Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MATH 203
Course Description :
Chapter 2 : The Derivative
Chapter 3 : Topics in Differentiation
Chapter 4 : The Derivative in Graphing and Applications
Chapter 5 : Integration
Text Book :
Howard Anton , Irl Bivens , Stephen Davis , '' Calculus '' Early
Transcendentals , John Wiley & Sons , Inc., 10 th Edition , 2012 .
Grade Distribution :
Home Works
7%
Participation
3%
Quizzes
10 %
20 %
20 %
Final Exam
40 %
1
Syllabus of Calculus I
MATH 203
Taibah University
First Semester
1435/1436 H
Department of Mathematics
Week
Section
1
2
Topics
Items
Examples
Exercises
1,2,3,4
15,16
2.2
The Derivative
Function
1,2(a),4,6(a)
9,15
2.3
Introduction to
Techniques of
Differentiation
1,2,3,4,5,6,9
2,10,41(a)
2.4
1,2,3
4,9,11
2.5
Derivatives of
Trigonometric
Functions
For.(3), For.(4),
For.(5-6), For.(7-8)
1,2,3
1,8,21
2.6
1,3,4,5
8,19,21
3.1
Implicit
Differentiation
3.11 Def.
2,3,4,5(a,b)
4,13,17
3.2
Derivative of
Logarithmic
Functions
For.(1), For.(2),
For.(3), For.(4-5),
For.(6), For.(8)
2,3,4,5
13,27,35
3.3
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Inverse
Trigonometric
For.(2), For.(3),
3.3.1 Th., For.(5),
For.(6), For.(7-8),
For.(9-10), For.(11-
3,4,5
21,32,47
Functions
12), For.(13-14),
3.6
L'Hopital's Rule;
3.6.1 Th., Applying
Indeterminate Forms L'Hopital's Rule
P.g.(220), 3.6.2 Th.,
For.(5-6)
1,2,3,4,5
7,13, 21,36
4.1
1,2,4,5
15,19
4.2
1,2,4,5
7,34
4.3
Analysis of Function
III: Rational
Functions, Cusps
and Vertical
Tangents
Graphing a Rational
Function
f(x)=P(x)/Q(x) if
Q(x) and Q(x) have
no Common Factors.
P.g.(255)
1,3
1,13
10
4.4
Absolute Maxima
and Minima
1,4
7,24
4.5
Applied Maximum
and Minimum
Problems
A procedure for
Solving Applied
Maximum and
Minimum Problems.
P.g.(276)
1,2
11
4.8
Roll's Theorem;
Mean-Value
Theorem
1,4
1,5
12
5.1
An Overview of the
Area Problem
1(a,b,c)
15
5.2
The Indefinite
Integral
1,2,3,4
11,21,23
For.(5), For.(6),
For.(7), For.(10)
13
14
5.3
Integration by
Substitution
For.(2), For.(3),
Guidelines for
u-substitution
P.g.(334), For.(5),
For.(6), For.(7)
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
8,9,10,14
17,31,35
5.4
The Definition of
Area as a Limit;
Sigma Notation
39
5.5
1,4
13(a),25
1,2,3,4,5,6
13,19,25
5.8.1 Def.
1,2,3
5,11,16
15
5.6
The Fundamental
5.6.1 Th., 5.6.2 Th.,
Theorem of Calculus 5.6.3 Th.
5.8
Average Value of
a Function and its
Applications
5.9
Evaluating Definite
Integrals by
Substitution
5.9.1 Th.
5.10
Logarithmic and
Other Functions
Defined by Integrals
5.10.1 Def.,
5.10.2Th., 5.10.3 Th.,
5.10.4Def.,5.10.5Th.,
5.10.6Def.,5.10.7Th.,
5.10.8Th.,5.10.9 Def.
Symbols :
Def. Definition
Th. Theorem
Notes :
1. First periodic exam through week No. 7.
2. Second periodic exam through week No. 12.
3. Simple calculators are allowed (e.g. Casio fx-82 MS or less).
Advanced scientific
calculators which graph functions or have programs are not allowed (e.g. Casio fx-991
ES+ , TI 83 or more).
