Power Design Solution

B gio dc v o to
i hc giao thng vn ti
------------------------------------
Phm thanh huyn
Nghin cu gii php thit k

b ngun cht lng cao
dng trong thit b in t
Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh: in t - vin thng
M s: 60. 52. 70
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: Ts. Nguyn thanh hi

Ch k:
H Ni, thng 10 nm 2006
c c kt qu hc tp nh ngy
hm nay, tc gi xin by t lng bit n
ti tp th cc thy c gio trong trng
i hc Giao thng Vn ti nhit
tnh ging dy v to iu kin thun
li lp Cao hc in t Vin Thng
K11, ni chung, v tc gi, ni ring,
hon thnh kho hc ca mnh.
Xin cm n cc thy c trong Khoa
in - in t, c bit l TS. Nguyn
Thanh Hi - ngi hng dn khoa hc
trc tip cho lun vn tt nghip ny.
TS. Nguyn Thanh Hi khng ch gi
ti m cn a ra nhiu kin qu
bu tc gi c th gii quyt c
nhng vn kh khn ny sinh trong
qu trnh thc hin lun vn.
Cui cng tc gi xin gi li cm n
su sc ti gia nh v bn b, nhng
ngi ng vin v to mi iu kin
tc gi c th u t ti a thi gian
v cng sc hon thnh cng vic ca
mnh.
Xin chn thnh cm n !
Tc gi
Mc lc
Danh mc mt s t vit tt
M u
Chng 1
Tng quan chung v cc yu cu ca b ngun trong
thit b in t
1.1. Tng quan chung ................................................................................... 7
1.1.1. V tr v tm quan trng ca b ngun trong h thng ...... 7

1.1.2. Cc loi ngun s dng trong thit b in t...................... 7
1.2. nh gi cc phng n thit k ngun n nh ............. 9
1.2.1. B ngun n nh tuyn tnh.................................................. 9

1.2.2. B ngun chuyn mch ........................................................ 13
1.3. Cc yu cu ca b ngun chuyn mch ............................. 15
1.3.1. Khi lc nhiu u vo ......................................................... 15

1.3.2. Khi nn v lc s cp .......................................................... 16
1.3.3. Khi chuyn mch tn s cao, nn v lc th cp ............. 17
1.3.4. Khi iu khin ..................................................................... 17
Chng 2
B bin i in p DC/DC
2.1. Phng php bin i in p DC/DC.......................................... 19
2.1.1. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch A ............................ 20

2.1.2. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch B.............................. 21
2.1.3. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch C ............................. 22
2.1.4. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch D ............................. 22
2.1.5. Mch ngt qung hot ng c 4 ch ......................... 23
2.2. Cc b bin i in p DC/DC........................................................ 24
2.2.1. B bin i th h th nht .................................................. 24

2.2.2. B bin i th h th hai..................................................... 33
2.2.3. B bin i th h th ba...................................................... 34
ti: Nghin cu gii php thit k ngun cht lng cao dng trong thit b in t
2.2.4. B bin i th h th t ...................................................... 35

2.2.5. B bin i th h th nm .................................................. 36
2.2.6. B bin i th h th su .................................................... 36
Chng 3
Cc gii php thit k b ngun chuyn mch
3.1. Mc ch v yu cu........................................................................... 38
3.2. Thit k khi cng sut ................................................................. 39
3.2.1. B chuyn mch Buck .......................................................... 39

3.2.2. B chuyn mch Boost.......................................................... 42
3.2.3. B chuyn mch kiu y - ko ........................................... 46
3.2.4. B chuyn mch cu bn phn ............................................ 52
3.2.5. B chuyn mch cu ton phn........................................... 55
3.3. Thit k khi iu khin................................................................. 58
3.3.1. Gii thiu chung .................................................................... 58

3.3.2. Nguyn l iu ch rng xung (PWM) .......................... 59
Chng 4
M phng
4.1. Gii thiu chung v cc phn mm m phng ................... 62
4.1.1. Phn mm m phng Matlab/Simulink.............................. 62

4.1.2. Phn mm thit k mch in t ......................................... 64
4.1.3. Gii thiu mt s h IC iu khin cng sut thng dng 65
4.2. Xy dng m hnh m phng......................................................... 67
4.2.1. Gii thiu chung .................................................................... 67

4.2.2. Tnh ton thng s v la chn linh kin cho tng u ra 69
4.3. nh gi v th nghim kt qu trn m hnh m
phng.................................................................................................................. 88
4.3.1. M phng cho mch n ...................................................... 88

4.3.2. M phng cho mch tng hp: ............................................ 88
Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................. 92
Danh mc Mt s t vit tt
AC
Xoay chiu
AC/AC
Bin i in p xoay chiu sang xoay chiu
AC/DC
Bin i in p xoay chiu sang mt chiu
BJT
Transistor lng cc
DC
Mt chiu
DC/AC
Bin i in p mt chiu sang xoay chiu
DC/DC
Bin i in p mt chiu sang mt chiu
EMI
Nhiu in t
FET
Transistor hiu ng trng
IC
Vi mch tch hp
PTHC
Phn t hiu chnh
PWM
B iu ch rng xung
RFI
Nhiu cao tn
SMPS
B mgun chuyn mch
m u
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
K thut cp ngun l k thut lin quan ti vic cung cp nng lng in
cho cc thit b s dng. iu ny c tnh quan trng sng cn i vi
ngnh cng nghip in t. Cc b chuyn i dng nng lng in c
chia thnh 4 loi l:
Bin p bin i AC / AC
B chnh lu bin i AC/DC
B nghch lu bin i DC/AC
B bin i DC/DC
Trong , bin p v b chnh lu kh n gin, chng xut hin t rt
lu v c nghin cu y t l thuyt ti xy dng mch thc t. Ti
nay vn ny c th coi nh c hon thin. Cn b nghch lu v b
bin i DC/DC cn rt nhiu vn cn nghin cu. B bin i DC/DC
(c s xy dng b ngun chuyn mch cht lng cao v b iu khin
ng c mt chiu) xut hin sau mt thi gian di v mc d pht trin
khng ngng k t khi ra i nhng l thuyt v chng cn rt t m hu
ht dng nhng bi bo a ra cc s mch c th m cc nh nghin
cu tm ra p ng c yu cu ca ng dng nht nh no .
Trc thc t , tc gi lun vn ny mnh dn i su nghin cu v l
thuyt ca vic chuyn i DC/DC, trn c s y a ra cc gii php thit
k ngun chuyn mch. minh chng cho l thuyt mt cch trc quan
v sinh ng hn, lun vn c xy dng phn m phng cho mt ng dng
c th.
Sau khi hon thnh, lun vn s gp phn lm r l thuyt cng nh
cho bit mt s iu chnh thc t ca vic thit k ngun cht lng cao
dng trong thit b in t.
2. Tnh hnh nghin cu lin quan n ti
Vn nghin cu ngun chuyn mch l mt vn khng mi nhng c
th ni l rt kh v chng thay i rt nhanh nhm p ng nhng i hi
ngy cng phc tp ca thc t. Mc d mang tnh thc tin v ng dng rt
cao nhng nghin cu l thuyt v ngun chuyn mch th cn thiu rt
nhiu. Mt khc, do tnh cnh tranh v thng mi m cc nh sn xut c
th a ra sn phm nhng khng h cng b l thuyt km theo. V vy,

nhng ngi dng khi cn sa cha hoc mun t thit k theo yu cu
ring l rt kh khn.
Cc ti nghin cu trong nc hu nh khng c, tt nhin khng k
ti nhng ti liu ni v in t cng sut c bn.
Trn th gii c rt t ngi nghin cu chuyn su v vn ny. Ti
liu ch dng cc bi bo ng trn tp ch IEEE v cc k thut lin quan
ti b ngun chuyn mch nh k thut DC/DC, hoc s mang tnh gii
thiu ca cc hng sn xut (nu lp rp nh vy phn ln mch khng hot
ng v cng khng c c s la chn linh kin hay thay i cu hnh) .
Tuy vy, cng c ti liu ni ti vic thit k nhng li theo kinh nghim l
ch yu.
3. Mc ch, nhim v v phm vi nghin cu ca lun vn
Mc ch:
Lun vn c mc ch tm hiu cc k thut c bn thit k ngun
chuyn mch cht lng cao dng trong thit b in t.
Nhim v:
Nghin cu gp phn lm r c s l thuyt ca ngun chuyn mch cht
lng cao.
a ra mt s gii php thit k b ngun cht lng cao dng trong
thit b in t.
M phng kt qu nghin cu l thuyt bng mt s phn mm m
phng minh ho trc quan cho l thuyt v thun tin cho vic ci tin
v iu chnh mch (xy dng mch cho mt ng dng c th).
Phm vi nghin cu:
Lun vn nghin cu cc k thut c bn lin quan ti ngun chuyn
mch.
Thit k v m phng mt b ngun chuyn mch cho mt ng dng c
th.
4. C s l lun v phng php nghin cu ca lun vn
C s l lun:
Lun vn c nghin cu trn c s l thuyt k thut mch in t,
in t cng sut, h thng iu khin c phn hi
Cc bi bo, ti liu khoa hc
Hng dn s dng cc phn mm m phng nh Matlab, LTspice, SW

Cad III, BodeCad, Swift Desinger, TPS 40 Desinger, LoPwrDC Desinger
Phng php nghin cu:
Ch yu l phng php tng hp v phn tch trn c s l thuyt c.
Ngoi ra, cn thng k, so snh la chn phng n ti u.
5. ng gp v mt khoa hc ca lun vn
Gii thiu v lm r l thuyt c bn v ngun chuyn mch.
Xy dng th nghim cng c thit k ngun chuyn mch mt cch
nhanh chng v tin li nh phn mm m phng.
6. ngha thc t ca lun vn
Cung cp c s l thuyt cho vic phn tch v thit k b ngun chuyn
mch.
nh gi cht lng v hiu sut vi loi ngun chuyn mch.
7. Kt cu ca lun vn
Lun vn gm 4 chng vi 3 chng l thuyt v mt chng trnh by
phn m phng. Ngoi ra cn c phn m u v danh mc ti liu tham
kho.
Chng
Tng quan chung v cc yu cu ca b

ngun trong thit b in t
1.1. Tng quan chung
1.1.1. V tr v tm quan trng ca b ngun trong h thng

Ngun in trong cc h thng in t ng vai tr ht sc quan trng.
l ni cung cp nng lng in cho h thng hot ng cng nh tri tim
cung cp mu i nui c th. V vy c th ni rng vic to ra b ngun
cht lng cao c vai tr quyt nh ti s sng cn ca c h thng.
Cc h thng in t ngy nay u s dng nng lng ca dng in
mt chiu, vic cp ngun mt chiu c th thc hin bng cch s dng
cc ngun pin, acquy, pin mt tri nhng cc ngun ny khng c tnh n
nh (ngun yu i sau mt thi gian hoc ph thuc qu nhiu vo iu
kin bn ngoi). Do , vi cc h thng yu cu hot ng tin cy trong
mt thi gian di th yu cu b ngun phi m bo v n nh cao v
phm vi n nh rng. p ng c yu cu cc b ngun dng
trong thit b in t u s dng phng n ti u l ly ngun cung cp
chnh t ng dy in lc, ng thi kt hp vi ngun d phng l pin
hoc my pht in.
Tuy nhin, phn quan trng nht quyt nh tnh n nh ca b
ngun li khng ph thuc vo cch dng ngun chnh hay ngun d phng
v sau chng u cn i qua phn n nh m bo u ra khng i.
Chng ta s lm r iu ny cc phn tip theo y.
1.1.2. Cc loi ngun s dng trong thit b in t

Cng vi s pht trin khng ngng ca ngnh cng nghip in t, cc b
ngun cng lin tc c thay i p ng nhng yu cu ngy cng cao
v cht lng cng nh s a dng trong mc ch s dng.
S n nh ca ngun cung cp quyt nh s an ton cho thit b, tng

s chnh xc trong hot ng v ko di tui th ca chng, hin nay vic
n nh ny c thc hin hon ton t ng vi cht lng rt cao.
u vo
ac
u ra dc
n nh
Hnh 1. 1: S khi n gin ca mt b ngun
Khi 1: Bin p
Khi 2: Nn v lc s cp
Khi 3: Ngun d phng
Khi 4: B n nh
T s trn c th thy rt r l s khc bit ca cc b ngun to
ra cht lng khc nhau chnh l khi 4. B n nh.
Khi 1 v 2 c mt s s thng dng nh hnh di y:
+
Ui
ac
TR
C2
C1
Rt
Uo
dc
+
+
Ui
ac
TR
C1
C2
Rt
Uo
dc
Hnh 1. 2: S mch chnh lu v lc ngun
Phn t c bn trong b n nh c gi l phn t hiu chnh (PTHC).

Da vo phn t ny ta c th phn loi cc b ngun nh sau:
+ Da vo cch mc phn t hiu chnh vi ti, ta c b ngun n nh song
song v b n nh ni tip.
+ Da vo loi dng in m b n nh lm vic, ta c b ngun n nh
xoay chiu v b ngun n nh mt chiu.
+ Da vo c tnh lm vic ca PTHC, ta c b n nh lin tc (tuyn
tnh) v b n nh ngt qung (b n nh chuyn mch).
Sau y ta ch xt mt s mch n nh tuyn tnh v mch n nh
chuyn mch thy c u nhc im ca tng loi m la chn cho
ph hp vi yu cu.
1.2. nh gi cc phng n thit k ngun n nh
1.2.1. B ngun tuyn tnh

Nh ni phn trn s khc nhau c bn ca cc b ngun chnh l
PTHC. V vy trong phn ny ta s xt ti mt s s in hnh vi PTHC
khc nhau nhn ra c u khuyt im ca b ngun tuyn tnh.
1.2.1.1. Phn t hiu chnh mc song song vi ti
B n nh ny kh n gin, PTHC l diode Zene hoc in tr nhit
Tecmitto c mc song song vi ti theo s nh hnh di y:
Rcb
Vi
khng n nh
Vo
n nh
Rt
D
ZENER
Rcb
+
R
Vi
khng n nh
-
Rt
Vo
n nh
Rdc
Hnh 1. 3: S n nh dng diode Zene v Tecmitto
10
Trong s th nht, ni tr ca diode Zene gim theo s gia tng ca

in p ngc t vo, khi Uz = Iz . Rz const, tc l gi cho in p
gia hai u in tr ti Rt n nh.
Trong s th hai, nhit tr RT c ch to bng cht bn dn c h s
nhit m, khi nhit tng 1000C th in tr bn thn ca RT gim xung
t 20 400 ln. Khi in p u vo tng th dng cng tng lm cho nhit
tr nng ln, dn n in tr ca n gim xung, kt qu l tng tr ca
nhnh RT, Rp song song vi ti gim xung, st p trn Rcb tng v gi cho
Vo n nh.
T s nguyn l v hot ng ca cc mch trn c th nhn thy
rng chng c u im l n gin nhng kh nng n nh ca mch hon
ton ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca vt liu ch to linh kin lm PTHC.
Thm na, cc mch ny ch c th to ra c in p thp n nh t in
p cao hn, tc l khng th nng c in p ln khi n b gim. Mt
khc, bn thn cc PTHC ny lm tiu hao mt phn cng sut kh ln nn
nh hng ti hiu sut ca ton mch.
1.2.1.2. Phn t hiu chnh mc ni tip vi ti
B n nh ny cn gi l b n nh c hi tip, khi h s n nh cao
v cng sut ra ln.
Uv
in p mt chiu
cha n nh
Phn t
hiu chnh
B
khuch i
Ngun chun
Ur
in p
mt chiu n nh
Ti
Mch
hi tip
B
so snh
Hnh 1. 4: S khi ca b n nh c hi tip
PTHC c iu khin bng tn hiu mt chiu t b khuch i. Trong

s ny PTHC l cc BJT hoc FET loi cng sut lm vic ch
khuch i, khi ni tr ca chng bin i theo in p ra, nu bng
11
cch no iu khin c s thay i ca ni tr ny ta s lm cho in

p trn ti n nh.
Mch hi tip ly in p ra hoc mt phn in p ra a v b so snh.
B so snh thc hin vic so snh in p ra ca mch hi tip vi ngun
in p chun. Kt qu so snh l in p mt chiu c a ti PTHC sau
khi qua b khuch i tng kh nng iu khin.
Ngun chun to ra in p n nh khng ph thuc vo s thay i ca
in p vo hay in p ra cung cp cho b so snh. Ngun chun
thng dng diode Zene to in p chun n nh.
nh gi u nhc im ca b ngun tuyn tnh c hi tip ta xt s
ph bin sau y:
D1
Q1
Io
R1
B khuch i sai s
T1
Vo
Vi
ac
R2
D2
Vref
Khuch i
dng
Hnh 1. 5: B ngun tuyn tnh c hi tip
Trong , Transistor hot ng ch tuyn tnh, c ni tr thay i

in p ra lun l hng s. B khuch i sai s thc cht l b so snh mt
phn in p ra (ly qua b chia p R1, R2) vi in p chun Vref. in
p ra ca b khuch i sai s iu khin cc gc ca BJT thng qua b
khuch i dng in.
Nu in p ng ra tng (do tng in p ng vo hoc do gim dng ti)
th in p cc pht ca BJT tng, trong khi in p cc gc gim v tn
hiu hi tip a ti b so snh l hi tip m, do ni tr ca BJT tng
ln, st p trn BJT tng v in p ng ra gim xung. in p mi c
to ra li tip tc c so snh vi in p mu ti khi t trng thi cn
bng vi in p mu. Nhng khi in p ng ra gim, qu trnh trn li
khng din ra ngc li.
Nh vy c th thy khuyt im r rng ca b n nh tuyn tnh c
hi tip l:
12
Ch to c in p thp t in p cao hn
Ng vo v ng ra khng c cch ly v mt mt chiu
Ton b dng ti qua transistor, transistor ny lm vic lin tc ch
tuyn tnh nn tn hao l qu ln. Trong hu ht cc trng hp
st p trn transistor l 2.5V i vi loi NPN v 1V i vi loi
PNP.
Khi in p DC th ly ra t cun th cp ca bin p c chnh lu,
v s dng t lc ln lc gn sng v ngha, thng chn s vng
dy cun th cp in p th cp chnh lu l Vo + 2.5V khi ng vo
AC mc dung sai nh. Nhng khi in p AC c dung sai ln th sai lch
s ln hn v tn hao trn PTHC s ln hn v do vy hiu sut cp ngun
s gim i.
chng minh cho iu ny c th xem xt v d sau:
Vo
V
Io
A
5
15
20
10
10
10
Vdc(min) Vdc(max)
V
V
7.5
17.5
32.5
Vi sai(max)
V
9.25
22.8
42.25
4.75
7.75
12.25
Pi(max) Po(max)
W
W
97.5
228
423
50
150
300
Tn hao
Qmax
Hiu sut
Po/Pi(max) %
47.5
78
123
51.25
65.9
71
Bng trn cho thy cc gi tr tng ng ca mch khi dung sai ng vo

