fightingfor the cause
things liberty,the security of the laws, the empire of the
The
and
world, repose
promises of Antony were
peace.
the
cruel and criminal, hateful to gods and
men
; theirs,on
"
"
contrary,
full of
and
inasmuch
of peace,
surprised
detail the
calling
real
opinions of
and
beyond
him
from
them.
He
however, he
"
of
contrasted
back
look
was
for his
publicspeeches ;
"
he
writing to Atticus,
such
of friendship with
been
idea
professed not
be
to
able
to
differ
the
consular
conduct
who
body,
by
of
the
their
other
cautious
to
"
deserted,
courageous
Antony.
of
to
in
depress the spiritof the Senate.

deserted, Conscript Fathers," he exclaimed,
are
before, all
answered
without
speeches did everything

We
the
in his
pain.
complained bitterly of the
members
"
had
not
are
Fufius
certainlythere
are
we
We
with
in
lover
it.
favour
Cicero, and
But
used
be
to
he
in
urged
contemporaries
repudiated
Now,
man.
had
all doubt, if he
have
would
his
ought
men
friend, while
his
hated
lost between
all
everything to
calmly expostulating
he
that
of
language he
same
owed
him
Calenus
that
love
no
him
points
know
he
as
find
to
and
Calenus,
We
the
he
previous speech,that
his
piety
joy.
asserted, in almost
Cicero
with
consistent
glorious,
and
honourable
were
I say,
who
by
at
our
such
of
conduct
from
counter-demands
Popilliusin the
time
time
But,
of
they shall
sentiments,
the
leaders.
of
Piso
as
have
peril entertain
be
and
our
often
said
right and
consulars."
He
Philippus, in bringing
Antony,
their ancestors,
with
and
the
conduct
mentioned
of
how
DECREED
b.c.
43-
HONOURS
he
had
been
sent
desist
from
him
to
Antiochus
with
that
he
on
would
declared
his
if
Ides
the
Cotyla, the
he
granted
whom
envoy
should
told
him
unless
of
the
he
circle
by
moving
that
were
with
Antony,
him
an
if
that
; and
excepting only Varius

had despatched to Rome,
himself
regarded by the Senate
be
him
him,
to
he
and
out
they abandoned
went
round
Senate,
stepped
all who
to
March
of
hereafter
one
any
be
the
when
how,
line
stood,
concluded
He
drawn.
he
command
to
; and
traced
to
he
before
intentions
should
before
Alexandria
refusal
his
489
Antiochus
to
siege of
the
report
Popillius had
amnesty
by the Senate
SULPICIUS.
refuge in delay, he
the
ground where
took
stick
TO
as
an
of
enemy
his
country.
A
the
day
to
of
question
had
who
afterwards
two
or
died
in
called
when
statue,
and
deliver
to
his
voted
look
ancestors
embassies
raised
were
their
own
from
the
them
to
he
might
But
have
rendered
his
he
journey,
left.
Sulpicius.
than
which
from
the
of
case
died
but
one
if he
been
recovery
had
was
under
not
been
one
that
cured, while
the
hopeless.
The
he
at
was
home,
hurry
and
embassy
mere
cedent,
pre-
object of
an
to
of
statues
there
within
differ
really
not
was
him.
to
be
Veii, put
not
embassy
had
which
stayed
did
case
Their
embassy
of
stood
and
rostra,
departed
of such
prospect
king
the opportunity
dangerous
Fidenae, four
at
their
But
memory.
the
lowed,
fol-
should
statue
undertake
Tolumnius,
the
his
guided by
thing. The
to
them
to
Lar
on
the
men
Cicero
upon
a
been
not
Servilius, took
be
of
had
embassy.
whether
not
must
induce
out
of
the
to
precedent for
who
his
ambassadors
Roman
four
ambassador
as
no
envoy
of
reason
to
was
Thus, when
death
on
the
at
by holding
honour.
fatal
they
was
eulogium
warm
question
said
not, he
or
them
the
to
but
their
delivering a
As
friend.
Sulpicius,
opinion, objected
there
that
ground
honour
of an
in
erecting one
actually killed while employed on
and, in opposing the view
of
his way
Senate
suggested that they should decree

But Publius
Servilius,
public statue.
upon
the
on
of
the memory
on
the
consul
public funeral
before
brought
to
paying honours
the public service
The
Antony.
Pansa
more
The
first attacked
ness
illhim
sufferingbefore
as
he
wished,
fatigue of
was
the
it
travel
cause
of
EMBASSY
THE
49o
his
and
death,
Antony
of
king
of
Veii
Rome.
Or,
themselves
they
the
Senate
the
"
Sulpiciusof life ; for

as
an
of
"
but
excuse,
which
he
of
memory
living.
to
his death
proposed that
he
said,
the
hated
should
be
carried
in the
of
the
rostra
in his time.
written
in
the
in
and
the
foot.
the
that
we
which
should
have
the
of
bronze
public cost,
This
was
nourished
in
existing near
as
had
been
absent
should
we
would
Cicero
been
of
deceased.1
period, for then
letters
This,
arrogance
the
that Atticus
wish
uncon
character
statue
the
in
giltequestrian
at
have
immortality."
Pomponius, who
mentions
to
the
kill him.
you
you
modest
tomb
of
no
have
admitted,
as
it
writing to Trebonius
half-angry tone, because, by taking Antony
We
scenes.
time
of
Caesar's
find
him
had
been
the
also
wrote
in
assassination, he
saving his life. To

encouraging language, to confirm
of
means
whom
be
not
illness
embassy,
consists
blamed
and
critical
and
the
February
he
from
the
to
several
him,
to
aside, at
this
had
behind
were,
Aurelian,
at
have
doubt
that
should
honour
impossiblenot
Rome
dead
prived
de-
life you
representing Sulpicius on
affirmative
reign
from
the
"
the
obtain
may
statue
in
the
It is
life of
ostentation, and
decreed
his
admit
not
view
had
addressing
was
exclaimed,
Provide
public funeral,
statue,
of
point
"
would
as
ambassadors
concluded, therefore, by moving
He
age.
he
consonant
more
was
who
man,
the
of bronze, and
but
one,
four
another
It
much
as
his
on
the
for
the
sciouslysent
He
him,"
"
they
the
xxiii.
embassy.
undertaking the
presentiment that it would
to
him
from
taken
had
then
Restore
insisted
he
the
his death
of
in
case
chap,
of
caused
deaths
the
put
ANTONl
cause
Antony
caused
to
the
was
followed, therefore,that
the
TO
Cassius
his
he
resolution
to
hold
his
tion
province of Syria against all attacks. He explained the posithe
winter
while
of
contending armies at that moment,
Brutus
prevented active operations in the field. Decimus
was
besieged in Mutina, but only by a small force, as Antony
held Bononia
(now Bologna), with a strong garrison. HirForum
Cornelium
tius was
at
at Claternae, Octavian
(the
1
For
tion
see
that
the
formal
terms
of the resolu-
Phil. ix. 7. One part of it was

feet round
space of five Roman
the statue
on
all sides should
be
kept
clear,as standing-room
and
which
the
they might
be
and
children
Sulpicius,from
spectators of gladia-
of
descendants
torial combats
for
other
shows.
and
Imola),
modern
of
exception
Cassius
and
them,
the
on
Such
the
that
his way
of
was
Syria, to
to
claimed
they both
Legion after legion
he
and
was
It is
pleasant
to
facetious
that
be
of
him
soul
of
with
bited
exhi-
spiritwas
held
to
him
Dolabella
that
was
province, which
of
the
Cassius's
to
out
reached
kind.
over
Senate.
standard,
the
Palestine, at
the
more
din
a
We
head
been
troubles
were
of
strife of
for
last time,
the
Cicero
in
vate
pri-
not
as
agreeable companion
an
alas
which
no
more
which
he
he
letters
wrote
at
good-humouredly
He
dining out.
thought
reason
not
why there should
up
no
He
ale."
and
and
arms
of
preserved
Paetus, in
to
of
glimpse
have,
having given
for
cakes
once
has
one
February
public
"
and
soon
authority
in
from
friend.
but
Atticus,
jokes
that
him
the
gone
people
Cicero
that
regard him, perhaps

but
a
as
politician,
and
end
like
The
empire.
from
under
catch
orator
the
heart
favourable
wrest
turn
to
to
life ; to
and
With
Italy.
army.
and
politics,
an
of the
had
side.
that
care
Tarichea,
at
now
formidable
their
Italy,were
frontier
quarter
the
Lepidi (the modern

with
Cisalpine Gaul was
cheering prospect
Syria, and the news
of
proconsul
from
on
the
all parts of
of
on
take
must
eastern
was
whole
of' all
indeed
and
Rome,
Rome
at
Regium
enthusiastic
Senate, and
the
491
marshalling
from
Bononia,
the
LIFE.
was
there
Parma,
and
Reggio),
PRIVATE
Pansa
marched
that
battalions
the
IN
CICERO
64.
^t.
advised
Paetus
therefore
take
to
forget how
again to his good old habit, for if not, he would
he was
much
of a profito give a petit diner} at which
never
cient.
There
he said, nothing like agreeable company
was,
and
social
banquet
But,
the
was
he
he
anxieties
night
place
advised
resuming
because
to
make
to
find them.
intercourse
freedom
of
ready to
Spain
sacrifice
was
his
attend
tone, he
that
jestingly,
his
day,
to
serious
wrote
from
and
Paetus
life pass
to
his hint, and
to
begged
he
had
might
his life in their

into
1
two
Ccenulas
him
not
dismissed
how
be
the
secured,
to
sopher,
philo-
dine
out.
think,
political
devoted,
energies were
consideration
the
countrymen
divided
Therefore, as
whole
His
mind.
pleasantly,and
safety
and
he
and
was
cause.
provinces,and
facere.
just before his
ANTONY.
TO
EMBASSY
THE
492
chap,
xxiii.
dus, and
of one
of them, which
given the command
also the south-eastern
extremity of Gaul, to LepiPollio.
the other to Asinius
Lepidus had already
declared
for
Caesar
death
included
course
him
reached
the
which
written
March.
He
it
that
seems
At
take.
was
last
{Cordova)
the
explained
Cicero
letter from
Corduba
at
of
yet arrived
of
cause
his
complained, by
had
rather
extreme
His
stopped and
were
posted
send
to
dreamed
searched
for that
letter
they were
obliged to pass, and
by the soldiers of Lepidus, who
which
Castulo, through
Avere
land
by
Now,
Cicero
received
attaches
Virgil and Horace,

Augustus. He saved the
confiscation, and
him
and
He
lines of Horace
this the
for
and
long
Virgil at
of
was
distinguished orator
the
was
into
advocate,
terest
in-
friend
and
the
reign
from
Mantua
poet dedicated
as
to
historian,and
critic and
its
usual
than
lived
land
gratitude
eighth eclogue.
his
also
in
he
for
name,
of
patron
More
until
all
letter that
the
and
open,
days
winter,
off
cut
unable
those
the
in
route.
been
in
one
was
was
sea
Pollio's
to
no
Rome
with
by that
came
as
therefore
Mediterranean
however, the
close.
and
Pollio
of
had
He
purpose.
sailing in the
of
communication
the
would
Pollio
of
intelligencehad
no
he
had
or
impossibility,
difficulty,
rienced
expehis distant
of transmitting despatches from
province.
robbed
couriers
were
by brigands in the gloomy forests
the
of
but
Cicero, which
6th
silence,of
of
Antony,
that
the
on
had
we
know
from
his
tions
inten-
"
Insignemsestis presidium reis

Et consulenti,Pollio,curiae ;
and
is
spoken
of
by Virgilas
Pollio et
He
wrote
than
had
taken
had
been
on
were
active
no
off
cut
his readiness
passes
to
"
carmina.
position,and
all
of
face any
made
would
and
cause
common
step
state
He
crisis.
Antony,
Italy lay
and
the
from
poet
ipsefacit nova
present
in
engage
him
his
hated
he
that
avowing
hands
the
at
were
between
explain
to
hitherto
was
communication
with
not
what
scruple
no
rather
him.
his
with
do
That
in
thing
anyhe
fault.
He
Rome,
and
legions of Lepidus, in whose

Cicero
the Alps.
might depend
of liberty.
danger for the cause
the
THE
494
for remissness
making
to
was
called,
for
direct
leader
far
must
the
When
reached
tells
of
he
effect,which
with
formally invested
But,
first and
rise
deliver
his
is known
Calenus
the
to
words
enemy
softer than
were
this to
be
almost
himself
He
his
always
How
loved,
to
and
love
and
he
came
stand
language
of
mouth
his
heart
his
his
swords."
constant
the
one,
so
those
he
in
misfortune
and
the
as
believe
may
we
how
up
hate
to
whom
those
of
speech
touched
drawn
having
understand
to
Brutus
attack
Antony.
loss
little
minority
friendship,for
their
with
in
lest their
apprehension
Fufius
in
in
they
were
Calenus
in the
words
was
exist, however
twitted
utterly at
could
man
war
mentary
compli-
have
must
described
The
which
spoke in the
be
deprived of
by Cicero,
opinion might lessen
still assumed
sincerity.
oil, yet
began by expressing
in
to
"
butter, but
disagreement
its
his
than
smoother
were
to
be
be
Senate
the
Fufius
He
Philippic.It
it may
should
in very
on
of
question,
provinces
should
followed
tenth
quick, and
David
applied by
He
as
The
addressed
opinion.
Brutus
Adriatic,
meeting
actions
was
the consuls,
to
Brutus
usual, he called
advised
that
negative, and
He
was
military command.
which
his
praised
as
the
he
; and
as
liberties of
the
the
Cicero
the
them.
of
the
to
Antony
summoned
command
sword
he
in which
terms.
to
the
by right of the
speech
that
whether
was
hardly
Ciceronians
across
before
contents
proposed
be
followed
was
on
immediately
in
creed
going
was
laid the
in
that
party
itself
him
the
were
now
was
Rome
followed
them
Their
what
Pansa
Rome,
held
had
xxiii.
ing
endeavour-
In
that
Caesar, and
despot than
perish unless he were
destroyed.
addressed
despatch
by M. Brutus
the Senate, and
he
escape,
party they could
"
to
the
us,
to
his grasp.
supporters
called.
them
inform
friends
chap,
assassins,and
from
opposition
was
worse
Rome
to
his
chief
assassins
these
them
without
not
Appian
as
their
of
one
In
camp.
with
cause
rescue
for so,
allowing the
common
Antony
in
ANTONY.
TO
EMBASSY
professed
excellent
champion
whom
of
everybody
everybody hated
Calenus
had
had
done
read
praise
to
the
he
thing
either the
had
consuls
very
whole
bestowed
was
in
unusual
Avell
or
on
the
part of
Brutus
was
written, and
Roman
his
to
he
Senate
speech.
say
that
All
he
the
his letter
proposed that
the
should
fact
he
be
had
said
the
even
would
knew
in the
that
would
put
he
"What,"
I
veterans
veterans
who
the
but
one
take
would
of the
us
pleases them,
to
slavery.
.
fortune
and
For
nations
fickle
life is not
mere
endure
the
may
stillwe
"
and
the
it has
"
we
are
there
are
not
no
other
toil and
bear
learnt
than that they shun

reason
everything ; while we have
the standard
virtue and
self-respect
liberty
of
our
at
even
in
existence
escape
from
our
and
actions
at
the
to
be
time
same
the
beck
regulatedby
what
at
always
war
hazard
the
which
certain
un-
of
our
they
other
for
this
are
to
ancestors
ferred
pre-
is
All
slave.
no
ready
make
glorious
So
thoughts.
our
is
off the
cast
And
cannot.
ours
lesson
the
the
there
that
to
issue of
the
that
that
innumerable
have
citizens
point
hardship, to
the
be
to
are
Roman
the
they gave
endeavouring
liberty,and
actions
of
if
told
indignationimpels
servitude, but
of
guards
name
are
we
because
common
fightfor
must
breath
yoke
the
death, which
concede
me
When
stopped
the
up
is true, and
say what
of this august body are
me
words
our
he
little
He
couduct, but
good
and
noble
let
"
was
terrified
be
Praetorian
arrogance.
be
we
members
choose
Let
.
so
all
rather
let
their
whom
If the
soldiers, and
veteran
lives.
it
be
yoke of slavery? But

befittingme to speak.
there
veterans.
by always bringing
valour
suppose,
to defend
arms
soldiers
veteran
the
forsooth, that
to
or
imperialthrone.
meant
endure
say
appointment
to
were
when
come
the
slavery shall
us
they
to
lofty eloquence
of
strain
to
Caesar, but
of
that
praisetheir
to
not
of
against
are
thousands
no
ready
the chains
break
In
than
more
Brutus
his
that
urged
veterans
would
"is
exclaimed,
am
be
legions
displeasure of
the
auction
to
her
notion
the
time
airs I could
themselves
to
the
up
the
to
objection.
protested against
by the bugbear of
foresaw
tempore
ex-
tion
resolu-
republic herself
the
to
over
might
it
distasteful
be
force
no
hand
would
He
Antony.
appealed
he
and
she
whether
seen
ever
for rather
credit
Brutus, giving him
deserved
he
had
and
hasty
approving of the style of a letter ? Then

Calenus, he pronounced a flowing panegyric
Marcus
upon
being
who
asked
this idea, which
Senate
from
turning
of
excuse
He
suggestion.
495
ridiculed
Cicero
recorded.
so
not
of the
PHILIPPIC.
TENTH
THE
64.
jet.
in the attempt.
is not to be dreaded
death
that even
of freedom
recovery
could
if by declining the danger we
purchase immortality,that would
even
is the
But
be
boon
longer.
it is not
his
rejectedin proportionas the

are
Since, however, we
exposed day
to
be
becoming
to
and
man,
country the life which
he
owes
least of
duration
and
all to
of
night
servitude
our
to
Roman,
to
would
of all
accidents
hesitate
to
be
kinds,
give to
nature.-'
to
moving a resolution that the whole

military force had been preserved to the Senate, and Quintus
good service to the
Caepio Brutus,1 the proconsul,had done
in a
acted
manner
befitting the glory of his
state, and
He
concluded
ancestors,
and
Roman
the
1
It will be
by
earned
had
people
; that
remembered
and
gratitude of the Senate
should
those
keep and defend
the
he
that Brutus
had
assumed
this
name
on
adoption.
THE
496
EMBASSY
provinces, and
furnished
Tidings
had
committed
his
happened
be
Cicero
this
time
treasure
unhappy
man
head
off and
cut
the
sea.
the
the
for
the
Before
; all
Senate
they ought
be
to
letters
Ad
Diversos
generalopinionof
now
is that the letters
"The
was
is
other
at
or
to
we
be-
hundred
deliver
our
we
are
to
I should
like to
of
constantly,and
ago
if it
spurious, as
they are."
their
were
so,
tola
by
ad
1741)-
Middleton
had
two
we
quotes them
suspicion of
atthey were
in his famous
EpisMiddleton
(Cantab.
defended
them, and
no
until
Conycrs
then
the controversy
the
that
"
proved to be
morally convinced
am
Tunstall
He
think
them
see
doubtfulness
tacked
say what
end
scholars
of
appointment
opinionsto pleasethe veterans ?