CHAPTER (2)
THE DERIVATIVE
2.1 TANGENT LINES AND RATES OF CHANGE :
Page (131)
Tangent Lines :
on the curve of
Figure 2.1.1
* If we let x approach x0 , then the point Q will move along the
curve and approach the point P. If the secant line through P
and Q approaches a limiting position as x x0 , then we will
regard that position to be the position of the tangent line at P.
2.1.1 Definition :
Page (132)
lim
x 1
* a 2 b 2 a b a b
x 1 x 1
x 1
7
lim x 1 2 .
x 1
f x0 h f x0
mtan lim
2
h 0
h
* Figure 2.1.2 shows how Formula 2 express the slope of the
tangent line as a limit of slopes of secant lines.
Figure 2.1.2
8
Example 2 :
Page (133)
Compute the slope in Example 1 using Formula 2 .
Solution
* Applying Formula 2 with f x x 2 and x0 1 , we obtain
f x0 h f x0
mtan lim
h 0
h
f 1 h f 1
lim
h 0
h
1 h 2 1 2
lim
h 0
h
Remember that :
* a b 2 a 2 2 ab b 2
1 2h h2 1
2h h2
lim
lim
h 0
h 0
h
h
h 2 h
lim
lim 2 h 2
h 0
h 0
h
which agrees with the slope found in Example 1.
Example 3 :
Page (133)
Find an equation for the tangent line to the curve y 2 / x at
the point 2 ,1 on this curve.
Solution
* First , we will find the slope of the tangent line by Formula
2 with f x 2 / x and x0 2 . This yields
f x0 h f x0
mtan lim
h 0
h
9
f 2 h f 2
h 0
h
2
1
lim 2 h
h 0
h
lim
Remember that :
a
a b
* 1
b
b
2 2 h
2 h
h
lim
lim
h 0 h 2 h
h 0
h
1
1
lim
2
h 0 2 h
* Thus , an equation of the tangent line to y 2 / x at 2 ,1 is
y f x0 mtan x x0
1
y 1 x 2
2
1
y 1 x 1
2
1
y x 2 .
or equivalently
2
10
Figure 2.1.3
Example 4 :
Page (134)
Remember that :
*
lim
h 0
lim
h 0
lim
h 0
x0 h x0
x0 h x0
h
x0 h x0
1
x0 h x0
a b
a b a b
1
2 x0
.
2
2 1
slop e at x0 4 :
slop e at x0 9 :
1
2 4
1
2 9
Figure 2.1.4
12
1
.
4
1
.
6
(Home Work)
Page (140)
13
Page (143)
f x0 h f x0
lim
h 0
h
exists , then it can be interpreted as the slope of the tangent line
mtan to the curve y f x at x x0 .
h 0
f x0 h f x0
.
h
2.2.1 Definition :
1
Page (143)
f x h f x
f ' x lim
2
h 0
h
is called the derivative of f with respect to x . The domain of
f ' consists of all x in the domain of f for which the limit exists.
Example 1 :
Page (143)
lim
h 0
x h 2
x2
h
Remember that :
* a b 2 a 2 2 ab b 2
x 2 2 xh h 2 x 2
2 xh h 2
lim
lim
h 0
h 0
h
h
h 2 x h
lim
lim 2 x h 2 x .
h 0
h 0
h
* Then the slope of the tangent line to y x 2 at x 2 is
f ' 2 2 2 4 .
Figure 2.2.1
15
at
Page (144)
y f x0 f ' x0 x x0
or , equivalently ,
y f x0 f ' x0 x x0
Example 2 :
Page (145)
(a) Find the derivative with respect to x of f x x 3 x .
