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ii
C
Contents
Page
Questions
Section A
Section B
Part A
11
Part B
21
Answers
Section C
33
Section D
Part A
37
Part B
67
iii
Business Law
iv
I
Index to Objective test and long-form
questions and answers
Question
page
Answer
page
Mercantile Law
Chapter 1 - Introduction to the legal
system
1
11
37
Courts
11
37
Binding precedent
11
38
High courts
11
38
11
38
Process of legislation
11
39
11
39
Acceptance
12
41
Lapse of an offer
12
41
10
Revocation of proposal
12
42
Business Law
Question
page
Answer
page
12
42
Minor
Chapter 5 - Consideration
12
Consideration
12
43
13
Consideration
12
43
Coercion
12
43
15
Fraud
12
44
16
Misrepresentation
12
44
17
Mistake
13
45
Legality of object
13
45
19
13
45
Legality of consideration
13
46
21
13
46
Contingent contracts
13
47
23
13
47
Quasi contracts
13
48
25
Quasi contracts
14
48
14
49
27
14
50
28
Devolution of liabilities
14
50
vi
Question
page
Answer
page
29
14
50
30
Reciprocal promises
14
51
31
Appropriation
15
51
15
51
33
Supervening impossibility
15
51
15
52
35
Damages
16
52
Indemnity
16
52
37
Guarantee
16
52
38
Guarantee
16
52
39
Guarantee
16
53
40
Guarantee
16
53
Duties of bailor
16
54
42
Particular lien
17
54
43
Termination of bailment
17
54
44
Finder of goods
17
54
45
Pledge
17
55
46
Pledge
17
55
47
Rights of pawner
17
56
Chapter 16 - Agency
48
Ratification
17
56
49
Duties of an agent
17
57
vii
Business Law
Question
page
Answer
page
50
18
57
51
Rights
18
58
52
Misconduct by agent
18
58
53
Substituted agent
18
58
54
Irrevocable agency
18
58
Duties of partner
18
59
56
18
59
57
18
59
58
Liabilities
19
60
59
Implied authority
19
60
60
Holding out
19
61
61
Transfer of interest
19
61
62
Partnership property
19
62
63
Minor
19
62
Promissory notes
19
62
65
Presumptions of negotiable
instrument
20
62
66
20
63
67
Ambiguous Instruments
20
63
68
20
64
69
Cheque
20
64
70
Bill of Exchange
20
65
71
20
65
72
Material alteration
20
65
viii
Question
page
Answer
page
Company Law
Chapter 19 - Company
73
21
67
74
Association NFP
21
67
75
Private company
21
68
76
KRL
21
68
Fajita
22
68
78
Zouk
22
69
79
22
69
80
Commencement of business
22
69
81
22
70
82
MOA alteration
22
70
83
Articles of association
23
71
84
23
71
85
23
72
86
Incorporation
23
72
87
Name
23
73
88
Disallowed name
23
73
23
73
90
23
73
91
24
74
92
Objections
24
74
24
74
ix
Business Law
Question
page
Answer
page
94
24
75
95
Prospectus registration
24
75
96
24
75
97
Minimum subscription
25
76
98
Face of prospectus
25
76
25
76
100
25
77
Chapter 24 Meetings
101
AGM timeline
25
77
102
25
77
103
25
78
104
Polling
26
78
105
Minutes
26
78
106
26
79
107
Quorum
26
79
108
26
79
109
Circulation
27
80
110
27
81
111
27
81
112
Special resolutions
27
82
113
Auditors certificate
27
82
114
Commission GM
27
82
Chapter 25 Management
115
Subsequent CEO
27
82
116
28
83
Question
page
Answer
page
117
Casual vacancy
28
83
118
Election
28
83
119
Presence
28
84
120
28
84
121
Fresh elections
29
85
122
Loans
29
85
123
Power
29
85
124
29
86
125
29
86
126
Removal
30
87
127
Loan repayment
30
87
128
30
87
Associated company
30
88
130
Dividend restriction
30
88
131
Investment restriction
30
89
132
Payment of dividend
31
89
133
Dividend amendment
31
89
Qualification
31
89
135
Removal representation
31
89
136
31
89
137
Books of accounts
31
90
138
32
90
139
32
91
140
32
91
xi
Business Law
Question
page
Answer
page
141
Appointment of auditor
32
91
142
32
92
143
Auditor disqualication
32
92
144
Appointment by SECP
32
93
xii
SECTION
Based on the Legal System of Pakistan, identify the correct answer of the following:
(1)
(2)
(3)
President
(b)
chief justice
(c)
federal government
(d)
provincial government
(b)
(c)
blackmailing cases
(d)
bankruptcy cases
(b)
the precedent must form part of the obiter dicta of the case
(c)
(d)
the preceding court must have had a superior status to the later court, such
that its decisions are binding on the later court
Business Law
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
divorce cases.
