What is the difference between a thread and a process?

A Process is a collection of Virtual Memory space, code, data and

System resources. A Thread is a code that is to be serially executed
with in the process. A processor executes Thread, not a Processes, So
each application has at least one process and a process always has at
least one thread of execution, knowingly as a primary thread.
What is strong-typing versus weak-typing?
Strong typing: It checks the type of variables as soon as possible, usually at compile time. It
prevents mixing operations between mismatched types.
A strong-typed programming language is one in which:
All variables (or data types) are known at compile time
There is strict enforcement of typing rules (a String can't be used where an Integer would be
expected)
All exceptions to typing rules results in a compile time error
Weak Typing: While weak typing is delaying checking the types of the system as late as possible,
usually to run-time. In this you can mix types without an explicit conversion.
A "weak-typed" programming language is simply one which is not strong-typed.
which is preferred depeneds on what you want. for scripts and good stuff you will usually want weak
typing, because you want to write as much less code as possible. in big programs, strong typing can
reduce errors at compile time.

What is boxing?
Boxing is the process of converting a value type to the type object or to any interface type
implemented by this value type. When the CLR boxes a value type, it wraps the value inside a
System.Object and stores it on the managed heap. Unboxing extracts the value type from the object.
Boxing is implicit; unboxing is explicit.
int i = 123;
// The following line boxes i.
object o = i;
o = 123;
i = (int)o;

// unboxing

Is string a value type or a reference type?

Its a reference type.
ALL .Net data typeshas default size except string and user type. So
string is reference type, bcos its does not have default allocation
size.
What are value types and reference types?
Value types are stored in the Stack whereas reference types stored on heap.
Value Types:
int, enum, byte, decimal, double,float, long

Reference Types:String , Class, Interface, Object

What is Reflection?
Reflection provides objects (of type Type) that describe assemblies, modules and types.
// UsingGetType to obtain type information:
int i = 42;
System.Type type = i.GetType();
System.Console.WriteLine(type);
// Using Reflection to get information from an Assembly:
System.Reflection.Assembly info = typeof(System.Int32).Assembly;
System.Console.WriteLine(info);

what is the difference between early-binding and late-binding?

Early Binding
Early Binding describes that compiler knows about what kind of
object it is, what are all the methods and properties it contains.
As soon as you declared the object, .NET Intellisense will populate
its methods and properties on click of the dot button.
Late Binding
Late Binding describes that compiler does not know what kind of
object it is, what are all the methods and properties it contains.
You have to declare it as an object, later you need get the type of
the object, methods that are stored in it. Everything will be known
at the run time.
Difference
Application will run faster in Early binding, since no boxing or
unboxing are done here.
Easier to write the code in Early binding, since the
intellisense will be automatically populated
Minimal Errors in Early binding, since the syntax is checked
during the compile time itself.
Late binding would support in all kind of versions, since
everything is decided at the run time.
Minimal Impact of code in future enhancements, if Late Binding
is used.
Performance will be code in early binding.
What is an Interface and how is it different from a Class?
When would using Assembly.LoadFrom and Assembly.LoadFile?
What's the difference between viewstate and sessionstate?
How to redirect a page to another page?
How to pass values between pages? Query String, Context, Session

Can multiple catch blocks be executed?

No, Multiple catch blocks cant be executed. Once the proper catch code
executed, the control is transferred to the finally block and then the code
that follows the finally block gets executed.
What is serialization?
When we want to transport an object through network then we have to convert
the object into a stream of bytes. The process of converting an object into
a stream of bytes is called Serialization. For an object to be
serializable, it should inherit ISerialize Interface.
De-serialization is the reverse process of creating an object from a stream
of bytes.
Can this be used within a static method?
This is used to access the methods and variables of non-static class. It
behave like an object. For static class we cant create an object. So its
not possible.
What is the difference between Array and Arraylist?
In an array, we can have items of the same type only. The size of the array
is fixed. An arraylist is similar to an array but it doesnt have a fixed
size.
What are the differences between System.String and
System.Text.StringBuilder classes?
System.String is immutable. When we modify the value of a string variable
then a new memory is allocated to the new value and the previous memory
allocation released. System.StringBuilder was designed to have concept of a
mutable string where a variety of operations can be performed without
allocation separate memory location for the modified string.
How can we sort the elements of the array in descending order?
Using Sort() methods followed by Reverse() method.
Whats the difference between an interface and abstract class?
Interfaces have all the methods having only declaration but no definition.
In an abstract class, we can have some concrete methods. In an interface
class, all the methods are public. An abstract class may have private
methods.