Solution
* It follows from 2 that
f x h f x
f ' x lim
h 0
h
x h 3 x h x 3 x
lim
h 0
h
Remember that :
* a b 3 a 3 3 a 2 b 3 ab 2 b 3
x 3 3 x 2 h 3 xh 2 h 3 x h x 3 x
lim
h 0
h
16
3 x 2 h 3 xh 2 h 3 h
lim
h 0
h
h 3 x 2 3 xh h 2 1
lim
h 0
h
lim 3 x 2 3 xh h 2 1 3 x 2 1 .
h 0
Example 4 :
Page (145)
*
lim
h 0
x h x
x h x
17
a b
a b a b
lim
h 0
h
x h x
1
lim
x h x
h 0
1
2 x
.
6
2 9
(c) The graphs of f x x and f ' x x are shown in
Figure 2.2.5.
Observe that f ' x 0 if x 0 , which
means that all tangent lines to the graph of y x have
positive slope at all points in this interval.
Figure 2.2.5
* Since
lim
and
lim
x 2 x
2 x
the graph of f becomes more and more vertical as x 0
and more and more horizontal as x .
x0
18
Differentiability :
Page (146)
2.2.2 Definition :
A function f is said to be differentiable at x0 if the limit
f x0 h f x0
f ' x0 lim
5
h 0
h
exists. If f is differentiable at each point of the open interval
a ,b , then we say that it is differentiable on a ,b , and
similarly for open intervals of the form a , , ,b , and
, . In the last case we say that f is differentiable
everywhere.
Figure 2.2.6
Figure 2.2.7
Figure 2.2.8
20
Example 6 :
Page (148)
The graph of y x in Figure 2.2.10 has a corner at x 0 ,
which implies that f x x is not differentiable at x 0 .
(a) Prove that f x x is not differentiable at x 0 by
showing that the limit in Definition 2.2.2 does not exist at
x 0 .
Figure 2.2.10
Solution
Remember that :
x , x 0
* x
x , x 0
(a) From Formula (5) with x0 0 , the value of f ' 0 , if it were
exist , would be given by
f x0 h f x0
f ' x0 lim
h 0
h
f 0 h f 0
f ' 0 lim
h 0
h
h 0
h
lim
lim
h 0
h 0 h
h
h 1 , h 0
* But
h 1 , h 0
21
h
h
so that
l im
1 and lim
1 .
h
h
h 0
h 0
* Since these one-sided limits are not equal , the two-sided limit
in 5 does not exist , and hence
f is not differentiable at x 0 .
The Relationship Between Differentiability and Continuity :
Page (148)
2.2.3 Theorem :
If a function f is differentiable at x0 , then f is continuous at
x0 .
Other Derivative Notations :
Page (150)
f x x f x
x 0
x
f ' x lim
10
11
f x x f x
dy
y
lim
lim
12
dx x 0 x x 0
x
* The geometric interpretation of x and y are shown in
Figure 2.2.14.
Figure 2.2.14
23
(Home Work)
Page (152)
9. Use Definition 2.2.1 to find f ' x , and then find the tangent
line to the graph of y f x at x a if f x 2 x 2 ; a 1 .
1
y
24
Page (155)
Derivative of a Constant :
2.3.1 Theorem :
The derivative of a constant function is 0 ; if c is any real
number , then
d
c 0 .
1
dx
Example 1 :
Page (155)
d
* 1 0 .
dx
d
* 3 0 .
dx
d
* 0 .
dx
d
* 2 0 .
dx
Remember that :
d
*
c 0
dx
Page (156)
Example 2 :
Page (156)
d
x 4 4 x 3 .
dx
d
* x 5 5 x 4 .
dx
d
* t 12 12 t 11 .
dt
Remember that :
d
x n n x n 1
*
dx
2.3.3 Theorem (Extended Power Rule):
Page (157)
7
Page (157)
d
dx
d
*
dx
x x 1 .
1
1 d 1
1 1
2
x 2 .
x d x x 1 x
x
100
d 1 d
100
101
w
100 w
101 .
*
100
dw w
w
dw
4
d
4
4
4
x 4 / 5 x 4 / 5 1 x 1 / 5
.