AC l 15%.
in p DC th c chn l (Vo + 2.5V) khi in p ng vo AC mc
dung sai nh 15%. Khi , u vo DC t gi tr cc i l 1.3(Vo +
2.5V) khi in p ng vo AC mc dung sai ln +15%. Ngoi ra, t bng
cng thy rng nu in p ra Vo ln th hiu sut cao hn so vi khi
in p ra nh.
1.2.1.3. Phn t hiu chnh l vi mch tch hp (IC)
IC n p c 3 cc: cc vo, cc ra v cc chung. Mi loi IC c ch
to vi cc mc in p ra chun dng hoc m, v vy mch n nh in
p bng IC cng c chia lm 2 loi l mch n p dng v mch n p
m.
79L05
78L05
OUT
C1
C2
Vo
n nh
OUT
COM
Vi
khng n nh
Vi
khng n nh
COM
IN
C2
C1
IN
Hnh 1. 6: S mch n p dng v m dng IC n p

Vo
n nh
13
Vi mch tch hp c s dng trong cc b ngun n nh tuyn tnh

thc cht l mt mch bao gm y cc thnh phn ca mt s n p
c hi tip, c mch hn ch dng v bo v qu p. iu ny khin cho
vic n nh ngun tr nn n gin v thun li cho ngi s dng. Tuy
nhin, cc mch ny thng c dng nh (v d hai loi 78L05 v 79L05
nh hnh trn ch cho dng 100mA) v khi dng ln (t 3A tr ln) th IC
phi c v bc kim loi vi gi thnh cao v tn hao bn trong ca cc
transistor cng kh ln.
Tm li, u im ln nht ca b ngun n nh tuyn tnh l s n
gin trong s , nhng nhc im c bn li tng i nhiu, c th k ra
l:
S dng bin p ngun vi tn s thp (50 60Hz) nn kch thc v
trng lng ln
Tiu th cng sut ln trn PTHC. Dng ph ti cng ln, di n nh
in p cng rng th PTHC tiu th cng sut cng ln. V vy, b
ngun tuyn tnh ch lm vic vi dng ng ra nh hn 5A.
Hiu sut ca mch thp (thng t 30% - 60%)
Kch thc ca PTHC ln v phi to nhit, mt cng sut ti ra
ch t 0.2 0.3W/in3, ngha l tng i ln vi h thng nh lm
bng IC.
1.2.2. B ngun chuyn mch

Vo cui nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, ngi ta to ra c mt loi
ngun n nh mi l ngun ngt qung (ngun xung) hay cn gi l ngun
chuyn mch (SMPS Switching Mode Power Supply). B ngun ny lm
vic vi hiu sut cao (t 80 trn 90%), di in p lm vic rng v kch
thc, trng lng nh nh.
S khi ca b ngun chuyn mch c cho trong hnh 1.7. Ch
rng s ny l s y vi ngun cp ban u l ngun in li
xoay chiu, tu nhng iu kin c th m s ca b ngun thc t c
th khng c mt s khi. V d, nu b ngun chuyn mch dng pin hay
acquy th khng cn c khi (1) Khi lc nhiu u vo v (2) Khi nn
v lc s cp.
14
(1)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(10)
(9)
(8)
(6)
(7)
Hnh 1. 7: S khi ca b ngun chuyn mch
Trong :
1). Lc nhiu tn s cao
2). B nn v lc s cp
3). Phn chuyn mch chnh
4). B nn v lc th cp
5). Hi tip ly mu in p ra
6). Khuch i sai lch ca in p ly mu v in p chun (thc cht l
b so snh c khuch i)
7). B to in p chun
8). B to xung tam gic
9). B iu ch rng xung
10). B khuch i kch thch v o pha iu khin phn chuyn mch
chnh.
Tn s cng tc ca b ngun xung (tn s chuyn mch) thng t
10KHz n 500KHz. S d c gi tr ny v nu tn s thp th kh lc th
cp, kch thc linh kin (cun chn, t lc) ln, gi thnh cng nh kch
thc ca ngun tng. Nu tn s qu cao th nng lng in s pht x ti
ch, khi nng lng in s bin thnh nng lng t trng, in
trng v nhit, lm gim hiu sut ca b ngun. Hn na, trong di tn
10KHz 500KHz, bin p dng li ferit c t thm hiu dng ln, nn
s vng dy s gim i rt nhiu, tc l gim c kch thc v trng
lng ca bin p, cun chn so vi b ngun thng thng c cng cng
sut.
15
Phn chuyn mch chnh s dng cc BJT v MOSFET cng sut ln,
tn s chuyn mch cao, lm vic ch ngt / m nn tn hao cng sut
rt nh, to nhit n gin.
T cc c im trn lm cho SMPS c cc u im vt tri so vi b
ngun tuyn tnh nh sau:
Phn t chuyn mch tch cc hot ng mt trong hai ch ng
hoc ngt nn kh nng truyn ti cng sut ln hn nhiu so vi
ch tuyn tnh. Nh vy hiu sut cao (80 90%) trong khi cc b
ngun tuyn tnh c hiu sut thp (<60%)
Khng s dng bin p ngun 50/60Hz u vo, do vy gim thiu
kch thc v trng lng ca b ngun.
Di lm vic n nh rng cho nhiu u ra khc nhau
bn v tui th cao,
Kch thc v trng lng nh gn.
Gi thnh r.
Tuy nhin, c th thy ngay rng SMPS c cu trc phc tp v khi o
lng cc thng s cn ch ti nhiu in t EMI
a ra nhng minh chng st thc hn chng ta s phn tch k cu
trc cng nh hot ng ca SMPS cc chng tip theo. Tuy nhin, qua
phn tch s b trn c th khng nh rng SMPS l mt b ngun cht
lng cao. Phn cn li ca lun vn s ch cp ti loi ngun ny, loi
ngun dng trong thit b in t p ng c yu cu ngy cng kht
khe v cht lng cng nh cnh tranh v gi c.
1.3. Cc yu cu ca b ngun chuyn mch
Nh ni phn trn, SMPS bao gm nhiu khi, v vy a ra c

yu cu ca c b ngun mt cch chi tit ta s phn tch n theo s khi
thy c cc yu cu ring ca tng khi.
1.3.1. Khi lc nhiu u vo

Cu trc:
Lch
C1
C2
Hnh 1. 8: Khi lc nhiu u vo

16
Khi ny c nhim v lc b cc nhiu cao tn. Trong khng gian c rt

nhiu cc nhiu cao tn pht ra t cc thit b in t c ngun pht x RFI.
Thm na, bn thn ngun xung cng l ngun to ra cc thnh phn tn s
cao gy nhiu cho cc thit b xung quanh.
B lc s chn li cc tn hiu nhiu khng a ra ng dy, ng
thi n cng chn cc xung nhiu RFI t ngoi khng cho nh hng ti b
ngun (c bit l khi chuyn mch)
B lc gm cc t lc cao tn v bin p cao tn. Bin p ny c rt t
vng dy, c nhim v chn nhiu cao tn i xng t u vo v u ra
nhng tr khng ca n li coi nh bng khng vi dng cung cp tn s
50 - 60Hz. T lc cao tn c in dung ch vi chc nF, vi nhim v lc
nhiu cao tn khng i xng t u vo v u ra, tr khng ca cc t
ny rt ln (coi nh ) vi dng cung cp tn s 50 60Hz.
T nhim v nh trn ca khi lc nhiu cao tn, ta thy khi ny cn
m bo:
Cu trc nh gn
Lc RFI trong khi khng gy nh hng g ti tn s c bn 50
60Hz
Khng gy suy gim tn hiu, khng lm tn tht nng lng in.
1.3.2. Khi nn v lc s cp
B ngun c u vo l ngun AC nn phi c phn nn v lc s cp trc
khi a vo phn chuyn mch chnh. Ngun AC c th l 1 pha hoc 3
pha, tuy nhin trong thit b in t do cc b ngun ch yu cu cng sut
nh v va nn ch s dng ngun AC 1 pha (220V, 50/60 Hz).
Cc s thng dng ca khi ny c cp trong phn 1.1 ca
chng 1 nn y ch nu ra yu cu cht lng cho khi nn v lc s
cp nh sau:
To ra in p DC c n nh tt, tc l gn sng cng nh
cng tt
Cc linh kin, c bit l diode phi c kh nng chu in p ngc
v dng in ngc ln v loi ngun chuyn mch khng dng bin
p, ngha l in p 220V AC c trc tip chnh lu nn cc tham
s ny ln hn rt nhiu so vi mch c s dng bin p ngun. Tuy
nhin, cng sut tn hao di dng nhit ca diode phi cng nh
cng tt.
17
loi b cc thnh phn gn sng ca in p ra sau khi nn, cn s

dng cc mch lc ngun. Nhng mch lc ngun khng c ph v ch
hot ng bnh thng ca mch chnh lu, khng c gy mo thm,
khng c gy ra qu trnh qu lm hng van chnh lu, tn s dao
ng ring ca b lc phi khc xa tn s ca thnh phn gn sng m n
phi lc trnh hin tng cng hng lm ph hng ch hot ng
ca mch nn, v tn hao trn mch lc phi nh.
1.3.3. Khi chuyn mch tn s cao, nn v lc th cp

Khi ny cn c gi l b bin i DC/DC v u vo l mt chiu v
u ra cng l mt chiu. y l khi c bn ca ngun chuyn mch, vic
phn tch cu trc ca khi ny tm ra c phng n ti u c trnh
by k trong chng 2 v chng 3. y, ch cp ti yu cu cht
lng ca b DC/DC:
Tiu th cng sut nh trn phn t chuyn mch tng hiu sut
ca mch.
Mt cng sut ti ra t mc cao (loi ph bin l 1 4W/inch2 v
loi c bit l 40 50W/inch2)
Mch n gin nhng hiu sut cao.
Cng sut, in p v dng in u ra ph hp vi yu cu ca tng
ng dng
1.3.4. Khi iu khin

Khi iu khin ca ngun chuyn mch gm cc khi 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
Vic phn tch cu trc ca khi ny s c trnh by c th trong chng
3. Tuy nhin, c th nhn ra yu cu ca khi ny nh sau:
To ra cc xung vung rng bin i ngc vi in p trn ti
iu khin cc transistor chuyn mch. C th iu khin c in
p trung bnh ng ra bng cch thay i dy xung vung ny.
to ra dy xung vung c rng xung thay i ngi ta c th thc
hin theo cch gi cho tn s c nh hoc thay i tn s trong khi
gi cho thi gian khng c xung c nh.
Cung cp cng sut kch thch cho cc chuyn mch chnh
Bo v qu dng v qu p trn ti
Bo v kh in p vo qu thp hoc qu cao.
18
Kt lun:
Khi cp ngun dng cho cc thit b in t c th c thit k theo
hai phng n l ngun tuyn tnh hoc ngun chuyn mch. Theo nhng
phn tch trn th ngun chuyn mch c nhiu u th hn c, y chnh
l xu hng pht trin ca k thut cp ngun trong thi gian qua. Vi
nhng u im hon ton vt tri ca mnh, loi ngun ny xut hin
trong hu ht cc thit b in t hin i.
Tuy nhin, cng nhn thy ngay rng c c nhng u im ,
ngun chuyn mch c cu trc phc tp v rt a dng tu vo nhng ng
dng khc nhau. Vi nhng bc tin khng ngng ca k thut tch hp
th hin nay cc b ngun chuyn mch cng c n gin ho kh nhiu
v phn ln mch c tch hp trong cc IC chnh (v d nh IC iu
khin).
Vic xc nh c yu cu c bn ca b ngun chuyn mch dng
trong thit b in t s gip cho vic thit k b ngun c chnh xc v
t hiu qu cao. Cc chng tip theo s phn tch l thuyt v a ra cc
cu hnh mch p ng c cc yu cu .
19
Chng
2
B bin i in p DC/DC
Nh ni trn, b bin i DC/DC l mt trong nhng phn quan trng

nht ca mt SMPS, v vy vic nghin cu k thut bin i DC/DC l rt
cn thit. C th ni, k thut bin i DC/DC l mt hng nghin cu
quan trng ca lnh vc in t cng sut vi thi gian pht trin tng i
di (t u nhng nm 20 ca th k 20). Cc b bin i DC/DC c s
dng rng ri trong cc thit b in t khc nhau v c cc b iu khin
ng c mt chiu. Cc b bin i DC/DC pht trin rt nhanh v chim
th phn thm ch cn ln hn c cc b AC/DC, theo hai hng chnh l
in p thp v mt cng sut cao.
Khi yu cu v ngun cung cp mt chiu in p thp ngy cng tr nn
cp bch th k thut bin i DC/DC c dp pht trin nhanh vi dng
mch s khai l cc mch ngt qung. hiu c cc xu hng pht
trin ca b DC/DC, phn tip theo y s gii thiu cc mch ngt qung
l mch nguyn l bin i in p DC/DC v cc b DC/DC tin tin.
Sau s i vo chi tit phn tch s pht trin ca k thut bin i
DC/DC v a ra m hnh mch la chn.
2.1. Phng php bin i in p DC/DC
Cc phng php bin i in p DC/DC da trn hot ng ca mch

ngt qung. Tu vo chiu ca in p v dng in li ra, ngi ta chia
hot ng ca mch ngt qung thnh 4 ch : A, B, C, D. C th m t
iu ny trong hnh 2.1:
V
Ch B
Ch A
Ch C
Ch D
Hnh 2. 1: 4 ch hot ng ca mch ngt qung
20
Trong :
Ch A: in p dng, dng in dng

Ch B: in p dng, dng in m
Ch C: in p m, dng in m
Ch D: in p m, dng in dng
Nguyn tc chung ca vic bin i in p DC/DC chnh l bm nh
dng in p lin tc ban u thnh dy xung, khi in p trung bnh ca
dy xung ny c th thay i c nh thay i rng xung ca dy xung
. Nh vy c th s dng thm b lc thng thp ly ra c in p
DC u ra vi gi tr tu chn.
2.1.1. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch A

in p v dng in ra u mang du dng. S mch v dng sng
in p tng ng c cho trong hnh 2.2. Chuyn mch S c th l cc
linh kin bn dn nh BJT, IGBT hoc MOSFET.
Vi
Vp
S
Io
Vi
Vp
Vo
Vo
Vo
-
Ton T
kT
Hnh 2. 2: S mch v dng sng ca mch ngt qung ch A
Tu theo trng thi ng / m ca chuyn mch S m in p Vp c dng

lin tc / ngt qung tng ng. Gi s tt c cc linh kin trong mch u
l tng (cha c b lc thng thp LC) th in p trung bnh ca Vp(t) l
Vo c tnh theo cng thc sau:
T
Vo =
T
T
T
1
1 on
V
(
t
)
dt
=
(
V
dt
+
0dt ) = on Vi = k.Vi
p
i
T0
T 0
T
Ton
(2. 1)
21
Trong :
T = 1/f, f l tn s ngt qung ca chuyn mch S.