to choose
our
generalsat their
that
Familiares.
objectionthat
of
years
He
it.
of his worthless
even
editions
says
about
the
is
the best
it.
Calenus
Fufius
the
to
determined
am
not
are
genuine.
{Hist,of Rome, v. 105),
questionabout their genuineness
raised
execrating
character
Brutus
the
horror
"
pitch that
for I
"
Marcus
The
Niebuhr
deterred
correspondence
Cicero's works, collected

his
the
alluded
again
"are
into
colours.
be
such
to
in Ernesti's and
found
ordering
thrown
in
his
public enemy,
Cicero followed, and, thanking
that
and
had
spear,
and
declared
be
again boldly declared
view
voluminous
partiesjoined
by
own
then
feelingsof
offended
come
My
Cicero
tween
he
long," he asked,
How
dictation
down
not
Is their arrogance
days
called, and
should
might
and
public
subjected the
he
excited
was
darkest
in the
sat
of the
proposal, energeticallysupported
his
veterans
Cassius,
Minor,
in his presence,
tortures, and
opportunity of drawing
he
him
the
property confiscated.
Caesar's
to
with
Smyrna
surrender
two
murder
Rome
the
son-in-law
"
For
cruel
inhuman
of
the
upon
proposed that Dolabella
seized
Syria
proconsul of Asia
point of
dragged along the ground
be
to
Calenus
Dolabella
to
entered
scourge
him
most
stuck
This
his
the
and
province.
to
meeting
and
his way
On
Cassius, he
seize
from
indignation at
be
The
cost.
that
Rome
reached
Trebonius,
demanded
of
body
and
raised,
proposed.1
with
his soldiers to
the
had
xxm.
staying. He paid him a visit and pretended

the most
with him, when
he suddenly
friendlyterms
he
while
chap.
be
to
on
ordered
he
army
frightfulcrime.
troops, where
and
as
the government
contest
to
about
ANTONY.
supplies at the public
and
money
carried
was
the
command
with
motion
TO
was
scholars,
carried
not
on
between
without
some
bitterness
both
A
sides.
that F.
recent
on
by English critics,and I know
German
writer named
A. Wolf
was
decidedly of opinion that
Guettinguemaintains the genuineness of the letters,
exthey are a fabrication ; but I cannot
certainty.
press myself with the same
b.c.
CICERO.
OF
ENERGY
43.
497
much
the opinions of the
so
as
regard the opinions of the veterans
who
of
the
are
the
flower
new
soldiers
legions
Italy
eager to give their
young
flourishes
for ever
For
of
the
of
whole
and
nothing
Italy.
country freedom
of
have
had
of
the
Csesar
now
succeeds
a
spell
glory
long
to age
legions
age
Plancuses
have
turn
their
and
Ccesar
and
of
Hirtiuses
Pansas
sons
they
and
our
their authority has greater weight.
are
more
numerous
they are younger men
world
which
the whole
For they are
applauds. To them
carrying on a contest
have
been
rewards
the
others
rewards
have been
to
already paid."
promised,
ought
not
to
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
the
From
in
loudly cheered, and
was
he
them
knew
never
went
anticipating,I
it is
Although
Dolabella
He
himself
that
slightly
ceased
soon
thrown
for
in the war,
said.
of his letters he declares
one
that
state
had
he
there
and
Forum,
what
enthusiastic.
so
may
the
to
people,telling them
the
addressed
Cicero
Senate
give
to
into
Lao-
having
he was
dicea, where
closelybesieged by Cassius, in order to
capture he put an end to his life by suicide.
escape
of Cicero at this
the energy
It is impossible not
to admire
he was
the life and soul of the opposition
period. In Rome
trouble
any
to
when
he
he
and
Antony,
everything for
the
Nobler
which
those
of their country, than
sake
accents
from
Senate
the
animating
was
time
of
eloquence
to
time
and
it is
and
vacillatingcorrespondent
real
reason
of the
that he
difference
conscience
at
was
He
now.
he
and
victorious
He
rule
His
own
and
nothing
ruler than
as
nothing
was
the
conqueror.
was
might
be
2
said
that he
an
his
givings
mis-
nor
If
he
would
He
was
be
regarded
execrable
tyranny.
in the
from
one
expect
of
at
struggle,
destruction.
the
of
one
to
might
yet Cicero
him
to
and
tion,
passionate affec-
gone.
than
could
the
that
Caesar
enemy.
Caesar, and
the least that he
timid
boldly unless
with
victory could preserve

already,as he tells us in
He
idea
worst
property
he
Mutina
the
between
deeply compromised
his
at
neither doubts
were
better
than
lips,as
I believe
act
but
Antony had
beforehand
given away
death
her
Antony
liberties of Rome
safety also
and
his country
sulship.
con-
unhesitatingconviction
never
he had
But
loved
in
saw
the
his
was
could
ease.
worse
infinitely
Caesar's
of Atticus.
right. In the civil war

with the
always haunted
was
Pompey he was
be deciding wrong.
an
his
from
burst
heard
never
were
his
during
in arms
against the traitors who were
difficult to recognise in the intrepidorator
thundered
now
last year of his life,

and
the people to dare
the
in
grander
was
Philippics,
his creatures,
the hands
fight with
of
halter
his
round
TO
EMBASSY
THE
498
against the
neck
ANTONY.
xxiii.
his country
and
embassy
Antony,
of
enemy
chap,
his
own.
It
was
to
brought
the
and
Pansa
and
Piso, the
in favour
of it,and
It is easy
forms
which
such
on
the twelfth
that he should
the
illustrating
as
With
manners.
value
much
After
"
have
republic
"
so, think
He
coast,
Senate
who
man
the
roads
the
lower, called
On
Cassian.
a
chances
hardly
like
were,
second
deprecated
is
curious,
and
modern
selected
that
of
was
And
sacrificed.
for
confess
to
his life
that
the
too
Cicero
yet
to
be
life
my
hatred
my
not
to
be
Mutina
of
that he
to
of
vigilanceand
wicked
men,
and
and
For
at
the
least not
in
But
torments.
account.
no
care,
have
has acted
Dolabella
tortures
am
dangers
injured the
myself" and, since this
is
danger ?"
There
danger really was.
one
or
along the eastern
upper
the
another
western
or
along
the
Aurelian
each
an
"
since
especially
ought
of
Flaminian
the
pain of
for his life :
shown
that it be without
what
to
the
his bitterest enemy,

and
with
them
asked
whether
they did not
myself, by
bitter
him
spare
was
so
; and
If
Cicero
these
special peril.
officers,ready
the
people
showed
called
he
ancient
that I may
not
to arrogate anything to
seem
I
that
to
ought
regard to my own
ye
pay no
then
He
upon
of
ambassadors
be
urge
be
to
state
I deceive
from
three
were
ay
to
or
in which
should
who
man
"desire death,
Roman
who, unless
braved
speech
dwell
not
proposal
between
regard should
me
the
and
you
one
some
make
to
way
of the
littlefor it,"he said, "myself,
care
world, Cicero
scruple.
with
that
think
persons
intolerable.
I need
speech
one
profligateassociates, he
his
to
entreating the
interview
be
him,
the
to
this without
did
proper
in
altogether,
the
danger would
of
danger alarmed
the
opinions,were
most
was
motion
difference
us
service
public
all in the
combated
of his
embassy, but that part

the idea
of
Philippic.
he
which
with
arguments
the
errand
an
protested against the
and
rose
as
Servilius,and,
him
send
to
their
Calenus
imagine his feelingsof disgust at such a suggestion.

bad
was
enough to talk of another embassy at
to
It
all,but
named
to
the Senate.
first asked
were
they
it P.
second
question before
who
two
undertake
to
send
proposed
he
would
intercepthim
took
find
at
possessions of the Clodian
middle
would
the
had
have
On
family ; and,
to
the
counter
en-
road, the
Flaminian
Ventidius, one
Ancona.
called
road,
of
the
as
Antony's
Aurelian
he
with
welcome
the
another
the
of
his
Caesar's
safely
trust
during
the
dared
to
himself
the
and
his
in
If
of
house
own
they would
through
the
Etruria,
public
whether
he
seeing that
the
could
lately,
had
intention
walls
of
one
distribute
to
the
bourhood
neigh-
Caesenius,
the
of
not
of
the
turning
re-
city
safe.
hardly
was
In
festival, he
within
it, he
permit
ran
with
even
Even
he
roads,
Terminalia
suburbs
of
account
asked
He
out
come
him
by Antony
the
doubt
Lento
of these
day.
same
which
enemies,
any
the
into
go
on
soldiers.
on
holidays
hospitality
towards
appointed
amongst
no
road,
personal
499
all
felt
Cassian
commissioners
lands
their
friendship they
of
would
they
with
him
notorious
was
PHILIPPIC.
irony remarked,
sarcastic
to
TWELFTH
THE
64.
ÊT.
wished
he
said,
remain
to
in
Rome.
is
"This
No
station
my
is less
one
this
"
timid
his
guard.
Facts
speak
for
all
been
of
our
country
to
the
republic (not
hitherto
His
second
have
preserved
me
to
say
for
embassy
was
I am,
but
themselves.
It
directing
to
myself
their
) the
is
fortress
this, my
"
at
the
same
twenty
now
attacks
penalty
time
my
is
since
"
the
camp.
more
the
They
me.
crimes
and
one
years
against
of their
no
upon
scelerats
have
paid
republic has
herself."
had
arguments
watch-tower
my
than
....
the
desired
finally
abandoned.
effect, and
the
idea
of
RUINS
ON
ESQUILINE.
THE
XXIV.
CHAPTER
SIEGE
THE
BATTLES
AND
AND
MUTINA,
OF
TREACHERY
OF
OCTAVIAN.
JEt.
middle
The
the
with
levies he
in the
army
Antony
had
had
had
led
his
Road,
which
at
both
in the
The
Cicero
famous
most
that
were
and
attack
of
the
advocating
for
apparent
hesitation
base
all the
of
art
siege.
the
It is
that
resources
were
war
of
ing
blockad-
the
the
forward
along
exhausted
defence.
Lepidus
peace.
the
northern
junction with
advanced
in Bononia
wintered
the
spring
the
and
colleague
As
history, and
to
uneasiness.
Senate
his
effected
in
his
of Mutina.
skirted
known
time
attitude
some
join
to
left Rome
Pansa
and
arrived,
vigorously pressing
was
of the
one
43.
legions that
Apennines, and, having

force,
b.c.
raised,
neighbourhood
Êmilian
the
March
of
64.
and
They
in
Plancus
both
Plancus
hitherto
in
west
letters
wrote
sought
the
to
excuse
declaring
gave
to
the
himself
himself
on
ANTONY'S
S02
LETTER.
chap.
xxiv.
Fortune
has hitherto avoided

the spectacle
of two armies that belong to the
body politicfightingtogether,with Cicero, like a master of gladiators,pitting
the two
He
is so far lucky that he has deceived you with the
against each other.
same
I am
glozingtongue with which he boasted that he deceived Csesar.
solved
renot
to bear any
insult to myself or my
friends,nor to desert the party which
the veterans
to allow
to be
Pompey hated, nor
expelled from their settlements,
and
to break
faith with Dolabella, nor
violate
put one
by one to the torture, nor
most
league with Lepidus, a man
scrupulous in the dischargeof duty,1nor
my
be
views may
betray Plancus, the partner of my counsels.
Finally, my
"
same
summed
up
thus
willing
are
Caesar.
I do
"
that
believe
not
ready
are
by
selves
friends, if either they them-
my
to
with
avenge
ambassadors
the
me
of
death
but when
coming,
are
do
they
they bring."
letter in
hand
his
Cicero
entered
the
another
for
Senate-house,
or
any
the demands
this insolent
With
the injuriesdone
forgetthem,
to
I shall know
come
bear
can
to
meeting had been summoned
take into consideration
the public letter of Lepidus. Servilius
be thanked
for his love of
proposed that Lepidus should
but,
the
and
peace,
the
at
the matter
be
no
the
Thirteenth
the full
After
he
laid
the
better
leave
that there
could
down
is almost
arms.
known
such
exception
speeches; and
in
parallel.
men
as
the
against Antony
without
with
peace
his
oration
of all his
savage
fury of his hatred
insistingthat
had
It is,perhaps, with
most
which
of invective
he
of his country,
opinion was,
delivered
Philippic.
out
welfare
that
unless
and
against Piso, the
torrent
informed
Antony
afterwards,
poured
in the
the Senate, whose

with
rose
of that
he
to
took
time, be
same
peace
Cicero
interest he
Antony
as
and
impossible,he praised Lepidus in his usual

and
style of lofty compliment, and said that so good a man
citizen might possiblybe mistaken
in opinion, but
could
not
his associates
be
suspected
declared
"The
struggleis
yieldto
not
Can
Decimus
save
of execrable
gods,
afterwards
sentence,
constant
for
to
band
him
remarks.
the
to
commonwealth.
He
and
listen to
we
destruction.
brigands, is carrying on
hearths
our
from
Brutus
altars,and
his terms
Can
four
believe
we
infuriated
against
war
against
One
his
consuls.
peace
try,
coun-
Can
possible
himV
He
by
hostile
view
"
his household
with
of any
gladiator,with
we
was
took
kept
Some
of
Antony's letter,and, reading
up
running
them
are
repetition of violent
Piissimi.
Cicero
ridiculed
Antony
which
coining this superlative,
Latin,
as
every
schoolboy
at
was
the
fire of
bitter
and
it sentence
sarcastic
worth
quoting; although the
abuse
is tedious.
present day knows

omnino
nullum
Phil. xiii. 19.
in
When
Quod
linguaLatina
"
he
verbum
est."
"
the
read
which
in
passage
fallen
Trebonius
had
Caesar, he
cried
out
"
else
Trebonius
saved
he
write
to
criminal
b,y drawing
you
owing
you?
dared
you
Trebonius
punished ?
was
that
except
I call
can
tolerable ; have
Catiline appears
an
as
503
expressed his joy that

of
offeringto the manes
Antony
victim
Spartacus, for what
"O
PHILIPPIC.
THIRTEENTH
THE
64.
mi.
Of
aside
you
ought
we
what
death
crimes
exult
to
that
was
he
guilty
that
was
your
crime
the
from
nefarious
whose
to
that
due?"
what
Then, referring to
the
at
For
; but
Caesar
by
heaped
upon
You
?
at
you
body,
the
his
Cotyla
Ccelius, and
Lucius
could
and
once
who,
senate-house
he
that
could
barbarian
"
as
citizen
Asinius.
"
He
he
who
the
and, slipping off his

1
pun,
Cicero
which
here makes
is
soul and
and
Cicero
rebel
and
There
his
his
the
and
senate-house
quite untranslatable
"
of the
and
"Cum
when
Plancus,
have
His
and
leg
Saxa
was
known
self-constituted
senator
open
after Caesar's death,
putting
in
mentemque
he
the
set
prophecy
Decius,
before
he
robber,
stout
broken.
was
them
of
Tillus
not
was
tribune
shockingly bad
pet favourite
falsified the
There
ment,
amuse-
feasts.
was
leg
and
his
would
had
who
sandals
of
way
of
other, Viseius,
Senate,
made
Gallius,
commander
There
was
cheated
tribunes-elect, one
the
the
had
one
that
abandoned
and
at
in
senators
and
Antony, by
two
Exitius,
saw
ment
advance-
yourselfup,
camp,"
Annius,
whom
still lived.
was
and
bestowed
not
did, in the stews,
of Rome.
senators
perish unless
not
but
the
fire,and
on
broken,
was
loved
had
if he
Pompey's
bath-man.
common
"
Nucula,
Antony
betray him,
not
gave
you
by public slaves
Hostilius, who
Tullus
had
given you
in fact you
life,as
when
if he
have
contrasting the
of
men
and
Lento
were
people,
high
"
bankrupt Trebellius, who
"
whipped
got
There
his
on
been
birth
your
Bestia, and
; there
creditors
or
whole
your
with
the ruined
found
be
to
went
have
you
the Senate
Mutina
at
camp
virtue
opportunity
the
seized
elevated
surprise
ballet-girls."1
called
had
Antony
would
your
drunkenness,
in
of
embraces
the
to
what
wasted
have
would
"
Would
gaming-table,and
the
to
Caesar
by
you
upon
much
so
his
deny that Hirtius had honours conferred on him

accompanied as they are by virtue and industry,
who
also cannot
however,
deny that you had honours
You,
his ornament.
are
been
of Caesar, he
kindness
about
said
part I cannot
these honours,
own
my
had
of Hirtius, who
conduct
position by the
"
had
Antony
on
gremio
buskins,
mimarum
deponeres."
was
mentum
LETTERS
5o4
TO
LEPIDUS
suddenly metamorphosed
he
did
that
he
was
when
and
have
if all
of
scorn
was
"
the Senate
was
would
war
the fact that

and
confounded
crushed
the boldness
mournfully went
lost
they had
senators
Lentulus,
and
Appius Claudius,
praise to the
memory
lanista, which
Antony
him
brand
the
with
I
truth.
in my
them
of
master
For
be
cut, and
to
of
opinion
his
own
given
to
the
After
left the
he
Lepidus had
this
he
enough
to
Senate
show
people
and
the defection
1
"
Mutavit
repente
Rome
which
factus
wore
were
that
on
his
of
est."
senators
distinctive kind
high
like
at
of shoes,
buskins,
and
They
small
"
be
Pompeius,
of himself
of
the
We
quoted, that
Antony ; and
and
his
letter,to
he
said
guard, and, with
the
to
be
But
frightenedby
province.
pater conscriptus fastened

The
should
peace.
republic.
not
added,
Cicero, although
to
speech
side, was
of the governor
calceos
to
his
was
means
adhesion
on
he
and
Lepidus, the
pleased with
to
before
the
in
agreed
conclusion
Pollio
his
still loyal to
was
no
known
In
people.
recommending
his
in
he
Magnus
"
the
by
Asinius
day."
Senate
dry letter
in
amongst
assistance
at
was
taken
both
politic,
that he
assume
that
Roman
perfectlywell
been
it
thought
him,
and
openly declared
have
must
the
the
of
and
that he
letter of
the
from
know,
win
preceded him,
called
short
had
step he
officious
appropriate
the epithet of
worst
promising the
showed
of which
the
had
Senate-house,
wrote
and
of the
to
men
the Senate
to
Domitius,
to
brieflysaid
he
for
Cnaeus,"
debate, Cicero
tone
better
Cicero
as
or,
his followers
and
throats
motion, that the thanks
of
son
the
Servilius,who
Sextus,
and
gave
Alluding
consular
Marcellus,
and
and
"
port,
sup-
"
the
concluding his speech

the
and
be
may
your
applied to himself, he said, I will

infamy, and my invective shall be
novice
of gladiators!
no
Yes, and
I wish
trade.
exerted
the
of
names
Scipio
each.
have
had
eternal
the
suls
con-
for audacity would
singly,with
exultingbrigand."
Bibulus,
Publius
and
been
have
us
have
Sulpicius,
and
of
would
rest
himself
Antony plumes
ten
happened,
many,
of the
over
"
Afranius,
the
of
out
then
He
have
not
power
I, left alone
which
on
in which
deny
to
as
Senate.
Antony's
Pompeian Senate,
I1 Albedius
calumnious
so
of
yielded to authority. But what
inferred from
as
one
xxiv.
chap.
ConscriptFather
member
lived this
now
into
no
worthy
talks in
he
;
but
then," he exclaimed,
Such
"
know
not
CASSIUS.
"
in front with
also
were
four black
ornamented
strings.
with
crescent.
Appositam
nigrse lunam
Juv.
subtexit
vii. 192.
alutse.""
b.c.
full of
the open
he
thought
To
Cassius
that
all look
to
It
must
month
of
hear
of
of
Heaven
when,
republic. Protected by
Mutina, Antony pressed
he
said,
the
to
done
to
come
hold
to
rious
victo-
are
we
shall
!),we
safety."
day,
would
men
decide
the
were
pecting
ex-
fate of
the
the walls
before
siege ;
that
in
Rome
at
after
forward
"
omen
fortified camp
had
matters
time
which
battle
if all had
easy
for
day
difficult
not
hardly able
anxious
an
of his country.
was
avert
Brutus
self
him-
public affairs,and
in
was
friend
described
enemies
saved,"
is
43,
a
and
that
wrote
Marcus
April,B.C.
tone,
his
to
"
now
Brutus
he
been
have
to
he
(may
and
you
April
extremely
been
If
"
if not
; but
the
505
is in
busied
success
Decimus
Mutina.
at
cheerful
that
have
crisis,and
out
TIUS.
foe of all the
would
duty.
that
"
constantly
"
determined
attain, and
hope
and
said
time
"
in Africa, in
Cornificius
as
this
about
wrote
their
HIR
OF
He
He
GEM
TA
STRA
43
but
glorious
A
capital in the middle of the month.
defeated.
been
Antony was
fought, and
great battle had
Bononia
evacuated
to
After he had
join the besieging force
resistance
by
before Mutina, the place was
occupied without
in the
arrived
news
wards
after-
Soon
Octavian.
and
Hirtius
of
columns
united
the
road towards
Mutina,
they advancedfalong the Êmilian
checked
Antony had strongly
but were
by the river,which
of the last importance that they should
guarded. It was
hold
extremity,
to
out
employed
therefore
on
He
water.
an
the
in the
rough
was
porpoise in
of
muskets
river
of
want
to
carry
to
the
and
Hirtius
provisions.
were
in those
into
despatches
baffle
in
net.
as
When
his
days
places,and
We
when
camp
adopted
he
this
imagine
unfortunate
arrest
plan failed, Hirtius