(b)
(c)
(d)
at least eight Muslim Judges including the Chief Justice and out of these,
not more than three shall be Ulema who should be well versed in Islamic
Law.
(b)
not more than eight Muslim Judges including the Chief Justice who are
appointed by the President. Out of the number of Judges not more than
three shall be Ulema having at least fifteen years of experience.
(c)
eight Muslim Judges including the Chief Justice and all of them shall be
Ulema who should be well versed in Islamic law.
(d)
not more than eight Judges including the Chief Justice who are appointed
by the President. Out of the number of judges not more than three shall be
Ulema who should be well versed in Islamic law.
The Federal Shariat court examines and decides the question whether or not any
law or provision of law is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam on:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(d)
of magistrates.
A High Court has a supervisory role over other courts subordinate to it. It may
issue a writ of habeas corpus which is an order:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Section A
In view of the provisions of Contract Act, 1872 identify the correct answer:
(1)
(2)
Wasi, with intent to deceive Tipu, falsely represented that twenty thousand
motorcycles are manufactured annually at his factory and induced him to buy the
factory. The contract is:
(a)
void
(b)
voidable
(c)
illegal
(d)
valid
(3)
(4)
(5)
(a)
something in return
(b)
something important
(c)
something of value
(d)
something relevant
adequacy of consideration
(b)
capacity to contract
(c)
free consent
(d)
special damages
(b)
nominal damages
(c)
liquidated damages
(d)
compensatory damages
Karim borrowed Rs. 500,000 from Bashir in 2002. The debt became time-barred
under the limitation law. However, Karim met Bashir in 2009 and verbally
acknowledged his liability to the extent of Rs. 300,000. Can Bashir hold Karim
liable?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
the promisor is not responsible for non-performance and can sue the
promisee for the breach of contract.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
if the creditor gives time to the principal debtor without his consent.
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
Outbreak of war
(d)
Difficulty of performance
Rs. 250,000
(b)
Rs. 140,000
(c)
Rs. 390,000
(d)
any amount which the Court deems fit subject to a maximum of Rs.
390,000
spurt in prices
(b)
(c)
(d)
Section A
(11) Under the Contract Act, 1872 a person is said to be of sound mind for the
purpose of making a contract if:
(a)
he is not illiterate and can read and understand the terms of the contract.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(12) Pervaiz contracted with Dilbar, a comedian, for performance in a live show and
paid Rs. 200,000 in advance. Before the show, Dilbar had an accident and was
hospitalized. He could not appear in the show due to which Pervaiz suffered a
loss of Rs. 500,000. Dilbar is liable to pay Pervaiz:
(a)
Rs. 200,000
(b)
Rs. 500,000
(c)
Rs. 700,000
(d)
(13) A positive assertion, in a manner not warranted by the information of the person
making it, of that which is not true, though he believes it to be true is said to be a:
(a)
fraud
(b)
misrepresentation
(c)
mistake
(d)
misinterpretation
be an agent
(b)
be a principal
(c)
both
(d)
none
two or more persons agree upon same thing in the same sense.