Ton l thi gian chuyn mch dn, k c gi l h s dn.
Nh vy, nu thay i h s dn k th in p u ra s thay i theo v
n nh hn in p u vo v 0< k< 1. Tuy nhin, in p trn ti c dng
khng lin tc, gim thiu gn sng ca in p ny ngi ta mc
thm mt b lc thng thp LC nh hnh v v khi Vo c th coi nh l
tng s c dng ng thng khng i.
Mch ngt qung ch A chnh l mch c s xy dng b n nh
Buck (b n nh gim p), s ni chi tit trong phn 2.2.
2.1.2. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch B

S mch v cc dng in p c trng ca mch ngt qung hot
ng ch B c cho trong hnh 2.3.
Vi
D
L
Io
Vp
Vi
t
Toff
+ Vo
Vp
-
Vo
-
Vo
Ton T
kT T
Hnh 2. 3: S mch v dng sng ca mch ngt qung ch B
Trong mch ny in p u ra mang du dng v dng in u ra

mang du m. Khi coi cc linh kin l l tng, in p trung bnh ca Vp
c tnh theo cng thc:
T
T
T
Toff
1
1 on
Vp(avr) = V p (t )dt = ( 0dt + Vidt ) =
Vi = (1 k )Vi
T 0
T 0
T
Ton
Trong :
Toff l thi gian m chuyn mch ngt Toff = T - Ton

k l h s dn, k = Ton/T
(2. 2)
22
Cng thc (2.2) cho thy v 0 < k < 1 nn Vi > Vp(avr), tc l nu cung
cp in p u vo ti Vo, in p u ra Vi s ln hn in p cung cp
u vo. Do , mch ngt qung hot ng ch B l mch c s
xy dng b n nh Boost (b n nh tng cng), s ni chi tit phn
2.2.
2.1.3. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch C

Vi
Vp
Io
Vi
+
+
C
Vp
Vo
Vo
Vo
Ton T
kT T
t
Hnh 2. 4: S mch v dng sng ca mch ngt qung ch C
Vi s mch ny c in p v dng in ra u mang du m. Cng

thc tnh in p u ra (gi tr tuyt i) ging mch ch A. Tc l
ging biu thc (2.1):
Vo =
Trong :
Ton
Vi = k .Vi
T
Ton l thi gian dn ca chuyn mch trong chu k T.

k l h s dn, k = Ton/T
2.1.4. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch D

S mch v dng sng in p c cho hnh 2.5. Trong mch ny
in p u ra mang du m cn dng in ra mang du dng. Cch tnh
in p (gi tr tuyt i) ging nh mch ch B. Tc l:
Vp(avr) =
Toff
T
Vi = (1 k )Vi
23
Vi
+
S
+
Vp
Vp
t
Toff
Vi
Io
C
Vo
Vo
+
Vo
Ton T
kT T
Hnh 2. 5: S mch v dng sng ca mch ngt qung ch D
2.1.5. Mch ngt qung hot ng c 4 ch

Mch ny c s nh sau:
S1
D3
L
Vo
+
Vi
D2
S2
S3
D1
D4
S4
Hnh 2. 6: S tng qut ca mch ngt qung hot ng 4 ch
Vi s mch nh trn, in p u vo dng, in p u ra v dng

u ra cng c th dng v cng c th m. T s tng qut ny c th
thy trng thi ca cc chuyn mch v ca cc diode cc ch n
c cho trong bng sau:
S/D
S1
D1
S2
D2
S3
D3
Ch A
Hot ng
Khng hot ng
Khng hot ng
Hot ng
Khng hot ng
Khng hot ng
Ch B
Khng hot ng
Hot ng
Hot ng
Khng hot ng
Khng hot ng
Khng hot ng
Ch C
Ch D
Khng hot ng
Hot ng
Hot ng
Khng hot ng
ng
Khng hot ng
Hot ng
Khng hot ng
Khng hot ng
Hot ng
Khng hot ng
ng
24
S4
D4
u
ra
ng
Khng hot ng
Vo +, Io +
Vo = k.Vi
Khng hot ng
ng
Vo +, Io
Vo = (1-k).Vi
Khng hot ng
Khng hot ng
Vo - , Io
Vo = - k.Vi
Khng hot ng
Khng hot ng
Vo -, Io +
Vo = - (1-k).Vi
Cc b bin i DC/DC hot ng da trn nguyn l ca mch ngt

qung, chng khng ch c ng dng trong vic thit k ngun chuyn
mch m cn l c s xy dng cc mch iu khin ng c (mt xu
hng pht trin khng km phn quan trng ca b bin i DC/DC).
2.2. Cc b bin i in p DC/DC
Theo thng k cha y , hin c khong 500 loi mch khc nhau ca
b bin i DC/DC. Do vy, vic phn loi cc kiu mch ny l cn thit
thy c u nhc im ca tng loi, t xc nh phm vi ng dng
c th cho chng. C th phn chia cc loi mch ca b bin i DC/DC
thnh 6 th h nh sau:
Th h th nht: cc b bin i c s
Th h th hai: cc b bin i hot ng nhiu ch
Th h th ba: cc b bin i vi cc phn t chuyn mch SI/SC
Th h th t: cc b bin i chuyn mch mm ZCS/ZVS/ZT
Th h th nm: cc b bin i vi mch chnh lu ng b SR
Th h th su: cc b bin i vi nhiu phn t tch tr nng lng
cng hng t MER.
Nh vy, c th hnh dung rng vic nghin cu y v b bin i
DC/DC l mt cng vic kh khn, i hi thi gian cng nh kin thc cc
k ln. Trong khun kh c hn ca mt lun vn thc s k thut, y s
ch trnh by nhng vn c bn nht, c th l v b bin i DC/DC th
h th nht (phn tch hot ng v thit k chi tit). Tuy nhin, nm bt
vn mt cch tng quan tc gi vn xin trnh by s lc v cc b bin
i th h sau .
2.2.1. B bin i th h th nht

Cc b bin i th h th nht l cc b bin i c s hot ng ch
n (A, B, C hoc D) v trong di cng sut thp (di 100W). Ngi ta
25
phn chia cc b bin i in p DC/DC th h th nht thnh 5 nhm

theo trnh t xut hin ca chng:
B bin i c bn
B bin i kiu bin p
B bin i ci tin
B bin i nhn p
B bin i siu nhn p
2.2.1.1. B bin i c bn
B bin i ny bao gm cc loi: b bin i Buck, Boost v Buck Boost.
y l cc mch c s t xy dng cc b bin i DC/DC, v thc
cht chng l cc mch ngt qung hot ng ch n vi 2 nhc
im chnh l:
C s lin h mt chiu gia u vo v u ra
gn ca in p u ra l rt ln
B bin i Buck
S mch v dng sng u vo / ra ca mch c cho trong hnh 2.7
nh sau:
L
i1
i2
V1
V2
-
S dn
i1
S ngt
kT
i2
kT
Hnh 2. 7: S mch nguyn l v dng sng vo / ra ca b bin i Buck
Kho S v diode D lun phin lm vic ch dn v ngt, trong khi

dng qua cun dy chy lin tc.
26
B bin i ny chnh l mch ngt qung hot ng ch A, do

in p u ra V2 c tnh theo cng thc (2.1) nh ni phn 2.1.
V2 =
Ton
V1 = k . V1
T
Vi Ton l thi gian dn ca kho S. k c gi l h s dn k = Ton/T

V k lun nh hn 1 nn b bin i Buck cn gi l b gim in p.
N c s dng khi cn in p DC u ra nh hn in p DC u vo
vi h s k c th iu chnh c. Vic phn tch hot ng v thit k cho
b bin i ny c trnh by c th trong chng 3.
B bin i Boost
S mch nguyn l v dng sng ca dng vo v ra nh hnh 2.8.
Kho S v diode D lun phin lm vic ch dn v ngt, trong khi
dng qua cun dy chy lin tc.
L
i2
i1
+
+
+
V1
-
S dn
V2
i1
kT
i2
S ngt
kT
Hnh 2. 8: S mch nguyn l v dng sng vo / ra ca b bin i Boost
27
B bin i Boost chnh l mch ngt qung hot ng ch B. in

p c tnh theo cng thc (2.2). Do V2 c tnh nh sau:
V2 =
T
1
V1 =
V1
Toff
1 k
V 0 < k < 1 nn V2 > V1. Nh vy b bin i cho php in p u ra

ln hn in p u vo, ngi ta gi b bin i Boost l b bin i
tng cng. Mch ny cho php to ra in p u ra DC ln hn in p
u vo DC vi h s k thay i c. Vic phn tch hot ng v thit k
cho b bin i ny c trnh by c th trong chng 3.
B bin i Buck Boost
S mch nguyn l v dng sng ca dng vo v ra ca b bin i
Buck Boost c cho trong hnh 2.9. Kho S v diode D lun phin lm
vic ch dn v ngt, trong khi dng qua cun dy chy lin tc.
D
i1
i2
V2
V1
i1
S dn
kT
i2
S ngt
kT
Hnh 2. 9: S mch nguyn l v dng sng vo / ra ca b bin i Buck-Boost
B bin i Buck Boost l b bin i c kh nng tng hoc gim p tu

vo gi tr k. in p u ra c tnh theo cng thc:
28
Ton
k
V1
V1 =
1 k
T Ton
V2 =
(2. 3)
Khi k > 1/2 th k > (1-k), ta c: V2 > V1

Khi k < 1/2 th k < (1-k), ta c: V2 < V1
Nh vy c th s dng b bin i ny to ra c in p c gi tr
tu , cao hn hoc thp hn in p u vo. V l do b bin i Buck
Boost c s dng tng i rng ri.
2.2.1.2. B bin i kiu bin p
Cc b bin i c bn ni phn trn c s lin h v phn mt chiu
t u vo ti u ra, h s tng in p cn tng i thp. ci thin
iu ny ngi ta a ra cc b bin i kiu bin p c kh nng cch ly
gia u vo v u ra, c h s truyn t in p cao (ph thuc vo loi
bin p c t s vng dy l bao nhiu).
B bin i kiu bin p c 6 dng chnh:
B bin i thun
- Forward Converter
B bin i kiu y ko
- Push Pull Converter
B bin i hi tip
- Fly back Converter
B bin i cu bn phn
- Half bridge Converter
B bin i cu
- Bridge Converter
B bin i ZETA
- ZETA Converter
B bin i thun
B bin i thun c s nh hnh 2.10. Chuyn mch S v diode D1 hot
ng ng / m mt cch ng b cn diode D2 lun phin ng / m.
Mch hot ng ch khng lin tc, v kho S ni tip vi cun s cp
u vo nn dng u vo khng lin tc.
D1
1:N
D2
V1
S
V2
-
Hnh 2. 10: S mch ca b bin i thun
29
B bin i thun thc cht l b bin i Buck nhng c thm h s N

ca bin p, do cn c gi l b bin i Buck kiu bin p, in p
u ra c tnh theo cng thc:
Vo = k.N.Vi
(2. 4)
Mch ny c s dng rng ri khi cng sut ng ra t 150 n 200W

vi in p DC ng vo bin i trong phm vi t 60 n 250V.
B bin i kiu y ko
y chnh l b bin i Boost lm vic trng thi y ko, iu ny s
hn ch mt cch hu hiu hin tng bo ho li thp ca bin p.
S mch cho hnh di y.
L
D1
1:N
R
+
Vi
-
S1
Vo
-
D2
S2
Hnh 2. 11: S mch ca b bin i y - ko
Trong mch c 2 kho S lm vic lun phin, in p u ra s c

nhn i, ngha l tnh theo cng thc:
Vo = 2.k.N.Vi
(2. 5)
Vi N l t s vng dy ca bin p, k l h s dn k = Ton / T

Mch ny s c trnh by chi tit trong chng 3.
B bin i hi tip
B bin i ny c s mch cho hnh di y. Cun dy s cp v th
cp ca bin p c mc ngc cc. Diode D v chuyn mch S lun phin
ng / m. Dng u vo b ngt qung theo s ng m ca chuyn mch
S.
D
1:N
+
+
.
Vi
Vo
-
Hnh 2. 12: S mch ca b bin i hi tip

30
B bin i hi tip cho in p u ra Vo tnh theo cng thc:

Vo =
k
NV1
1 k
(2. 6)
Mch bin i hi tip c u im c bit l khng s dng cun cm

ng ra bn th cp nh cc mch khc, do vy tit kim c chi ph mt
cch ng k. Mch c dng trong cc mch c in p ng ra ln
( 5000V nh iu chnh k v t s bin p N) nhng cng sut thp
(<15W). Hoc c th t cng sut u ra n 150W nu u vo DC
ln ( 160V).
B bin i cu bn phn
B bin i ny c cun dy th cp c gim thiu, s mch cho trong
hnh 2.13:
D1
C1
1:N
S1
C3
Vi
+
Vo
-
.
+
D2
C2
S2
Hnh 2. 13: S mch ca b bin i bn phn
in p u ra c tnh theo cng thc:

Vo = k.N.Vi
(2. 7)
Vic phn tch hot ng v thit k ca mch ny c phn tch chi

tit trong chng 3.
B bin i cu ton phn
B bin i cu ton phn s dng nhiu chuyn mch v do vy in p
u ra c tng gp i. S mch nh sau:
31
S1
S2
D1
1:N
C
C1
Vi
.
S3
+
Vo
D2
S4
Hnh 2. 14: S mch ca b bin i cu ton phn
Cng thc tnh in p u ra l:

Vo = 2.k.N.Vi
(2. 8)
Vic phn tch hot ng v thit k ca mch ny c phn tch chi

tit trong chng 3.
2.2.1.3. B bin i ci tin
Cc b bin i ci tin c to ra khc phc mt nhc im ln ca
b bin i c bn l c gn ln bng cch s dng thm b lc thng
thp. Khi ny gn ca in p u ra c ci thin ng k v ch cn
thp hn 2%.
Ngoi ra, b bin i ci tin cn cho php to ra c in p u ra c
ln tu , c th cao hn hoc thp hn so vi u vo. Tt c cc b
bin i ny u c cng thc tnh in p u ra l:
Vo =
k
Vi
1 k
(2. 9)
Cc b bin i ci tin bao gm cc loi chnh l: b bin i Luo v b

bin i Ck. (LUO v CK l tn ca hai nh nghin cu a ra cc kiu
mch ny)
B bin i Luo
B bin i ny c 3 dng l:
B bin i Luo c u ra dng (P/O)
B bin i Luo c u ra m (N/O)
B bin i Luo c 2 u ra dng v m (D/O)
C ba dng trn u c ci tin t b bin i Buck Boost. S mch
ca chng nh sau:
32
B bin i Luo P/O

C
S
Lo
+
Co
Vi
Vo
B bin i Luo N/O

Lo
Co
Vo
Vi
B bin i Luo D/O

S
C1
Di1
+
Vi
Lo1
+
Co1
L1
D1
u ra Vo+
Ro1
C2
+
L2
Di2
Co2
u ra Vo -
Ro2
Lo2
D2
Hnh 2. 15: S mch ca cc b bin i LUO
B bin i Ck
B bin i Ck c ci tin t b bin i Boost. S mch nh sau:
L
Lo
+
Vi
D
S1
Co
Ro
Vo
+
Hnh 2. 16: S mch ca b bin i Ck
33
B bin i Cuk c dng lin tc c hai ng vo v ra. Khi gi tr ca L

v Lo chn ln th c th ci thin ng k bin ca sng rng ca
ca dng u ra. Thm ch, nu qun L v Lo trn cng mt li th bin
ca sng ny c th gim xung 0 ( t c hiu sut ghp 100% th li
cun cm phi chn c cht lng rt cao v thng c gi thnh t).
2.2.1.4. B bin i nhn p
K thut nhn p l phng php nng cao in p u ra, n c p
dng rng ri trong vic thit k mch in t. Trong sut mt thi gian
di, k thut ny ngy cng hon thin v t c nhiu thnh cng trong
vic to ra cc b DC/DC c nhiu mc in p u ra.
Cc b nhn p cho php nng in p u ra t hng chc cho ti hng
trm ln. Cc b bin i loi ny bao gm cc loi: nhn i, nhn ba,
nhn bn v nhn nhiu tng.
2.2.1.5. B bin i siu nhn p
K thut nhn p l k thut c bn c ng dng rt nhiu v n m ra
hng thit k cc b bin i DC/DC c h s khuch i p cao. B bin
i nhn p thc hin da trn 3 mch Luo c bn ( ni phn trn). Tuy
nhin, tng h s khuch i p trong ch cng sut thp ngi ta xy
dng k thut siu nhn p. Khi in p u ra s tng theo tng tng
ca mch.
C 4 loi mch in hnh cho b bin i siu nhn p l:
B bin i Luo siu nhn p u ra dng
B bin i Luo siu nhn p u ra m
B bin i tng cng dng chui u ra dng
B bin i tng cng dng chui u ra m
2.2.2. B bin i th h th hai