;
and,
their
as
be
the luckless
can
an
to
nets
surface, struggling like
messengers
to
in these
shore.
on
the
the
to
and
caused
He
it.
But
unobserved.
Mutina
by Antony,
hauled
and
brought
pigeons
to
in different
merriment
the
get
discovered
was
caught,
were
swimmer
use
to
ingenious expedient
divers
the
pressed,
hard
was
divers, who
able
be
stratagem
sunk
he
him
encourage
the
river under
across
pieces of lead, and swim
they gained the opposite bank
hoped that when
they would
the
Brutus, and
to
for
sufferingfrom
garrison was
written
approach
their
communicate
there
they
flight,
huge
made
were
were
no
able
BATTLE
5"6
wing their
to
attached
were
Pansa
was
brought from
strike
to
joined by these
brother
Lucius
numbers
in
off
little distance
and
Bononia.
each
For
several
other, but
skirmishes
sides
were
made
reconnaisance,
letter of
Galba,
Martial
of
one
legion,
the battle.1
It is
"
battle of
of
model
it
of
had
to
retreat
be
Cicero
and
vian
Octa-
found
in
commanded
of
soldierlysimplicity,and,
in the
reminds
an
the
with
the
famous
day after
the
words,
attacked
15 th, and
the
morning."
he
When
escape.
of the
cohorts
twelve
the
on
commences
on
the
of
us
Wellington written
narrow
the
Hirtius
will
Antony
account
daylight in
at
....
from
confronted
But
officers,who
sent
begins,
advanced
himself
signal of
rest
who
....
posts
Galba
The
Waterloo, which
Buonaparte
Prussian
drove
Hirtius's
and
abrupt style in which

despatch of the Duke
the
and
their camp.
into
armies
at
Mutina
miles
collision.
into
came
been
place, except in partial

foragingparties on both
cavalry,as
and
out
strong
back
the
the
between
sent
took
collision
no
few
rest
know
not
road, between
hostile
the
the
have
to
Gallorum,
days
I do
seems
/Emilian
Forum
called
place
it
sufficient
with
advanced
Octavian.
and
the
with
camp,
he
spot they occupied, but
exact
some
Hirtius
attack
to
check,
in
it
important
was
relievingarmy
Leaving, therefore, his
the
of
ments
strong reinforce-
he felt how
troops.
command
keep Brutus
to
of his forces
the
additional
that
the
before
blow
decisive
heard
Antony
of the
and
Rome,
xxiv.
the letters that
carry
last
head
the
at
chap.
and
At
wings.
hand,
at
near
MUTINA.
the town,
to
their
to
he had
was
safe
way
OF
gave
Martial
the
legion
himself
enveloped in a cloud of
right wing, he found
enemy's cavalry, and had to cut his way out to join the
He
body of the army.
put his horse to the gallop,
of the
the
main
hotly followed
by Antony's squadrons.
fast coming up, and as
then
legions was
them
be
the
he threw
for
mistaken
one
of
over
in
was
friends.
He
imminent
was,
was
Galba
lest he
the
soldiers
But
however,
should
seeing
to
soon
recognised,and,
knew
not
of Galba,
the great -grandfather
to
how.
the Roman
new
approached
flingtheir javelins,so
danger of being killed by his
expression, escaped he
He
of Pansa's
his left shoulder
the enemy.
advancing cavalry, began
Galba
own
his shield
One
emperor.
use
that
own
his
BATTLE
kt.64.
Pansa
had
reached
the
through
distance
to
Hirtius
sent
the west,
his troops
on
oth
of
quarters
effect
that
he
who
were
had
him
to
have
and
raw
deal
to
only with
the
of
command
of veterans
body
who
and
deceive
to
of
body
soldiers
the
the
caught
sight
restrain
their
Martial
the
of
his
to
he
imagined
anticipated
the
precaution to
the night before,
Martial
legion
prepared
was
"
of his army
and
"
give
to
Without
the
and
squadrons
efforts of
soon
as
the
praetorian cohorts
for
waiting
the
As
forward
strength,sent
cavalry.
advancing
regardless of
and
and
the
real
and
legion
ardour.
could
When
expected.
Antony
halted his heavy infantrythere
light-armedtroops
of
attack,
as
army
he
little
he
Gallorum
Forum
his
levies of Pansa,
flower
he
that
the
from
on
He
Bononia
very
bring
on
was
before
new
taken
to
on
the
were
praetorian cohorts, so
a
Antony
reception he
had
Carfulenus,
two
reached
the
inexperienced troops,
easy
under
him
But
to
message
Octavian.
and
Hirtius
victory. But
strengthen Pansa
by sending
an
crush
and
intercept Pansa,
junction with Hirtius
to
would
road.
This
immediately.
morning Antony pushed
Next
little
some
the Êmilian
pressing
at
camp
join him
and
April.
with
ing
march-
legions,and
his
of
side
507
four
pitched
the
on
MUTINA.
with
Bononia
town,
Galba
OF
nothing could
the
signal of
officers
their
to
strain
re-
the
forward
to
battle.
impetuosity, they rushed
of his new
two
legions to hasten
immediately ordered
their
Pansa
their
on
to
to
force
support, and
their
how
serious
force
from
bravely
was
Caesar's
Pansa's
that
sides
thick
of the
line
in
woods
and
fought
veterans
yEmilian
brought
of
Martial
the
right wing,
the
and
back
the
first time
in
legion,under
fury of
their
had
marshy
road.
Seeing
his whole
out
began.
for
they
and
general engagement
both
on
obstinately contested
and
they drove
extended
looked, Antony
town,
cohorts
Eight
both
on
matters
the
the
through
way
ground that lay
they
as
sides,
opposite
It
and
ranks.
Galba, occupied
charge
was
great
so
Antony's Thirty-fifthlegion,and
lowed
fol-
in hot
them,
if
some
and
retreat
lines.
The
pursuit far beyond their own
sequence
conthat the enemy's cavalry began to surround
was,
have
been
the main
cut off from
they would
dody
had
not
been
sounded
in getting back.
difficulty
The
but
as
centre
it
was
of
they
both
had
armies
5"3
BATTLE
the yEmilian
on
was
Pansa's
But
left
wing,
only
of
and
praetoriancohort,
This
hoping
to
appeared
like
throughout
that
engagement
an
cohorts, hurried
Forum
reached
left to
on
fury that
he
attacked,
himself
was
began,
it
and
close
he
attacked
and
new
head
his
now
have
acted
he
heard
of Pansa.
He
and
had
fell upon
them
with
Octavian, who
engagement
only
few
was
cohorts,
in
repulsing the
the
nearly nightfallwhen
fled,with
came
they
as
completely routed
with
veteran
twenty
back,
his
guard
to
Antony just
own
enemy
to
of
line
them,
upon
But
left Octavian
succeeded
was
one
the whole
seems
their way
camp,
Antony
and
of
the
he
but
dark, for
now
battle
Hirtius's
guard
of
But
the support
Gallorum
sisted
con-
compelled
was
general, when
the
at
to
slaughter. During
great
It
such
with
them
forward
on,
retiring columns
the
with
up
retire.
going
was
it
desperate,
skilful
and
putting himself
and,
camp,
so
to
It
legion
blow.
Hirtius, who
scene.
brave
it, that
was
he
pressed, especiallyby the
it at
capture
road, where
Martial
resistance
the
upon
hard
some
advantage.
fortunate.
so
general retreat
Antony followed
to
great, that he began
so
the
outflank
and
to
The
it in vain.
loss
able
be
of
the
of the
not
xxiv.
raged for
obtain
to
south
was
so
to
led
their camp,
towards
the
was
began
fall back.
being able
on
chap.
here the battle
and
cohorts
two
cavalry, which
MUTINA.
in person,
commanded
himself
to
road,
either side
without
hours
OF
was
enemy.
second
part of his
cavalry, to
Mutina.
before
his camp
victory was
complete, but it
He
was
dearly purchased by the loss of the gallant Pansa.
The
received
mortal
two
into Bononia,
Three
Rome,
city.
where
four
or
wounds
he
When
the
lingered for
before
days
gloomy reports
the
in
of
battle, and
of
news
great
some
time
some
the
before
spread that Antony
rumour
he
died.
victory arrived
had
reverse
carried
was
was
reached
at
the
victorious
in the Curia
Hostilia, and
began to
partisansassembled
the gates, to
talk of taking possession of the Capitol and
the conqueror,
them
throw
to
who, they fondly hoped,
open
his
was
already
Cicero
he
was
to
his
on
his
march
to
Rome.
In
order
make
to
unpopular,they industriouslycirculated a report that

going to proclaim himself dictator ; and, according
own
statement,
office,in hopes that
intended
he
would
themselves
to
offer
readily accept it,and
him
the
so
give
down
come
posterity.1It
to
for
interest
allow
therefore,
possesses,
himself
be
to
citizens
did
prudence
by the transport
the
chap.
xxiv.
unusual
us.
habitual
His
PHILIPPIC.
LAST
THE
510
carried
of the
should
like
away,
their
off
him,
of
many
senators,
proposal that
military uniform,
or
saga,
he
did
nor
the
the
declared
He
hour.
put
forsake
not
was
object of the war
he was
still beleaguered in
deliver
Decimus
to
Brutus, and
If they put on
their togas to-day, they might have
Mutina.
it would
be hardly decent
off to-morrow,
and
to
to put them
be
to
least
at
this
do
for
them
not
to
yet
and
Heaven,
fortune
of
Senate
to
strange
as
it
consider
their
thus
had
seem,
on
fifty,
should
vian
He
them.
and
each
the
adroitlymanaged
speak
at
bring
the
the
of
be
creased
in-
generals
and
Octa-
conferred
upon
his
in
public
should
motion,
length of himself, by
some
for
days
Imperator
to
uncertain
done.
Hirtius, Pansa,
the title of
have
of
(kostis),which,
number
that
; and
was
persuade
to
of
number
of
account
honour
to
yet been
in Servilius's
thanksgiving,mentioned
warned
in the
confident
too
the
He
victory complete. It
forestall the judgment
not
that
proposed
returned
peace
gods.
earnestly endeavoured
Antony a public enemy
it may
they wished
the
He
declare
to
of
dress
of
to
be
follyto
was
war.
next
in their
altars
at
them
in
great
the
victory
presumptuous
He
had
just after they
thanks
The
premature.
services,
own
alluding
to
the
proud delightwith which the victorious generals would enter

then
as
sitting,
Imperators that temple where
they were
of their exwhen
account
ploits
on
they recollected,that it was
that the
triumph
the
to
that
report
sole
that
if such
him
by
it.
was
that
so
grasp.
1
The
calls the
had
He
day
at
the
the
is
going
great
on
a
indeed
might
in his mind,
betrayed
him
into
to
as
had
an
in
calumnious
to
the
of
being
invested
plainly intimated
spontaneously offered to
been
curious
distinction
idea
him
time
same
had
conducted
before
referred
then
fellow-citizens,he
It
It
honour
an
the
entertained
but
power;
his
had
Capitol.
he
with
that
people
perhaps
see
he
the
sort
of
for the
fancied
been
have
not
struggle
moment
possibly within
apparent
clined
de-
his
inconsistency,for
grammarian Nonius quotes two passages of another

sixteenth,but, if it ever existed,it is no longer extant.
which
Philippic,
he
THE
64.
jet.
LAST
after
declaring that the
been
pardoned
Catiline,
not
and
"
him
had
attempting it,and
future,
referred
to
after
to
made
design might have

gladiator,a brigand, or
who
had
crushed
its execution
who
demanding
forge the falsehood,
511
of such
rumours
if it had
but
PHILIPPIC.
Catiline
for the
impossible
wicked
was
for
enough
to
mad
enough to believe it,he argued

the question as if great public services might have justified
the
people in conferring and himself in accepting the office. The
which
distinction
had
He
thought
of
"
wide
field open
of
race
honour
Pansa's
had
engaged
made
good
Fourth
of
gods
before
day, who,
the
with
corpses
there
and
youthful
his
merit
who
had
age
your
hid
of
should
thus
in
battle,
be
But
is not
he
himself
with
had
giving him
years.
In
that
strewed
few
lowers,
folthe
guarded
repelled the
not
of the
Antony.
ground
Antony,
who
eagle
his
enemy,
the
title,for
of
memory
those
proposed that a magnificent

He
apostrophised the departed
he
erected.
"
happy death, which,
country
has
described
of
sun
the
saw
and
his
to
yet
who, when
the
the
was
rays,
for
he
He
robber-bands
Octavian,
ground
not
fight,he
"
the
with
fought
omen
parricides,and
to
had
one,
carried
his
Alluding
the
himself
happy
most
outstripped
fallen
warriors
O
he
no
was
had
monument
"
"
fugitive." As
camp,
cried,
in the
by victory or death,
promise ; as to the other,
the
scattered
to
either
his
avert
wisely
judgment
my
very
bestow
; and
state
death
illustrious
most
alternative
legion, and
he
In
republic.
used
from
to
many."
to
off
satisfyhis country
to
one
Happy,"
free
Carried
"
gallantry of Hirtius, who
the
"
is
of the
if he
was
countrymen
Cassius
as
it
no
was
Catiline
as
; but
tidings of whose
said,
immortal
the
may
his
"
service
course
Imperator, but
an
induced
in the
his life for the
reserved
only
he
Rome,
force
favour
own
bad
as
by
exclaimed,
the
in his
been
power
merit
the
wounds,
reached
have
usurping
is,"he
draw
to
would
There
say,
meant
if his
thing
different
it.
he
this.
doubt
or
I deem
to
men
you
nature,
who
has
were
been
bom
paid
for
rather
your
as
country
debt
:
due
your
created
to
very
this
to have
deity seems
from
the battlefield is
in flight
city for the world, and you for this city. Death
selects
the bravest
but
himself usually
glorious in victory,for Mars
disgraceful,
whom
Those
the ranks.
from
impious wretches
ye slew will pay the penalty of
out
latest
their parricidein the infernal
regions : while you who breathed
your
of the blessed.
Brief
breath in victoryhave gained the dwelling-place and home
name
was
derived
from
due
Mars,
so
that
the
same
of life given
is the span
immortal.
such
if indeed
And
idiot
an
us
face
to
as
PHILIPPIC.
LAST
THE
5i2
by
it
nature
were
;
no
xxiv.
of a life nobly rendered

the memory
longer than this life of ours, who would
is
but
extremity
the
chap.
in
danger
toil and
of
order
to
be
win
the
?
highest glory and renown
of the brave while you lived,
the bravest
It is well, then, soldiers, with you
lie unsepulchred,either
merit
For
never
but now
sanctified by death.
can
your
when
the Senate
exist,or the silence of posterity,
by the oblivion of those who now
their
almost
an
with
own
have
able
imperishraised
hands,
and Roman
to
people
you,
in the Punic,
armies
noble
been
and
have
There
monument.
great
many
"
"
Italian
Gallic, and
that
do
such
of
honour
an
even
kind
since
for you,
more
stowed.
be-
been
received
have
we
drove
Antony in his fury from the
away
There
shall therefore
attempting to return.
and
characters
of
workmanship,
splendid
memorial-building
he
when
You
was
on
high a
And
engraved on it the eternal witnesses of your divine excellence.
from
those
who
either
shall the language of gratitude cease
respectingyou,
reared
be
shall
never
see
has
none
on
could
we
blessings.
the greatest
you
You
repelledhim
city.
from
be
but
wars,
would
And
"
your
monument
He
then
who
turned
Pericles
nesian
as
loss
these
good
their
nearest
of
words
of
consolation
be
maypassage
of
funeral
oration
one
in
those
who
had
fallen
given by Thucydides.
Cicero
of
relatives, to whom
indeed
the
of
meed
Pelopon-
in the
said
glory is
monumental
"
bestowed
honours,
honours
those
those
to
The
relatives.
since,Conscript Fathers, the proper

and gallant citizens by giving them
But
"
the
a
in memory
war,
of it."
similar
with
compared
hear
address
to
mourning
were
who
those
or
are
the
best
upon
console
consolation.
have
is the
kinds
and
various
of death incident
to men,
many
that
of
their
and
the
of
all
has
been
lot
relatives,
glorious
most
unburied
remained
not
nor
abandoned
will
exist
for
ever
as
an
greatest alleviation of their sorrow

virtues of their kindred, the faith
in
cruel war,
the name
which,
of
the
had
it not
of
battle
that
they
(which yet is
their ashes
with
country), nor
but
covered
over
by a public monument
altar to virtue.
They will find it therefore the
monument
are
that by the same
proclaimed the
of a most
kept by the Senate, and the memory
been
for
one's
the
have
people would
Roman
field
the
on
for
suffered
piteous fate when
thought no
dispersed in separate and lowly tombs,
which
of
the
rather, that amongst

which
they have produced
because
to
so
bulwarks
us
the state ;
They
parents,
families
in their own
to children, because
examples of virtue ; to
they will have
it will be better to eulogise
whom
deprived of husbands
wives, because
they are
like them
in virtue as they
will
because
be
to
than
to
mourn
hope
brothers,
they
;
that
I
And
I
wish
able,
in
resemblance.
were
by any words
earnestly
are
bodily
that
all
their
of
from
or
to
tears
advice
or
mine,
wipe away
eyes ;
any oration
and
aside
their
them
which
be
would
make
could
lay
rejoice
sorrow,
spoken
are
such
let
of those
merit
matchless
perished by
the
soldiers,
parricidalact
of
Antony."
concluded
He
what
he
Such
had
We
that
may
be
he
would
in formal
the
terms,
adoption
of
proposed.
closing words
the
were
great Roman
by moving,
of which
orator
that
sure
be
it
silent
was
any
not
in the
of
the
record
the
Senate
last
has
speech
been
of
the
preserved.
likely
last,for it is not
when
the
news
of
the
b.c.
BEAUTY
43.
decisive
next
OF
victoryarrived
positivestatements
than
had
countrymen
long
on
their
series
of
civil
that
the
it,the
like
ears
which
orations
difficult
But
in
spoke
his voice
knell.
own
more
his
have
must
reviewing the
In
delivered
second
during the
the praise
sufficiently
opinion,quite equal to
my
in
and
whatever
superior.
this point, all must
of eloquence.
It
of
express
they deserve.
They are,
Philippicsof Demosthenes,
he
his
the last,and
been
sound
he
to
have
letters that
funeral
513
besides, we
if it had
But
known
it is
war,
; and
subsequent
afterwards.
once
fallen
in
PHILIPPICS.
THE
respects
some
there
difference
haps
per-
be
may
on
that
they are astonishing efforts

is impossible to
do
by
justice to them
I feel myself equal.
translation
at
least by any to which
a
exceed
the beauty of the language, the rythNothing can
mical
of the style.
flow of the periods, and
the harmony
agree
"
The
of
structure
speaker
writer
or
calculated
in
Roman
Many
minds
of
the
upon
parenthesis, and
are
But
with
English
noble
will
of the
for very
forefathers, and
word
able
to
to
express
Consulares, which
in ancient
consular
If
Rome.
rank"
what
had
we
meant
was
so
we
weaken
grand
say
the
"
the
strove
emulate
the
to
lightning
explained in a
that
even
the
danger,
every
the
appellation.If
we
coin
sound
and
word
of their
virtues
single
by
we
which
and
consulars"
say
is not
English,
"
ex-consuls,"we run the risk of

conveying the impression that we mean
of
force of
2
ago.
speeches
eloquence. The
heroic
the
force his countrymen,
to
brave
if
sarcasm
in these
Roman
Cicero
men
explain
like
hope
recognise
to
them
urged
to
centuries
twenty
some
have, for instance, no
We
is the
piercedsharply at
grandeur of the old
shame,
the powers
the passage
caustic
and
sting,which
in which
passages
be
must
disadvantages
be
used
flashed
home-thrust
all such
reader
something
be
which
senators
of their utterance
moment
the
of their
deprived
now
of
force
manner
instantlycaught by the Greek
was
allusions
many
in the
present the thoughts of the ancients
to
ear.1
English,
Often, again, as
arrangement.
idea which
an
in
often baffles
give the
to
the
enables
as
thought, but
dress, a periphrasismust
of
meaning
or
seeks
all attempts
modern
of
words, not,
produce effect,too
to
altering the
with
case
his
the order
to
of the translator,who
without
language, which
Latin
collocate
to
merely according
best
the
"
only the
L
consuls
of the
precedingyear.'
ANXIETY
5i4
welcome
death
freedom,
rather
radiant
are
genius of the
the
orator, whose
libertyof
if it had
but
have
would
Cicero
who
and
secured
appeal
to
been
It
arms.
declared
alone
period the
the
public. The
as
he
Minerva
house
and
he
we
his
Capitol when
was
looked
at
the
Rome,
war
beleaguered
the
the
hemmed
famine
attack
And
in
to
by
that
army
he
had
the
yet
be
thoughts
of
of
all
Mutina.
powerful
by his fortified
escorted
camp,
(Gesck. Roms,
It
not
be
at
the
the
to
For
he
for which
cause
they paid
him
still
prevailed
still turned
were
Decimus
army.
Might
employed againstAntony.
restored
to
and
storm
Anxiety
over.
his
from
the first victory arrived.
was
of
image
taken
was
it
him
cheered
by
it should
came
in
appeared
CapitolineJupiter
down
he
it from
the
when
of
how
vi. 496) reproaches him with cowardice

for staying in Rome
and
not
joining
the
and
And
thrown
of
surrender?
yet Drumann
him
round
temple
seen
he
for
this
at
was
know
We
when
stood
proposal
he
masses
in Rome.
was
not
was
walls
in the
people
every
the representative of the
the
and
It
ance,
resist-
to
friends, he
to
hostility
success
they fought, and when
the homage of their joy.
But
the
of
the
antagonist.
Senate
lukewarm
remember,
news
as
and
rushing Rome."
streets.
have
upon
his
and
received
decreed
the
of
thronged
exile,
We
cost.
support
was
in
broken, the Senate
public
the
With
may
placed
just before
consuls
man
along the
which,
for
and
popular
multitude
walked
match
determined
which
in
way
army
and
the consuls
of
rapid fate
peace.1
most
no
against Antony,
the
enemies
dishonourable
been
powerful eloquence awhile
the
in his
probable that,
he
was
Whose
Restrained
almost
them
to
for
armies
than
have
field
the
admire
to
than
more
support
no
animated
"
Amidst
the
not
tion
transla-
even
more
would
the
in
alone, without
Senate,
it is
strugglefor
last
not
did
words
for him, there
Octavian
the
impossible
Indeed,
been
of
Octavian
was
Rome.
not
that
it is
xxiv.
chap.
glory which
And
ROME.
slaveryin
than
with
destroy.
can
AT
Brutus
the
to
there
was
Might he not be forced by