(b)
(c)
(d)
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(b)
A sum fixed at the time of entering into a contract which compensates the
aggrieved party for direct/indirect loss arising from the breach.
(c)
A sum fixed as compensation for any loss or damage which the parties
knew, when they made the contract, to be the likely result from the breach
of contract.
(d)
(B)
(C)
to put the innocent party in the same position as if the contract had been
carried out correctly.
(a)
(B) only.
(b)
(C) only.
(c)
(d)
(18) C refused to sell certain goods to D at the previously agreed price of Rs. 240
thousand. D sued C for breach of contract. If identical goods are readily available
in the market at a price of Rs. 220 thousand, which one of the following is
correct?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(19) A owns some land, part of which is woodland. He sells the land to B who
covenants in the contract that he will not cut down the trees. One year later, B
prepares to cut down the trees. What remedy can A seek?
(a)
damages.
(b)
specific performance.
(c)
injunction.
(d)
rescission.
Section A
(b)
(c)
any person who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is
subject and who is of sound mind.
(d)
In the light of the provisions of Partnership Act, 1932 select the correct answer:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
insolvency of a partner
(b)
retirement of a partner
(c)
expulsion of a partner
(d)
limited partnership
(b)
particular partnership
(c)
partnership at will
(d)
implied partnership
(b)
(c)
(d)
Business Law
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
a partner shall indemnify the firm for any loss caused to it by his wilful
neglect
Where a partner has paid a premium on entering into partnership for a fixed term
and the firm is dissolved before the expiration of that term, such partner shall
NOT be entitled to repayment of the premium if the dissolution is:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
On dissolution of a firm, where there are joint debts due from the firm and also
separate debts due from any partner, the separate property of a partner:
(a)
shall be applied proportionately in the payment of the firms debts and his
separate debts
(b)
(c)
shall be applied, in the first instance, in payment of the firms debts and the
surplus, if any, in payment of his separate debts
(d)
shall be applied first in the payment of his separate debts and the surplus, if
any, in the payment of the firms debts
(b)
one of the partners misapplies the money or property received from a third
party by the firm in the course of its business while it is in the custody of the
firm.
(c)
(d)
mutual agency
(b)
(c)
mutual understanding
(d)
capital contribution
Section A
(9)
Subject to contract between the partners, a change may be made in the nature
of business of the firm:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
by giving notice in writing to all the other partners, of his intention to retire.
(d)
(11) Emmad and Faraz are partners in cloth trading business. In the presence of
Faraz, his friend Ghalib boasted that he is also a partner in the business, in front
of Haroon, a customer. Haroon gave this information to Ismail and on this belief,
Ismail supplied cloth on credit to the firm. Can Ismail make Ghalib liable for the
unpaid amount in this transaction?
(a)
(b)
Yes, as Ismail gave credit to the firm on the faith of Ghalibs representation.
(c)
(d)
(a)
the relationship between persons who have agreed to share the profits of
jointly owned property managed by all or any of them acting for all.
(b)
(c)
(d)
the relation between persons arising from a contract who have agreed to
share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.
In the light of the provisions of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 select the correct
answer:
(1)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Business Law
(2)
(3)
(4)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Sohail issued a cheque of Rs. 500,000 payable to Tanveer at sight. Sohail had
sufficient funds at the bank to meet this payment. However, Tanveer presented
the cheque at the bank after two weeks by which time the bank had failed. Can
Tanveer recover the amount from Shoail?
(a)
(b)
Yes, as Sohail has not suffered actual damage through any delay in
presenting the cheque.
(c)
Yes, as Sohail did not advise Tanveer to encash the cheque immediately.
(d)
No, Sohail is discharged and Tanveer can now claim the amount of cheque
from the bank.
Ghalib accepted for honour a bill of exchange which has been noted and
protested for non-acceptance. If his acceptance does not express for whose
honour it is made, then such acceptance is:
(a)
invalid.