What is the difference between Finalize() and Dispose() methods?

Dispose() is called when we want for an object to release any unmanaged
resources with them. On the other hand Finalize() is used for the same
purpose but it doesnt assure the garbage collection of an object.
What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?
In Server.Transfer page processing transfers from one page to the other
page without making a round-trip back to the clients browser.

This

provides a faster response with a little less overhead on the server.

The

clients url history list or current url Server does not update in case of
Server.Transfer.
Response.Redirect is used to redirect the users browser to another page or
site.

It performs trip back to the client where the clients browser is

redirected to the new page.

The users browser history list is updated to

reflect the new address.

What are the different Session state management options available in
ASP.NET?
1. In-Process
2. Out-of-Process.
In-Process stores the session in memory on the web server.
Out-of-Process Session state management stores data in an external server.
The external server may be either a SQL Server or a State Server.

All

objects stored in session are required to be serializable for Out-ofProcess state management.
What is caching?
Caching is a technique used to increase performance by keeping frequently
accessed data or files in memory. The request for a cached file/data will
be accessed from cache instead of actual location of that file.
What are the different types of caching?
ASP.NET has 3 kinds of caching :
1. Output Caching,
2. Fragment Caching,
3. Data Caching.
Is it possible to create web application with both webforms and mvc?
Yes. We have to include below mvc assembly references in the web forms
application to create hybrid application.

System.Web.Mvc
System.Web.Razor
System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations

Can we add code files of different languages in App_Code folder?

No. The code files must be in same language to be kept in App_code
folder.
Can we have multiple web config files for an asp.net application?
Yes.

What is Cross Page Posting?

When we click submit button on a web page, the page post the data to the
same page. The technique in which we post the data to different pages is
called Cross Page posting. This can be achieved by setting POSTBACKURL
property of

the button that causes the postback. Findcontrol method of

PreviousPage can be used to get the posted values on the page to which the
page has been posted.
What is MVC?
MVC is a framework used to create web applications. The web application
base builds on

Model-View-Controller pattern which separates the

application logic from UI, and the input and events from the user will be
controlled by the Controller
Differentiate strong typing and weak typing
In strong typing, the data types of variable are checked at compile time.
On the other hand, in case of weak typing the variable data types are
checked at runtime. In case of strong typing, there is no chance of
compilation error. Scripts use weak typing and hence issues arises at
runtime.
List the major built-in objects in ASP.NET?

Application

Request

Response

Server

Session

Context

Trace

What are the different types of cookies in ASP.NET?

Session Cookie Resides on the client machine for a single session until
the user does not log out.
Persistent Cookie Resides on a users machine for a period specified for
its expiry, such as 10 days, one month, and never.
What are the components of ADO.NET?
The components of ADO.Net are Dataset, Data Reader, Data Adaptor, Command,
connection.
What is the difference between ExecuteScalar and ExecuteNonQuery?
ExecuteScalar returns output value where asExecuteNonQuery does not return
any value but the number of rows affected by the query. ExecuteScalar used
for fetching a single value and ExecuteNonQuery used to execute Insert and
Update statements.

What's the difference between a left join and an inner join?

INNER JOIN gets all records from one table that have some related entry
in a second table
LEFT JOIN gets all records from the LEFT linked table but if you have
selected some columns from the RIGHT table, if there is no related
records, these columns will contain NULL

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What technology enables out-of-proc communication in .NET?

Remoting
Exception Handling?
An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program.
Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to
another.

C#

exception

handling

is

built

upon

four

keywords: try, catch, finally and throw.

try: A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions
will be activated. It's followed by one or more catch blocks.

catch: A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the

place in a program where you want to handle the problem. The catch keyword
indicates the catching of an exception.

finally: The finally block is used to execute a given set of statements,

whether an exception is thrown or not thrown. For example, if you open a
file, it must be closed whether an exception is raised or not.

throw: A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. This is done
using a throw keyword.

Global assembly chache?

The Global Assembly Cache (GAC) is a folder in Windows directory to
store the .NET assemblies that are specifically designated to be shared
by all applications executed on a system.