Cc b bin i th h th hai l cc b bin i hot ng nhiu ch
(2 hoc 4 ch ) vi di cng sut u ra mc trung bnh (hng trm
Watt hoc cao hn). Dng mch ca chng c th chia thnh 2 nhnh
chnh:
c xy dng t cc mch ngt qung hot ng nhiu ch v
/ hoc cc b bin i th h th nht.
c xy dng bng cch s dng bin p
34
Nh bit, ch hot ng n yu cu s dng t nht 1 kho chuyn

mch. Do vy, b bin i hot ng 2 ch s cn t nht 2 kho, 4 ch
s cn t nht 4 kho. Nhng b bin i loi ny c to ra trn c s
cc b ngt qung tng ng v chng c s dng iu khin ng c
mt chiu.
B bin i Luo u ra dng / m (th h th nht) c ly lm c s
xy dng b bin i Luo nhiu ch hot ng.
B bin i nhiu ch hot ng kiu bin p c th thay i hng
dng in bng cch la chn cc ca bin p v diode chnh lu ph hp.
Cc loi chnh ca b bin i ny c xy dng t b bin i thun, b
bin i cu bn phn v b bin i cu.
2.2.3. B bin i th h th ba
Cc b bin i th h th ba c gi l cc b bin i chuyn mch t
in (hoc l cun dy). Chng hot ng 2 hoc 4 ch vi di cng
sut u ra ln (hng nghn Watt). V trong mch ch cha cc phn t
chuyn mch v hoc l t in, hoc l cun dy nn mch tng i nh,
trong khi mt cng sut v hiu sut cao.
2.2.3.1. B bin i chuyn mch t in
Trong b bin i ny ch cha t in, v khng c cun dy nn kch
thc ca mch rt nh. Ngoi ra, cc b bin i ny cn c u im vt
tri l tiu hao cng sut thp, nhiu in t nh, v bc x in t l khng
ng k. Nh cc u im b bin i DC/DC chuyn mch t in c
th c tch hp trong vi mch (IC), ngha l kch c c gim thiu rt
nhiu. Tuy nhin, khi u vo v u ra khc nhau nhiu th topo ca mch
chnh v mch iu khin tr nn cc k phc tp. Cc b bin i chuyn
mch t in thng lm vic ch n hoc y ko.
2.2.3.2. B bin i Luo chuyn mch t in hot ng nhiu ch
Vi cc u im nh ni trn, b bin i chuyn mch t in c
ng dng rt nhiu trong thit b. Nhng c nhiu ng dng yu cu b bin
i hot ng nhiu ch , v vy b bin i Luo chuyn mch t in
nhiu ch ra i (thng thng l 2 hoc 4 ch ).
35
2.2.3.3. B bin i chuyn mch t in y ko nhn p

Cc b bin i loi ny cho php to ra in p u ra ln nh k thut
nhn p, mt cng sut cao, nhiu EMI nh, kch thc nh nh ch
dng chuyn mch v t in, v hiu sut cao nh dng mch y ko.
2.2.3.4. B bin i chuyn mch cun dy hot ng nhiu ch
Nh ni trn, cc b bin i chuyn mch t in c nhiu u im
nhng cng c nhc im l mch tr nn phc tp hn khi c s sai khc
ln gia u vo v u ra, s lng t in khi y cng cn nhiu hn.
gii quyt iu ny ngi ta s dng b bin i chuyn i t in vi u
th c bit l bng cch ch s dng duy nht mt cun dy trong mch th
vn sai khc gia u vo v u ra khng cn l vn ln na. c
im ny v cng trng i vi lnh vc bin i cng sut ln.
Vic s dng mt cun dy thay cho cc t in thc s l mt ci tin ln
ca m hnh mch bin i DC/DC. Khi b bin i c cc u im l:
cu trc mch n gin, mch iu khin n gin, hiu sut cao, cng sut
ln, mt cng sut cao, kch thc nh gn, c kh nng iu chnh in
p u vo trong mt di rng v hot ng c nhiu ch (p ng
c nhiu ng dng).
2.2.4. B bin i th h th t
Cc b bin i DC/DC th h th t c gi l cc b bin i chuyn
mch mm (b bin i chuyn mch cng hng). Bng cch da trn
hin tng cng hng m cc b bin i ny hot ng c lp vi ti.
C 3 dng chnh cho b bin i th h th t:
Chuyn mch dng zero (ZCS)
Chuyn mch p zero (ZVS)
Chuyn mch chuyn tip zero (ZT)
Hu ht cc b bin i ny hot ng ch n nhng chng cng
c th hot ng 2 hoc 4 ch vi di cng sut u ra cao (hng nghn
Watt).
K thut chuyn mch cng hng cho php gii quyt vn mt mt
nng lng trong sut qu trnh chuyn mch ng v chuyn mch ngt.
Nh vy gim thiu nng lng b suy hao, ng ngha vi vic tng hiu
sut ca mch. C 3 trng thi cng hng l cng hng hon ton, cng
hng ti u v ta cng hng. Tuy nhin ch c trng thi th ba c 2
36
im qua zero trong chu k lp li nn trng thi ta cng hng c ng

dng to ra cc b bin i ZCS v ZVS ta cng hng.
2.2.5. B bin i th h th nm
Cc b bin i th h th nm c gi l cc b bin i DC/DC chnh
lu ng b. Hng pht trin ny l nhm phc v cho ngnh thit b my
tnh p ng c cc yu cu: tiu th cng sut siu thp, mt IC
cao, khong cch gia cc tng cng hp cng tt, cc b cp ngun vi
iu p u ra nh, dng ln Intel l hng i u trong nhng nghin
cu v vn ny, cc dng vi x l Pentium I, II, III v IV u s dng
ngun 3.3V. Trong tng lai, my tnh cn gia tng b nh, tc th nhu
cu v in p ngun cung cp cn gim rt nhiu na, v d 2.5, 1.8, 1.5,
thm ch l 1.1V. Hin nhin l cc ngun in p thp nh th khng th
c c nh cc b chnh lu cu truyn thng v in p ri trn diode l
qu ln. T u nhng nm 90 ngi ta to ra loi MOSFET mi c tr
khng khi dn ch t 6 8m, khi y in p ri thun ch t 0.05 0.2V.
Dng mch c bn ca cc b bin i chnh lu ng b c xy dng
t b bin i thun v s dng cc mch ghim tch cc, bin p phng,
chuyn mch mm v mch tng dng.
2.2.6. B bin i th h th su
y l th h cc b bin i cng hng vi nhiu phn t tch tr nng
lng c c hiu sut truyn t cng sut ti u t u vo ti u ra.
C hai dng chnh l:
B bin i cng hng DC/DC
B bin i cng hng DC/AC
Cc b bin i ny s dng 2, 3 hoc 4 phn t tch tr nng lng l t
in hoc cun dy vi nhiu cch ni khc nhau theo kiu ni tip hoc
song song. Khi y s c 8 m hnh mch cho loi 2 phn t, 38 m hnh
mch cho loi 3 phn t v 98 m hnh mch cho loi 4 phn t.
37
Kt lun:
Cc s nguyn l ca b bin i DC/DC gm rt nhiu loi nhng xt
cho cng chng u xut pht t cc s c bn thuc b bin i th h
th nht. Nhm mc ch nng cao hiu sut ca mch m ngi ta lin tc
ci tin vi cu trc ngy cng phc tp v i su vo nghin cu cc phn
ng ca cc phn t c tnh cht cng hng l t in v cun dy. Ngoi
ra tnh phc tp ca mch cn th hin s lng cc chuyn mch s dng
trong s mch, xem hnh di y:
Hnh 2. 17: S mch ca b bin i thuc th h th ba v th su
Trong khun kh c hn ca lun vn thc s k thut, khng mt tnh

tng qut, tc gi ch xin trnh by thit k chi tit v b bin i th h th
nht trong chng 3. Trn c s hiu r cc mch c bn ny vic nghin
cu v ci tin to ra cc mch th h sau s thun li v mang tnh tt
yu.
38
Chng
Cc gii php thit k b ngun chuyn mch

3.1. Mc ch v yu cu
Thit k b ngun, i vi bt k h thng no, u l phn cc k quan

trng. Vic thit k ngun chuyn mch c thc hin t rt lu vi
nhiu thay i cho ph hp vi s pht trin ca cng ngh v p ng c
yu cu rt ring ca cc ng dng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, xu hng pht
trin chnh ca vic thit k ny hu nh khng i, l: lm cho kch
thc v trng lng ca b ngun tr nn nh gn hn, mt cng sut
cao hn, tn s chuyn mch ln hn v tch hp nhiu chc nng hn trong
mt IC. Vic la chn mch ngun v thng s ca n d nhin s ph
thuc vo yu cu ca u vo v u ra. C rt nhiu vn cn quan tm
trong vic ny nh: la chn dng mch, tn s hot ng, thng s ca
bin p, nh hng ca RFI Trong khun kh rt hn ch v thi gian v
dung lng ca mt lun vn thc s, trong y ch trnh by nhng vn
c bn nht ca vic thit k mt b ngun chuyn mch. C th l, cc
gii php thit k khi cng sut (b DC/DC) v khi iu khin.
Nh ni chng 2, b bin i DC/DC c rt nhiu dng mch
nhng u da trn cc dng mch c bn, v vy phn ny s tp trung ni
ti vic thit k cc b DC/DC c bn:
B bin i Buck
B bin i Boost
B bin i y ko
B bin i cu bn phn
B bin i cu ton phn
Cn vi khi iu khin, phng php c s dng nhiu nht v hiu
qu nht l phng php iu ch rng xung iu khin cc gc ca cc
transistor trong khi cng sut.
39
3.2. Thit k khi cng sut
B bin i DC/DC c nhiu dng khc nhau, vic la chn loi mch no
ch yu da vo kh nng gim thiu in p chu ng ln nht ca
transistor cng sut khi ngt in p ng vo cao v dng nh chu ng
ln nht cng sut ng ra cc i. Phn tip theo y s gii thiu cc
dng mch DC/DC c bn v cch la chn cc thng s ca chng.
3.2.1. B chuyn mch Buck

S ca b bin i v cng thc tnh in p trung bnh u ra c
gii thiu trong chng 2. Trong phn ny ta xt chi tit hn tnh c
thng s ca mch.
Q1
V1
Lo
Vo
R1
Co
+ EA
D1
Vdc
R2
PWM
+
Vref
Vt
B khuch i dng
Vea
Vt
3V
0V
Vdc V
V1
0V
Vwm
I2
I1
IQ1
I2
I1
ID1
I l,0
I0
Hnh 3. 1: S mch v cc dng sng c trng ca b chuyn mch Buck
40
Trong mch ny, in p ng ra c th iu khin c bng cch thay

i thi gian dn ca chuyn mch. B lc LC c dng gim gn sng
u ra.
3.2.1.1. Hot ng c bn
Transistor chuyn mch thc hin chc nng ng / ngt l transistor Q1
mc ni tip vi in p ng vo Vdc, n c ng trong khong thi gian
Ton. Khi Q1 ng, in p V1 l Vdc (gi thit st p trn Q1 bng 0). Khi
ngt, nh diode ghim D1 m in p V1 khng ri xung mass.
Nu st p trn D1 cng l 0 (thc t thng s dng diode Schottky c
st p thun l 0.5V) th khi in p V1 l hnh ch nht nm gia Vdc
v mass vi thi gian Ton.
B lc LC mc ni tip gia V1 v Vo to in p mt chiu khng gn
sng vi ln l:
V0 = Vdc
Ton
T
(3. 1)
Mt phn ca in p Vo c ly ra qua phn p R1, R2 so snh vi

in p chun Vref ti b khuch i sai s. in p sai s Vea c
khuch i cung cp cho b PWM (b iu ch rng xung). Ti ng
ra ca b PWM c dy xung ch nht vi rng l Ton t l vi khong
thi gian Vea ln hn in p rng ca Vt. Dy xung ny c a qua b
khuch i dng v s dng iu khin thi gian ng ca Q1. (tc l,
thi gian dn ca Q1 c iu khin in p ly mu ng ra lun cn
bng vi in p chun Vref)
Nu Vdc tng mt lng nh th Vea gim (v Vo.R2/(R1+R2) a vo
ca m so snh vi Vref a vo ca dng). Khi Vea gim, xung tam gic
sm qua mc Vea nn Ton gim, ngha l thi gian ng Q1 gim, do vy,
in p ra Vo = Vdc.Ton/T cng gim. Tng t, khi Vdc gim th thi
gian dn ca Q1 s tng ln duy tr Vo khng i.
3.2.1.2. Hiu sut
Tn hao mt chiu trn transistor v diode c th tnh nh sau:
Qdc = L(Q1) + L (D1)
Vi L(Q1) l tn hao trn Q1 khi Q1 dn (trong thi gian Ton)
L(Q1) = 1.Io.Ton/T
(3. 2)
41
L(D1) l tn hao trn D1 khi D1 dn (trong thi gian Toff)

L(D1) = 1.Io.Toff/T
Vy:
(3. 3)
Qdc = 1.Io
(3. 4)
Tn hao xoay chiu trn cc phn t chuyn mch trong sut c chu k T:
Q = Q(Ton) + Q(Toff)
Qac =
Gi thit:
Ton
Toff
IVdt + IVdt =
Ton = Toff = Ts
I 0Vdc Ton Toff

(
+
)
T
T
6
(3. 5)
Qac =
I 0Vdc Ts
3 T
V0 I 0
V0
(3. 6)
Hiu sut ca mch khi s l:

=
P0
=
P0 + Qdc + Qac
V0 I 0 + 1I 0 +
I 0VdcTs
3T
V0 + 1 +
VdcTs
3T
(3. 7)
3.2.1.3. Tn s chuyn mch ti u

B n nh Buck c in p u ra Vo = Vdc.Ton/T, ngha l ln ca
in p u ra ph thuc vo chu k T. Nhng cn xc nh gi tr ca T l
bao nhiu th mch t ti u.
Nh bit mun gim kch thc ca mch lc Lo, Co cn nng tn s
hot ng cng cao cng tt (T cng nh cng tt). Tuy nhin, khi y tn
hao xoay chiu Qac cng s tng ln (Qac t l nghch vi chu k T) v cn
s dng cc b to nhit th tch ln gi nhit ca transistor n nh
theo yu cu. Hn na, mc d s dng loi diode phc hi nhanh nhng
nu gim chu k T th tn hao cng sut ca diode lc ny s tng ng k
m khng th b qua c.
Do vy, tn s hot ng ca b n nh Buck thng c chn l
25KHz 500KHz. Nu ly thp hn di tn s ny th kch thc ca b
lc LC ln, ngc li, nu ly cao hn th tn tht chuyn mch AC v kch
thc b tn nhit tng ln.
3.2.1.4. B lc LC
Trong b lc ng ra, cun cm c chn n khng i vo ch hot
ng khng lin tc khi dng ra mt chiu gim xung gi tr cc tiu
(thng bng 1/10 gi tr danh nh).
Gi tr ca L c chn theo biu thc sau:
42
L=
5(Vdcn V0 )V0T
Vdcn I on
(3. 8)
Vi Vdcn, Ion l cc gi tr danh nh.