(b)
(c)
(d)
10
SECTION
Courts
(a)
(b)
What does court of first instance mean? List the areas of jurisdiction of the High
Court.
(03)
Binding precedent
What are the requisites of a binding precedent?
(04)
High courts
How does the High Court exercise its supervisory role over subordinate courts?
Describe the three types of prerogative orders that it may issue.
(05)
(03)
(06)
Process of legislation
How is a law promulgated when national assembly is not in session? Is such law in
any way different from an Act of parliament? What is its tenure?
(05)
11
(05)
Business Law
Acceptance
Briefly describe the essential conditions for the acceptance of an offer to be valid,
under the Contract Act, 1872.
(07)
Lapse of an offer
Discuss the circumstances under which an offer lapses and stands revoked
10
(07)
Revocation of proposal
Identify the circumstances under which a proposal may be revoked under the
Contract Act, 1872.
(07)
Minor
Discuss the position of agreements by a minor.
(05)
CHAPTER 5 - CONSIDERATION
12
Consideration
Mohsin promised Ahsan that he will pay his university fee. Later Mohsin suffered
losses in his business and refused to pay the fee. Mohisn is of the view that since the
agreement was without consideration, it does not constitute a valid contract.
However, Ahsan believes that the agreement is enforceable under law as it meets
certain other conditions.
You are required to narrate the conditions which Ahsan may be referring to.
13
(04)
Consideration
Describe the circumstances under which an agreement made without
consideration is considered valid and binding under the Contract Act, 1872.
(07)
Coercion
Arif told Bano, his wife, that he would divorce her, if she does not transfer her
personal assets to him. She agreed to transfer her assets to him. Can Bano avoid the
contract?
(03)
15
Fraud
What constitutes fraud under the provisions of Contract Act, 1872?
16
(04)
Misrepresentation
Explain the acts which constitute misrepresentation under the contract act, 1872 and
describe the circumstances in which the party whose consents is obtained by
misrepresentation loses right of rescission of contract?
(05)
12
17
Mistake
Explain what effects following have on the validity of the contract:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(05)
Legality of object
What is an agreement? When is an agreement considered to be void? State the
circumstances under which the object of an agreement is considered to be unlawful.(05)
19
(05)
Legality of consideration
Asif stole cash and merchandise from the ABC Store. Basit, the owner of store,
initiated legal proceedings against him. Asif contacted Basit with an offer to return the
stolen cash and merchandise if Basit withdraws the suit. Basit accepted the offer.
Is it a valid agreement? Discuss.
(02)
21
Contingent contracts
Asim agreed to construct a bungalow for Ali at a cost of Rs. 50 million. However, it was
agreed that payment would only be made on completion of the project. Is this a
contingent contract under the Contract Act, 1872? Give reasons. Also list the requisite
characteristics of a contingent contract.
(03)
23
(05)
Quasi contracts
Sami rented his house to Qurban for a period of one year at an agreed sum of Rs.
10,000 per month. After the first two months, Qurban defaulted in making payment of
the rent. Baqir, a neighbour, being concerned with the strained relationship between
Sami and Qurban, paid the rent with good intention. Subsequently, on Qurbans
refusal to reimburse the amount, Baqir filed a suit against him on the grounds that he
13
Business Law
made the payment to Sami which Qurban was legally bound to make and being a quasi
contract Baqir is entitled to the reimbursement.
Explain whether Baqir is justified in his suit.
25
(04)
Quasi contracts
Explain the term Quasi contract. Briefly describe different types of relationships
commonly referred to as quasi contracts under the Contract Act, 1872.
(10)
27
28
Time and place for performance where these have not been specified in the
contract;
(03)
(b)
(02)
(c)
(02)
Devolution of liabilities
Sohail and Afaq lent Rs. 2.0 million to Mohsin, Laila and Faizan jointly. On due date
Laila became insolvent. Without informing Sohail, Afaq wants Mohsin to repay the
full amount to him.