Antony, protected from
able
would
be
to
equallyfair
to
the
and
town
reasonable
by
to
or
Canning for not leaving
fightagainstNapoleon,
reproach Pitt
England
take
STL
64.
tet.
assault, and
continue
had
the
whole
long.
final
and
he
in
full
Senate
The
himself, with
the
After
himself
of another
reinforcement.
head
had
Such,
of his
shown
been
stormed,
doubt,
was
the
was
But
have
to
was
Gaul
it
was
with
he
that
actually despatched
this time
at
of Marcus
march
to
of the
Dio
the
motive
that
he
might
able
to
disavow
hostile
for this
the
be
of
act
the
town
his
heart
his
own
be
Lepidus
judgment,
he
He
attacked
the
Octavian, but
was
contest
of
carry
the
events.
his
eagles ;
cowardly one
but
therefore
it
was
still strong, and
by
found
if
even
that
knew
succeed, and, acting
troops
the
into
himself
therefore
come
moment
any
Silanus
to
dictate.
surrender,
to
storm.
his
at
Bos-
at
to
necessary
by famine
be
marched
position of Stanley
circumstances
might
Mutina
into
ultimatelyhe
case
Silanus
the
orders
the
as
led
offensive.
in force, and
officer,in
Antony
thus
besiegers. Antony
the
in
taken
wished
to
was
So
directions
no
probably
so.
compelled
not
were
the
personally compromised,
his
do
to
of
pared
pre-
be.
might
course
him
he
was
troops, under
the
gave
most
was
through Italy,very much

worth
Field, ready to act
when
But
he approached
to a decision.
Antony was
might
wait
camps
himself
not
it convenient
Brutus
there
tion.
demonstra-
his officers,
with
of
one
Cassius, he
two
and
found
and
Mutina,
to
According
Silanus,
at
Spain,
daughter's
and
that
of
body
pected
unex-
Lepidus,
his
the issue
to
as
an
decisive
no
to
venture
Northern
and
thoroughly unprincipled man,
was
which
that
join the winning side, whichever
command
not
received
mentioned
his
doubtful
he
did
until he
battle
legionsin Southern
that
He
resume
another
of Rome.
streets
sympathies were
father-in-law,
although he had made
to
of
no
his intrenchments, and
within
try the chances

the
the
through
Cicero
of his troops,
remnant
Alps.
not
da)- when
tidings came
of Antony had
the shattered
flight towards
did
the
camp
himself
suspense
the
in
make
these.
degree exaggerated, and the real facts were
his defeat
the 15 th of April,Antony
on
by Hirtius
some
kept
the
victory.
report that spread

in
hours
the
But
later
few
515
Cisalpine Gaul,
into
province ?
last addressed
and
ANTONY.
JOINS
then, bursting
of
master
ANUS
relievingarmy
repulsed and driven
enough
from
under
back
on
of the
camp
strong
advanced
in
his camp
Hirtius
after
to
an
and
obsti-
OF
ANTONY.
during which
Brutus
RETREAT
516
nate
engagement,
the town
his
assist
to
The
friends.
Octavian
him
the dead
and
the
But
he
the
become
then
his
strongest, would
camp
in the
know
that
he
and
of
the
Pansa,
give Hirtius
his
Niebuhr
believes
almost
incredible
reputation was,
caused
had
he
Cui
bono
perhaps
him
had
he
was
determined
to
crimes.
vian.
Octa-
mistrusted
and
miserably
the
at
On
what
It shows
that
not
was
moment
frightfulmurders.
Glycon, the surgeon
two
had
the
hired
the
at
quite capable
words
to
camp.
of these
Octavian's
"
are
of
assassin
an
struggle
been
His
did
baggage animals.
bribed
in
pursue
he
number
nor
and
to
moment
also
Octavian
have
to
"
the
of
These
been
an
oftener
Latin
as
assassin
end
meaning
dees
to
L. Cassius,1 a
two
words
have
misapplied than
language. They
constantly translated or used

of "What
sense
good is it?"
what
of
death-blow
even
hired
cui bono
in
he
which
sion
early as that time, such as to occasurely not quite false, that he had
report, zvJiich zvas
the surgeon
of Pansa, and
to poison the wounds
that
any
Mutina,
by surrounding
condition
in Bononia.
suspected of
that
the
in
cavalry
no
poison his wounds,
to
At
few
were
expired
was
in
not
was
character
spread
rumour
had
Pansa
victory he
secute
pro-
battle.
into
way
therefore
killed,and
was
troops
own
day
next
thought
the
He
retreatingfoe.
Hirtius
His
equipped,
Brutus
the
immediately
he
decline
in
arm
to
camp
prize of Octavian.
of
useless.
him
advised
his camp
cavalry, the
be
victory. Antony
might force his

of
the weary
on
(or,according to another account, his

his march
was
stormed), and immediately commenced
direction
of the Maritime
Alps, leaving Mutina as the
his
evacuate
the
claim
vigour, and
besieger
own
fell
Night
friends
renewed
lest Octavian
feared
it, and
his
and
siege with
in turn
or
of war,
the
to
retire, carrying off with
to
could
side
troops penetrated
desperate rally, and
the consul.
neither
council
made
sortie from
fell close
Hirtius
compelled
of
body
combatants,
called
last
at
was
made
victorious
and
quite into the camp,

But
general's tent.
Antony
xxiv-
chap,
it
is, "Who
serve
?"
in
Their
gains by
are
the
"To
real
it?"
murder
If
Hirtius.
apply
hangs
we
strong suspicion indeed

"
To
whom
is it
advantage ?
an
"
And
the origin of the expression was

this :
L. Cassius, who
When
is said to have
"
been
of
man
he used
when
to
there
advise
was
severity,sat
stern
in
qincsitorjudkii
the
as
trial for murder,
jiidkesto inquire,
doubt
as
to
the guilty
of
possession
statesman
hardly
that
him.
to
there
never
had
had
have
been
the
if
Antony,
he
of power
Caesar, or
equal
Cromwell,
it must
of the
have
to
have
would
or
been
bare
If he
his mind.
to
the
neither
of him
reins
by
to
the will
and
to
appear
Rome.
at
of
mand
com-
know
Unfortunately we
actuallypassing
idea
was
other
the
nor
its leader.
as
then
was
one
The
seized
the
; but
Napoleon
devolved.
this.
like
by the authority of the Senate
people,and
little of what
naturallyhave
emergency
abhorrent
be
thought
an
moment
was
illegality
an
and
Rome,
at
man
have
would
eyes
an
stillto be, would
was
such
foremost
can
we
seize.
to
opportunity for ambition
the slightestreputation as a general,he would
of the war
the
conduct
whom
on
one
against
not
at
all
emergency
the
was
such
war
was
this
at
orator,
an
more
confidence
much
as
xxiv.
of
man
inspired as
influence
exerted
He
was
If he
But
he
as
doubt
turned
had
scruples,if he
chap.
been
had
Cicero
If
ROME.
AT
LEADER
power.
less
and
nerve
as
OF
WANT
518
best
Our
guide, the correspondence of Cicero, h-ere almost entirelyfails

us,1and we can only regret that Atticus had not gone to one
of staying in the city, that we
of his country
instead
seats
might have had a few of Cicero's letters depicting the state
of
indeed,
possess,
Schiitz
alludes
to
that there
citizens
her
hold
now
wanting
it
was
I do
what
not
one
ship
and
he
"
But
he
And,"
whatever
adds,
blow,
winds
my
"
best
I wish
he
good
make
it may
skill shall not
the
that
course
consuls
forgetthe
arms,
do
Plancus
rollio, and
open
would
or
letters in
him
drive
the
to
be
take.
?
it
and
dead,
were
Octavian
metropoliswhen
vast
was
What
still
would
they receive
to Italy ?
fugitive
Would
back
quoted
as
contemporary
who
by those
correspondence, which, if we
except
themselves
that they are
could
relyupon them as genuine, would
in part supply the want
of
not
one
(see especially I certainlyam
Epp. 3, 5, io, 15) ; but they ought not
Brutus
to
by
says
all
of which
doing his
was
and
Rome,
at
board
on
guide it."
imagine the dismay of the
Lepidus, and
Antony with
1
only
prevailed
as
to
known
uncertain
that
embarked,
be
can
"
was
prosperous.
We
have
confusion
be
rather, perhaps,
or
"
We
events.
the
straightcourse.
passing
fragments of three, which

together in which
got jumbled
the
were
letters
of his
one
shrewdly suspects,
accident
some
of
giving his real views
things and
have
not
them.
records
satisfied
forgeries,
From
Plancus
before
the
received
had
Cicero
his
to
patriotism,and,
corresponded with
acts
Italy to
Cicero
that he
crossed
and
that
(Vienne) by
he
river
of
shorter
got this letter.

his
expressed
wrote
to
death
as
joy
him
answered
the
at
the
on
it
of
from
He
intended
him
no
follow
to
to
that
reviving,now
Antony
the
occupy
that
be
in
of their
gone.
allow
had
faith
no
Plancus
that
use
were
would
Cicero
must
intended
himself
to
them,
crossed
if he
Italy
must
hopes
he
Antony
from
off
cut
if
Alps
also
Pansa's
he
beaten.
He
and
May,
pursuit,and
hopes
was
when
Brutus
that
declared
steady.
of the
passes
would
he
him
keep
to
He
of
consuls
close
in
Vienna
raptures
the
the
ward
for-
sent
bewailed
prevent
told
Rhone,
from
Decimus
He
both
halting-placein Italy.
in Lepidus ; but he was
whatever
fail them, now
not
that Antony
endeavour
He
the
5th
told Cicero
enemies
the
on
April.
public calamity, and

authorityand prudence
all his
in
was
that
his way
on
strong
intelligence.
28th
was
April, having
Cicero
route.
He
of
tents
con-
showed
reached
thousand
its
against Antony.
26th
cavalry
He
marches
the
days
two
strongest professions
this,he
than
consuls
on
the
promises.
by forced
had
squadron
the
support
his
only
arrived, and
made
better
of
letter
He
satisfactory.
very
519
victory had
last
of the
news
were
COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.
BRUTUS
D.
64.
jet.
so
attempted
to
return.
The
there
had
be
can
the
upon
shown
conduct
and
placed at
been
not
the
This
fact
when
the
the
power
especiallyover
the
force
active
among
made,
which
even
the
veterans
the risk of his
at
minds
who
He
was
No
year.
one
else
one
in
in
Commonwealth
the
Caesar.
of
assassins
into
and
the Senate
the
shadow
of
account
hardly
that
of their countrymen,
formed
had
Brutus, who
Decimus
the
it
conferred
therefore
sufficientlytaken
not
was
over
of
He
the chief command
to
Senate
disposal of
perhaps
still exercised
legions.
whole
appointment
the
name
least
claims
The
republic.
militaryskill.
following
many
war.
the
Italy was
was
Senate
earnest, and
in
the
loyalty to
and
the
for
so
of the
him,
his
courage
combine
to
of
thoroughly
was
authority of the
consuls-elect
seemed
the
doubt
the
had
this
wrote
no
defended
life,and
of
who
man
the
preciated
ap-
lofty
and
strength of the
Let
wished
Pansa
dying
wish.
But
the
on
that the
consul
him
Antony's
But
had
to
Octavian
schemes
which
brooding over
In a letter
little suspected.
he
merely says,
the Apennines,
and
crossed
such
that
straits
than
by the
will his
army
more
nor
he
unfortunate."
the
modern
Genoa,
and
all he
his
force
to
called
through
{Vado), on
Vada
the
which
march
he
placed his
But
Brutus
things which
are
two
preciousdays
were
in
the
disconcerted
to
expected
encampment,
May.1
of
1
were
hour
before
there
with
the
force
to
me
to
collected
into
press
by
the
on
his
and
his service, so
At
a
he
passes,
place
little seaport
received
had
that
made
the command
of
come
wel-
forced
difficult route,
most
of
them
from
Genoa,
Ventidius, who
lost.
towns
number.
of
most
direction
getting intelligenceof Antony's movements,

forth instantly five cohorts
to
Pollentia, which
arrived
to
Antony
and
an
cumstance,
cir-
and
Antony.
only thirty miles off, having marched

Rhegium (Reggid)and Dertona
{Tortonid),
of
way
place just
the
then
was
rapidly by
Brutus
two
troops under
veteran
was
destroyed by famine
neither will Caesar obey me,
road
mountains
He
listened
driven
off
cut
been
Gulf
the
and
honest
had
have
considerable
from
the
across
and
Caesar
"
could
Octavian,
stir.
passed through the
Corniche
reinforcement
brave
prisons,and
neighbourhood
swelled
not
traced
re-
and
long
so
with
would
his march
the
had
Apennines,
I would
But
he
as
the
open
If
meantime
pressed forward
threw
"
he
Cicero, mentioning
to
obey Caesar
Antony
route
the
have
would
sword.
In
the
cross
gence
intelli-
the
immediately
he
interview
an
to
gratify his
to
with
met
was
city which
the
He
gallantly defended.
and
strongly urged
he
raised,
was
expired, and
had
his steps towards
retreat.
siege
there
way
The
hastened
he
and
Brutus,
see
day after the
the
Bononia,
to
xxiv.
chap.
day after the battle.
the
and
Mutina
to
revert
us
ANTONY.
OF
PURSUIT
52o
find
on
his
way
into
Lepidus.
the
Plutarch
that
They
western
side
gives
dismal
there
Excluding the coast
route,
only two practicable
passes leading
came
of
across
ancient
Alps
times.
the
Gaul
with
of
from
The
the
was
they
29th
sufferings
Italyinto
one
have
Lepidus'
the
the
tains,
cap-
tains,
moun-
where
Alps, on
account
the
to
into
up
the
reached
seems
struck
part of
pushed
Antony's
cavalry. This
enemy's plans,who
their
of
Trebellius, one
he
Gaul
in
the pass of
b.c.
they had
had
who
"
made
the
fruits
and
bark
of
very
Since
trimmed
his beard.
good
he
the
reception
declared
against
cloak
the
so
be told in Plutarch's
may
greater
and
him,
and
dressed
Laelius
to
however, had
marched
his army
camps.
He
he
to
through
went
reaching
and
entered
beating
the
into
him
and
camp,
nevertheless
he
the works
down
treated
the
title of
strong party
kill
Lepidus.
morning
two
stepped in, and

he
bank,
Lepidus'
saw
hands
their
make
to
delay
parted the
that
out
clothes,
next
that
man
other
the
towards
soldiers in great numbers
him,
first
the
that
the river
over
pass
soldiers
without
him
this, but
Tor
rest
secretlywith
it,would
wished
wish
no
himself
was
he
in the
women's
in
advised
They
ordered
The
voice.
confer
to
Claudius
and
him, and, if
receive
Antony,
as
resolved
His
soldiers.
raised
This
"
of
trenches
Lepidus
his
drown
to
dark-coloured
the
effect when
words
him.
see
upon
If
the
address
to
as
they
He
from
Lepidus' trenches, assuring him
attack
would
that
them
sent
to
pity,so
on
had
depended
fate
his
never
masses
haggard.
flinginga
troops, and
sound,
to
trumpets
was
began
produce an
to
had
Antony
he
Lepidus.
lost for ever.
Halting his
and
camp,
appeal began
they ate
the Alps lived
been
willing to
ever
with
meet
he
that
over
and
anxiety, for
feeding
and
water,
shoulders, he passed within
his
over
Lepidus'
him
wild
living,
sumptuous
in disordered
hung
Antony
that
says
Mutina,
were
might
famished
and
weary
looks
for intense
reason
hair
His
his
had
before
one
flight from
his
and
neck,
no
passing
in
521
related
it is
Nay,
trees, and
touch."
his
journey. He
much
luxury and
in drinking foul
roots.
that
creatures
upon
CAMP.
US'
their
on
quitted so
now
difficulty
no
wild
on
endure
to
LEPID
IN
ANTONY
43-
him
to
way.
help
Being
finding himself
absolute
master,
the
greatest
civility,
he
to
Lepidus with
When
Father.'
spoke
him,
and
gave
and
though he
had
him
the honour
being called the general." According

almost
a
passive instrument
Lepidus was
this statement
the
Cottian
descends
near
Grenoble.
shorter
everything at
there
valley of the Rhone

militaryroad was first
by Pompey to furnish
communication
the
between
provincesof Cisalpineand Transalpine