5
1
/
5
dx
5
5
5 x
5x
26
1
d
d
1 1 / 2
1/ 2
* x x x
.
dx
dx
2
2 x
1
d 3
d
1
1
x
x 1 / 3 x 2 / 3
3
3
dx d x
3x 2/ 3
3 x2
Remember that :
d
x r r x r 1
*
dx
d
1
*
dx 2 x
Derivative of a Constant Times a Function :
Page (157)
d
dx
d
*
dx
d
*
dx
Page (158)
d
4 x 8 4
x 8 4 8 x 7 32 x 7
dx
d
x 12 1
x 12 12 x 11 .
dx
d
x 1 x 2
dx
x2
27
Remember that :
d
d
*
c f x c
f x
dx
dx
Derivatives of Sums and Difference :
Page (158)
d
d
d
f x g x f x
g x .
dx
dx
dx
Example 5 :
10
Page (158)
d
d
d
2 x 6 x 9
2 x 6
x 9
dx
dx
dx
2 6 x 5 9 x 10 12 x 5 9 x 10 .
d x 2x d
1 2 x
*
dx
x dx
d
d
1
2
x
dx
dx
2 x
1
.
x
28
Remember that :
d
d
d
*
f x g x f x
g x
dx
dx
dx
a b a b
*
c
c c
d
1
x
*
dx 2 x
Example 6 :
Page (159)
Find dy / dx if y 3 x 8 2 x 5 6 x 1 .
Solution
y 3 x8 2 x5 6 x 1
dy
d
3 x 8 2 x 5 6 x 1
dx dx
Remember that :
d
d
d
*
f x g x f x
g x
dx
dx
dx
d
d
d
d
3 x 8
2 x 5
6
x
dx
dx
dx
dx
Remember that :
d
d
*
c f x c
f x
dx
dx
d
x r r x r 1
*
dx
d
*
c 0
dx
24 x7 10 x 4 6 .
29
Higher Derivatives :
Page (159)
f ', f '' f ' ', f ''' f '' ', f 4 f ''' ', f 5 f 4 ', ...
f x
dx d x
2
d 2y
d d
d
y ''
f x 2 f x
2
dx dx
dx
dx
d3
d3y
d d2
y '''
2 f x 3 f x
3
dx d x
dx
dx
y'
d ny
dn
n
f
x n f x
n
dx
dx
30
11
d ny
dx n
x x0
dn
x0 n f x
dx
x x
12
Example 9 :
* If f x 3 x 4 2 x 3 x 2 4 x 2 , then
Page (160)
f ' x 12 x 3 6 x 2 2 x 4
f '' x 36 x 2 12 x 2
f ''' x 72 x 12
f 4 x 72
f 5 x 0
f n x 0
n 5
(Home Work)
2. Find dy / dx if y 3 x 12 .
1
10. Find f ' x if f x x .
x
41.(a) Find d 2 y / dx 2 if y 7 x 3 5 x 2 x .
31
Page (161)
f . g '
f . g' g . f ' .
Example 1 :
Find dy / dx if y 4 x 2 1 7 x 3 x .
Solution
y 4 x2 1 7 x3 x
Page (164)
4 x2 1 7 x3 x
dx dx
Remember that :
d
d
d
*
f x .g x f x . g x g x . f x
dx
dx
dx
d
d
4 x 2 1 . 7 x 3 x 7 x 3 x . 4 x 2 1
dx
dx
4 x 2 1 21 x 2 1 7 x 3 x 8 x
140 x 4 9 x 2 1 .
32
28 x 5 4 x 3 7 x 3 x 28 x 5 3 x 3 x
dy
d
28 x 5 3 x 3 x 140 x 4 9 x 2 1 .
* Thus ,
dx d x
which agrees with the result obtained using the product rule.
Example 2 :
Find ds / dt if s 1 t
Page (165)
t.
Solution
s 1 t t
x
*
dx
2 x
1
1 t
t 1
2 t
1 t
2 t
1 3t
.