Assemblies can be shared

among multiple applications on the machine by registering them in

global Assembly cache(GAC). GAC is a machine wide a local cache of
assemblies maintained by the .NET Framework.
statemgmt.?
State management means to preserve state of a control, web page,
object/data,
There are two types of state management techniques: client side and server
side.
Client side
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Hidden Field
View State
Cookies
Control State
Query Strings

Server side

1.
2.

Session
Application

diff b/w catch (Exception e) {throw e;} and (Exception e) {throw;}?

Simple: the stack trace.
The empty parameter re-throw keeps the existing stack list, the
parametered version creates a new stack trace to the point of the
throw. For debugging, the empty version tells you where the error
actually occurred, the parametered version discards that.
Is it possible nested master pages?
Master pages can be nested, with one master page referencing another as its
master. Nested master pages allow you to create componentized master pages.
For example, a large site might contain an overall master page that defines
the look of the site. Different site content partners can then define their
own child master pages that reference the site master and that in turn
define the look for that partner's content.

diff b/w ToString() and Convert.Tostring()?

Convert.ToString() handles null, while ToString() doesn't.
HTTPHandler?
In the simplest terms, an ASP.NET HttpHandler is a class that
implements theSystem.Web.IHttpHandler interface.
ASP.NET HTTPHandlers are responsible for intercepting requests made to
your ASP.NET web application server. They run as processes in response
to a request made to the ASP.NET Site. The most common handler is an
ASP.NET page handler that processes .aspx files. When users request an
.aspx file, the request is processed by the page through the page
handler.
ASP.NET offers a few default HTTP handlers:

Page Handler (.aspx): handles Web pages

User Control Handler (.ascx): handles Web user control pages

Web Service Handler (.asmx): handles Web service pages

Trace Handler (trace.axd): handles trace functionality

write a sample procedure with body and cursor?

CREATEORREPLACEPROCEDUREmyprocedureAS

TEST_CUR SYS_REFCURSOR;
QUERY
VARCHAR2(200);
Cur_DATEDATE;
BEGIN
QUERY :='select sysdate as mydate from dual';
OPEN TEST_CUR FOR QUERY;
LOOP
FETCH TEST_CUR
INTOCur_DATE;
EXITWHEN TEST_CUR%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Cur_DATE);
ENDLOOP;
CLOSE TEST_CUR;
ENDmyprocedure;

wat is view?

a view (database) is a virtual table, which consists of a stored

query accessible composed of the result set of a query.
CREATEVIEWview_nameAS
SELECTcolumn_name(s)
FROMtable_name
WHERE condition
diff b/w where and having?
HAVING specifies a search for something used in the SELECT statement.
In other words.
HAVING applies to groups.
WHERE applies to rows.

killa users session?

session.abandon()
parent class of the Web server control?

The System.Web.Ul.Control class is the parent class for all Web

server controls.
.net Architecture
What kind of data is passed via HTTP Headers?

diff b/w ASP Session and ASP.NET Session?

How do you create a permanent cookie?

Setting a permanent cookie is similar to Session cookie, except give the
cookie an expiration date too. It is very common that you don't specify any
arbitrary expiration date, but instead expire the cookie relative to
the current date, using the DateAdd() function.
Response.Cookies("Name") = "myCookie"
Response.Cookies("Name").Expires = DateAdd("m", 1, Now())

diff b/w function and procedure?

1. Functions is mainly used in the case where it must return a
value. Whereas a procedure may or may not return a value or many
return more than one value using the OUT Parameter.
2. Function can be called from SQL statements whereas procedure
cannot be called from the sql statements.
3. Function are normally used for computations whereas procedure are
normally used for executing a business logic.
4. Function returns 1 value only. Procedure can return multiple
values(1024).

5. Stored procedure returns always integer value by default zero.

Whereas function return type could be scalar or table or table
values.

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How to avoid application output or yellow page error?

<configuration>
<system.web>
<customErrorsdefaultRedirect=MyErrorPage.aspx mode=on/>
</system.web>
</configuration>
Or Compilation= true

How to make ViewState secure in ASP.NET ?