Gaul.
The
other
his
own
he
command,
left
of
Alps {Mont Genevre),which
into the
constructed
a
'
was
the
pass
of
the
Graian
Alps {theLittle
which
Hannibal
The
pass
come
ages.
iii. c.
a
"
of the
Mont
Cenis
in
Bernard) byon
did
Rome,
not
be-
militaryroad before the middle

hk.
Gesch. Rom.
Mommsen,
See
4.
St.
marched
to
LEPIDUS
522
hands
the
of
defection.
the
his
But
soldiers, and
cannot
we
correspondence of
Lepidus
needed
ANTONY.
JOINS
little
it
them
by
Cicero,
compulsion
no
xxiv
into
From
entirelytrue.
as
with
Plancus
or
coerced
was
accept
chap,
the part of
act
to
that
know
we
traitor.
Thus
as
Lepidus
guide,
our
general's conduct
to Antony
brought soon
off with
account
of what
caution
in
man
of
was
very
Mutina
he
his
terms
and
accepting Plutarch's
stamp
from
different.
When
he
wrote
Cicero,
to
to
hostility
of
that
This
fair
necessity of
Plancus
and
far
inaccurate
the
authority.
Lepidus,
usage
not
was
very
shows
was
behaviour
his
of
Antony's flightfrom
expressed in the strongest
heard
and
said
fugitives. He
the
his
disposes
"
this is
But
really happened,
different
followed
Plancus, who
Munatius
force."
only Plutarch
Plancus
that
"
considerable
had
we
difficultyor delay. He
in a single line, saying
without
example
believe
should
we
if
gained,and,
was
he
that
was
Lepidus, and doing everything in his

and
to keep him
loyal. He called Antony an outcast
power
said
that Lepidus had
a
brigand, and
promised to attack
in communication
him
if he
He
bridge
the
province,and had begged himself to

had therefore no longer hesitated
; but throwing
his
into
came
join him.
a
with
the
over
his army
marched
had
(Iserc),
Isara
Forum
Antony
hearing that Lucius
Ju-lii
{Friatil)with a body of infantry
he
forward
But
river.
sent
horse
with
stop him, and
to
of
duty
send
from
He
told
He
cavalry.
case
squadron
himself
intended
to
his
if the
that
approach,
his
brother
with
follow
cavalry,
thousand
immediately
the
of his
rest
Italy,it
cavalry
the
and
of four
would
be
in
that
would
himself
he
and
reached
telligence
brigand,"getting in-
"
into
retreated
intercepthim,
to
on
Cicero
had
to
protect
Italy
plunder.
again
wrote
Julii, and
little later
Ventidius
Forum
at
was
camp
four miles distant from
join him
only
Forum
by appointment
true
the business.
he
would
As
his
that
days'
two
Lepidus'
was
with
legions of light-armed infantry and
four
Brutus'
his brother
across
; and
march
Voconii
Julii.
he
quickly
brother,
Lucius
who
behind
Forum
at
was
"
that
and
(Vidauban), twentyThere
promised
make
held
Plancus
that if
was
to
Lepidus
satisfactoryend
of
the office of praetor,
CONDUCT
64.
mi.
nearly worn
was
should
be
leave him
of
more
by
out
to
sent
own
fidelity.
show
up
that up
his
cards
that
however
all
rely upon
the
disaffected
soldiers,and
saying,
If I could
"
stand
and
utterly do
so
significantly
I cannot
ulcer which
out
and
not
only
in
Lepidus'
ascertained
soon
eight days'
but
him,
letter
of the
that
him
with
to
he
himself
letter
death,
revealed
not
mutiny broke
the ringleaders
madness
general
suspect
of
troops,
to
to
put
go
on
bent
had
stop
and
the
the
been
taken
he
to
it.
expose
do
banks
should
he
mined
deter-
letter
from
Lepidus, who,
stabbed
treason,
army.
While
before
no
the truth, but
whole
mischief.
has
as
on
of
join
could
on
another
officer
of
the
he
out, and
or
got
was
presence
extent
his
he
But
the
in
the
haranguing
be
for him
was
brought
he
as
come,
wait
honourable
and
that his
the
would
to
first did
at
forward.
brave
found
to
to
not
he
to
on
courier, who
ulcer,"
Plancus
as
hastened
He
found
"
thus,
wrote
ternal
in-
some
be
can
perhaps jealous that

Lepidus was
the glory of defeating Antony, and
press
Laterculus,
when
by
directing him
Plancus
Isara.
he
myself,
added
desperate
very
When
met
was
is
there
it
own
would
He
Lepidus' mind,
Lepidus.
he
feel in
Antony's,
troops."
of
his
upon
Antony,
before
one
overcome
than
do
not
pressure
men
fear that
in
cost.
from
and
to
was
first writh
beaten
but
army,
way
him
indeed,
him, telling him
him,
thought
share
the
on
; and
mischief
was,
his
to
march
from
without
was
There
cured."
that,
against Antony
but
do
may
that
could
confidence
the
on
he
wavered,
Lepidus'
his
made
not
doubt
no
his
they
the armies
be
can
had
for
quite
troops by the
up
despise
But
"
"
come
city
Lepidus
was
thoroughly depend
much
so
the
hostage
between
towards
afraid of
hour,
an
act
it
he
could
now
as
interesting,
and
have
those
of
only
that
a
are
there
to
could
more
wras
said
crushed
marched
He
He
himself
portion
he
when
moment
that
insisted
thought
facts
trust
But
legions
Plancus
why
superior force.
not
him.
his
had
apparently Lepidus had
time
may
523
officers,as
these
that
to
Lepidus
reason
his
of
one
that
closinground
were
field at
betray his
Antony might be
mind
he
its consuls.
I think
to
where
Rome
in the
deprived of both
to him
Apella,
was
PLANCUS.
fatigue,he
constant
to
go
than
use
OF
Lepidus
mentioned,
steps
Plancus
his army
This
to
punish
thought
to
it
the risk
CONDUCT
524
of defeat
him.
that
halted.
Lepidus' camp,
in his
river
in which
and
Plancus
he
Lepidus had been

have
Antony would
world
changed.
The
him,
heard
of
their
But
Isara
revert
to
either
Lepidus or Plancus,
playing in the great drama
His
position
Monk
the
after
the
in
was
Commonwealth
depended
the
republic or
of
understand, however
unable
that
at
son
him
influenced
heir
the
"
bring himself
the
actual
truth
to
those
of
of
his
Senate
of
army
that
he
might
destroy the
might preserve
best
might
officer,and
Antony,
to
in
he
attain
under
would, by the
and
very
republican institutions,and
of
difficult
Caesar's
seat
motives
adopted
could
he
not
of whom
be
were
the
nearer
hurt
was
to
Brutus,
at
the
of
one
of
if he
power,
constitution,however
question
If, while
authority
Rome
the supreme
command
with
inflamed
the
was
vigour of the
end.
decision
the
justify,
pride
the vacant
The
General
between
at
not
It would
ambition
its form.
the
be
appointing Decimus
occupy
this
stood
some
His
of
Octavian's
was
men,
of himself, to
vital
he
to
was
crisis.
fortune,
them.
Italy. His
could
he
hated
than
part Octavian
perhaps
He
of his father.
that he
it.
be
cordiallywith
act
murderers
the
and
he
the
should
It is
may
name
against
breaking down
On
there
the
good
when
Crown.
we
of
before
respects like that
this crisis.
murderers, instead
the
idea
to
say
conduct
of
destiny
in
this eventful
Cromwell,
if
himself,
as
his camp
and
that
and
marched
now
what
see
question whether
imperial throne.
an
doubt
to
important personage
and
the
and
victory
rapidly and
passed
more
at
secure
the
of
June,
some
death
miles
had
to
professions
retreated
in
after he
him
must
we
He
was
reason
allies
twenty
approach.
bridge behind
his
to
he
thoroughly loyal ;
the two
of
order, recrossing the
no
destroyed, and
got within
had
and
been
is
time,
true
as
forces
united
to
There
this
to
up
to
sent
opposed to
tant
forty miles dis-
protected
Cicero urgently begging
him
as
quickly as possible,
hoped stillto be able
villains."
the
was,
be
xxiv.
be
was
where
ground
wrote
might
case
destroy
chap.
he
When
on
front, he
reinforcements
"
OCTAVIAN.
superior forces that would
therefore
He
from
by
the
from
OF
the
still
was,
how
acting
Senate,
he
as
he
the
crushed
victory,be imparting strength

would
find
it
more
difficult
OCTAVIAN
526
OVERAWES
effectuallythan
more
Cicero, the
But
Octavian's
election
his
soldiers
promised
to
Caesar, and
of his centurions
claim
to
he
to
ask
then
to
the
his
to
took
more
deputation
petitioners
sent
Rome,
as
that had
donation
that the
been
consulshipmight
him.
had
time
some
before
the
they saw
only the scanty
sent
of
army
for fresh
Africa
to
taking, and
things were
turn
they had
they could
which
consent
to
abortive, and
when
legions,and
that
with
served
on
Senate
are
overcoming the opposition. He first

that
not
swear
they would
fight against
the troops, and
to
conferred
The
time
the army,
of
we
porary
by contemat libertyto
of
method
behalf
that
tution.
the consti-
authority of these
corroborated
not
consider
some
of four hundred
be
fact
domination,
of
persuade the Senate
to
for
troops that had
on
the
like
story.
efforts
proved
efficacious
like
xxiv.
man
the watchword
now
important
testimony, that I
chap.
him
anything
entirely mistrust
so
rejectthe whole
got
was
for any
writers
of
enemy
name
very
SENATE,
by associatingwith
determined
whose
and
THE
Decimus
Brutus
on
confidently rely for the defence of the

that seemed
republic against the risingtide of treason
likely
Brutus
and
to engulf it,they despatched couriers
to Marcus
Cassius, urging them
their
The
command.
troops
the Senate
arrival emboldened
Octavian's
hasten
to
But
demands.
with
over
to
their
Africa,
from
came
forces
the
their
continue
resolution
under
their
and
resistance
shaken
soon
was
when
in Rome,
and
heard
his centurions
they saw
This is no
knocking at the door of the Senate-house.
figureof speech ; it falls indeed short of the reality.
into
the chamber
rough soldiers came
were
although they had the grace
sitting,
outside.
when
the
out, and,
will
give
not
Cicero
"
replied,
get
*Av
tt)v.
lates
soil
ovtws
it."1
er
him, this will!"
to
If
was
surely a
irapaKaXijTe,\r)ipeTcuav.
"
we
very
But
certainly
I do
meaning.
not
arms
and
nelius,
Cor-
named
are
"
If
told
inoffensive
canvassing,then
has
These
Octavian,
them,
and
mere
their
this fashion, he
in
canvass
you
This
for
them
senators
seizing his sword, exclaimed,
transCass. xlvi. 43. Abeken

dies bitten heisst dann
it, Wenn
"
When
this is called
haben
es
Dio
"
it
of
one
leave
to
consulship
still hesitated,
Senate
went
the
demanded
They
the
where
to
will
you
that
tainly
cer-
remark,
he shall get it,"which
more
think
point
the words
and
bear
sting.
that
and
yet Dio
would
We
joke
that he
know,
of
is
impossible
letter
him, dated
to
the
25th of May,
had
told
that he
he
that
used
will
believe
that
vius,
Cicero,"
made
could
his enemies
say
with
"
that
them."
complained
He
calumny.
reply
that
for
a
"
found
con-
was,
us
they
were
Octa-
into
breaking
with
of his
man
dence
pru-
it is remarkable
them
deny
that,
charge
nor
with
angry
or
make
to
jealousy
that
not
his
in
pains
if so,
is
tollendum,
that is,or
least
at
does
Segulius
gods," he said,
instil
But
on
talking together
and
rascal
incredible
Brutus, he
to
Piedmont),
the words, and

to
first told Octavian
some
handle
the
May
greatest
"
In
pun.
had
angry,
very
"
uttered
it
pics.
Philip-
to
had
takes
of
answer
Segulius
for the
thinks
One
get the kind of

Brutus
for him.1
added
himself
Middleton
ever
in
been
not
care
Cicero
never
for he
had
intended
Labeo
give him
to
or
in his
take
he
invention
an
that
!"
be
the
adolescentem, ornandum,
would
Segulius
life.
Unfortunately it
that Octavian
strong expressions.
that
of
mentioned
Octavian
and
that Cicero
This
heard
Jurea
Brutus
Cicero, and
he
believed
story.
ever
he
his
in fact
is
it
Eporedia (now
about
advancement"
the
it,for
saying, laudandum
observing
"
nor
527
him
of Octavian.
ears
Decimus
that
him
good deal
of his
the
translate
to
CICERO.
authority,that before this a bitter

much
more
likely to give mortal
was
reached
read
never
better
which
his,
offence, had
had
on
BY
ultimately cost
that it
says
think
HIM
GIVEN
OFFENCE
64.
*t.
him,
for
not
inventing but for repeating the story.

When
the
Octavian
Rome
heard
army
for the
stand
that the
Senate
consulship,it
he
and
the
soldiers
few
In
1
"
the
Se
possit."
"
Pat.
non
Ad
ii. 62;
that
had
in number,
meantime
there
what
commissurum
Div.
xi.
Suet,
in
20.
Aug,
from
come
ut
See
12.
was
was
tolli
Veil.
The
lies of course
in the
sting of the words
double
meaning of tollcre,which is either
"
raise up,
to
"to
take
elevate," or
destroy." If hanging had been
away,
the mode
of publicexecution
at Rome,
demanded
his
immediately put
march
the capital. They were
on
eight legions, besides cavalry and
;
still refused
be
to
in
troops
and
were
"
should
;'
voted
take
'I
be
care
you
have
Octavian
"
saying,
as
might
passage
think
praised,
and
not
tively
compara-
the
been
Alps
have
kindly wished
of
the
that
such
translated
young
honoured, and
remarked
to
except
complained
that
to
them.
nothing
oppose
happening beyond
the
to
"
to
thus
led
strength
Africa, who
let
motion
in formidable
auxiliaries
to
he
an
for him."
your
man
ele-
would
elevation
POSITION
528
Brutus, whose
Decimus
to
legions, but
ten
recruits,
Asinius
had
the
the
at
that
victory would
careless
common
Antony
Plancus
saw
with
cause
had
the
three
generals.
critical in the extreme.
become
the faithless faithful
Amongst
only he,"
the
inexperiencedtroops, badly equipped, to oppose

greatly outnumbered
legions of Caesar, who
veteran
He
would
the
last
have
died
for
blow
battle-field.
It
took.
enemy,1 and
tion
devo-
"
"
but with
Plancus.
the side
on
positionof Decimus
alone
raw-
of the gros bataillons,and,

like the rest, he led his troops to Antony's
made
stood
and
joined
legions.
seventeen
seven
professionsof
his
the
to
over
of
be
of honour
and
camp,
went
from
young
and
xxiv.
chap.
increased
mountains
the
head
now
But
have
right
no
him
chance
any
of success,
face
to
his
and
the
blame
to
had
such
him.
struck
on
the
course
he
fallen
country's liberty,and
his
we
if he
glorious death
more
impossible for
was
with
odds
been
chiefly of
consisted
Senate,
was
He
had
army
crossed
BRUTUS,
Pollio, notwithstanding all
to
The
DECIMUS
OF
tremendous
only hope of safety
if he
But
recrossed
the Alps and
rapid retreat.
be
into Italy he feared that he would
descended
intercepted
by the superior forces of Octavian, whose understanding with
in
was
could
he
Antony
to
by
effect
junction with
circuitous
the
of
passes
to
the
the
cross
Rhsetian
fact, through the
in
Marcus
he
and
route,
Rhine, intending
led
Alps.
There
from
is
letlong and interesting
Pollio
to
Cicero
(ad
Div.
troops
x.
be
may
him.
Africa
after
it is
Although
as
He
well
to
embezzling
relate
that he
found
the qusestor Balbus, who

to
the
towards
force his way

through
His
line of march
lay,
Switzerland.
modern
Macedonia,
in
Brutus
his
if possible,
object was,
and
river
anticipating the order of time, it

here the catastrophe that overtook
ter
His
longer doubt.
no
had
gone
money,
off
and
acts of enormity,
being guiltyof many
May, in which
ordered
had
a
of all rushing Amongst
he
he talks of the necessity
others,
in
half-buried
be
and
wretched
to
the
to extinguish
save
gladiator
conflagration
alive as far
the ground, and then burnt
He comthe empire from destruction.
his body,
at
could
and
the
flames
as
get
plains that, owing to the length
after-dinner
this
Balbus
an
as
difficulties of the journey, news
was
enjoyed
about with his
and walked
amusement,
fortydays old before it reached him.
him
hands behind
In another
mocking the cries and
letter,a few days later,he
of the unhappy man.
makes
similar
professionsof fidelity,sufferings
But it relates chiefly
of
to the conduct
33), written
at
the end
of
b.c.
OCTAVIAN
43-
could
could,
him.
then
He
Aquileia, a
he
Here
Adriatic.
chieftain, whose
with
connection
his
Rome.
have
prize within his

Antony insisted
his
captive;
As
to
of
in
They
he
former
had
gates,
The
form
of
consul, with
of
army.
of
Q. Pedius as
September.
embassy
an
their
two
more
Soon
been
of
that
say
first
the
murder
ghastly
the
rapidly
age
his
he
was
affrighted
him, offering to
revived
legions from
city
gone
it halted
as
when
Africa.
hastened
and
declared
to
outside
conqueror.
through, and
colleague. This
the
propitiate their
hopes
afterwards
entered
his
to
their march,
on
was
and
steps
moment
election
twenty-firstyear
2d
their
Octavian
an
some
it may
to
off,the
struck
landing of
the
and
to
told Camillus
He
native
times
necessary
the walls of Rome,
sent
For
join the advancing

the
hardly
was
actually deserted
these
head
retrace
consul.
heard
they
the
that
by
alliance.
master.
him
make
his
approached
sought
future
It is
his death.
on
new
Octavian
Senate
the
seized
as
the
of
head
the
and
had
Brutus
grasp.
and
trophy of the
But
deserted
ten
he
and
these
with
requited the service, whatever

telling him
been, by hastening to Antony, and
benefactor,
Three
possessed.
at
shows
Camillus,
name,
have
tributed
having first dis-
all but
town
discovered
was
best
dress, and, disguising himself
his
changed
he
to
leader, and
until
to
attended
seem
them,
their
to
began
as
way,
troops
gold he
march
weary
reached
Gaul,
his
continued
he
his
dismissed
clung
them
left his army,
these
all the
still
horsemen
hundred
he
529
of
make
But
them
amongst
he
cavalry, to
all events,
At
wavered.
Some
last
at
Rhine.
the
across
and
Gallic
body of
CONSUL.
his soldiers.
trust
his standard
desert
by
longer
no
ELECTED
in
Roman
happened
on
FORMI.45"
CICEKO
WHERE
Ml'KUEREO.
WAS
XXV.
CHAPTER
PROSCRIPTION
THE
DEATH
AND
JEt. 64.
is
Rome
in
good
be
to
downfall
the
his
all
43.
that
of
eye-witness
an
of
B.C.
believe
to
reason
CICERO
CHARACTER.
HIS
There
OF
spectacle
the
sealed
and
hopes,
did
Cicero
not
stay
which
fate
was
of
the
republic.1
Accompanied
of
restored
retired
events.
The
to
all
his
There
materials
is
for
the last four
Cicero's
life
the
are
authorities
their
villa
rative of
and
his
no
at
doubt
that
of
unfortunatelyscanty,
do
not
agree.
he
They
the
greatness
reconciled
each
wait
there
might
have
to
the
other
course
them,
"
he
of
easilyescaped
Plutarch, Cic. 47, 48 ; Appian, iv.

