Mansoura University

Faculty of nursing
Master preparatory course
2014-2015

Supervised By:
Dr/ Raefa Allam
:Prepared By
Maha Ebrahim Ebrahim
Enas sabry fathy
Eman Yasser Hammouda
Nagwa Yehia
Mona AbdElghany
Mona Refat

Outline
Introduction
Definition of Teaching (instructional) methods
Types of the instructional methods
*. Traditional methods.
*. Nontraditional methods.
Advantage and disadvantage of methods of teaching & learning
.

activities.

Objectives:
General objectives:
At the end of the lecture, my colleagues will be able to Identify
The different types of teaching methods and advantages and disadvantages of each type.

Specific objectives:
At the end of the lecture ,my collegues will be able to:
-Define teaching methods.
-Identify the different teaching methods.
-Discuss the advantage and disadvantages of each teaching method.
-Practice small group discussion during the nursing education course.

Introduction
Once the teacher has determined the learning objectives associated with
the topic of the lesson, then she or he must determine the specific
learning/teaching activities and resources that will be used during the
course of the class session to accomplish these objectives. Matching
teaching methods to course objectives is an essential, good teaching
practice. Preparing your course has parallels to preparing your research.
You wouldnt choose choose a research method without first knowing
your research questions; you should treat choosing your teaching strategy
with the same mindset. The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher
explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires
(William Arthur Ward).

Definition of traditional teaching

Is the technique or approach the teacher uses to bring the learner into
contact with the content to be learned.

Types of traditional teaching:

There are many traditional & none-traditional teaching methods; each has
its advantages and disadvantages.

Traditional teaching consist of :

1- lecture
2- Group discussion
3- Demonstration
4- One to one instruction
5- Problem solving

6-

Using Audiovisuals methods

1- Lecture :
For many years, the lecture method was the most widely used
instructional strategy in college classrooms although the usefulness of
other teaching strategies is being widely examined today; the lecture still
remains an important way to communicate information.
Lecture can be defined as highly structured methods by which the
teacher verbally transmits information directly to group of learners for
purpose of instruction Content presented by instructor often accompanied
by handouts or visual aids.

Advantages
1-Saving of time.

Disadvantages
1- The students in a passive situation.

2-Covers a large group of students 2- Low interest.

3-Gives a feeling of security pace 3- Does not deal with higher levels
of learning.

thinking skills.

4-Can be used with other teaching 4- Difficult of the development of the

strategies.

learning

5-Useful strategy for clarifying

5-Visual aids, handouts may be costly.

complex information.
6- Maximizes instructor control

6-disengages students from the learning

7-the traditional lecture can be an

process causing information to be

effective way to achieve

quickly forgotten.

instructional goal.

7- minimizes feedback from students

2- Group discussion:Is a method of teaching where by learners get together to exchange

information, feelings, and opinions with each other and the teacher.

Advantages

Disadvantages

1- Encourage active participation of 1- Requires supervision to keep

learner

learners on-task.

2- Permits a teacher/student

2- Requires that learners have

dialogue.

sufficient knowledge.

3- Easy learning.

3- Difficult or painful for the

4-Improves students' thinking skills quiet/shy learner.

and ability to articulate thoughts and 4- If students are un prepared,
feelings.

discussion will be ineffective.

5- Cost-effective.

5-Requires time.

3- Demonstration:Is a method by which the learners are shown by the teacher how to perform a
particular skill?
Demonstration is preceded by a lesson on the purpose of the skill, the steps
involved, equipment required, and what the learner is expected to do.
Disadvantages

Advantages
1- Enhances retention.

1- The student is limited.

2- Presence of teacher, increase feeling of

2- Highly costs and time consuming.

security.

3- Difficult in repeating the

3- Facilitate the question between the

demonstration in order to acquire

teacher and student.

competence.

4- Aids in the understanding of more

4-Sufficient number of instructors

complex psychomotor skills.

needed to supervise student practice.

5-Learner has better understanding of what

is expected of him/her.

4- One to one instruction:-

In which the teacher delivers individual instruction designed specifically

for particular learner.
Advantages

Disadvantages

1- Presence of teacher, increase feeling 1-Highly costs and time consuming.

of security.

2-No exchange information or

2- Facilitate the question between the

interaction between other student

teacher and student.

3- Low interest.

3- Ensure completely understanding.

4- Does not deal with higher levels

4- Enhances retention.

thinking skills.
5- in hospital we need to large number
of nurses for (one nurse to on patient )

5- Problem Solving:-

It is the most independent of learning methods, as it is completely empowers the

students to initiate their own learning.

The teacher makes all decisions about the content of the questions and therefore
the correct answers; however the role of arranging sequences that lead to the correct
solutions are placed in the hands of the learner.

The teacher therefore must assume the role of the facilitator, and be prepared to
provide students with feedback rather than solutions.