Khi (I2 I1) = 0.2Ion
T lc Co c biu din gn vi thc t bng cch mc thm in tr
Ro v cun cm Lo mc ni tip vi t. Nu tn s hot ng di 500KHz
th c th b qua Lo, khi in p gn sng c xc inh bi Ro v Co.
Tch s Ro.Co gn nh khng i v c gi tr t (50 80)10-6 F
Gi thit in p ng ra c gn sng nh - nh l Vor th tnh Ro, Co nh
sau:
Ro =
Vor
V
= or
I 2 I 1 0.2 I on
(3. 9)
0.2 I on
65 *10 6
= 65 * 10 6
Co =
Ro
Vor
(3. 10)
3.2.2. B chuyn mch Boost

Hnh 3.2 di y l s mch v cc dng sng c trng ca b
chuyn mch Boost (cn gi l B chuyn mch tng cng). B chuyn
i ny cho php cung cp in p mt chiu u ra ln hn in p mt
chiu u vo bng cch iu chnh h s k.
D1
L1
Vo
R1
Vdc
Co
Q1
+ EA
Ro
R2
PWM
+
Vref
Vt
43
Vt Vpeak
Vea
0V
vwm
n r
Ip
Dng q1
Ip
Dng D1
Hnh 3. 2: S c bn v cc dng sng c trng ca b n nh Boost
Transistor chuyn mch Q1 mc ni tip vi cun cm L1 v mc vi

Vdc, im cui ca L1 cp cho t Co v ti ra qua diode chnh lu D1.
Khi Q1 ng trong thi gian Ton, D1 b phn cc ngc, dng qua L1 c
dng rng ca tng tuyn tnh n gi tr nh Ip = Vdc.Ton/L1. Cng trong
khong thi gian ny, dng ng ra c cung cp bi t Co, v vy t Co
c chn kh ln cung cp dng ti trong thi gian Ton vi s gim
bin cng nh cng tt.
Khi Q1 ngt, dng trong L1 khng th thay i ngay c nn n s i
chiu chng li s mt dng. Khi c in p dng t ln anot ca D1
lm cho D1 dn, np cho t Co. Nng lng c np cho t chnh l nng
lng trc c tch tr trong cun dy, E = 1/2 L1.(Ip)2. Nh vy, cun
dy tch tr nng lng trong thi gian Q1 dn v khi Q1 ngt nng lng
ny cung cp cho ti v lm y t ti mt in p cao hn Vdc.
Nu in p Vdc hoc u ra yu cu thay i th vng hi tip m s
lm thay i thi gian Ton p ng c u ra.
3.2.2.2. Cc h thc nh lng
B n nh Boost c hai ch hot ng l ch hot ng lin tc v
ch hot ng khng lin tc.
Nu dng qua diode khng gim xung 0 ti thi im kt thc thi gian
tt th dng Q1 lc ng tip s c dng bc thang v dng trong L1 khng
th thay i ngay c (ni cch khc l cun dy L1 cha x ht nng
44
lng c tch tr trong n khi ti chu khi dn tip theo ca Q1). Ngi ta
gi y l ch hot ng lin tc ca b n nh Boost. Dng qua Q1 v
D1 c dng nh sau:
Q1on
2
1
Q1 off
2
D1
D1
dn
dn
Q1
1
D1
2
1
L1
Dng 0
Hnh 3. 3: Dng dng trong Q1 v D1 trong ch lin tc
Trong ch ny b khuch i sai s khng th thit lp c vng lp

n nh v n bt u dao ng. V vy, b n nh Boost c thit k
hot ng ch khng lin tc, tc l dng qua D1 gim xung 0 trc
khi Q1 m tip, tt c nng lng tch tr trong thi gian m trc c
cung cp cho ti ra v t Co.
Cng sut cung cp cho ti c c nh nng lng E = 0.54Ip2 tch tr
trc bi cun L1. Nu tnh trong khong thi gian T th cng sut ny
c tnh l:
1
L1 ( I P ) 2
PL = 2
(W )
T
(3. 11)
Trong thi gian Tr dng trong L1 gim xung 0, khi c dng cung cp
cho ti cng sut Pdc c tnh bng:
Pdc = Vdc
I P Tr
2 T
(3. 12)
Vy cng sut tng cung cp cho ti l:

1
L1 ( I P ) 2
I Tr
Pt = PL + Pdc = 2
+ Vdc P
T
2 T
V:
T
I P = Vdc on
L1
Vdc2 Ton
Pt =
(Ton + Tr )
2TL1
(3. 13)
(3. 14)
45
m bo dng trong L1 gim xung 0 trc khi Q1 dn tip, t

(Ton+Tr)=mT vi h s 0<m <1
Khi tnh Pt theo in p ng ra v in tr ti nh sau:
Vdc2 Ton
V02
Pt =
(mT ) =
2TL1
R0
Hay:
V0 = Vdc
mR0Ton
2L1
(3. 15)
Khi Vdc hay dng qua Ro thay i vng hi tip s iu chnh gi tr ca

Ton gi cho Vo khng i.
3.2.2.3. La chn thng s cho mch
Nh khng nh phn trn, b n nh Boost phi lm vic ch
khng lin tc trnh hin tng dao ng ca b khuch i sai s.
Nhng nu dng qua D1 gim xung 0 ngay trc thi im Q1 m tip,
bt k s gim ca Vdc hay tng ca dng ti u dn ti trng hp b n
nh hot ng ch lin tc.
Nu mch lun hot ng ch khng lin tc, s thay i ca Vdc
hay Io s c khu hi tip iu chnh li Ton gi Vo khng i. Chn
Ton(max) khi Vo v Ro t gi tr cc tiu v sau dng qua D1 tip tc
gim xung n 0 trong khong thi gian Tdt. Dng sng c trng khi y
c cho trong hnh 3.4
on
r
Tdt
(max)
I L1
p
I D1
Vo
Vce(Q1)
0V
Hnh 3. 4: Dng trong diode v in p u ra ch khng lin tc
46
Nh vy: Ton(max) + Tr + Tdt = T

Tdt thng c chn gi tr chim khong 20% chu k T (khi y
thit lp tng thi gian m, ti lp li v thi gian cht cn bng cho c chu
k).
Suy ra:
Ton(max) + Tr = 0.8T
V:
Vdc(min).Ton(max) = (Vo Vdc(min)).Tr
Vy:
Ton (max) =
0.8T (V0 Vdc (min) )

V0
(3. 16)
Khi d dng tnh c Tr = 0.8T Ton(max)

Thng qua gi tr cho trc Vo, v biu thc (3.15), tnh c L1
T cc gi tr ca Vdc, L1, Ton tnh c dng nh Ip, la chn
transistor c li tng ng Ip.
3.2.2.4. Phm vi ng dng ca b n nh Boost
B n nh Boost khng c s dng rng ri nh b n nh Buck v c t
trng hp cn in p cao t ngun in p thp (khi c nhiu cch la
chn c hiu sut cao v n gin hn nhiu, v d nh dng bin p vi
nhiu cun th cp c nhiu ng ra).
B n nh Boost thng s dng mc cng sut thp (<10W), n ph
hp cho nhng bo mch cng sut thp ca my tnh vi mc in p logic
5V hoc cho cc b khuch i thut ton vi mc in p 12V hoc 15V.
iu ny s c th hin r hn trong phn m phng ti chng 4.
Trong mt s h thng s dng ngun t 12V 28V, nu dng pin th
khi ngun pin ny gim t ngt hoc xung qu thp (v d nh xung 9V
22V) th h thng s gp nhiu trc trc. Khi y ngi ta c th dng b
n nh Boost tng cng in p u ra theo mc yu cu, nhng ng
dng ny c th t cng sut t 50W 200W.
3.2.3. B chuyn mch kiu y - ko

S mch v dng sng c trng ca b chuyn mch kiu y ko
c cho trong hnh 3.5. Trong s ny c mt u ra chnh v hai u ra
ph vi hai transistor cng sut lm vic ch y ko.
47
D6
. ..
.
.
.
..
Ns2
Np1
Ns2
Np2
Vdc
Vs2
L3
C3
R3
C2
R2
D5
D4
Vs1
L2
D3
Nm
D2
L1
C1
D1
Vm
R4
R1
R5
Q1 Q2
PWM
EA
Vref
in cm r
2Vdc
on
(Q1)
Vce(Q1)
c(Q1)
in cm r
2Vdc
on
(Q2)
Vce(Q2)
c(Q2)
Hnh 3. 5: S mch v dng sng c trng ca b y - ko
Bin p T1 vi cun th cp nhiu u ra, mi u ra ny cung cp mt

cp xung vung lch pha 1800 c bin c xc nh bi s vng dy
ca cun th cp. rng xung c nhn dng v xc nh bi mch iu
khin trong vng hi tip m ly t vng th cp chnh Vm. Cun dy th
cp Nm l cun chnh cn cc cun NS1 v NS2 l cc cun ph.
Hai transistor chuyn mch l Q1 v Q2 c cc B c iu khin bi hai
xung c rng thay i do b PWM to ra.
48
Khi transistor m hon ton th st p trn n khong 1V do vy khi mt

trong hai transistor m n t mt xung p hnh vung c tr s (Vdc 1)
ln na cun s cp. Khi , in p u ra catot ca diode chnh lu c
dng xung vung trong khong thi gian Ton vi ln l:
V0 = (Vdc 1)
NS
Vd
NP
vi NS, NP l s vng ca cun th cp v s cp, Vd l st p thun trn

diode chnh lu, Vd bng 1V i vi diode phc hi nhanh thng thng,
v 0.5V i vi diode Schottky. Do mi na chu k T xut hin mt xung
vung ny nn dy xung u ra ti catot ca cc diode chnh lu c chu k
l 2Ton/T.
3.2.3.2. Tnh ton thng s trong mch
in p ti cc ng ra
Gi s cc diode chnh lu u s dng loi diode Schottky (c st p
thun l 0.5V) th cc u ra th cp chnh (Vm) v ph (VS1, VS2)s cho cc
in p mt chiu c tnh theo cng thc (3.17):
2T
N
Vm = (Vdc 1) m 0.5 on
NP
2T
N
VS 1 = (Vdc 1) S 1 0.5 on
NP
(3. 17)
2T
N
VS 2 = (Vdc 1) S 2 0.5 on
NP
(Nu diode chnh lu khng phi l diode Schottky (tc st p thun l 1V)
th thay gi tr 0.5V trong cc biu thc trn bi gi tr 1V)
Cc biu thc trn cho thy khi c s thay i ca Vdc th vng hi tip
s lm thay i Ton gi cho u ra chnh Vm v cc u ra ph Vs
khng i. Khi dng ti trong cun chnh thay i, st p thun ri trn
diode chnh lu thay i khng ng k, nu s thay i ti ln th st p
ny c th thay i 0.1V v lm gim in p nh catot ca chng. Khi
vng hi tip m iu chnh s thay i ca Ton gi cho Vm khng
i, ng thi Vs1 v Vs2 cng thay i theo. Trng hp ny ngi ta gi
l s n nh cho.
49
Tuy nhin, nu c s thay i dng ti ph th do vng hi tip m ch

cm ng theo Vm nn khng c s iu chnh ti cc u ra. Nhng do cc
cun cm u ra L1, L2 v L3 khng i n ch khng lin tc nn in
p cc ng ra ph ch thay i khong 5% n 8% so vi gi tr danh
nh ca chng.
Thi gian m cc i cho transistor cng sut
m bo hai transistor khng dn ng thi v vng hi tip c kh
nng iu chnh Ton gi cho Vm khng i, Ton s khng c ln qu
80% ca na chu k T. T biu thc tnh Vm vi Vdc(min), T cho trc s
tnh c t s vng dy Nm/Np xc nh c ng ra Vm theo yu cu.
Tn hao cng sut trn transistor
B qua tn hao chuyn mch lc m v in cm r bin p gy ra thi gian
gim in p rt nhanh v tng dng in rt chm, iu ny dn n xp s
chng rt nh ca in p gim v dng in tng. V vy, ch xt trng
hp xu nht l khi tt. Dng in khng i nh Ipft (gi tr dng
trung tm ca dng sng rng ca), trong thi gian Tvr n lm in p tng
n 2Vdc(max), v in p duy tr in p ny trong thi gian Tcf dng
in gim t Ipft n 0.
Gi thit Tvr = Tcf = Ts, khi tng tn hao chuyn mch trong mt chu
k T ca transistor l:
Q(t ) ac = I pft
V: Ipft = 1.56
P0
Vdc (min)
I pft Ts
2Vdc (max) Ts
+ 2Vdc
T
2
2 T
Qt ( ac ) = 3.12
P0Vdc (max)Ts
Vdc (min)T
(3. 18)
(3. 19)
Tn hao cc i mc ca transistor bng in p m nhn vi dng in

m nhn vi chu k lm vic m. V vy Qdc c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Qdc = I pftVon
V: Ipft = 1.56
P0
Vdc (min)
0.8T / 2
= 0.4 I pftVon
T
Qdc = 0.624
(3. 20)
P0
(3. 21)
V dc (min)
T biu thc (3.19) v (3.21) tnh c tng tn hao cho transistor l:

Q = Q( t ) ac + Qdc = 3.12
P0
Vdc (min)
Vdc (max)
Ts
P
+ 0.624 0
T
Vdc (min)
(3. 22)
50
Qua cng thc trn d dng nhn thy tn hao chuyn mch ln hn
nhiu so vi tn hao mt chiu. Tuy nhin, nu s dng transistor MOSFET
loi cng sut c thi gian chuyn mch nh th c th gim c loi tn
hao ny.
Chn s vng v tit din ca cun s cp v th cp
S vng ca cun s cp c xc nh bi nh lut Faraday, s vng Np
c xc nh bi in p cc tiu trn cun s cp (Vdc(min) -1) v thi gian
m cc i khng ln hn
0.8T
.
2
NP =
0.8T 8
)10
2
Ae .dB
(Vdc (min) 1)(
(3. 23)
Vi Ae l din tch st ca li (cm2)

dB l bin thin t thng ca li (n v Gauss), c du ph
thuc vo chiu ca in p qua cun dy.
V mi na cun s cp ch c mt xung dng Ipft trong mt chu k v
c rng 0.8T/2 nn gi tr hiu dng ca Ipft l:
I rms = I pft 0.4 = 0.632 I pft = 0.632
1.56 P0
P
= 0.986 0
Vdc (min)
Vdc (min)
Gi thit s dng cun dy c mt dng l 500 mil trn / Ampe(rms),

s mil trn cn thit ca na cun s cp l:
S mil trn = 500 x Irms = 493
P0
Vdc (min)
Khi c th chn chnh xc tit din dy t bng tra dy theo cc mil

trn.
T cng thc (3.23) thy Np t l nghch vi dB, v vy, dB cc i th Np
nh nht, khi y vi s vng dy nh th c th tng tit din dy chu
dng ln, in dung k sinh thp v gi thnh gim. Nhng nu chn dB
ln th dng t ho tng v lm tng tn hao ca li.
Hnh di y biu din vng t tr ca mt vt liu li st tiu biu
(Ferroxcube 3C8). S thay i ca t thng thng c gii hn trong
khong 2000G , ti tn s 30KHz, nm trong phn tuyn tnh ca vng.
Khi tn s tng ln t 100KHz 300KHz th s bin thin t thng phi
gim xung 1200G hay 800G v tn hao li cc tn s ny cao hn. Ni
chung, vi tn s chuyn mch di 50KHz, ngi ta thng chn s vng
51
dy ca cun s cp t biu thc (3.23) vi dB = 3200G m tn hao c th

mc chp nhn c.
xc nh s vng dy th cp cho cc u ra chnh v ph, s dng

biu thc (3.17), vi gi thit cc diode s dng l cc diode Schottky (st
p thun 0.5V). Trong biu thc ny, cc thng s c xc nh: in
p ng ra, Vdc(min), T v Ton = 0.8T/2. S vng dy ca cc u ra th cp
c tnh nh sau:
Nm = NP
Vm + 0.4
0.8(Vdc (min) 1)
N S1 = N P
VS1 + 0.4
0.8(Vdc (min) 1)
NS 2 = NP
VS 2 + 0.4
0.8(Vdc (min) 1)
(3. 24)
V xung dng qua mi na cun th cp ch tn ti trong 0.4 chu k nn

gi tr hiu dng ca dng ny c tnh bng biu thc sau:
I S ( rms ) = I dc 0.4 = 0.632 I dc
Tit din ca cun th cp cng c xc nh nh bng tra dy theo mil

trn vi gi thit mt 500mil trn /Ampe(rms)
S mil trn = 500 x 0.632 Idc = 316 Idc
e. Thit k b lc ra
Cc cun cm c chn m bo khng i vo ch hot ng khng
lin tc n khi ng ra mt chiu gim xung ti gi tr cc tiu (thng
xc nh bng 1/10 gi tr danh nh). Ch khng lin tc bt u khi
52
phn u ca xung rng ca dng in cm dI gim xung 0 v iu ny

xy ra khi dng mt chiu gim xung na bin ca dng rng ca dI.
dI =
V vy:
VLTon
(V V )T
= 2 I dc (min) = 1 0 on
L
L
V0 = V1 (2
Vi:
Ton
0.8T / 2
) = V1 (2
)
T
T
V1 = 1.25V0
v: Ton =
V0T
2V1
Thng thng dng mt chiu cc tiu c chn bng 1/10 gi tr danh

nh: Idc(min) = 0.1Ion
T xc nh c L theo biu thc sau:
L=
(V1 V0 )Ton
(1.25V0 V0 )V0T
0.05V0T
=
=
I on
2 I dc (min)
2(0.1I on )2(1.25V0 )
(3. 25)
Gi tr ca t in C v gi tr in cm L c chn p ng in p
gn sng ng ra vi gi tr cho trc Vr.
in p gn nh - nh c xc nh bng: Vr = RdI
Nh ni phn trc, tch s RC ca t in phn bng nhm l hng
s vi phm vi t 50 n 80x10-6
V d, chn C c gi tr:
C=
dI
80 x106
= 80 x10 6
R
Vr
(3. 26)
3.2.4. B chuyn mch cu bn phn

S mch v dng sng c trng ca b chuyn mch cu bn phn
c cho trong hnh 3.6 di y.
Lo1
Q1
D1
D3
C1
220VAC
120-220
VAC
Cb
S1
120VAC
B
D2
D4
Q2
C2
.
.Ns1
V1
Co1
Np
. Ns2
.
V2
Lo2
Co2
53
Tn s chuyn mch
Q1 on
Q2 on
+Vdc/2
0
in p s
cp
-Vdc/2
Hnh 3. 6: S mch v dng sng c trng
u im chnh ca mch ny l khi transistor ngt ch c in p Vdc

t ln n ch khng phi chu ng in p 2Vdc nh trong s mch
y ko. Khi , mch c th s dng cc transistor loi r tin hn vi
mc chu ng in p nh hn, v chng c s dng rng ri trn th
trng chu u v M vi ng vo xoay chiu tng ng l 220VAC v
120VAC.
Khi S1 v tr 220VAC (h mch), mch l b chnh lu ton sng c t
C1 v t C2 mc ni tip, to ra in p mt chiu nh chnh lu
khong 308VDC. Khi S1 v tr 120VAC (ngn mch) th mch hot ng
nh mt b nhn i in p nh t C1 np in p dng qua D1 v C2
np in p dng qua D2, to ra in p mt chiu 336VDC. in p ng
vo mt chiu cc i chnh l in p m transistor ngt phi chu ng
khi transistor cn li dn.
3.2.4.2. Tnh ton thng s ca mch
Dng sng ti cc u ra ca mch cu bn phn ging nh trong mch y
ko nn c s tng ng khi chn thng s ca mch cu bn phn vi cc
biu thc tnh ton nh ca mch y ko.
Chn thi gian m cc i cho transistor
Mi transistor lm vic mt bn k nhng nu ti mt thi im no
c Q1 v Q2 cng m th s c hin tng ngn mch in p cung cp v
gy ph hng cc transistor, do thi gian m ca mi transistor ch c
php ti a l 80% bn k (Ton = 0.8T/2)
54
Chn s vng v tit din dy s cp

S vng ca cun s cp c chn m bo in p ng ra nhn c
trong thi gian m khng qu 0.8T/2. NP c tnh theo biu thc (3.23)
Dng hiu dng s cp ca mch I rms = I pft
0.8T
T
Vi Ipft l dng nh cun s cp. C th tnh gi tr ca n nh gi thit

hiu sut ca mch l 80%, c 2 xung dng trong mt chu k T vi rng
bng thi gian m cc i ca mi bn k l 0.8T/2 v in p l Vdc(min)/2.
Ngha l, c mi quan h sau:
Pin = 1.25 P0 =
Vdc (min) 0.8T

I pft
2
T
I pft = 3.125
V dng hiu dng s cp I rms = I pft
P0
Vdc (min)
(3. 27)
P
0.8T
= 2.795 0
T
Vdc (min)
Vi 500 mil trn / Ampe(rms), s mil trn cn thit c tnh bng:

S mil trn =
500 x 2.795 P0 1397.5 P0

=
Vdc (min)
Vdc (min)
Tra bng theo s mil trn cn thit xc nh tit din dy s cp.