Cassius, xlvii. 10, 11;
4;
Liyy,
Fragm. ; Seneca, Suasor. 7 ; Valerius
are
nar-
five months
for
affection
old
for
"
completely
had
Tusculum,
composing
or
Ouintus
brother
misfortune
common
and
by
Dio
Maximus,
v.
5.
abandon
for
he
hill
and
Was
and
that
and
faithful
servant
honours
that
he
of
Rome.
in
no
his
have
must
Their
the
of
ruin
disappointment,
might
have
liberties
of
Senate
and
fickle
single
cheered,
fault of
the
his
of
encouraged,
that
had
treason
and
commonwealth,
his
that
work
the
for the
the
country,
and
animated
men
into
were
He
failed
conscience
of
do
by
and,
all.
to
hearted
faint-
aloft,with
out
sent
the
was
could
held
had
his
cruel
and
men,
midst
freedom,
eaten
existed
his
all
mortal
populace, he
of
who,
for Cicero.
but
In
faith
tyrants,
of
of
all that
Rome.
enemies
the
combat
Pollio
put
alike
midst
times,
done
standard
the
arm,
the
had
He
to
in his estimate
of
of
strongest, and
the
and
fugitivesand
as
consolation
one
the
preserve
to
was
mistaken
been
reproach.
without
his
there
aright the signs
read
to
But, in
registerhis will.
to
the
of
no
destinies
the
could
would
than
law
desertion
prey
as
that
fact, already ruined,
in
slave
the
was
agreed,
or
It was,
republic.
Senate
trembling
only
quarrelled
they
of
he
Was
in the
both
on
forth
go
land
native
exiles, leaving their

whether
that
must
P1
more
were
arbiter
showed
efforts
trusted
be
him
the
Ouintus
deadliest
declared
keenly felt
conduct
and
He
one.
the
Campagna
his
Octavian
had
the
on
months
on
trampled
sword
Bitter,
untiring
might
upon
had
he
made
He
Plancus.
conferred
now
constitution, and
he
He
state
be
and
praises
that
word
the
could
deserved,
and
his
pledged
his
all
last six
the
lavished
the
across
of
result
bloody
stood
he
as
occupied by
be
during
had
he
gazed
the
to
cision
inde-
him.
overtook
thoughts
usual
his
and
late,
too
was
soon
the
this, then,
this
Senate,
of
would
splendid eloquence
for
it
Tusculum,
resolution
with
But
vengeance
his
city which
the
foes.
of
it
been
have
must
lovely
upon
Antony's
of
indeed,
until
hesitated
ministers
Rome.
and
Italy
ever
531
summoned
have
could
if he
Macedonia,
to
OCTAVIAN.
OF
ACTS
FIRST
64.
mt.
It
armies
his
ample,
ex-
was
no
of
heart's-core
now
willing
be
to
slaves.
Speaking at
disappointment
Antony
had
after the
said,
"
an
earlier
felt at
the
battle
Mereque
period of
of
the
escape
Mutina,
illre vehemences
of
he
contentiones
videntur."
"
tamquam
AdDiv.sa..
(r/aa,uax""
14.
esse
"Shadow
fights" indeed they were, for all the good

they did ultimatelyto the republic.
TREACHERY.
HIS
532
One
as
of Octavian's
Caesar's
their
son,
Curice, in
legally to
form.
proper
the
Caesar
more
ominous
which
he
and
law
colleague, Pedius
the
trials,and
their
death
to
Caesar's
his
and
carry
left Rome
object
him
Elba, left
declared,
like
in
set
resist
the
in
were
Brutus,
hands
their
in
Rome
Lepidus
and
the
as
his
and
no
doubt
duty, but
his
became
the
law
by which
unable
commander
almost
with
Rome
from
only question with

have
could
the
been
have
must
remained
taking off from

they had both
he
as
sincere
traitor
object with
his
from
portant
this im-
was
old
a
marched
intention, it
his
drawn
back,
him
was
colleague Pedius, who
carried
ban
his
do
thus
accomplish
to
Lepidus,
and
there
was
sight of
the
there
But
Ney
to
heart,
bring
and
Octavian
If
legions,pretending
his
cage.
and
But
himself.
when
proposed
of
arms,
in his
could
he
to
doubt
Marcus
and
of
them.
fascination
in
intended
out, and
treachery
how
in
between
spite of himself.
was,
claiming
pro-
parallelmight perhaps be
when
who,
Napoleon landed
wild beast
companions
settled
to
against Antony
intercept him
difference
he
Ney,
to
the head
march
war.
and
Paris
at
to
was
the
on
between
and
take
blood.
that
to
was
condemned
tantamount
imbrued
had
whom
the
enemy
to
were
republic,Decimus
of
all
"
policy
of
summoned
was
proposal of his
Lex
Pedici),by
appearance
This
of
against the only three generals who
for the
Octavian
when
of
public
the
were
of
resolution
the
as
been
were
change
on
Caesar
default
war
arms
Dolabella
contumace.
par
Cassius
and
of
in
open
still in
The
known
had
he
measures
to
avow.
Julius Caesar
year
other
passed
(hence
the
was
murderers
of
in
entitled
he
was
Caius
foreboded
declared
had
of
His
friends.
and
only
names
upwards
openly
soon
which
which
for
kind,
was
repealed,
his
by
Then
adoption,
own
by the people
law, passed
proud
although
called
Senate
by
his
have
to
was
confirmed
assume
Octavianus,
first acts
xxv.
chap.
best
vantage
ad-
lingering
been
sipated
dis-
behind,
and
Antony
been
him
declared
public enemies.
These
and
two
generals,after
dispersion of
his
army
"
the
death
part
of
of
Decimus
which,
Brutus
however,
had
found
or
OF
MURDER
534
in
vent
any
I do
that
had
calamity
often
with
the
them
the
After
Cicero
again.
the
and
It
city.
means
the
his father.
accounts,
which
his
son's
his
delivered
and,
agony,
he
himself
up
the
Cicero
from
attracted
warning
as
his
as
the
from
betray
one
him
cries
thought
before
killed
the
of
other,
both
them
ship
he
"
He
were
heard
his blood
unconscious
if he
him
turned
was
to
when
insisted
at
he
the
fatal
the
sound
of
shall
be
to
courting his
spent
coast.
the
on
the
In
foot, the
night
at
bear
him
irresolution
again.
resist,seems
to
He
destruction.
own
and
shore
on
the
took
landed,
road
But
Circeii.
and
of
not
by
Rome,
to
he
A
to
words
and
trumpet
him."
upon
escape,
to
sea,
{Capo Cir-
fit of
strange
unable
was
his
the open
board
on
Circeii
prevent
being put
on
impulse, took,
his steps, and
to
now
going
of
promontory
pursuers,
him, and
Ezekiel,
an
him
hiding-place, and
safety, and
in
of fascination, which
have
and,
heart-rendingscene
murderers
nothing
was
of the
head
sort
him
the
die
might
of his
infer from
may
some
scent
make
his
assassins.
the
Astura
far
as
cello). There
seized
the
to
from
by
find
endure
to
forth
came
contest,
reached
vessel, got
away
we
cealed
con-
moment.
same
the
Unable
prayed that he
the
end
to
heard.
Each
as
left behind,
got
to
wards
to-
Ouintus
not
him
meet
turned
been
Antony
tortured
to
him, but
could
but
came,
come
otherwise.
never
extremity of pain forced
the
father
followed.
of
was
procure
to
Ouintus
with
It
was
arrived.
house
bring
to
and
ordered
had
son
nobly refused, but,
He
of the
his
father
his
Ouintus, they
seizing young
Rome
was
An
separate.
journey.
and
route,
same
lurking-place. They
it
to
intention
his
bloodhounds
the
other
or
to
had
he
as
forgotten
return
die,
despair.
they parted,
that
seems
when
in
himself
had
their
doubt
his
continued
still there
was
No
embrace
affectionate
an
should
wept,
brothers
on
support
afraid to
and
the
xxv.
their courage
was
sorrow
his brother, but
overtake
and
back
of
supplies.
necessary
of
chap.
to
he
and
compelled
Ouintus
that
determined
Cicero
departure they
means
SON.
reproach
him,
moments
their
of
haste
the
in
circumstance
unforeseen
In
overwhelmed
before
done
believe
not
HIS
d~
weeping without
fortitude.
but
QUINTUS
soon
He
traced
re-
could
64.
not
sleep,and
seized
him
house
of
there
the
vengeance
he
tossed
restlesslyon
that
he
would
go
of
kinder
we
and
he
yielded
but
the
wind
and
when
which
{Gactd), near
he
exclaimed,
The
day
he
foot
set
down
the
was
up
voyage,
close
were
reached
had
gratitude
Some
the
shorter
he
heard
was
come.
"
ovk
De
him
meet
his
ordered
his
landing
to
Bell.
Civ.
him
Appian, crows
sleep by pulling
According
from
clothes
his
that
awoke
to
covered
as
tradition
ing
such
his
away
face.
the
One
had
already
named
Laenas.
his
he
acquittal,
his
the
to
represents him
of
arrived
as
litter,
when
the
likelyat
agonising terror.
not
"
hour
quietlyread-
Euripides
of
moment
his
the
down
by
When
that
set
Medea
taken,
out.
came
ward
re-
benefactor.
of them
some
knew
trial
of the
comparison
of
Cicero
criminal
the wood,
murderers
iv.
along
centurion,
death
attendants
""pepett]v o.t)Mo.vrod
him
path the fugitivehad
through
lay
leafless, woods
in
footsteps approaching he
attributes
"
to
the
!"
often
affectionate
obtained
the
die,"
me
last time,
bore
Popilius
account
out
With
by
in
go
plored
im-
villa,and
murderers
Laenas
gain by
as
so
He
Appian
small
hurried
road,
their
sea-sickness
KXiiduvos.
defended
Cajeta
got intelligencethat
then
headed
were
pointed
assassins
of
parricide,and
would
miscreant
and
of
was
he
that
of
charge
against the
but
was
so
the
his
litter,and
military tribune
successfully
once
but
the
and
Herennius,
band
They
reached
thick,
The
villa.
the
the
shore.
the
get into
to
for
He
was
Let
saved
when,
sail,
would
He
"
I have
track.2
his
upon
lay, he
vain.
his slaves
But
rest.
they forced him

bye-path through
towards
in
He
ground.
zeal
a
but
set
of
die.1
to
7th of December,
tranquillyto
his pursuers
villa
mind
again
harbour
never
embark,
to
rough.
the
country, which
Italian
on
his
there
more
was
Formian
own
the
in my
"
sea
with
slaves"
for
vessel
reached
made
continue
to
he
his
farther, having
no
the
contrary, and
ill,and
once
down
But
attendant
The
prayers.
altar,
draw
to
betrayer.
His
idea
entering the
domestic
breast,
him
besought
their
was
and,
readily understand,
"
to
couch, the
the
his
counsels.
can
master
was
his
upon
wiser
came
devotion
sick
heaven
his
beside
into
dagger
535
Rome,
to
himself
seat
plunge
morning
whose
CICERO.
as
Octavian,
and
the
OF
MURDER
xi.
very
he destroyed himAccording to another

Euseb.
self by poison.
Chron.
p. 183,
quoted by Drumann.
"
INSULTS
536
forbade
and
them
curtain, and
his
it
right
he
as
used
steadfastlyupon
his beard
Several
sight of his
forward, and
head
from
Thus
his
eleven
years,
The
administering justice
through
His
eyes
the
it
head
joy, and
but
to
bitter insult.
had
her
bodkin.
triumphs
1
It
the
the
of
of his
that
last
says
client of
that
he
and
also,
the
of
to
no-
different
down
come
Quintus,
that
he
to
Cicero.
his
Herennius
which
named
was
Clodius.
stretched
by Antony's
by
in
us
Plu-
shoemaker
Plutarch
neck
cut
command
his
Philo-
off
out
his
says
of
the
head,
his hands
Philippics
were
his
bloody
scription
pro-
exactly sixty-three
when
he
died.
them
carried
on
tribunal,
they
made
their
She
took
there
written."
lerius
that
the
in
that
Appian,
was
and
Dion
Appian's
pulled his head
killed
him
with
it with
Rostra,
often
Cassius, Va-
Seneca
three
all
who
account
out
gether
to-
the
of
so
Popilius Ljenas
blow.
Lamas
sarcasms
had
and
of
words
mockery
spot
Maximus,
it
the
to
than
placing
pierced
rage
nailed
which
it,and
whose
tongue,
feminine
and
Fulvia
alive, in
were
the
What
sum.
his wife
to
if it
moulder
to
who
the person
betrayed
had
taken was
freedman
a
and
litter,and
taken
instructive
moments
Appian
"
"
have
his brother
logus
then
that
he
path
with
the
enormous
out
eloquence, of
and
an
enemy
felt,and
stepped
severed
ghastly relics in their hands.

he not
only paid the promised
it
as
of
when
present
it
hands,
discrepancies
narratives
tarch
he
dragged
was
the
It is curious
tice
She
often
so
with
the
added
lap,addressed
she
the
at
they
and
sword
seated
was
pity
to
murderers
Forum,
with
of their deadliest
her
on
of
the
precious gift could
the
He
his
dust.1
was
the
dust,
with
worn
Herennius
days old,
sparkled with
reward,
more
He
looked
with
moved
his
victim
off,and
crowd
of
you
stroking
he
covered
But
noblest
in
"
ashy countenance,
in the
five
! if
veteran
face
the
ing
out, address-
left hand,
were
blows
Antony.
to
his
xxv.
back
Plutarch,
to
it rolled
and
cut
were
way
and
Triumvirate.
head
Here,
their hands.
the
"
months,
hands
the
hairs
neck, and
the
"
assassins
repeated
fell Cicero
his head, called
do, with
the
with
with
of
with
of
grey
their faces
covered
drew
murderers, his person

his
and
untrimmed,
hair
chap.
He
According
to
his
and
troubles."
the
him.
Popilius,
or
strike!"
"
REMAINS,
defend
to
Herennius
chin,
CICERO'S
stretching forward
either
think
TO
of
say
struck
is that
the
littei
blows, saw-
ing rather than

cutting off the head,
Dio
owing to awkwardness.
says that
the credit
to himself
Laenas, to secure
of the
kept the skull close to a

image of himself, with
inscriptionupon it mentioning the
murder,
little garlanded
an
fact.
b.c.
the
been
SON.
"ifT^
Ai^rH"r
scene.
HIS
OE
CAREER
43.
",oc
537
in
flazedupon
nnYat'
Rome.1
It
is
this rule
; and
son
is, however,
he
when
taken
have
Brutus
Marcus
as
joined
afterwards
was
Rome,
where
of
remorse
accomplice
in the
perhaps
an
out
the
of
member
and
Mint,
with
consul,
had
he
part
Augustus
He
taken
as
made
was
the
of
colleague.3
his
as
to
by Augustus,
commissioner
He
returned
himself
father.2
self
him-
and, when
son,
him
upon
lowed
fol-
He
Philippi.
at
Triumvirate,
Augurs,
of
tainly
cer-
acquitted
Pompey's
of his
murder
College
last
at
for the
he
fought
lavished
were
to
glory"
"
world.
where
the
with
honours
said
but
"
of the
Roman
of
standard
the
concluded
peace
the
in
Macedonia,
to
is
sorrow
and
oats
he
deprive Antony
to
skilful officer,and
and
brave
drown
to
head.
and
wild
death
him
by
assigned by Pliny, probably
reason
drinker
hardest
being the
of
There
intelligent
heart
his
sown
father's
his
wished
he
jest,because
his
to
has
perhaps
"
absurd
for the
not
he
father's
his
to
only
early life,
written
extant,
credit
does
drinking
to
Athens,
After
His
in
him,
gave
"
in the
of youth.
irregularities
the
it is, that
of
ance
continu-
no
exemplified
was
interesting letter
reform.
to
hopes
at
have
men
rapidly extinct.
became
to
Tiro, which
purport
great
rule"
many
studying
was
intends
so
very
freedman,
The
line
owing
uneasiness,
some
in
of
child
the
"
if it be
"
His
of Cicero.
case
that
Bacon
of
saying
addressed
capacity that the public letters were
and
his victory at Actium
to him
by Augustus announcing
in that
of Egypt, and
capacity also that to him
conquest
for destroying the
of the decree
intrusted the execution
was
It
in that
was
There
was
sixteenth
been
digging
of
foundations
the
of Zante, and
in the
island
posed
that his remains
tomb
the
in
discovered
had
the
in
current
that
century
had
Cicero
story
1544
was
hand,
sup-
of his faithful slaves and

by one
buried.
Desiderius
Lignamineus
secretly
there
declares,
of Padua
he
drew
up
tombstone
in 1547,
But
was
the
narrative
that he had
seen
which
the
into
the inscription
copied
that the
His theory was
son.
erected
by Cicero's
and
his note-book.
tomb
in
whole
account
is discredited.
his
which
us
boy
that Augustus
with
it to
was
hide
took
emperor
returned
child, this
to
it
was
under
it from
of
work
him, saying,
' '
My
great intellect
of
man
once
in his
book
tried
findingthat
and
Cicero
the
The
robe.
him,
tells
grandson
his
in
carried
been
Plutarch
of
monastery
it
found
country."
(De Benefic.iv. 30) asks,
consulem
Ciceronem
fecit,
res
quce
which
nisi pater?"
Lipsius,
Upon
(kbyios)and
3
lover
of his
Seneca
"
most
quoted by Middleton,
marks,
stnpor
"
et
Nam
virtutes
vitia aderant."
omnes
unjustlyreaberant
ESTIMATES
538
and
statues
of
should
Asia
CICERO'S
monuments
name
very
of
OF
Minor,
He
died
afterwards
Appian,
to
chap.
from
of
the
unmarried,
xxv.
design being that
became
disappears
have
to
appears
He
according
or,
the
Antony,
perish.
thenceforward
name
CHARACTER,
proconsul
Syria,
surface
his
and
of
history.
all events,
at
or,
his
he
left
able
to
issue.
no
The
reader
make
just
We
have
the
of
upon
from
which
have
been
his
others,
he
the
to
have
insult
revival
has
of
extremes
and
Niebuhr
of
Mommsen
and
hatred
in most
if I had
of
near
element
known
of
painted the
his
exhaustive
upon
he
be
hand,
which
to
value.
had
he
declares
character,
and
gave
it would
period, his
by
the
name
last
at
writers
some
as
The
the
object
to
ethics
says
"
of him
as
folly."
noir
sustained
hardly gives
in his
show
I would
and
him
have
Cicero
judge
Drumann
In
throughout.
and
that
could
But
of
out
Cicero,
I love
"
en
was,
self-restraint
and
far
of
person
Christian
judge
Drumann,
so
goes
his
with
Cicero
makes
Cicero.
Since
now.
Middleton
committed
portrait of
men
who
by Melmoth,
Niebuhr
and
Few
unduly extolled.
and
acted
view
represented by Middleton
paint, in
he
of
idolatry : but
is
the
to
point
lie,and
them
of
the
respecting him.
of
before
other.
him,
work
his
kind
may
from
depends
enemies
scrupulous morality
times
of
had
by
it is
trust
the
recent
very
was
Quincey
relation who
has
attack
the
integrity
no
as
he
one
De
model
difficult
considerate
added
Christianity, to
to
Pagan
pure
notice
opinion
on
that
admiration,
to
a
And
much
so
and
tried
vilified,than
he
death
with
as
where
natural
until
the
on
opinion
calumnies
reaction, and
unduly depreciated
weakness,
own
more
death,
memory
for himself.
of his criticism.
few
his
the
his
to
come
two
subject
be
adversity.
writer,
atrocious
most
worshipped
has
the
the
letters,and
been
there
of
after
died
and
question
praised, and
lifetime,and
in its
his
form
Cicero
biography affords, than
on
regards
more
these
an
fair
of
and
prosperity
should
a
character
the
idiosyncracy
currency
be
each
will, I hope,
pages
strength
of
which
the
But
it in its
that
opinions
foregoing
of
extremes
materials
In
the
estimate
seen
two
better
of
elaborate
credit
for
single pure
catches
there
is
it to
him
often
and
anger
the
reader
of
nothing
as
blind
even
more
just
and
even,
his
in
censure
him
how
to
positively
were
he
affects
of
him
should
tone
depended
him
regard
rhetorician.
in
conduct,
political
to
him,
and
will
holds
his
praise is always
truth
of
Cicero
far
found
be
balance
the
and
is
gifts.
Cicero
He
pity, this
to
at
sneer
of
Abeken.1
of
work
admirable
the
in
page
something
estimate
the
by
show
intellectual
his
of
and
of every
sophist and
entitled
himself
splendour
if he
his
ings
feel-
takes.
we
us,
and
blame
trustworthy
and
told
assertions,
knew
we
infirmity of
to
thinks
the
to
if all
is
affords
he
them
as
weak-minded
is much
writer
German
He
immense,
bottom
speaks of
has
the
on
eyes
there
which
than
more
his
Fixing
imputes
avoid
it to
which
often
he
Cicero
he
historian
the
what
upon
he
his criticism
is
from
easy
treats
and
the
at
view
is the
contempt,
supreme
his
be
When
notice.
his
beneath
verifying
found
are
he
Mommsen,
to
with
it would
unjust
prejudiced and
As
of
that
erudition
honesty
the
means
But
work.
his
whenever
wrong,
reading
in
His
disgust.
copious references
of
; and
and
doubt,
it is difficult
willingly acknowledge
the
of
benefit
the
unfair, that
so
of
him
spiritof systematic misrepresentation.
him
gives
never
in
respecting
licentiousness,of
of imputing something
possibility
of his
course
afloat
with
him
charge
absolutely acquits
Drumann
even
tale of scandal
every
which
those
him, except
which
at
539
in the whole
motive
disinterested
or
He
life.
CHARACTER.
MORAL
HIS
64.
"et.
fair and
discriminating judge.
It
may
timid,
and
defects
with
said
be
but
irresolute,'2
it is
and
counterbalanced,
were
in
his
display, at critical periods of