Positive reinforcement is a very important element of the problem solving process,

as it will further promote students to levels and personal confidence. provide their ideas,
developing individual motivation.
Advantages

Disadvantages

1- Recognizes independent thinking.

1- Inability to achieve the answers may

2- Improve the learner's capacity to

result in a lack of motivation.

generate and evaluate ideas and

2- Effective only for students who are

solutions.

already able to take responsibility for

3- allows for the development of

their own learning.

creativity among students .

3- Time consuming.

4- Allows students to control their own

4- Need a supportive environment in

learning situation.

which to work out solutions.

5- Enhances retention.

5- The outcomes of the lesson may not

be achieved if the teacher's preparation
is not adequate.
6- Potential for a lack of teacher control
over the class.

Activity- Based teaching strategies

Non Traditional Methods

Method of non-traditional method
Simulation -1
role playing -2
Self-learning modules -3
Computer-assisted instruction -4
humor -5
Problem Based Learning -PBL -6

:Simulation-1
Is a method where by an artificial or hypothetical experience is created
that engages the learner in an activity that reflects real-life conditions but
without the risk taking consequences of an actual situation? By this
method, participants can trial their problem solving techniques, and
psychomotor skills

:Advantages
-Practice reality in safe setting
-Life-like experience can enhance retention
-Used as an independent study
-Facilitates development of problem- solving & decision making skills
All learners receive identical experience (not based on the teacher's
.experience)

:Disadvantages
CostlyTime-consumingPrerequisite knowledge and basic skill instruction required-

-Role playing: 2

?Is a method by which learners participate in an unrehearsed dramatization

They are asked to play assigned parts of a character, as they think the character
would act in reality This method is a technique to arouse feeling and elicit
emotional responses in the learner

:Advantages
Develops understanding of othersPromotes development of observational, problem-solving and decision --making skills
Cost-effective-

:Disadvantages
Requires-faculty supervision
Requires care when designing and developing-

-Self-learning modules 3
It is a form of self-study, in which the learner is provided with
packets containing information and self-checks the packet is designed, so
that the learner can progress to a new section after mastering the prior
section.

:Advantages
-Student can work at own pace
-Can be completed in class or outside classroom
Great for adult learners, because time and place of learning is under .their control

:Disadvantages
-Costly to prepare & update
-Requires careful design
-More costly if published materials used
.Lack of interaction with instructor and other students

Computer-assisted instruction-4
It is a form of study using the technology of the computer to deliver
.(.educational activities. (e.g., TOEFL, ICDL)

:Advantages

Technology is effective for teaching in the cognitive and psychomotor .domains

.Useful for promoting decision making and problem-solving skills .Learners can proceed at their own paceLearners receive immediate and continuous feedback- .
.Many types of application available-

:Disadvantages
-Can be very costly hardware & software.
Selection of appropriate software may be difficult for inexperienced .teachers
-.Requires that students be self-motivated
-Student familiarity and skill with computer technology may differ

-Humor 5
.In which a joke, cartoon, or funny situation is added to a lesson
This strategy provides students with a short break in content, and can
.enhance comprehension and retention of material

:Advantages
-Increases learner interest
-Enhances teacher/student connection
-Improves learner apprehension (understanding)
-Aids in retention of content
.Enhances mood, attitude, and general feeling of learning environment-

:Disadvantages
Instructor must be aware of possible effects of humor on different .students

-Problem Based Learning -PBL)) 6

PBL = Active learning
Students are more responsible for their own education and not solely
.dependent on their teachers
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a form of peer teaching, whereby
students work cooperatively in small groups to seek solutions to
.problems
In the PBL learning process, small groups of students often encounter a problem. Together, students must try to understand the problem,

reformulate the problem, and determine what information they need to

solve this problem
They have to apply previous knowledge on the topic, as well as researching a range of information resources relevant to help solve the
.problem at hand
PBL allows students to make sense of the material in their own way, integrating newly acquired knowledge with prior knowledge and
.experiences
During this process students are encouraged to self and peer assess their progress, which helps to develop their collaborative or team learning
.skills
The students clarified what happened in the scenario, defined the
problems, and wrote down unclear terms or concepts. The tutor helped
the students think about the scenario, discuss it, and arrive at an
.understanding

:Advantages of Problem Based Learning

Engage the students in the problems they face in life and society with relevant skills and enthusiasm
Teaches effective problem solving skills using a flexible and usable knowledge base
Utilizes effective self-directed learning skills to continue learning as a life-long habit
Teaches to monitor and assess the depth of their knowledge, problem solving and self-directed learning skills

Involves students in effective group based work

:Disadvantages of Problem Based Learning

Students may get distracted working in groups
Teachers are required to provide effective guidance, so they may require further tuition in this field
Not all students can be expected to adapt to and succeed when introduced to PBL. Factors to consider may include student backgrounds,
learning difficulties, social interaction skills, confidence levels and
behavioral qualities