Under the provisions of Contract Act, 1872 explain:
29
(a)
(b)
(05)
30
(a)
(b)
(c)
(02)
Reciprocal promises
Maimar promised to manufacture and deliver to Nasir, remote-controlled toy
helicopters of agreed specifications in first week of March 2011. Nasir in turn
promised to pay for them by second week of March 2011. Maimar did not deliver
the toys according to his promise. Should Nasir keep his promise and what remedy, if
any, is available to him?
(02)
14
31
Appropriation
(a)
Rupees Remarks
37,000 Time barred under Limitation Act.
20,000
50,000 Guaranteed by Wasim.
63,000
170,000
Ubaid sent a cheque for Rs. 70,000 on August 5, 2011. There being no
instructions from Ubaid, Bilal adjusted the payment against the following:
Date of transaction
01.1.2008
02.3.2009
28.4.2011
Rupees
37,000
20,000
13,000
70,000
The guarantor (Wasim) objected to such appropriation and claimed that since
the amount of Rs. 37,000 was time barred, it should not be adjusted and the full
amount guaranteed by him should be fully adjusted. Is the objection of Wasim
valid?
(05)
(b)
Discuss how the above payment of Rs. 70,000 should be applied under
each of the following independent circumstances, according to the
provisions of the Contract Act, 1872:
(a)
(b)
(02)
33
Supervening impossibility
State the grounds in which a contract is discharged by supervening impossibility.
15
Business Law
35
(05)
Damages
Describe the principles of determining compensation for loss or damages caused due to
breach of contract.
(04)
Indemnity
What is a contract of indemnity as defined under the Contract Act, 1872?
37
(02)
Guarantee
Bashir supplies goods worth Rs. 100,000 each month to Anwar under a contract
which is due to expire on December 31, 2009. Ameen has guaranteed that he will
compensate Bashir in case of default by Anwar.
On August 29, 2008 the amount due to Bashir is Rs. 325,700. Ameen intends to
revoke his guarantee. Can he do so? Discuss.
(03)
38
Guarantee
Raheel leased a building from Atif, on five years term, for a rent of Rs. 200,000 per
annum and the payment was guaranteed by Kamal. Raheel defaulted in payment of
the rent in the third year. Atif sued Kamal and recovered the rent from him. Later,
Kamal gave a notice to Atif for revoking his guarantee for the remaining period of lease.
Under the Contract Act, 1872 discuss whether Kamal is justified in doing so.
39
(04)
Guarantee
Amin, Imran and Shahid agreed to act as sureties for Emmad to Saleem and agreed to
pay Rs. 20,000, Rs. 30,000 and Rs. 40,000 respectively in case of default by Emmad.
On such surety Saleem lent Rs. 90,000 to Emmad. Emmad repaid Rs. 6,000 only.
Saleem called upon the sureties to pay the balance of Rs. 84,000. Discuss keeping
(03)
in view the Contract Act, 1872 how much should each surety pay.
40
Guarantee
(a)
Faiz had sold goods on credit to Gulzar for Rs. 5 million on guarantee of
Haseeb. Gulzar has also mortgaged his shop as a security against the above
amount. Haseeb was unaware of this mortgage and honoured his guarantee
when Gulzar failed to make the payment. What rights are available to Haseeb
under the Contract Act, 1872?
(04)
(b)
(06)
Duties of bailor
Sara planned to spend her vacations in Islamabad with her parents. She therefore,
requested her neighbour, Farha to take care of her pet cat during this period. On her
return from vacations, Farha informed Sara that she had to spend Rs. 500 on usual
feeding and grooming of the cat and Rs. 1,000 on medical expenses as the cat fell sick,
without any negligence on Farhas part.
16
You are required to state the amount, if any, which Sara needs to reimburse to Farha in
each of the situations given below. Justify your answer with reasons under the
provisions of Contract Act, 1872.
42
(a)
No remuneration was agreed to be paid to Farha for the safe custody of the pet.