firm and
as
opposite qualities.He was
the
in
Antony.
1
It would
fair to
be
not
for
2
His
tendency
posite parties
stingingsarcasm,
to
{Saturn,
between
exposed
once
robius
trim
as
ii.
recorded
3).
He
op-
him
to
by
said
Mac-
to
La-
receive
which
life,of
"J
have
two
very
need
man
struggle with
knight,who
in the
here
you
Laberius
prisedyou
allysit on
the
solely
Napoleon
Roman
seat
as
final
of
judge
berius, a
Briefcn.
Cicero in Seinen
These
truth.
brave
the
Catiline, and
with
contest
weak,
was
respects redeemed,
some
by the
be
whole
the
not
he
that
if I
not
room,
stools."
"
I would
"
had
replied,
ing
look-
was
theatre,
room
' '
I
as
:
am
you
on
surusu-
HIS
540
by
his
of
Cicero
demeanour
St. Helena,
at
solely by his
during the civil

the
by
the
It is
his
utterlyuntrue
to
assert,
disregard for right and

mind.1
his
anxiety
He
what
do
to
right was
was
ought
follow.
to
ness
selfish-
prominent features
were
egotisticalbut
was
he
by
unnerved
asserts, that
truth
duct
con-
unmanned
was
Drumann
as
judge
his
exile, and
side
xxv.
to
in the second
and
misfortunes,
fair
not
first he
the
difficultyof determining which
and
of
In
chap.
it is
and
during
agony
war.
of his
magnitude
CHARACTER.
MORAL
selfish
not
chief
one
his
and
of
his
been
less
tried
men's
cause
irresolution.
He
have
would
been
His
scrupulous man.
souls
the
to
in
required
too
conscience
lot
him
to
resort
And
disapproved.
to
of
was
which
he
knew
much
as
instinct
means
he
if
was
moral
His
virtue.
as
allow
boldness
when
and
which
in times
cast
was
statesman
if he had
consistent
more
uttermost,
to
strong
had
his
acted
of remorse.
wrongly, he instantlyfelt all the agony
Although
he lived
in the
of the
night which
deep shadows
preceded
the
dawn
of Christianity,
of morality was
his standard
as
it
high as it was
by the mere
perhaps possible to elevate
light of nature.2
feel dissatisfied
aim
to
was
himself,
his
De
of
with
do
and
And
himself
right;
made
Caesar
power,
and
so
never
was
and
of
lavish
his
guilty ambition,
by
it he
had
of
the
surrounds
confound
and
his
name,
right
and
men
wrong
genius, his
iron
of
errors
who, like
disparagingly
so
was
means.
of
instruments
the
vices
by
lustre
which
forget all this, and to

manding
hero-worship of his com-
to
apt
in
their
his
will, and
2
victorious
Erasmus
instructed
would,
been
the
to
darkened
by
end
His
the
was
Dazzled
are
in seinem
Uebrigens erkennt man
Erregbarkeit
Selbstsucht,
Feigheit und
Mangel an Achtung vor
und
Recht
Wahrheit, als die hervorstechende Eigenschaften.
Gesch. Roms.
"
those
were
war
Character
Let
scruple as
no
private life
possible kind.
worst
deceived
the
conscience.
civil
his
constant
praise of Caesar, recollect that
in
Conspiracy, corruption, and
his
were
others, speak
and
him
made
sometimes
he
heart.
his
troubled
gain
to
But
ashamed.
and
mistakes, they
great
are
standard
that
although
and
judgment rather than

Ouincey, Mommsen,
Cicero,
fall below
to
says,
in
from
success.
that if he had
philosophy, he
purityof his life,have
Christian
the
canonised.
"
been
Dialog.
Ciceron.
CICERO
542
Lucceius,
dius,
jealousy
in any
of
taken
writings. On
it
and
literally
the
be
his
he
very
words
instances, the
for the
expressed,
intellect
had
hitherto
problems which
had
of the
Though
Greeks.
Plato, Zeno,
mind
as
his
himself
The
sect.
the
(born
liberal and
was
school
school
much
as
what
was
and
true
He
laughed
moral
of
sense
the
could
1
New
the
was
at
with
to
the
absurd
approve
"
of
the
speculations
at
Tusc.
Disp.
see
the
But
It
ad hanc
of
which
But
the
was
it
most
did
dogmatise
not
so
peremptorily determined
New
Academy
too
was
not
reject
agreed
retatem,
nee
on
ullum
systems.
Stoics, and
God-denying
all
many
habuit
was
sagacious
points of other
selfish and
did
any
attached
most
paradoxes of the
he
of
distinguishingfeature
Its
weak
of all,for he
i. 3.
chains
school
false,the
the
inquiry, and
Academy,
this
sects
was
not
revolted
he
probability. Cicero
Philosophiajacuitusque
Latinaram.
other
what
and
Epicureans.
not
Roman
reputed founder.
that
reason
Where
content
liberal
too
to
were
existence
field of
which
to
least
doubt.
modestly
ideas
of the
itself in the
the
of
320)
B.C.
whole
the
prejudicedof all.
enlightened scepticism.
an
coin, in
to
philosopher like Pythagoras,
trammel
to
precisely for the
was
not
language
the subtle
exercised
embraced
refused
was
Arcesilas
the
spoke
Epicurus, he had eminently a philosophical

candid
and
His
diligent inquirer after truth.
judgment
particular
character
upon
She
the
that
walk
had
He
which
by
her
unknown
conceived
long
so
of Socrates
Cicero.
almost
an
succeeded
ever
made
of
true
profoundly
and
intellect
capacious
and
unmetaphysical
never
grudgingly.
un-
philosophy
were
said
appeared.1
until
have
to
seems
has
was
clouds,
metaphorically in
found
be
to
Greek
who
Plato
It
equally
of
trace
heartily and
of
study
since
the
is
mind
them
countrymen,
attractive.
this
not
xxv.
pretensions to originality.
no
the
writer
no
more
Roman
many
had
Cicero
of
is
contrary, he
the
recommend
to
earth ; and
to
there
and
opportunity of praising
was
chap.
literarycontemporaries
philosophy from
drew
the
his
of it ; and
making
he
of
attention
ignorant
PHILOSOPHER.
Pollio,
philosopher
the
in
his
object
to
and
envy
every
As
His
or
AS
his
doctrines
because
he
points with
lumen
Hterarum
both.
incline
that
suspended
when
Moreover,
the
what
has
religion
I
and
form
the
strong
weak
himself
Things, the Supreme
he
was
Providence
decided
his
in
the
De
of
duty
of
it in
Id
consecuti
an
be
has
the
is
to
quo
ut
the
and
nostram
same
imitation
others
than
out
opinion.1
Nature
was
the
of
more
of
asserter
truths
of
also clear and
was
preference
into
without
great cardinal
he
of
bring
to
the
as
In
his
lofty and
expediency,
to
guide than
Paley
practical treatise
compared
spirit
bigotry
to
peremptory
the dissection
The
of
and
as
his
whole
the
on
antiquity affords.
pagan
be,
subjects,he
And
safer
of
ethics
anatomist,
an
clothed
blood.
are
(genus disputandi) potissimum
arbitrabamur,
and
in the
in
be
may
systems,
obligation.
best
his faults
orator
sumus
of
moral
argument
For
enabled
was
similar
state.
right
of
to
be
whether
given life to the figure of virtue,and
flesh
warm
As
which
may
Cicero
but
he
is
Officiis,
Aristotle
of
views
choice
man
believer
future
rule of conduct,
work,
opinions
firm
and
unhesitating
of the
expounder
he
and
Good,
doubt
servile
speculative questions,such
on
accustom
philosophicaltreatises
decisive
any
can
ought
to
cerned
con-
shall
man
points of opposing
to
more
question much
from
of his
most
is
equally opposed
not
mind
make
philosophy.
dialogues, by which
But, although
own,
and
cast
and
committing
in
the
in considering
conflict
is, or
is
to
no
The
hold
indisposed
he
learning to
result
dogmatism
Cicero
of
the
his
But
every
which
was,
is
and
prepared
true.
the
candour,
believe, it
Plato, that
the
is
speculative truth.
advocate
opponent,
an
almost
sides, and
of
he
was
to
man
constantly employed
he
on
It
keep
to
have
fact, that
irresolute
which
an
infalliblyright.
that
him
both
reason,
by
answer
is
of fairness and
in
is
the
Academy.
an
in
of
that it shall be
view
on
He
said
the
taught
said
New
weigh objectionswithout
to
own
of mind
it would
mind,
knowing
spiritof
state
543
dealing with questions
be
plausiblethan
his
of the
proper
habit
can
that
himself
the
assertion.
dogmatic
of
without
school
to
is the
doubt
PHILOSOPHER.
character
the
to
congenial
doctrine
predict,even
to
easy
would
his
the
Knowing
been
AS
CICERO
64.
jet.
Socralcm
usum
ipsisententiam
coarseness
tegeremus,
omni
veri
in
invective, exagalios levaremus
errore
disputatione quid
qusereremus.
"
esset
Tusc.
et
simillimum
Disp.
v.
4.
in
HIS
544
in
geration
matter,
exaggeration
is such
limits within
which
be
rule, to
his
any
purpose
excitable
he
it is often
the
desire
pure
what
is
often
his
eloquence
difference
him
between
Greek
like
orator,
Amidst
speeches
sight of the
has
be
think,
aim
kept
ever
than
I
there
true
the
sure
that
that
the
as
audience
can
hardly
combined
the
Plato, and
the sweetness
delight
words
"
coloured
of
is
course
great
one
declamation
his
and
he
loses
never
Perhaps
And
orator
no
others,
far
with
to
of
House
it
find
was
power
the
of
But,
more
Commons.
Roman
would
was
other
the
on
Italian
an
speaking
His
that
says
the
Demosthenes,
We
of Isocrates.
and
the
to
upon
countryman
language strong enough,
people
hand,
impression it produced
He
with
persuade, the
is to
addressed.
it cannot,
amongst
reason,
all oratory
is the
admiration.
upon
the
"
speeches of the
the
The
is
point.
English
Cicero
end
which
to
enthusiastic
effect it had
the
haustive
ex-
always argumentative.
eloquence, his
listened
been
an
received, like the speeches of Burke,
of its excellence
test
this
signs of impatience.
; and
Ouinctilian
his
in
remember
must
Italians
have
been
have
for
Cicero
not
am
unmistakable
we
that
words
in view.
the
are
depth.
The
of
so
thin, and
too
This
business-like,
closely to
would
of
Brougham,
grandeur
warmly,
imagination.
out
Demosthenes.
of
and
sentences
solidityand
cloud
felt
the
to
not
was
topic with
is beaten
he has
end
doubted,
attention
not
and
more
Demosthenes
Indeed,
the
the
ascertain
his
inundation.
that
practicaland
are
in
an
and
of
nothing
is lost in
in
of
vehement
he
As
upon
leaves
is lost
stream
the
Many
which
disappears
habit
of this
cause
but
man.
dwells
gained in surface
argument
that the
the
he
difficult to
mislead,
to
His
style.
xxv-
reallylies ; but, as a general

deduct
must
a large percentage
strongly.
and
of
gold
we
of
himself
fulness
The
truth
I believe
intolerably long,
of the
that
temperament
expressed
of the
prolixity in
statements.
or
chap,
and
the safe side
on
from
ORATORY.
to
his
express
eloquence
copiousness of
know
Senate.
the
magical
They
took
ever-changing forms of
which
disguised the repetitionof the idea, as bits of
glass are
glorifiedby the kaleidoscope- and the
in
the
flowing periods, the
passionate rhetoric, which
"
took
captive their imagination
and
b.c.
ORATORY.
HIS
43-
carried
of Cicero
will,it
we
as
of
music
of the
master
feelingsby
their
away
545
Criticise the
storm.
eloquence
impossibleto deny that no greater

speech has ever yet appeared amongst
is
mankind.1
opinions
But, however
him
thinking
florid
too
term,
long-winded,there
as
writer.
but
be
can
the way
to
use
his merits
to
his
upon
some
homely
opinion of
one
conferred
he
is incalculable, and
his oratory,
to
as
diffuse,and,
and
benefit
The
differ
may
guage
lan-
own
it is to
measure
pare
com-
of whose
Latinity of the authors who preceded him
his contemfew
poraries,
or
even
a
fragments
we
possess
He
created
a
with the Latinity of Cicero.
style
and the despair of succeeding
the model
has been
the
works
"
"
which
so
and
sentences,
with
perfect,
pure and
and
wealth
It is
writers.
such
of
harmony
modulation
of
free from
diction, so
obscurity,that in proportion as the reader is

familiar with it, he acquires a disrelish for the style of any
in
next
author.
opinion, comes
other Latin
Livy, in my
roughness
or
He
was
not
and
his
ashamed
he
He
doted
He
man.
divorce,
on
death
of
what
than
Sositheus, and
his
different
glean from
such
a
and
thin
Contrary
to
what
delivery
measured
all
"
"
and
at
Seneca
events
habits
told
us,
we
might
have
slow
and
his
later
was
in
compares
action
"
late
of
quoque
He
and
had
himself
in
slow
can
the
evening.
stepping
noster,
to
quo
horse,
Romana
eloquentiaexstitit,gradarius fuit."
Epist.40,
"
it to the
2
Cicero
we
long neck,
the
little
works.
accustomed
generallytook
he
his
sorrow
know
what
and
To
his
we
his letters and
he
unhappy
regard for
warm
frame, with
any
family
wife.
witness
"
and
digestionthat
of
expected, his
years
in
diet, which
spare
in
passages
meagre
weakness
has
Plutarch
his
to
master
accomplished Tiro.
Of his personal appearance
more
almost
children, and, until his
kind-hearted
was
may
affectionate
and
loving
was
dependants he
the
his
mortal,
called
be
in
was
that he
were
than
more
what
it
sentiment
enmities
was,
old Romans,
stern
and
men,
noble
his
that
confess
to
the
uttered
eternal.
friendships
of those
other
forgiving of
the most
of
one
was
perfectsinceritythat
was
the
and
of Cicero.
charm
for
the grace,
fulness,and
the
he wants
excellence, but
he
But
diner
was
full of
man
shadow
and
what
until
which
have
in the
only
was
siesta
after
body
well
not
He
Cicero.1
bust
of
one,
but
it is
The
known
not
death.'2 That
it
full of
was
indulged
and
It
in
his
had
sufficient
standing
notwith-
means,
enjoyed
he
as
the
upon
There
grew
possessed
His
face
until
looks
intellect
beaming
he
authentic
now.
good
older
caused
no
Severus
his
his
was
is
in existence
of
course
which
eyes,
retained
he
and
handsome,
was
be
he
took
Alexander
to
repartee.
in the
but
study.
emperor
left
ness
complaining of sick-
times
of the
and
these
him
correspondence;
haustible
inex-
forgiven. He
bath,
also
by
three
or
by a weakness
probably by excessive
most
He
find
troubled
was
the
of
constitution, he
We
two
numerous
and
times,
life that
fond
was
daily, and
health.
in it at
In
wit.
the ancients."
among
any
his
of
oiled.
and
than
was
forgotten nor
Talleyrand at
for
naturally weak
more
long and
neither
exercise
excellent
whole
by
bitterness
later years
rubbed
of
meals.
of
quantity
excelled
match
nant
predomi-
his
"
was
been
mind
esprit light,unexpected,
not
flavour
sting behind
would
he is
"
it had
But
call
French
wit
says,
cast
sorrow
The
"
brilliant faculty of his
"
naturally of
was
private
Niebuhr
table,
at
wit, for he
and
xxv.
chap.
merriment
public
his existence.
most
the
liked
light pleasantryand
over
HABITS.
6-
and
out,
joyous temperament,
a
a
APPEARANCE
HIS
546
his
require no
we
authority to feel assured.

and
mind
activityof
His
industry
It
astonishing.
were
than a tenth
little more
possess
clude
inthis is certainlytrue, if we
he wrote
; and
part of what
of which were
carefullyprepared
his lost speeches,most
has
and
he
written
few
and
men
Diem
Titus,
To
out
we
beforehand.3
in
employed
was
that
computed
been
could
less
have
been
let
Magnesia
Et
nectutem,
head
Lydia.
quidem facies
in
prosperaque
decora
ad
se-
permansit vale-
"
what
blank
the
and
Pollio
Asin.
analysisof
risen,
themselves, like
of
of Rome
in the annals
tudo.
The
had
sun
consider
us
of Cicero, facingthe titlefrom