You can do this by adding EnableViewStateMAC=true in your page

directive. MAC stands for "Message Authentication Code"
When we use EnableViewStateMac="True", during ViewState save,
ASP.NET internally uses a hash code. This hash code is a
cryptographically strong checksum. This is added with the ViewState
content and stored in a hidden filed. During postback, the checksum
data is verified again by ASP.NET. If there is a mismatch, the
postback will be rejected.
he second option is to set ViewStateEncryptionMode="Always" with
your page directives. This will encrypt the ViewState data.
procedure performance tunning ?
Indexing the table
Optimized Query
Avoid Looping
What is the use of AutoEventWireup?
AutoEventWireup is an attribute of the @ Page directive.
The AutoEventWireup attribute may have a value of true or false. The
value is set to false when you create a new ASP.NET Web Application.
use the AutoEventWireup attribute to code ASP.NET Web Forms and Web
User Controls. When you set the value of
the AutoEventWireup attribute to true, the code in ASP.NET Web Forms

and in Web User Controls is simple. However, when you use

the false value in certain circumstances, you may receive better
performance.
You can specify a default value of the AutoEventWireup attribute in
several places:

The Machine.config file

The Web.config file

Individual ASP.NET Web Forms (.aspx files)

Web User Controls (.ascx files)

When you set the value of the AutoEventWireup attribute to true, the
ASP.NET runtime does not require events to specify event handlers
like the Page_Load event or the Page_Init event. This means that in
Visual C# .NET, you do not have to initialize and to create the
delegate structures.
Can we declare an Abstract method in non-abstract class?
No its not possible
In C# how do you find the last error which occurred ?
This can be done by implementing a method called GetLastError().
Generally this returns aASPError object stating the error condition
that has occurred. This method will work only before the .ASP page
sent any content to the Client.
Exception LastErrorOccured;
String ShowErrMessage;
LastErrorOccured = Server.GetLastError();
if (LastErrorOccured != null)
ShowErrMessage = LastErrorOccured.Message;
else
ShowErrMessage = "No Errors";
Response.Write("Last Error Occured = " + ShowErrMessage);
Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without
performing a round trip to the client?
Server.Transfer and Server.Execute.

what is the main difference between delegate and an event in c#?

Delegate:-A delegate is basically a reference to a method. A
delegate can be passed like any other variable. This allows the
method to be called anonymously, without calling the method
directly.
delegate declaration defines a reference type that can be used to
encapsulate a method with a specific signature. A delegate instance
encapsulates a static or an instance method. Delegates are roughly
similar to function pointers in C++; however, delegates are typesafe and secure.
The delegate declaration takes the form:
[attributes] [modifiers] delegate result-type identifier ([formalparameters])
Event: An event in one program can be made available to other
programs that target the .NET runtime.
An event is a member that enables an object or class to provide
notifications. Clients can attach executable code for events by
supplying event handlers. Events are declared using eventdeclarations:
event-declaration:
event-field-declaration
event-property-declaration
event-modifier:
new
public
protected
internal
private
static
Example:public delegate void EventHandler(object sender, Event e);
public class Button: Control
{

public event EventHandler Click;

protected void OnClick(Event e) {
if (Click != null) Click(this, e);
}
public void Reset() {
Click = null;
}
}

What is a sealed class?

It is a class, which cannot be subclassed. It is a good practice to
mark your classes as sealed, if you do not intend them to be
subclassed.
What is the difference between Value Types and Reference Types?
Value Types uses Stack to store the data.
where as Reference type uses the Heap to store the data.
What is web.config file?
Web.config file is the configuration file for the Asp.net web
application. There is one web.config file for one asp.net
application which configures the particular application. Web.config
file is written in XML with specific tags having specific
meanings.It includes databa which includes
connections,SessionStates,ErrorHandling,Security etc.
what is use of web.config?
Web.config is used connect database from front end to back end.
Web.config is used to maintain the Appsettimgs instead of static
variables.
What is smart navigation?
The cursor position is maintained when the page gets refreshed due
to the server side validation

What is the difference between HTTP-Post and HTTP-Get?

The GET method creates a query string and appends it to the script's
URL on the server that handles the request.
The POST method creates a name/value pairs that are passed in the
body of the HTTP request message.
What is Remoting?
Remoting is a means by which one operating system process, or
program, can communicate with another process. The two processes can
exist on the same computer or on two computers connected by a LAN or
the Internet.
What is the difference between Web.config and Machine.Config?
Web.config files apply settings to each web application.
While Machine.config file apply settings to all ASP.NET
applications.

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