(b)
(04)
Particular lien
Majid gave a piece of fabric to Stylish Suiting for sewing a coat at a consideration of
Rs. 5,000. On completion, Majid paid the whole amount; however, Stylish Suiting
refused to deliver the coat until the payment of previous dues of Rs. 3,000.
Explain under the provisions of Contract Act, 1872, whether Stylish Suiting is
justified in refusing to deliver the coat.
(02)
43
Termination of bailment
Under what circumstances a contract of bailment may be terminated?
44
Finder of goods
Discuss the rights of the finder of goods under the Contract Act, 1872.
45
(05)
(04)
Pledge
Explain the term pledge. Identify the circumstances under which a pledge made by
a non-owner will be considered valid even if the owner has not authorized him to pledge
the goods.
(07)
46
Pledge
Shahid pledged gold with Mehreen against a loan of Rs. 100,000 at a markup of
15% per annum. Being concerned with the growing incidences of burglary in the
city, Mehreen insured the gold. At the time of repayment, Mehreen claimed the cost of
insurance cover in addition to the principal sum due and interest thereon.
In the light of Contract Act, 1872 briefly explain whether Mehreen is justified in her
claim.
(02)
47
Rights of pawner
Ramla borrowed Rs. 100,000 from Ovais for a period of three months and kept her
jewellery with Ovais as a security. On due date, Ramla defaulted in repayment. In
view of the provisions of Contract Act, 1872 describe the remedies available to Ovais
under the circumstances.
(04)
CHAPTER 16 - AGENCY
48
49
Ratification
(a)
Explain the term ratification in relation to the contract of agency under the
Contract Act, 1872. What is the effect of a valid ratification?
(03)
(b)
(04)
Duties of an agent
Briefly state the duties of an agent towards his principal.
17
(05)
Business Law
50
51
Rights
Explain the following as described under the Contract Act, 1872.
52
(a)
(b)
(c)
(07)
Misconduct by agent
Aslam appointed Zakir to recover Rs. 7.0 million from Naveed. Zakir misbehaved with
Naveed as a result of which Naveed sued Aslam. Later, Aslam sued Zakir
claiming reimbursement of the cost incurred by him in defending the suit filed by
Naveed. Explain whether Aslam is justified in his claim.
(02)
53
Substituted agent
Briefly explain the term substituted agent in the light of Contract Act, 1872. Is
the (original) agent responsible to the principal for the acts of a substituted agent? (05)
54
Irrevocable agency
When may an agents authority be revoked by the principal under the Contract Act,
1872? Also narrate the exceptions to the above provision.
(05)
Duties of partner
Sohail, Talha, Umair & Co., a partnership concern is engaged in trading of cloth. The
firm bought a plot of land from Shining Star Limited. After some time Talha and
Umair on their own account bought three more plots of land in the same locality and
made good profits. Sohail on becoming aware of such profits sued Talha and Umair
for his share.
Under the provisions of Partnership Act 1932, explain whether Talha and Umair are
liable to share such profits with Sohail.
(04)
56
57
18
58
Liabilities
Describe the liabilities of:
59
(a)
(b)
(c)
(08)
Implied authority
The authority of a partner to bind the firm is called Implied Authority. List the acts
which cannot be exercised by a partner as his implied authority.
(04)
60
Holding out
Explain the concept of Holding out as described in the Partnership Act, 1932.
61
(04)
Transfer of interest
Sameer, Fauzia and Sualat are partners in a firm. Fauzia transferred her interest in
the firm absolutely to her son Adil. In the light of the provisions of Partnership Act,1932
would Adil be considered a new partner in the firm? Also describe the rights and
restrictions on Adil in view of such transfer.
(06)
62
Partnership property
Kashif, Irfan and Shujaat are partners in a firm. Irfan bought a shop in his own name.
He issued a cheque from the partnership account and debited his account with the
purchase price. He rented out the shop and credited the receipts of rent in his capital
account. Kashif has objected to this practice and asked Irfan to register the shop in the
firms name contending that the shop is partnerships property. Irfan disagrees.