a
of this work, is taken
page
of
the
town
struck by
bronze
medal
1
the
justice say
frequently
how
seen
appreciate his full worth
there would
have
composition before
with
perdidi
We
history
Senec.
apud
Sua-
6.
sor.
3
For
admirable
Smith's
excellent
an
his
various
article entitled
Biog.
Diet.
and
account
works,
"
see
Cicero"
the
in
of
PANEGYRIC
64.
JET.
the
world
darkness
like
of
some
did,
to
who
past
lofty
beacon
and
the
moriam
Ciceronis
"}
"
gloria
sheds
spoke
memoria
THE
the
TOMB
OF
we
more
omnem
mundo
Paterc.
rays
judgment
per
He
his
all
hominum
Veil.
of
"
vivetque
of
its
prophetic
citiusque
light
think
we
the
Vivit
the
547
lived.
never
that
and
with
"
says
with
more
wrote,
agree
had
Cicero
the
And
waters.
he
if
CICERO.
ON
genus
unquam
ii. 66.
CICERO.
the
illumines
glorious
the
over
of
"
shall
be
we
the
cedet."
all
posed
dis-
historian
saeculorum
hominum
of
waste
him
owe
of
intellect,
me-
quam
APPENDIX.
55"
B.C.
Pro
Ascitio
before
....
Pro
M.
after
Cisfiio
Post
in
Reditum,
or
Pro
**Pro
57
*Pro
Senatu, 5 th
57
ad
Reditum,
Ouirites, 6th
7th Sept
Domo
ad
sua,
Scauro
...
54
...
54
Pro
Druso
54
Pro
C. Messio
54
Pontifices,
29th Sept
54
yEmilio
Crasso,in Senatu
De
57
Vatinio
M.
Pro
Sept
Post
56
Reatinorum
Causa
contra
Interamnates.
57
Pro
T.
Annio
Milone
52
....
De
Responsis
Haruspicum
L.
Pro
Calpurnio
tia, nth
In Vatinium
56
Pro
Bes-
56
in March
Early
In
56
Pro
date.
Caelio
Rufo.
M.
Pro
L. Cornelio
Balbo
...
Provinciis
De
Consularibus
.
**De
Alexandrino
Rege
**In
A.
Pro
Cn.
Pro
Caninio
52
Cornelio
Dolabella
Marcello
47
Pro
O.
Ligario
46
Pro
Rege
Deiotaro
De
56
Philippica Prima
Pace,
45
....
in
Senatu,
18th
March
Gallo
ROMAN
44
Secunda
Philippica
(against
; written
but
livered)
de-
not
44
55
1 1 1.-XV.
PhilippicaOrationes
CONSULS
DURING
Serranus
CICERO'S
Q.
Servilius
Cn.
Mallius
P.
Rutilius
C.
Marius
II
C.
C.
Marius
III
C.
Marius
C.
Marius
C.
Marius
M.
Antonius
Q.
Caslius
Cn.
Corn.
Cn.
Domitius
Rufus
LIFE.
Licinius
L. Aurelius
Orestes
IV
O.
Lutatius
Catulus
M.
Aquillius
VI
Flavius
Caepio
jetat.
Fimbria.
L. Valerius
(orator)
Metellus
Nepos
Ahenobarbus
Crassus
Flaccus
A.
Postumius
T.
Didius
P.
Licinius
C.
Cassius
Longinus
11
Q.
Mutius
Scaevola
12
Lentulus
.
L.
44-43
54
...
Anno
C. Atilius
42
tony)
(againstAn-
55
Postumo
50
M.
Antony
Plancio
C. Rabirio
Dec
56
55
54
Plancum.
T. Munatinm
Pro
Gabinium.
Pro
orations
Two
56
...
L. Pisonem
In
Saufeio.
Interrogatio.Same
Pro
M.
Contra
Feb
P. Sextio.
Pro
Pisone
Albinus
8
9
....
Crassus
10
APPENDIX.
55i
Anno
C.
Caelius
C.
Valerius
C.
Claudius
L.
Marcius
L.
Julius Caesar
Cn.
L.
L.
M.
Pompeius
Sulla
Octavius
Cornel.
Servilius
M.
^milius
D.
Junius
Octavius
L.
Licinius
M.
L.
Vatia
17
18
.
Rufus
19
Cinna
VII.
20
21
Papirius Carbo
Cinna
IV
Norbanus
24
Papirius Carbo
Cn.
Cornelius
III
26
Dolabella
Metellus
Caecilius
Claudius
Pius
28
Catulus
.
Êmilius
C.
Scribonius
Aurelius
C.
Poplicola
Cn.
Lepidus
31
.
Cotta
.
Cornelius
M.
Licinius
33
Varus
Cornelius
P.
30
Cotta
Aurelius
Cassius
29
Curio
Orestes
27
Pulcher
Lutatius
Mam.
Varro
25
.
App.
Lentulus
Lentulus
Suras
Crassus
.
34
Claud
lanus
35
36
37
O.
Caecilius
Metellus
Q.
Marcius
Rex
Piso
M.
Acilius
Lepidus
L.
Volcatius
L.
Manlius
Torquatus
42
C.
Marcius
Figulus
43
C.
Antonius
Metellus
Cotta
Cicero
Silanus
Calpurnianus
Murena
M.
Valerius
Messala
Niger
46
Caecilius
Metellus
Celer
47
JuliusCaesar
M.
L.
Calpurnius
P.
Cornel.
Caesoninus
.
Cn.
Cornel.
Lentulus
Cn.
Pompeius Magnus
Ahenobarbus
.
Calpurnius
A.
Gabinius
O.
Caecilius
L.
Marcius
Bibulus
49
Metellus
M.
.
Licinius
App.
Nepos
Philippus
Crassus
48
Marcellinus
II.
45
C.
Spinther
44
Lucinius
Q.
Lentulus
4i
L.
Afranius
Piso
40
Tullus
38
39
Glabrio
Piso
Creticu
L.
L.
16
Q.
JuliusCaesar
Domitius
15
Cn.
M.
Calpurnius
Pupius
Marius
Lucullus
Caecilius
Junius
13
L.
M.
Brutus
Hortensius
D.
Lepidus
Q.
Tullius
Cornelius
O.
Isauricus
Pompeius Magnus
M.
L.
II
Cn.
L.
Pompeius
Junius
Sulla
Gellius
L. Aurelius
O.
C.
.
Lupus
Cornelius
Cato
L.
Terentius
yEmilius
Porcius
II
Aufidius
M.
L.
Cn.
Cn.
C.
Rutilius
III
Octavius
L.
P.
setat.
14
Julius Caesar
Cinna
Decula
P.
Perperna
C.
Marius
Cornelius
M.
II
Scipio Asiaticus
Tullius
Her'ennius
Cinna
Papirius Carbo
L.
Cn.
Strabo
Ahcnobarbus
M.
Sext.
Philippus
Cornelius
Cn.
C.
Pulcher
Cornelius
L.
L.
Flaccus
Cornelius
Cn.
L.
Caldus
Domitius
Claudius
Pulcher
II.
5o
5i
52
53
APPENDIX.
552
Anno
Pompeius
(alone
Serv.
III.
Sulpicius
yEmilius
C.
Claudius
Julius
Caecilius
M.
Claudius
Scipio
Pius
Metellus
55
56
Marcellus
...
C.
Paullus
Marcellus
Claudius
57
....
C.
O.
Rufus
.
L.
August)
ist
54
....
Magnus
until
Messala
Cn.
Valerius
M.
Calvinus
Domitius
Cn.
setat.
M.
Caesar
F.
Vatia
Servilius
P.
II.
Crus
Lentulus
Cornelius
L.
Marcellus
58
.
Isauricus
59
...
C.
Julius
Caesar,
Julius
Caesar
Dictator
III.
.
Caesar
Julius
Vibius
Êmilius
Equitum
61
Lepidus
Caesar
Magister
Lepidus,
./Emilius
M.
,-
Dictator
IV.,
C.
M.
Magister
j
Julius
Antonius,
....
.
C.
M.
60
Dictator
V.,
Marcus
Antonius,
Dolabella,
Aulus
Pansa
Equitum
Hirtius
Cons,
P.
Cornelius
(-
suffectus
^_
64
INDEX
Accius,
260
Actium,
314
281, 312,
333,
349,
friendlydevotion
of,
427, 444;
411,
confidence
with,
191 ; unresti-ained
384; last letter to, 468 ; estimate of,
185-8, 275,
Êdiles, lavish outlay of, 50
Êschylus,of Cnidus,
32
469
Attius, 74
Augurs, College of, 291
JEsop, 15, 251

Afranius,
153
Agraria Lex, speeches against,97-99

diers, Autronius,
solAgrarian provision for disbanded
186
154
Amanus,
the (Cilicia),
319
Amasius
(or Herophilus),405
Bestia, L.
1 10
Anticato, Caesar's replyto Cicero's panegyric,
Cornelius, 230, 368

of, from tumultus,
L.
Balbus,
Bellum,
487
Alexio, 436
Allobroges,
distinction
Bibulus, 159,
epigram
391
Antium, 64, 166, 179, 245, 439

Antonius, 3, 7, 86, 94, 120, 132, 164
348, 374, 423,
Antony, Marc,
300,
sul,
con464; joins Caesar, 352;
437,
after
the
assassination,422;
411 ;
letter to, 432 ; embassy to,
into Gaul, 520
march
482, 486;
of, 222
166, 172,
defence
,
upon,
descent
Birth
and
Bona
Dea,
rites and
Bononia, 533
Books, Cicero's
307,
172
of Cicero,
323;
festival of, 136
passion for, 55, 64,
249
Bovillne, 293
Brougham, Lord, his speech in defence

Appia Via, inundation of, superstitiously of Williams, 253 ; his declamation
argumentative,544
construed, 276
186-8, 200,
348,
313,
Appius Claudius, 291, 300, 312, 318, Brundusium,
381, 464
331-36
Brutus, Decimus, 464, 472, 474, 514;
Apuleius, 509
and
death
retreat
of, 528 ; Marcus,
Aquila, Pontius, 348
86
praetor, 412 ;
177. 30i, 427. 494;
Aquillius,
council
with
Cicero,
Phenomena
439 ; last
family
Aratus,
of,translated,9
correspondence
meeting with, 446 ;
Arcanum,
309
Archias, poet, early instructor, 9
tomb
Archimedes,
of, discovered
with,
by
not
authentic, 496
Bursa, Munatius
Plancus, 293,
306
Cicero, 37
Arena,
C^cilius
scale of sports In, 250-1
Ariminum,
Ariobarzanes,
Arpinum,
1,
319,
64
Minor, visit to, 32

Astura, 64, 533, 534
visit to, 31-32,
Atticus, Titus
288;
91,
150-152,
314,
Pomponius,
letters
to,
156,
90
Caecina, 51, 395

Caerellia, 407
328
Asia
Athens,
Niger, speech against,43-4
Caecilius,uncle of Atticus,
354
32,
346
68, 222,
55-60, 86,
160,
90-
165-170,
Caesar, Julius,64, 93, 158, 172, 185,

278, 340, 369, 376 ; (firstmention
of, by Cicero), 157 ; his anxiety to
conciliate Cicero, 255 ; a creditor of
to the
terms
Cicero, 311;
proposes
interviews
with,
Senate, 351 ;
37 1;
INDEX.
554
388
controversialist,
392 ;
consul,
of, 396, 413;
rosity
gene-
Cornelia
(mother of the Gracchi), early
influence
411;
of her letters.
2 1
nation
; assassi-
Cornelius, Caius, 70, 85

conspiracyagainst,414-24
of, 418-19 ; emphaticallyapproved Cornificius,86, 92, 138, 297
of by Cicero, 420,
Csesar, Lucius, 91
Cotta, 30, 33, 197
425, 337
Crassipes,Furius, 224,
Crassus, 93, 113,
Csesonius, 86
Caieta, 375
Calidius, 297
290
Cut
529
Capito, Ateius,
254
Capua, council of
at, 357
war
Carinje, 6
Cassius, 412,
415,
423,
438
Sergius, 87, 92-3, 103-20

conjectureddefence of, examined, 86
Catiline, L.
orations
against, 1 07
Bono, meaning of, 516, note

Cumre, 64, 310, 372
Curia Hostilia, Temple of, 295
Curio, 177, 289, 292, 343, 372, 375
Curius, Q., 133
Curule chair, 49
Cytheris,374, 396
accomplices
153,
150,
130,
5 letter to" 322 ; death
122,
306" 375
arma
De
De
1
20,
127,
153
Cethegus, 1 1 1
Chrysogonus, 25
Cicer (conjectural
derivation),2
224-5,
his
son
247,
255-7,
60-6
time
of
Quincey, quoted, 42, 54, 66, 308,

338, 347. 362; refuted, 212
(impeachment),308
repetundis
Dies
Lustricns, 4
Dio
Cassius
Diodotus
261, 280-
quarrelwith, 383, 385-7
the
at
refuted,126
his
animosity
againstCicero, 481
Cicero, Marcus, the elder, death of, 59 5

the younger,
87, 91, 403, 537; Quintus, 4, 32, 58, 59, 77, 80, 254, 258,
261, 284, 309, 432 ; letters to, 190,
;
rhetoric, 32
of Rome
Demoralisation
toga, etc., ridiculed,11,
456
Celer, Q. Metellus,
281
in
tutor
First Triumvirate,
Catulus, 75, 156
214,
in Senate
Demetrius,
of, 39i
Cedant
described, 214-16
(Cicero'slast client),410
Debate
Deiotarus
of, 1 10-18
Cato, M., 117,
159,
254
Pub7 ; lius,
149,
139,
with,
earlyfriendship
291
Calvinos, Domitius, 288, 292

Camillus,
323
122,
and
murdered, 534 ; the younger,

371, 408, 441
Cilicia,proconsulateof, 309-39
Cinna, 20
Circeii,534
359-81
Clodia, 138, 235 ; infamy of, 239
Civil war,
the
Stoic, tutor
in dialectics,
21
Dionysius (freedman), 245, 249,

357, 375 5 of Magnesia, 32
310,
Dolabella, Cornelius, 334, 355, 379,

392, 412, 423, 434, 496; suicide of,
497
Domitius
Ahenobarbus,
Drumann,
his estimate
Drusus,
90, 153, 298

of Cicero, 538
259
Dyrrachium, 188,
193,
381
at
Rome,
Electioneering
39,
70,
80, 123
Ephesus, 316, 346

Clodius, Publius, 155, 181-84, 2 1 2- 1 4,
upheld
Equestrian Order, unjustifiably
; trial and corrupt acquittal
219-20
by Cicero, 147
led
levelof, 144-7 5 his penal enactment
Erasmus, his opinion of Cicero, 540
at Cicero, 181 ; his attempt upon
Exile, his bitter sense
of, 185-93, 195
the life of Cicero, 211
death
of,
;
Faberius,
293-5
Sextius, 305
Cluentius, defence of, 72
Ccelius,Rufus, 235-43, 296, 314,
321,
Comitia
^
437
Fabia, 103
Foesulae, 105,
Clodius,
316,
372
Famine
120
riots, 205-6
Fannius
Chserea, 34
of Cicero's property, 185

out
Consulshipunanimously conferred,with-
Fausta, 293
Faustus, 246
Favonius, 157
ballot,94
Corcyra, 313
Figulus,C. Marcius,
Centuriata, 73
Confiscation
Fibrinus,
91 ;
Nigidius,393
INDEX.
Valerius, 173;
L.
Flaccus
Lrenius,
M.
555
Leucopetra, 445
LiberaLegation.es,
125,
187
Way, origin of, 91
Flavius, Q., 34, 154
Ligarius, 394
Fonteius, 51
Literary labours,
Flaminian
Liris,
Formise, 55, 64, 169, 348, 361, 534

Fufius
Calenus,
480-1,
139,
142,
384,
294,
477,
Fundanius, M., 72
Fusius, M., 293
275
Lollius, 205
Lucullus
superseded,75
Macer,
C.
threatened
Helvetii,
prison, 117
Manilius
defended, 77
Manlius, Caius, 106, 109
Marcellus, C. Claudius, 343 "5, 35
M.
Claudius
Marcus,
of, 155
invasion
Helvia, 3
(earlypoem),
Marius,
5, 251
(or Social War),
Marsian
Hortensius,
297"
337
Hypsaaus, P.
Antonius, 92
348
Plantus, 292,
Indecision
of Cicero,
Hybrida,
C.
Hydruntum,
Messala, Valerius, 288

Messius
defended, 259
Metellus, Scipio (or Pius), 46, 292,
3"5"
34i
Middleton,
305
312,
10,
314,
191,
327,
339,
292,
Mutina,
358;
letter to, in defence
of
policy,265-273
Lepidus, M. ^milius, 295,
53-61
of
of
defence
219-21,
of,
as
474;
121
siegeof, 500, 505, 514,
520
Laodicea, 317
Latomiae, 42
La.uda.re,meaning of, 306
Lentulus, L. Cornelius, 1 10-178, 197,
Letters
exploit
539
355
504,
293,
298-304
Mucia, 137
Munda, 409
Murena, Lucius,
49
Laenas, Popilius,
416, 535
Lanuvium,
293, 427
492,
16;
written, 30 1 -4
Molo, tutor in rhetoric, 20, 32
his depreciationof Cicero,
Mommsen,
Issus, 320
351,
277,
Milo, T. Annius, 199, 213-14,
260
Labienus,
283,
236,
538
Cicero, 320
360
Interreges,287
Testium, 47
Iiiterrogatio
Julia, 170
Jus Imaginum,
Brundusium,
282, 315
of Stratonice,32
Military education,
Interamna,
at
Mescinius, 338
33, 76, 122, 134, 142,

death
of" 345; the
3IQ;
23,
younger,
12
of centurions
Menippus,
of Cicero, 262
Home-life
393
Marius
464
Memmius,
535
Herophilus (or Amasius), 405

Hirtius
Aulus, 392, 476, 501
342,
Massacre
Herennius,
Licinius, trial of, 71
Mamertine
Galba, P., 86, 92

Gallius, Q-s 95
Gattorum
Cunknlus, 470
Gallus Fadius, 217;
Caninius, 2 5 1
of
victim
Verres, 42
Gavius,
Genealogy of the Cicero family, 3
Gnipho, rhetorician,77
25""
405,
Aulus, 69, 180, 263, 273,
Gabinius,
I73"
157-8, 397,
Longinus, L. Cassius, 92
Lucceius, 159, 228, 288, 403
Lucius, cousin of Cicero, 32
Lucretius, Cicero's opinion of, 248
536
299,
442
494
Fulvia, 107,
175
384,
474,
522
Cicero, characteristics
of,
Nasica, P. Scipio,157
Naso, Q., 72
Nepos, Q. C. Metellus, 125, 127-30
Nesis, island of, 441, 443
Niebuhr,
quoted, 6, 30, 35, 60, 79,
121, 132, 286, 516
Niger, Lentulus, 228
Nomcnclatores
ing),
(and system of canvass40
INDEX.
556
428, 466, 469 ; foul suspiOctavian,

cions
fended
of, 516; policy of, 524; ofCicero's
by
forced
mate
527
.sarcasm,
election of, to
overture
to
consulship,
529
Antony, 532
Oppianicus,73
Oppius, 368
in the white
Oration
of, 1 64 ; his desertion of Cicero,

183 ; sole consul, 296 ; vacillation of,
358
; Cicero's
and
death
robe, 93
Postumius,
Ornare
70,
Provinciis
100
defeat
122
Roman,
Otho, Lucius,
to, 380
of, 381 ; Sextus, 431

Pomponia, 58, 59, 432
Pomptinus, 316
Pontiffs,College of, 138
essentiallyimpassioned, Praetor Urbanus,

PrcEvaricatio,43
3 1 ; Cicero's styleof, 543-4
Procilius,259
proviuciam,meaning of, 282
Oratory,
loan
Cicero
chosen, 71
Considaribus, de (speech
in
support of Caesar), 231-9
Pacorus, 319
Psetus, Papirius,158, 396, 491
Palatine Hill (purchase of villa),131
Pansa, C. Vibius, 477, 494 ; death of,
Publilia,400,
Publius
402,
406
first recorded
Quintus (Cicero's
cause), 23
Puteoli, 64, 428
508
Patrae, 348, 383
Patro, the Epicurean, 315
Paullus, L. /Emilius, 177, 278, 343
of
resources
Pecuniary position and
Cicero, 66-8
Pedius, Q., 529, 532
of Cicero, 545
Personal appearance
120
Petreius,
tor,
Phaedrus, the Epicurean, earlyinstruc-
QUADRANTARIA
138
Rabirius
IOI-2
Pharsalia, 38 1
Return
Philippics,452, 457, 472,

487" 494" 497. 5"9 5
478, 484,
of,
estimate
of Clodia),
(senator),narrow
Postumus, 277
escape
to
Rhegium,
of Cicero's
Rome,
property,
210
200-5
445
Philo, 17
Rhenus, 533
Rhodes, 345
Roscius, the actor, 15, 34;
Philippus,Lucius, 482
Philosophicbias of Cicero,
Picenum, 356
23
Rostra, first speech {concio)from, 75
Rubicon
crossed, 353
512
542
Pilia,222,
Piso, C. Calpurnius,70, 103, 139,
C. Licinius,92
Sacerdos,
St. Peter, tradition of, 118
518, 524, 528

Plutarch, quoted, 71, 397, 521,
Sanga, Q. Fabius,
500,
Preonius, 280
Poetical works, estimate
Pollio, 474, 492, 528
Pompeia, 137
Pompeii, 66, 375
Pompeius, 17, 297
Pompey, 75, 129,
and
306
Sampsisceramus (nickname of Pompey),

170
no
Sassia, 72
537
list of,
Salamis, 325
1 1
Saturninus, IOI
Saufeius, M., 305
Scaptius,325
Scajvola, Q. M., 10, 15
Scaurus, 264
Schools
of education
at Rome,
Scola, Cassinius, 293, 299
Sebosus, 170
170, 195, 207, 218, 246, 250, 340;
correspondence with, 130; cence
magnifi- Sempronia, 299
of his third
triumph, 149 ; Seneca, on Atticus, 468
policyof Cicero towards, 150; esti- Septa (pollingbarriers),278
139,
154,
159,
fended,
de-
147,
l8") J94" 263 ; speech against,

252 ; Lucius, 482
Pistoria,120
Plancius, 188, 193, 264
Plancus, Munatius, 294, 297, 299, 311,
153.
475"
Sextus
Rufus, Q. Pompeius, 287, 294,

Rullus, P. Servilius,97
315, 435
Pindenissus, 320
of,
Ravenna, 311
Reate, Cicero's specialretainer for, 260
Reception of Cicero at Rome, on the
of rupture with Antony, 446
eve
Restitution
(nickname
163,

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LIFE

it of all that is characteristic

able work, Cicero in Seinen

after all,the great

parts of the speeches which

the life of Cicero

'si "' ^'"W^^Sfv"

formed, since known

the Isola San

it, saying, that

enjoyed the full rights of

and Q. Servilius Csepio.

king of the Volscians,

against the Romans.

expulsion of the Tarquins.2

family history,said, that

origin of the family to Tullus

rivos, alii vehementes

paternal grandfather Marcus,

trying to raise a tempest in a cup {excitabat fluctus in simof old Marcus's

daughter, and that Aculeo, who

paternal uncle of Cicero.3

Cicero, as qucestor in Sicily,

silver vessels which

by marriage with Lucius,

change his name

Nepos, Cornelia, Cicero ; that is,Mark

father left his

strong, who cherished

viii. 361, speaks of lattice Cariihc.

the Ccelian and

lines of the poet ?

genial wit, must

nothing of his splendid talents

they might join their

altar built into

youth without any intimate friend ;"and

reputation of knowing it,

boyish modesty allowed

by the reputation of Crassus,

perhaps at his recommendation,

{in nobis erudiendis)and

least,in the great

he sacrificed his inclination

effect of their oratory

the notice of the

occupied something of the

rightlyin giving preference

Pictor, Calpurnius Piso, and

; but if the choice

their time there for whole

desidere). They declared that

impudence" {ludum impudenties).

prevailing Graeco-mania, and, according to a wellold

old, and, according

Consulship (de sno Consulatii)

renders laudi l"yrfjjXiJottt], laurea

epic has met

in nobis, agitante calescimus

vigorous versification, and the specimens that

frankly confessing that

superior in point of style and harmony, in choice of diction

Elegia Tamelastis, mentioned

the toga pr"texta,