Chn s vng v tit din dy th cp
Tng t nh trong mch y ko, s vng cun th cp c chn t biu
thc (3.24). Nhng do mi transistor ch chu in p khi ngt l Vdc(min)/2
v diode s dng l diode chnh lu thng thng thay cho diode Schottky
nn c th tnh s vng NS nh sau:
V1 + 0.8
V
0.8( dc (min) 1)
2
V2 + 0.8
= NP
V
0.8( dc (min) 1)
2
N S1 = N P
NS 2
(3. 28)
Gii hn cng sut ng ra

Cng thc (3.27) cho php xc nh dng nh s cp theo cng sut ng ra
v in p ra cc tiu. Vi cc gi tr cho trc xc nh c Ipft t
la chn loi transistor ph hp. Khi cng sut P0 vt qu 500W th
tnh ton cho thy loi transistor s dng cn chu c dng rt ln v phi
55
l loi MOSFET rt t tin, v vy ngi ta s dng mch cu ton phn

nh s trnh by phn sau y.
Tnh ton cho b lc ng ra
Cc gi tr in cm v in dung ca cc b lc ng ra c tnh theo biu
thc (3.25) v (3.26)
Chn t chn trnh t thng khng cn bng
T nh Cb c mc ni tip vi cun s cp nh hnh 3.6. Nhim v ca
n l trnh t thng khng cn bng xy ra khi tch s vn-giy trn
cun s cp khc vi tch s vn-giy khi n dch chuyn ngc li. Trng
hp ny c th lm li dch chuyn ln hay xung dc theo vng t tr v
nu i vo vng bo ho s gy hng transistor. T Cb s ngn thnh phn
mt chiu chy trong cun s cp, dng s cp np in tch vo t gy ra
gim bin dV trn dng sng in p s cp. Tr s ca Cb c chn
nh sau: Cb =
0.8T
2
dV
I pft
3.2.5. B chuyn mch cu ton phn

Hnh 3.7 biu din s mch v dng sng c trng ca b chuyn mch
cu ton phn. u th ca mch cu ton phn l in p tc dng ln cun
s cp l sng vung c bin Vdc so vi
Vdc
ca mch cu bn phn
2
(xem li hnh 3.6). Tuy vy, in p chu ng ln nht ca transistor khi

ngt cng ch l Vdc(max) nh trong mch cu bn phn. Do , nu cc
transistor hot ng vi cng gi tr dng nh v in p danh nh th
mch cu ton phn c cng sut ng ra gp hai ln so vi mch cu bn
phn.
Lo1
Q3
+
D1
C1
D3
220VAC
120-220
VAC
Cb
S1
120VAC
D2
D4
Q4
C2
Q1
Q2
.
.Ns1
Vo1
Co1
Np
. Nsm
.
Vom
Lo2
Co2
56
Tn s chuyn mch
Xung kh
Q1,Q4
Q2,Q3
on
Ton
Xung kh
Q2,Q3
Q1,Q4
on
Ton
+Vdc
0
in p s
cp T1
-Vdc
Hnh 3. 7: S mch v dng sng c trng
Cc cp transistor (Q1 v Q4), (Q2 v Q3) thay phin nhau lm vic

trong hai na chu k. Cun s cp c iu khin bi sng vung phn
cc tun t c bin Vdc . Thi gian m Ton c xc nh bi vng hi
tip iu khin cc cc gc ca cc transistor nhm gi cho Vom khng
i chng li s thay i ca in p ng vo. Cc ng ra ph cng c
gi khng i nhng ch trong khong 5% n 8%. Cng ging nh b bin
i y ko, khi c s thay i dng ti chnh th cc in p ng ra c
gi n nh nhng nu dng ti ph th khng iu chnh c v vng
hi tip ch cm ng t ng ra chnh.
Gi s st p m trn mi transistor l 1V, st p thun ca diode
Schottky trong b chnh lu chnh l 0.5V v st p thun ca diode chnh
lu thng thng trong b chnh lu ph l 1V, in p ti cc ng ra c
tnh theo cng thc sau:
2T
N
Vom = (Vdc 2) Sm 0.5 on
NP
2T
N
Vo1 = (Vdc 2) S1 1 on
NP
(3. 29)
3.2.5.2. Tnh ton cc thng s trong mch

Chn thi gian m cc i
trnh hin tng c thi im c hai transistor (Q1 v Q2) hay (Q3 v
Q4) cng m mt lc gy ngn mch ngun cung cp, thi gian m cc i
57
ca transistor, xy ra khi in p ng vo gi tr cc tiu, khng qu 80%

ca na chu k T.
S vng cun s cp v tit din dy
S vng cun s cp c chn theo biu thc (3.23) nhng s hng
(Vdc(min)-1) c thay bng s hng (Vdc(min)-2). Gi tr ca dB c chn
3200G vi tn s chuyn mch nh hn 50KHz
Nu gi thit hiu sut ca mch t 80%, khi cng sut ng vo
Pin=1.25P0
V thi gian m cc i ca transistor l 0.8T/2 khi ng vo gi tr cc
tiu v trong mt chu k T c 2 xung dng trn cun s cp vi bin
Vdc nn c mi quan h sau:
Pin = 1.25P0 = Vdc (min) 2
I pft =
0.8T / 2
I pft
T
1.56 P0
Vdc (min)
(3. 30)
Vi Ipft l dng s cp tng ng c nh nhn b mo dng.

T biu thc (3.30) tnh c Ipft, qua xc nh c dng hiu dng
ca n Irms
I rms = I pft
0.8T
P
= 1 .4 0
T
Vdc (min)
Vi 500mil trn /Ampe(rms),

S mil trn cn thit = 500 x1.4
P0
Vdc (min)
= 700
P0
Vdc (min)
Tra bng xc nh tit din dy s cp

Chn s vng v tit din dy th cp
T biu thc (3.29) xc nh c s vng th cp v cc gi tr khc
c xc nh.
N Sm = N P
Vom + 0.4
0.8(Vdc (min) 2)
Vo1 + 0.4
N S1 = N P
0.8(Vdc (min) 2)
(3. 31)
Dng hiu dng v tit din dy ca cun th cp c chn ging nh

mch y ko, ngha l xc nh theo cc biu thc:
I S ( rms ) = I dc 0.4 = 0.632 I dc
58
S mil trn = 500 x 0.632 Idc = 316 Idc

Chn b lc ng ra
Cc b lc ng ra c chn nh trong mch y ko v mch cu bn
phn, s dng biu thc (3.25) v (3.26)
3.3. Thit k khi iu khin
3.3.1. Gii thiu chung

Nh ni cc phn trn, in p u ra ca b ngun c rt nhiu yu t
tc ng lm cho gi tr b thay i (s khng n nh ca u vo, s thay
i dng ti, nhiu ). gi cho in p u ra thay i trong khong
dung sai cho php (v d: 1% quanh gi tr danh nh) ngi ta s dng
phng php hi tip m iu chnh li u vo. Thng s cn iu
chnh chnh l Ton m chng ta cp thng xuyn cc phn trn.
Vic iu chnh Ton c th thc hin theo hai cch l gi nguyn tn s T
v thay i gi tr ca Ton (khi Toff cng thay i theo); hoc gi
nguyn Toff v thay i tn s thay i gi tr ca Ton.
Vref
Khuch i
sai lch
iu khin
PWM
Cng sut,
Lc u ra
Hnh 3. 8: H thng iu khin hi tip m
Mt trong cc phng php lm thay i Ton iu chnh thi gian m

ca chuyn mch nhm gi cho u ra khng i l phng php iu ch
rng xung. Phng php ny kh n gin v cho tc ng nhanh nn
c s dng rng ri trong cc b ngun chuyn mch. Tuy nhin, vic to
ra xung c rng bin i iu khin transistor cng sut nh trnh by
ch mang tnh nguyn l v yu cu dng p c th cho xung nh th no
cn ph thuc vo vic transistor s dng l loi BJT hay MOSFET, do
cc phn tip theo s ch gii thiu nguyn l iu ch rng xung (PWM
Pulse Width Modulation).
59
3.3.2. Nguyn l iu ch rng xung (PWM)

S dng mch c cu trc c bn nh sau hnh 3.9 hiu v nguyn l
iu ch rng xung.
+
Rt
Uo
R2
PWM
U2
U1
EA
R1
Uht
Uch
Up
Hnh 3. 9: Mch iu ch rng xung
in p mt chiu ra trn ti qua b phn p ly in p hi tip Uht a

v u o ca b khuch i sai lch (EA). in p ny s phn nh y
s thay i ca Ur, cn in p chun Uch c a vo u khng o
ca b khuch i sai lch. Ngun Uch l c nh, khng ph thuc vo Ur.
Khi in p u ra ca b khuch i sai lch c tnh theo biu thc:
U1 = (1 +
R2
R2
)U ch
U ht
R1
R1
T biu thc nhn thy in p U1 bin i tuyn tnh theo Uht nhng
theo chiu ngc li. in p ny c gi l tn hiu iu ch v a ti
u vo khng o ca b iu ch rng xung, tn hiu sng mang Up l
xung tam gic a vo u vo o ca b iu ch. B iu ch s so snh
2 bin ca sng mang Up v tn hiu iu ch U1, dng sng ra ca b
iu ch U2 l sng vung c tn s l tn s ca sng mang nhng c
rng xung bin i theo tn hiu iu ch U1 (xem hnh 3.10). rng
xung chnh l khong thi gian m in p U1 nh hn in p Up.
Gi rng xung iu bin l Ton, n s bin thin trong khong t 0 ti
T. Xung ny c a n iu khin transistor chuyn mch v transistor
s dn trong khong thi gian Ton.
T s k =
Ton
T
gi l h s iu ch, c gi tr bin i t 0 n 1
60
Up
U1
t
0
U2
T on
t
T
Hnh 3. 10: Nguyn l iu ch rng xung
Nu chuyn mch l cc transistor mc theo s y ko th cn to ra

hai chui xung ngc nhau iu khin chng. C th thc hin o pha
bng cch s dng bin p, hoc dng cc cng logic nh hnh 3.11.
1
Q
_
Q
D
CP
PWM
U1
+
Up
Hnh 3. 11: Mch to hai chui xung ngc pha
in p xung tam gic l tn hiu sng mang Up a ti b iu ch

PWM ng thi a n kch m mch flip-flop. Hai u ra ca mch FF
c dng hai chui xung vung cc tnh ngc nhau c a ti u vo
hai cng AND, hai u vo cn li ca hai cng AND c kch bi in p
u ra ca b iu ch rng xung U2 l chui xung c rng Ton thay
i. Khi , u ra ca hai cng AND chnh l hai chui xung ngc nhau
c rng thay i.
Phn iu ch rng xung trong cc b ngun chuyn mch ngy nay
c cu trc trong mt vi mch tch hp (gi l chip PWM). Vi cc b
ngun cng sut nh di 100W v chuyn mch l tng n th c khi c
transistor chuyn mch cng c cu trc trong vi mch iu ch rng
xung.
61
Kt lun:
C rt nhiu phng n chn la khi mun thit k mt ngun chuyn
mch. V vy, cn da vo yu cu ca b ngun v cng sut, in p u
ra, s lng u ra, hiu sut, phc tp ca mch, n nh . s
dng s mch no cho c hiu qu nht.
C th tng kt li mt s c im ca cc dng mch n nh chuyn
mch c bn trong bng sau:
Cng
sut, W
0 - 150
S
mch
n gin
0 - 150
n gin
Khng
0 - 150
n gin
Khng
0 - 150
Tng/gim
0 - 150
y ko
Tng/gim
100-1000
Phc tp
Bn cu
Tng/gim
100-500
Phc tp
Ton
cu
Tng/gim
400-2000
Rt phc
tp
Dng
mch
Buck
in p
u ra
Gim
Cun
dy
C
Bin
p
Khng
Tng
BuckBoost
Tng/gim
Hi tip
Diode
Transistor
Khng
Tng/gim
Thun
Boost
Bnh
thng
Bnh
thng
Vi cc mch iu khin b chuyn mch cng sut, hin nay u c

thit k sn di dng cc IC iu khin. Do , cng rt cn xem k
catalog ca tng loi IC la chn cho ph hp v vic tnh ton cc
thng s ca mch nhiu khi cn thay i theo thng s ca IC ch
khng nht thit phi theo ng trnh t ni cc phn trn. V d nh
c IC cha sn chuyn mch cng sut th vic la chn transistor l iu
khng cn thit, hoc c IC li c b to xung vi tn s c nh cho bit
trc nn cng khng cn xc nh thng s ny m cn la chn cc linh
kin cho ph hp. iu ny s th hin r hn trong mt v d thit k thc
t c trnh by trong chng 4.
62
Chng
4
M phng
4.1. Gii thiu chung v cc phn mm m phng
4.1.1. Phn mm m phng Matlab/Simulink

Simulink l phn chng trnh m rng ca Matlab nhm mc ch m
hnh ho, m phng v kho st cc h thng ng hc. Phn mm m
phng ny cho php xy dng cc m hnh iu khin mt cch nhanh
chng v chnh xc cng nh kh nng quan st v iu chnh thng s
linh hot t c th a vo sn xut thc t vi tin cy cao. Th
vin ca Simulink cung cp cho ngi s dng rt nhiu cc khi chc nng
c bn ca cc h tuyn tnh, phi tuyn v gin on nhiu lnh vc khc
nhau nh: h thng iu khin, in t cng sut, vin thng, x l tn hiu,
ng lc hc, ti u ho Hn na, bn thn mi ngi s dng c th to
ring cc khi ca mnh.
Vi nhng kh nng to ln ca Simulink cc nh thit k tit kim
c mt cch ng k thi gian, kinh ph cng nh l trnh c nhng ri
ro trong qu trnh th nghim cc m hnh trn thc t. Chnh v vy, c th
ni phn mm ny ngy cng c a chung v s dng rng ri. Trong
lnh vc in t cng sut, Simulink thc s h tr c lc cho vic xy
dng cc vng iu khin mt cch ti u. Phn th vin dnh cc khi
chc nng ca in t cng sut - Simpower system cha hu ht cc khi
cng sut c bn, do vic xy dng m hnh c n gin i rt nhiu.
C s ca vic xy dng m hnh m phng trong Simulink l to ra cc
khi c m t ton hc, sau ghp cc khi cn thit thnh s cu
trc ca h, v khi ng qu trnh m phng kho st.
Nh ni, ngun chuyn mch gm hai phn c bn l phn mch in
cng sut v phn iu khin. Khi m hnh ho ton b mch ngun bng
cc chng trnh v mch in thng thng th cng vic tr nn cc k
phc tp i vi phn iu khin. S d vy l do cc thut ton iu khin
khi biu din di dng cc phn t in t th cn s lng linh kin ln v
vic chuyn i i khi khng c chnh xc. Kt qu l, s lng linh
63
kin ln s gia tng xc sut xy ra li, qu trnh m phng tn rt nhiu

thi gian phn tch v c th khng thc hin c. Trong khi , phn
mm m phng Matlab/Simulink li cho php m hnh ho tt c cc phn
t trong s in vi m t ton hc chnh xc. Do , c th thy ngay
rng vic thit k phn iu khin nh Simulink l n gin v hiu qu
nht. Vi mc ch iu khin v phng thc iu khin nh ni
chng 3, phn iu khin c chia thnh nhiu khi, xy dng hm
truyn cho tng khi, kt ni chng li v iu chnh thm cc thng s
t n nh v chnh xc theo yu cu.
Hnh 4.1 di y l v d v mt m hnh ca phn iu khin c xy
dng bng Simulink.
Hnh 4. 1: M hnh b iu khin PWM
Trn c s ca m hnh m phng va c to ra c th to ra cc IC

mt cch hon chnh. Vic ny c cc hng thit k IC iu khin lm
t lu v thng mi ho vi gi thnh c th chp nhn c nn hin
nay vic thit k khi iu khin tr nn khng cn thit. Vn quan
trng hn l la chn loi IC no ph hp cho yu cu c th ca tng ng
dng. Xut pht t thc t trong lun vn ny s gii thiu mt s loi IC
iu khin khi cng sut ca mt s hng khc nhau thay cho phn thit
k c th khi ny.
Sau khi thit k ring phn mch in t nh cc phn mm m phng
mch in, thit k phn iu khin nh Simulink, c th xy dng m hnh
y v chy m phng trn Simulink nh trong v d hnh 4.2 sau y.
64
Hnh 4. 2: M hnh y ca SMPS m phng bng Simulink
Hoc c th coi IC iu khin nh mt linh kin ca mch in t v

chy m phng bng chng trnh ca phn mm thit k mch. y cng
chnh l hng i ca lun vn ny v s c th hin r trong cc phn
tip theo.
4.1.2. Phn mm thit k mch in t