2 t
2 t
2 t
33
Derivative of a Quotient :
Page (165)
2
dx g x
g x
f g . f ' f . g'
.
g
2
g
Example 3 :
Page (166)
x3 2x2 1
Find y ' x if y
.
x 5
Solution
x3 2x2 1
y
x 5
dy
d x 3 2 x 2 1
dx dx
x 5
Remember that :
d
*
dx
f x
g x
g x .
d
d
f x f x . g x
dx
dx
2
g x
34
d
d
3
2
3
2
x 5 . x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 . x 5
dx
dx
x 5 2
x 5 3 x 2
3x
x 5
3
4 x x 3 2 x 2 1 1
2
19 x 2 20 x x 3 2 x 2 1
x 5 2
2 x 3 17 x 2 20 x 1
x 5
Page (167)
d
c 0
dx
c f '
f . g '
cf'
f g . f ' f . g'
g
g2
f . g' g . f '
'
g'
1
g
g2
d
x r r x r 1
dx
35
Page (168)
9. Find f ' x if f x x 2 x 2 2 x 4 .
11. Find f ' x
3x 4
if f x 2
.
x 1
36
x sin x
dx dx
Remember that :
d
d
d
*
f x .g x f x . g x g x . f x
dx
dx
dx
d
d
x . sin x sin x . x
dt
dt
Remember that :
d
sin x cos x
*
dx
x cos x sin x .
37
Example 2 :
Page (170)
sin x
.
1 cos x
Solution
sin x
y
1 cos x
* Using the quotient rule together with Formula (3) and (4) we
obtain
dy
d sin x
dx dx 1 cos x
Remember that :
d
d
g x . f x f x . g x
d f x
dx
dx
*
2
dx g x
g x
Find dy / dx if y
1 cos x .
d
d
sin x sin x . 1 cos x
dx
dx
1 cos x 2
Remember that :
d
d
sin x cos x ,
cos x sin x
*
dx
dx
1 cos x cos x sin x sin x
1 cos x 2
cos x cos 2 x sin 2 x
1 cos x 2
38
Remember that :
* cos 2 x sin 2 x 1
* 1 tan 2 x sec 2 x
* cot 2 x 1 csc 2 x
cos x 1
1 cos x 2
1
.
1 cos x
Example 3 :
Find f '' / 4 if f x sec x .
Solution
f x sec x
d
* f ' x sec x sec x tan x
dx
Page (170)
Remember that :
d
sec x sec x tan x
*
dx
d
* f '' x sec x tan x
dx
Remember that :
d
d
d
*
f x .g x f x . g x g x . f x
dx
dx
dx
d
d
sec x . tan x tan x . sec x
dt
dt
39
Remember that :
d
tan x sec 2 x
*
dx
180
45 , tan 1 , sec 2
*
4
4
4
4
1 3 2 .
2
(Home Work)
40
Page (172)
Page (174)
Derivatives of Compositions :
2.6.1 Theorem (The Chain Rule):
If g is differentiable and f is differentiable at g x , then the
composition f g is differentiable at x . Moreover , if
y f g x and u g x
then y f u and
dy dy du
.
.
dx d u d x
Example 1 :
Find dy / dx if y cos x 3 .
1
Page (175)
Solution
y cos x 3
.
dx d u d x
d
du 3
x
cos
u
.
du
dx
Remember that :
d
x r r x r 1
*
dx
d
cos x sin x
*
dx
41
sin x . 3 x
3 x 2 sin x 3 .
sin u . 3 x 2
3
Page (175)
* Formula (1) for the chain rule can be expressed in the form
d
f g x f
dx
Page (176)
Solution
h x cos x 3
f ' x3 .3 x 2
42
sin x 3 . 3 x 2 3 x 2 sin x 3
dx
1 d
2 t an x . tan x
dx
Page (176)
Remember that :
d
tan x sec 2 x
*
dx
d 2
1
d
2
1
.
x
1
2 x 2 1 dx
dx
Remember that :
d
1
x
*
dx 2 x
1
2 x 1
2
.2x
43
x
x 1
2
Page (176)
d
du
f u f ' u .
dx
dx
Table 2.6.1 Generalized Derivative Formula:
3
Page (176)
csc
x
(c)
dx
Page (177)
d
tan x 2 1
dx
3/4
d
2
x x 2
(d)
dx
8
d
5
1 x cot x
(e)
dx
Solution
(b)
44
d
sin 2 x
(a)
dx
Taking u 2 x in the generalized derivative formula for
sinu yields
d
d
du
sin 2 x
sin u cos u .
dx
dx
dx
Remember that :
d
du
sin
u
cos
u
.