Vic m phng cc mch in xc nh cc thng s ca mch mt cch
n gin, trc quan v chnh xc c th thc hin nh rt nhiu cc phn
mm khc nhau, v d: Circuitmaker, Protel, Orcad, PSpice Mi phn
mm ny c nhng u th ring nh: n gin trong cch s dng, th vin
nhiu linh kin ca cc hng khc nhau, to mch in nhanh v chnh xc,
tnh ton v hin th c nhiu thng s ca mch
C th s dng tt c cc loi phn mm trn thit k phn mch in
ca ngun chuyn mch nhng khi kt hp li vi IC iu khin th c mt
kh khn l trong th vin ca cc phn mm ny c th khng cha
loi IC iu khin cn dng.
V nhng nhc im nh trn ca cc phn mm m phng mch in
thng thng, trong phn m phng ca lun vn ny, tc gi th s
dng mt s phn mm thit k mch ca chnh cc hng sn xut IC iu
khin PWM nh cc hng Linear Technology Cor., Texas Instrument,
Power Integration . Sau khi dng mt thi gian, tc gi la chn phn
mm Ltspice/SwicherCad III v BodeCad ca hng Linear Technology
Corporation thc hin cho cng vic ca mnh. Phn mm ny c th
65
vin linh kin rt ln, cho php la chn loi IC ca hng Linear v cc loi
linh kin in t ca cc hng khc vi m t thng s c th v cp nht
model mi nht ly t Internet. V quan trng hn c, qu trnh m phng
ca phn mm ny kh nhanh, cho kt qu r rng v t chnh xc
tng ng nh cc phn mm khc. Tuy nhin, nu so vi phn mm ca
hng Texas th n khng cho php xc nh hiu sut ca mch theo s thay
i ca ti. (kh nng ny ca phn mm ca hng Texas tht tuyt vi
nhng n li c nhc im ln l khng cho php xy dng li mch
bng cch thm hay bt linh kin v ch thit k cho mt u ra).
Phn tip theo ca lun vn s gii thiu mt s h IC iu khin cng
sut thng dng ca cc hng khc nhau v sau s xy dng m hnh m
phng bng phn mm LTspice Cad III (da trn cch tnh cc thng s
ni phn l thuyt).
4.1.3. Gii thiu mt s h IC iu khin cng sut thng dng

Hin nay c nhiu hng trn th gii sn xut IC iu khin cng sut vi
rt nhiu cc h khc nhau phc v cho rt nhiu ng dng a dng. Cc
ng dng c th c cng sut t thp (vi W) ti cc cao (hng nghn W),
dng rt nh ( A ) n rt ln (hng chc A) hay in p thp (vi V) n
in p rt cao (hng trm V). c th p ng cho mt di rng cc
thng s nh vy th cc hng u c ti hng nghn cc sn phm khc
nhau. Do vic la chn loi IC no cho ph hp cn c thc hin vi
s tm hiu tht k cc h IC .
Mt trong nhng hng sn xut IC iu khin cng sut thp c uy tn
trn th gii l PI, Linear v Maxim. Sau y phc v cho vic m phng
thit k SMPS trong lun vn ny, tc gi xin gii thiu mt s cch la
chn IC thng dng (theo cc tiu ch khc nhau) dng trong ng dng in
p thp ca hng Linear Technology.
Chn hiu sut cao vi in p u ra l 3.3V hoc 5V
Model
Dng ti
Dng tt
Hiu sut
LTC1174-3.3 200mA-400mA
1 A
90%
LTC1433
15 A
93%
LTC1147-3.3 0.5mA 2A
10 A
92%
LTC1148-3.3 1A 5A
10 A
94%
450mA
66
S chn ca cc IC trong bng trn c cho trong hnh sau:
Chn theo in p ng vo:

in p
in p
ng vo min
ng vo max
LT1074
40
LTC1142HV
20
LTC1148
16
LTC1158
30
Model
Ghi ch
Chuyn mch ng b
Gm hai b iu khin mch
Buck vi cc FET mc bn
ngoi
Hiu sut > 90%, chuyn mch
ng b
Hiu sut 90% vi dng ti 15A
S chn ca cc IC trong bng trn c cho trong hnh sau:
Cc thng tin chi tit v tng IC c th tham kho thm trong catalog ca
nh sn xut.
67
4.2. Xy dng m hnh m phng
4.2.1. Gii thiu chung

Trong khun kh c hn ca ti, tc gi xin trnh by m hnh m phng
v cc kt qu t c trong qu trnh thit k ngun chuyn mch dng
cho cc thit b in t xch tay.
Cc thit b in t xch tay vi yu cu nh gn, cp ngun bng pin
trong mt thi gian di thc s to ra mt hng pht trin mi cho
lnh vc in t cng sut. C th thy ng dng cho phn ny rt phong
ph vi nhiu yu cu khc nhau, xem hnh 4.3 di y:
Hnh 4. 3: Mt s thit b cm tay yu cu s dng ngun cht lng cao

68
Trong ng dng cp ngun cho cc thit b cm tay c th nhn ngay ra

rng cc thit b ny yu cu in p thp cp bng pin. V hot ng bng
pin nn im ni t ca ng ra khng cn cch ly vi im ni t ng
vo. iu ny cho php loi b bin p xung hay b ghp quang lm cho
vic thit k tr nn n gin trong khi tit kim c chi ph sn xut v
t c hiu sut cao. Cc phn chnh ca cc b ngun dng y hu
nh nm hon ton trong mt IC v ch yu cu bn ngoi mt in cm,
vi t in v vi in tr thit lp mt s thng s ring ca mch. Tn
s hot ng nm trong khong t 60KHz n 500KHz cng l nguyn
nhn khin cho cc linh kin bn ngoi ny kh nh v mch cng gim
c kch thc ng k, khi phng n thit k ngun ti u l t
c hiu sut cao ch khng phi l tiu ch nh gn.
Mi thit b xch tay thng yu cu nhiu ng ra vi cc thng s khc
nhau. Nh ni chng 3, khi cn s dng bin p nhiu u ra nh
hnh 4.4 di y. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im ln l
vic iu khin nh vng hi tip ch c dng cho u ra chnh, ngha l
cc u ra cn li khng c iu chnh chnh xc v n nh tt.
Vs2
Vs1
Vac
Vm
PWM
Hnh 4. 4: S thng dng c nhiu in p ng ra
khc phc nhc im ca s trn, ngi ta s dng s phn

phi cng sut nh trong hnh 4.5. Khi ny n to ra mt in p chung
(khng cn iu chnh tt) v nhiu b bin i Buck, Boost, o pha
chuyn n ti cc in p yu cu. Nh vy, mi ng ra c b n nh ring
v nh th tt c u c n nh tt.
69
V1
PWM
Vac
V2
PWM
V3
PWM
Hnh 4. 5: S phn phi cng sut
Thng thng ng ra chnh c dng ln nht in p 5V c nhn

trc tip t bin p cng sut chnh. N c iu khin bng vng hi tip
t mt mu in p trn ng ra iu khin thi gian m ca transistor
cng sut ca ng vo. Cc ng ra cn li c nhn t cc b bin i vi
cc vng hi tip ring. Khi , mch s c cc u im sau:
Bin p cng sut chnh n gin hn v gi thnh r hn.
Gim thiu nh hng ca cc thng s ca bin p.
S thay i ca dng in hay in p ng ra t nh hng ti thit
k bin p chnh.
Vic thm hay bt mt vi in p ng ra d dng hn.
Khng xy ra kh nng lm mt vng hi tip ton b ca h
thng nh i vi phn s dng bin p nhiu u ra.
Tuy nhin kiu phn phi cng sut nh trn thng khng cho hiu sut
cao v c nhiu tn hao khi s dng nhiu b n nh. Nhng do c cc u
im nh ni nn hng pht trin ngun cung cp nhiu ng ra theo
cch ny ngy cng c quan tm nhiu.
T nhng phn tch nh trn, phn tip theo s trnh by thit k ca mt
b ngun cht lng cao dng cho thit b xch tay nh Notebook hoc
Palm vi 3 u ra (3.3V, 5V v 12V) vi phng php phn phi cng sut.
4.2.2. Tnh ton thng s v la chn linh kin cho tng u ra

Yu cu ca b ngun:
in p vo: dng ngun pin c Vi(min) = 6V v Vi(max) = 9V, gi tr
danh nh l 7.5V
70
Ng ra:
Hiu sut:
1. Ng ra 3.3V, 2A
2. Ng ra 5V, 2A
3. Ng ra 12V, 150mA
> 90%
La chn IC iu khin:
V nguyn tc c th la chn cc IC iu khin ring cho tng u ra.
in p vo s cp cho IC u tin (thng l IC cho php ly ra u ra
5V), u ra ca mch ny s a ti u vo ca cc IC tip theo c
cc in p ra theo yu cu. Trong bi ton t ra y c 3 u ra, tc gi
chn IC LTC1142HV vi hai b n nh ring bit bn trong ly ra c
in p 5V v 3.3V cn IC th hai l LT1070 ly ra in p 12V.
Vic la chn LTC1142HV vi hai u ra s lm cho mch n gin v
n nh hn, cn IC th hai c th chn IC iu khin cho mch Boost bt
k (LT1070, LT1074, LT1121 ). S cu to bn trong v bng chc
nng ca cc chn ca hai IC LTC1142HV v LTC1070 c gii thiu
tm tt trong phn tip theo y.
Hnh 4. 6: S cu trc ca IC LTC1142HV
Ch :
l chn s 2 i vi LTC1142 v l chn 16 i vi
LTC1142HV.
IC ny ch l IC iu khin khng cha chuyn mch cng sut.
71
Vic thay i Ton trong IC LTC1142HV c thc hin bng cch

gi cho Toff khng i trong khi thay i tn s chuyn mch. Gi tr tn
s chuyn mch danh nh c xc nh bi CT nhng tr s thc ca tn
s ny ph thuc vo s thay i ca in p u vo Vin.
Hnh 4. 7: S cu trc ca IC LT1070
Ch : Tn s chuyn mch c xc nh bi b dao ng ni vi tn s

danh nh l 40KHz.
IC LT1070 l IC iu khin c sn chuyn mch cng sut bn
trong.
Bng chc nng cc chn ca IC LTC1142HV
72
Chn
s
Tn gi
Sense+3
Shdn3
Sngd3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Chc nng
u vo + ca b so snh dng phn 3.3V. in tr Rs3 ni
gia chn 1 v chn 28 s xc nh gi tr dng u ra.
Khi ni t th phn 3.3V hot ng bnh thng, khi ni vi
in p cao th c hai MOSFET s khng hot ng v phn
3.3V v vy khng c tn hiu ra.
Ni t i tn hiu nh ca phn 3.3V. im ni t ca chn

ny phi cch ly khi im ni t ca t u ra
Chn ni t ca phn iu khin cng sut cho 3.3V, n c
Pngd3
ni t vi cc ngun ca N-MOSFET v cc ca t u ra
Khng cn ni
NC
Ndrive3 iu khin dng ln cho N-MOSFET ca phn 3.3V
Khng cn ni
NC
Khng cn ni
NC
Pdrive5 iu khin dng ln cho P-MOSFET ca phn 5V
Chn ngun cung cp cho phn 5V
Vin5
Ni vi t ngoi CT5 vi t xc nh tn s hot ng ca
Ct5
phn 5V
in
p cung cp bn trong cho phn 5V, danh nh l 3.3V
Intvcc5
Dng ngng trong b so snh dng ca phn 5V s tng theo
Ith5
in p t ti chn ny
Ni vi b chia in tr bn trong a in p 5V ra ngoi.
Sense-5 Chn ny cng l chn ca b so snh dng ca phn 5V
u vo dng ca b so snh dng ca phn 5V. in tr Rs5
Sense+5 ni gia chn 14 v 15 s xc nh gi tr dng u ra.
Khi ni t th phn 5V hot ng bnh thng, nu ni vi in
shdn5
p cao th phn ny coi nh hot ng ch tt.
Ni t i tn hiu nh ca phn 5V. im ni t ca chn
Sngd5
ny phi cch ly khi im ni t ca t u ra
Chn ni t ca phn iu khin cng sut cho 5V, n c ni
Pngd5
t vi cc ngun ca N-MOSFET v cc ca t u ra
Khng cn ni
NC
Ndrive5 iu khin dng ln cho N-MOSFET ca phn 5V
Khng cn ni
NC
Khng cn ni
nc
Pdrive3 iu khin dng ln cho P-MOSFET ca phn 3.3V
Chn ngun cung cp cho phn 3.3V
Vin3
Ni vi t ngoi CT3 vi t xc nh tn s hot ng ca
Ct3
phn 3.3V
in p cung cp bn trong cho phn 3.3V, danh nh l 3.3V
Intvcc3
Dng ngng trong b so snh dng ca phn 3.3V s tng theo
Ith3
in p t ti chn ny
Ni vi b chia in tr bn trong a in p 3.3V ra ngoi.
Sense-3 Chn ny cng l chn ca b so snh dng ca phn 3.3V
73
Bng chc nng cc chn ca IC LT1070
Chn
Tn gi
s
1
VC
2
Fb
3
4
gNd
Vsw
vin
Chc nng
c s dng b tn s, gii hn dng, khi ng v tt
mm. N thc cht l u ra ca b so snh sai s v l u vo
ca b so snh dng
Chn hi tip l u vo ca b so snh sai s (u vo khng
o ca b so snh sai s c in p chun 1.244V)
Chn ni t
Chn u ra, n thc cht l colecto ca transistor cng sut
chuyn mch bn trong.
u vo cp ngun vi in p t 3V n 40V
Tnh ton gi tr ca cc linh kin cho u ra 5V/ 2A

in p u vo c gi tr t 6V n 20V vi gi tr danh nh 12V nn
ly c in p 5V u ra ta s s dng s mch gim p (Buck) nh
ni trong chng 3.
S mch nh sau:
L
PEMOS
Rs1
D1
SCHOTTKY
Vdc
Vo
C
NEMOS
IC iu khin
LTC1142HV
Hnh 4. 8: S dng IC LTC1142HV iu khin mch Buck
+ in tr cm bin dng Rs1 dng xc nh gi tr dng u ra nn

c tnh theo cng thc:
RS 1 =
100mV 100mV
=
= 50[m]
I 0 max
2A
(4. 1)
74
+ Xc nh Toff
Do mch Buck c in p u ra c tnh theo cng thc (3.1)
V0 = Vi
Ton
T
m T = Ton + Toff
Toff = T (1
Suy ra:
Vo
)
Vi
(4. 2)
Gi s mch c tn s chuyn mch l 200KHz nn theo (4.2) s xc

nh c: Toff =
1
5
(1
) = 1 .67[ s ]
200 KHz
7 .5
+ Xc nh t CT5
Gi tr ca t CT s xc nh tn s chuyn mch theo cng thc:
CT =
1
2.6 *104 * f
(4. 3)
thng thng Ton=Toff=T/2 nn CT c mi quan h vi Toff theo cng

thc:
Toff = CT x 1.3 x 104
(4. 4)
Vy ta tnh c: CT5 = 1.67 s /(1.3 x 104) = 128 [pF]

+ Xc nh gi tr ca cun dy
Gi tr ca cun L c chn theo biu thc (3.8)
L=
5(Vdcn V0 )V0T 5Toff V0