*
dx
dx
d
cos 2 x . 2 x cos 2 x . 2
dx
2 cos 2 x .
(b)
d
tan x 2 1
dx
Taking u x 2 1 in the generalized derivative formula for
tanu yields
d
d
du
2
2
tan x 1
tan u sec u .
dx
dx
dx
Remember that :
d
du
*
tan u sec 2 u .
dx
dx
d
sec 2 x 2 1 . x 2 1
dx
sec 2 x 2 1 . 2 x
2 x sec 2 x 2 1
45
d 3
csc
x
(c)
dx
Taking u x 3 csc x in the generalized derivative formula
for u yields
d 3
d u 1 . du
x
cs
c
x
dx 2 u dx
dx
Remember that :
d
1 du
u
.
*
dx
2 u dx
1
d
. x 3 csc x
2 x 3 csc x dx
Remember that :
d
csc x csc x cot x
*
dx
1
2 x csc x
3
. 3 x 2 csc x cot x
3 x 2 csc x cot x
2 x csc x
3
3/4
d
2
x x 2
(d)
dx
Taking u x 2 x 2 in the generalized derivative formula
for u 3 / 4 yields
3/4
d
d
3 1 / 4 d u
3/4
x 2 x 2
u
u
.
dx
dx
4
dx
46
Remember that :
d
du
u r r u r 1 .
*
dx
dx
1 / 4 d
3 2
x x 2
. x 2 x 2
4
dx
1 / 4
3 2
x x 2
2 x 1 .
4
8
d
5
1 x cot x
(e)
dx
Taking u 1 x 5 cot x
formula for u 8 yields
8
d
d
5
1 x cot x
dx
dx
8 1 x cot x
5
du
u 8 8 u 9 .
dx
Remember that :
d
r
r 1 du
u ru
.
*
dx
dx
d
. 1 x 5 cot x
dx
Remember that :
d
d
d
*
f x .g x f x . g x g x . f x
dx
dx
dx
d
*
c 0
dx
47
d
cot x csc 2 x
*
dx
8 1 x cot x
8 x
csc x 40 x
2
cot x 1 x cot x
. x 5 csc 2 x 5 x 4 cot x
(Home Work)
8. Find f ' x if f x 3 x 2 x 1
2
x .
48
Page (178)
* Of an Acute Angle :
b
c
a
cos
c
b
tan
a
sin
Definition :
1
1
1
, sec
, cot
,
sin
cos
tan
sin
cos
1
tan
, cot
, tan
.
cos
sin
cot
sin 2 cos 2 1 ,
csc
tan 2 1 sec 2 ,
1 cot 2 csc 2 .
49
c
b
c
sec
a
a
cot
b
csc
Notes (9) :
*
*
2 cos 2 1
1 2 sin 2 .
sin 2 2 sin cos .
sin sin , cos cos , tan tan ,
cot cot , sec sec , csc csc .
(Rad.) (Deg.)
sin
cos
tan
3
2
3
3
30
1
2
45
2
2
2
2
60
3
2
1
2
cot
1
3
3
sec
csc
2 3
3
Remember that :
180
30
6
180
45
4
50
180
60
3
2
2 3
3
y sin x
Remember that :
* sin 0 0 , sin
1 , sin 0 , sin
3
1 , sin 2 0
2
y cos x
Remember that :
3
0 , cos 2 1
* cos 0 1 , cos 0 , cos 1 , cos
2
2
51
y tan x
Remember that :
y cot x
Remember that :
52
y sec x
Remember that :
, lim sec
x
, sec 1
y csc x
Remember that :
53