=
I0
Vdcn I on
(4. 5)
T tnh c vi phn mch ng ra 5V cn dng cun dy c gi tr:

5 * 1.67 *10 6 * 5
= 30[ H ]
L1=
2
+ Xc nh MOSFET
Hai MOSFET cng sut mc bn ngoi gm mt loi P, ng vai tr l
chuyn mch chnh v mt loi N, ng vai tr l chuyn mch ng b.
Tiu ch la chn MOSFET cng sut l in p ngng VGS v in tr
RDS khi MOSFET dn
Nu Vin > 8V th chn VGS < 4V
Khi mch hot ng ch lin tc, gi thit rng mt trong hai
MOSFET lun dn dng ti trung bnh. H s dn k khi c tnh cho
mi MOSFET l:
75
kP-MOSFET =
suy ra:
kN-MOSFET =
Ton Vo
=
T
Vi
Toff
T
Vi Vo
Vi
Gi s trong thi gian dn vi gi tr in tr RDS(dn) th MOSFET Q lm

tiu tn i cng sut l PQ. Ta s c:
PQ = k*I2max*RDS(dn)*(1+ Q)
Vi Q l h s ph thuc vo nhit ca RDS(dn)
Suy ra:
RDS(dn) =
PQ
k * I * (1 + Q )
2
0
(4. 6)
Gi s cc MOSFET c tn tht cng sut l PN = PP = 250 [mW]

V c N = P = 0.27
Khi tnh c RDS(dn) cho cc MOSFET u ra 5V l:
RDS(dn) P-MOSFET =
Vi * PP
7.5 * 250
=
= 73.8[m]
2
V0 * I 0 * (1 + P ) 5 * 2 2 * 1.27
RDS(dn) N-MOSFET =
Vi * PN
7.5 * 250
=
= 147.6[m]
2
(Vi V ) 0 * I 0 * (1 + N ) (7.5 5) * 2 2 * 1.27
Vi cc gi tr trn chn P-MOSFET l loi Si9435DY v N-MOSFET l

loi Si4490DY
+ Xc nh diode
Diode Schottky ch dn trong khong thi gian cht, l khong thi gian
gia cc khong dn ca hai MOSFET. Diode c mt nhim v duy nht l
ngn khng cho ht dn b tch tr trong N-MOSFET trong khong thi
gian cht. Vic la chn diode ny da trn thng s st p thun trn n
nh hn 0.6V khi n dn dng Imax v tiu hao cng sut khng qu 1%.
u ra 5V c dng max l 2A nn chn diode MBRS130L tho mn cc
tiu ch trn.
Vi cch chn cc linh kin chnh nh va trnh by trn, m phng bng
phn mm LTSpice CadIII c s mch v kt qu nh sau:
76
Hnh 4. 9: S mch cho u ra 5V/2A

77
Hnh 4. 10: Dng in p ti u ra 5V/2A

78
Hnh 4. 11: Bng thng k kt qa v linh kin s dng trong phn 5V/2A
T bng thng k kt qu xc nh c hiu sut u ra 5V/2A:
n=
PRload 2 9.851W
=
.100% = 94.72%
Pin
10.4W
79
Tnh ton gi tr ca cc linh kin cho u ra 3.3V/ 2A

Phn ny c thit k theo trnh t ging ht nh thit k cho u ra
5V/2A. S mch vn s dng mch gim p ca hnh 4.8.
Gi tr ca cc linh kin c chn c th nh sau (khng gii thch li):
+ in tr cm bin dng Rs2 : c tnh theo cng thc (4.1)
RS 2 =
100mV 100mV
=
= 50[m]
I 0 max
2A
+ Xc nh Toff: theo cng thc (4.2)

Vn gi s mch c tn s chuyn mch l 200KHz nn theo (4.2) s xc
nh c: Toff =
1
3 .3
(1
) = 2.8[ s ]
200 KHz
7 .5
+ Xc nh t CT3 : theo cng thc (4.3) v (4.4)

CT3 =
2.8s
= 215[ pF ]
1.3 *10 4
+ Xc nh gi tr ca cun dy: L2 c chn theo biu thc (4.5)
L2=
5 * 2.8 * 10 6 * 3.3
= 23.1[ H ]
2
+ Xc nh MOSFET
Gi s cc MOSFET c tn tht cng sut l PN = PP = 250 [mW]
V c N = P = 0.27
Khi tnh c RDS(dn) cho cc MOSFET u ra 3.3V theo cng thc
(4.6) l:
RDS(dn) P-MOSFET =
Vi * PP
7.5 * 250
=
= 33.89[m]
2
V0 * I 0 * (1 + P ) 3.3 * 2 2 * 1.27
RDS(dn) N-MOSFET =
Vi * PN
7.5 * 250
=
= 87.88[m]
2
(Vi V ) 0 * I 0 * (1 + N ) (7.5 3.3) * 2 2 * 1.27
Vi cc gi tr trn chn P-MOSFET l loi Si9803DV v N-MOSFET l

loi Si9936DY
+ Xc nh diode
Vic la chn diode Schottky da trn thng s st p thun trn n nh
hn 0.6V khi n dn dng Imax v tiu hao cng sut khng qu 1%.
u ra 3.3V c dng max l 2A nn chn diode MBRS130L tho mn
cc tiu ch trn.
80
Hnh 4. 12: S mch phn u ra 3.3V/2A

81
Hnh 4. 13: Dng in p v dng in ti u ra 3.3V/2A

82
Hnh 4. 14: Bng kt qu v thng k linh kin s dng cho u ra 3.3V/2A
T bng thng k kt qu xc nh c hiu sut u ra 3.3V/2A:
n=
PRload 1 6.503W
=
.100% = 93.03%
Pin
6.99W
83
Tnh ton gi tr ca cc linh kin cho u ra 12V/ 150mA

IC iu khin s dng LT1070 l loi IC a nng c kh nng iu khin
cho nhiu kiu mch khc nhau tu theo cch mc. Transistor chuyn mch
cng sut nm sn trong IC ny v c u ra chn SW.
Vy ta c s mch Boost a in p u vo thp (khong t 6V
n 10V) ln in p 12V nh sau:
D
Vo
R1
Vdc
Co
R2
IC iu khin LT1070
Hnh 4. 15: S mch nguyn l ca b n nh Boost
+ B phn p ly in p mu R1, R2 : in p ly t b phn p c

a ti chn FB ca IC. Chn hi tip ny chnh l u vo o ca b
khuch i sai s vi in p chun l 1.24V. Do c th xc nh rng
in p ti chn FB cn t 1.24V. T xc nh c mi quan h ca
R1 v R2 nh sau:
VFB =
Suy ra:
R2
V0
R1 + R 2
V
R1 = R 2( 0 1)
1.24
(4. 7)
Chn cc gi tr ca in tr ny sao cho dng chy qua b chia p

khong 1mA. Ngha l: R1 + R2 (Vo/1mA) = 12K
Gi s chn R2 = 1.24K, khi theo cng thc (4.7) tnh c
R1 = 12 1.24 = 12 1.24 = 10.76K
+ Xc nh gi tr ca cun dy:
Theo cc cng thc (3.15) ta c:
k * Ton * Vi 2
L=
2V0 * I 0
(4. 8)
mch hot ng ch khng lin tc nh phn tch trong

chng 3 th k c chn bng 0.8 v khi Ton(max) c gi tr nh trong
biu thc (3.16)
84
Ton (max) =
0.8T (V0 Vi (min) )

V0
0.8 * (12 6)
= 0.003[ms]
40 *10 3 *12
V chn Vi(min) = 6V v tn s chuyn mch ca LT1070 l 40KHz

Thay vo (4.8) xc nh c gi tr ca cun dy dng trong mch u
ra 12V nh sau:
L3(max) =
k * Ton (max) * Vi 2
2V0 * I 0
0.8 * 0.003 * 7.5 2

= 37.5[ H ]
2 * 12 * 150
+ Xc nh diode
Diode c chn l diode tt nhanh v thng chn l loi diode Schottky
da trn thng s st p thun trn n nh hn 0.6V khi n dn dng Imax
v tiu hao cng sut khng qu 1%.
u ra 12V c dng ra l 150mA nn chn diode MBRS340 tho mn
cc tiu ch trn.
85
Hnh 4. 16: S mch ca mch thit k cho u ra 12V/150mA

86
Hnh 4. 17: Dng in p u ra 12V/150mA
87
Hnh 4. 18:Bng kt qu v thng k linh kin s dng cho u ra 12V/150mA
T bng thng k kt qu xc nh c hiu sut u ra 12V/150mA:
n=
PRload 3 1.812W
=
.100% = 92%
Pin
1.97W
88
4.3. nh gi v th nghim kt qu trn m hnh m

phng
4.3.1. M phng cho mch n

Cc mch n thit k cho tng u ra nh trn u cho kt qu m phng
tng t nh l thuyt. Cc gi tr ca linh kin l hon ton da trn kt
qu tnh ton l thuyt m cha c s iu chnh no. Trong iu kin tnh
ton nh vy ta thu c kt qu:
+ Dng in p u ra: Cc mch u c dng in p u ra ging nh
trong l thuyt trnh by chng 3. C th l:
Mch 5V v 3.3V thc cht l mch Buck, u ra c dng in p ging
dng sng c trng ca b chuyn mch Buck cho trong hnh 3.1
Mch 12V thc cht l mch Boost hot ng ch khng lin tc, u
ra c dng in p ging dng sng c trng ca b chuyn mch Boost
trong hnh 3.4.
+ Hiu sut: Cc mch u t hiu sut trn 90%, ngha l th hin c
u im ni tri ca SMPS l hiu sut rt cao.
+ Gi tr trung bnh ca in p u ra: Vi cc s liu tnh trong l thuyt
th gi tr trung bnh ca in p u ra ca mch 1 v 2 vn cha t
chnh xc 100% . C th l:
Mch 5V c in p trung bnh
Vo1 = 4.96V
Mch 3.3V c in p trung bnh Vo2 = 3.33V
Mch 12V c in p trung bnh Vo3 = 12V
4.3.2. M phng cho mch tng hp:

Sau khi thit k ring cho tng u ra ta ghp li thnh mt mch thng
nht v iu chnh mt s thng s c kt qu tt hn nh sau:
89
Hnh 4. 19: S mch b ngun 3 u ra dng cho Notebook

90
Hnh 4. 20: Bng thng k linh kin v hiu sut t c

91
Hnh 4. 21: Dng sng ca c ba u ra: 5V, 3.3V, 12V
T bng thng k kt qu xc nh c hiu sut ca mch l:
n=
PRload 3 + PRload 2 + PRload 1 6.499 + 9.839 + 17.787

=
.100% = 93.49%
36.5
Pin
92
Kt lun
Khoa hc k thut ngy nay ang pht trin rt nhanh nhm em li
nhng li ch ln nht cho con ngi. Trong s cc lnh vc c nhiu thnh
cng vi nhng bc tin vt bc phi k ti lnh vc in t. Cc thit b
in t ngy cng c nhiu tnh nng linh hot, cht lng cao, kch thc
nh gn, tui th lu v gi thnh th lin tc gim. Tuy nhin, c c
nhng thit b c nhng u im y th mt nhnh nghin cu rt quan
trng l nghin cu to ra cc b ngun ti u ph hp cho tng thit
b.
Gii php thc hin tt c cc b ngun dng cho cc thit b in t
hin nay l thit k theo phng php n p xung, cn gi l ngun chuyn
mch. Khi ngun loi ny cho php ti u ho v mt kch thc, mt
tch hp cng sut cao, cht lng u ra n nh . Thc t ch ra rng,
vi nhng yu cu cao t ln b ngun th xc sut h hng xy ra phn
ny so vi cc phn cng khc ca thit b l tng i cao. V vy, yu cu
cn sa cha nhng h hng ny l ln.
Thm vo , trong xu hng pht trin ca t nc theo con ng
cng nghip ho - hin i ho th vic tin n mt nn sn xut tin tin
l tt yu. V vy, qu trnh chun b y v mt l thuyt s l bc i
c tnh cht quyt nh. Vi mong mun ng gp mt phn nh b vo
vic b sung kin thc v ngun chuyn mch nhng g tc gi trnh by
trong quyn lun vn ny s l ti liu tham kho c ch cho nhng ai mun
thit k, lp rp v sa cha b ngun cht lng cao dng trong cc thit
b in t.
93
Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Vn Nh: in t cng sut . H BK HCM . 2005
[2] Joseph Vithayathil: Power Electronics . 1995
[3] - Mohan, Undeland, Robin: Power Electronics . 1997
[4] - Fang Lin Luo, Hong Ye: Advanced DC/DC Converter . 2004
[5] - Abraham I. Pressman: Switching Power Supply Design . 2001
[6] - Hunt, Lipsman, Rosenberg: A guide to MATLAB . 2003
[7] - Nguyn Phng Quang: Matlab & Simulink . NXB KHKT . 2003
[8] - A. Dumitrescu, D. Fodor, M. Rosu: Modeling and simulation of
electric drive systems using Matlab/Simulink environments . 1999
[9] Linear Teachnology Corporation: Design Note, Application Note 51,
54, 57,66, 67, 76, 84. 1993 2006 http://www.linear.com
[10] Cybernet Systems Co., Switching Power Supply Design Utilizing /
Pspice - 2002

Power Design Solution

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Power Design Solution

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

B gio dc v o to

Phm thanh huyn

Nghin cu gii php thit k

Lun vn thc s k thut

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: Ts. Nguyn thanh hi

H Ni, thng 10 nm 2006

1.1.1. V tr v tm quan trng ca b ngun trong h thng ...... 7

1.2.1. B ngun n nh tuyn tnh.................................................. 9

1.3.1. Khi lc nhiu u vo ......................................................... 15

2.1.1. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch A ............................ 20

2.2.1. B bin i th h th nht .................................................. 24

2.2.4. B bin i th h th t ...................................................... 35

3.2.1. B chuyn mch Buck .......................................................... 39

3.3.1. Gii thiu chung .................................................................... 58

4.1.1. Phn mm m phng Matlab/Simulink.............................. 62

4.2.1. Gii thiu chung .................................................................... 67

4.3.1. M phng cho mch n ...................................................... 88

Bin i in p xoay chiu sang xoay chiu

Bin i in p xoay chiu sang mt chiu

Bin i in p mt chiu sang xoay chiu

Bin i in p mt chiu sang mt chiu

Transistor hiu ng trng

Phn t hiu chnh

B mgun chuyn mch

th a ra sn phm nhng khng h cng b l thuyt km theo. V vy,

Hng dn s dng cc phn mm m phng nh Matlab, LTspice, SW

Tng quan chung v cc yu cu ca b

1.1.1. V tr v tm quan trng ca b ngun trong h thng

1.1.2. Cc loi ngun s dng trong thit b in t

S n nh ca ngun cung cp quyt nh s an ton cho thit b, tng

Hnh 1. 1: S khi n gin ca mt b ngun

Hnh 1. 2: S mch chnh lu v lc ngun

Phn t c bn trong b n nh c gi l phn t hiu chnh (PTHC).

1.2.1. B ngun tuyn tnh

Hnh 1. 3: S n nh dng diode Zene v Tecmitto

Trong s th nht, ni tr ca diode Zene gim theo s gia tng ca

Hnh 1. 4: S khi ca b n nh c hi tip

PTHC c iu khin bng tn hiu mt chiu t b khuch i. Trong

cch no iu khin c s thay i ca ni tr ny ta s lm cho in

Hnh 1. 5: B ngun tuyn tnh c hi tip

Trong , Transistor hot ng ch tuyn tnh, c ni tr thay i

Bng trn cho thy cc gi tr tng ng ca mch khi dung sai ng vo

Hnh 1. 6: S mch n p dng v m dng IC n p

Vi mch tch hp c s dng trong cc b ngun n nh tuyn tnh

1.2.2. B ngun chuyn mch

Hnh 1. 7: S khi ca b ngun chuyn mch

Nh ni phn trn, SMPS bao gm nhiu khi, v vy a ra c

1.3.1. Khi lc nhiu u vo

Hnh 1. 8: Khi lc nhiu u vo

Khi ny c nhim v lc b cc nhiu cao tn. Trong khng gian c rt

loi b cc thnh phn gn sng ca in p ra sau khi nn, cn s

1.3.3. Khi chuyn mch tn s cao, nn v lc th cp

1.3.4. Khi iu khin

Nh ni trn, b bin i DC/DC l mt trong nhng phn quan trng

Cc phng php bin i in p DC/DC da trn hot ng ca mch

Hnh 2. 1: 4 ch hot ng ca mch ngt qung

Ch A: in p dng, dng in dng

2.1.1. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch A

Hnh 2. 2: S mch v dng sng ca mch ngt qung ch A

Tu theo trng thi ng / m ca chuyn mch S m in p Vp c dng

T = 1/f, f l tn s ngt qung ca chuyn mch S.

2.1.2. Mch ngt qung hot ng ch B

Hnh 2. 3: S mch v dng sng ca mch ngt qung ch B

Trong mch ny in p u ra mang du dng v dng in u ra