Explain what constitutes partnership property under the Partnership Act, 1932 and
whether the shop is partnership property or not.
(07)
63
Minor
A, B and C, partners of a firm, admitted D, a minor to the benefits of the firm. D
attained majority on 6th March 2007. He became aware of the fact that he has been
admitted to the benefits of the firm on 16th August 2007. Being undecided about the
situation he preferred to wait for some time before announcing his decision about
joining the firm. On 27th February 2008, the firm suffered heavy losses due to an
unforeseen event. A, B and C informed D that on account of such losses, his capital in
the firm has been reduced by 40%. Discuss the rights and liabilities of D in the above
situation.
(06)
Promissory notes
Based on the provisions of Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 briefly explain
whether the following are promissory notes or not.
(i)
(ii)
On demand, I promise to pay Sonu or order Rs. 5,000, for value received.
(iii)
I promise to pay Adil or order Rs. 5,000 and 500 shares of Sigma Limited.
19
Business Law
(iv)
I promise to pay Mahi or order Rs. 5,000 with interest calculated at quarterly rests.
(v)
(vi)
I promise to pay Rafi or order Rs. 10,000 seven days after Saliks death.
65
(07)
66
67
Ambiguous Instruments
Explain the term ambiguous instruments giving at least two examples. Can such
instruments be negotiated?
(04)
68
69
70
Cheque
(a)
Explain the term Cheque as defined in the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
and list down the essential elements of a valid cheque.
(07)
(b)
Who can cross the cheque after its issue? Also describe the manner in which it
can be crossed.
(04)
Bill of Exchange
What liabilities does the drawer of a bill of exchange incur under the
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881?
71
(03)
72
(a)
(b)
holder
(c)
(08)
Material alteration
Any material alteration to a negotiable instrument renders the instrument void. What
are the exceptions to this rule?
(07)
20
SECTION
74
(04)
Association NFP
Alfalah Associates is an association of persons. It wants to register itself as a limited
company but does not wish to include the word Limited in its name.
In view of the provisions of the Companies Ordinance, 1984 you are required to explain
the conditions:
75
(a)
that need to be satisfied before the Commission may issue it a licence and allow
it to dispense with the word Limited from its name.
(07)
(b)
(04)
Private company
State the conditions which make a company a private company or a public company
under the Companies Ordinance 1984
(04)
76
KRL
Kaghan Resham Limited (KRL) holds 60 percent shares out of total paid up capital of
another public company named Narran Silk Limited (NSL). NSL further owns 14
percent shares of Thandiyani Ice-creams Limited (TIL). NSL has also entered into an
agreement with other shareholders of TIL to appoint four out of seven directors on the
board of directors of TIL.
Explain their relationships with each other under Companies Ordinance 1984.
21
(04)
Business Law
Fajita
Fajita Specialists is a joint family business of Warsi family. The business has grown up
in a very short time and there are more than 50 branches of it in the city. You being the
corporate advisor, have been approached by the family to give an opinion on whether
or not the business is required to get itself registered as a limited liability company.
Advise them under the relevant provisions of Companies Ordinance 1984.
(05)
78
Zouk
Mr. Zouk is an employee in a brokerage house and he wants to prepare some reports
on request of some potential investors for a company named as Arizona Grill Limited.
For the preparation of the report he requires Memorandum & Articles of association of
the company.
State whether he can obtain such copies of Memorandum & Articles of Association
from Arizona Grill Limited and explain why?
(03)
79
80
Commencement of business
Explain the provisions specified in the Companies Ordinance, 1984 relating to
requirements to be completed before the commencement of business by a public
company.
81
82
(07)
(06)
(b)
MOA alteration
The alteration in the memorandum shall not take effect until it is confirmed by the
Commission. State the conditions a company is required to fulfill in order to obtain
confirmation from the Commission and the procedure to be followed on confirmation.(04)
22
83
Articles of association
A Malaysian company is interested in incorporating a limited liability company in
Pakistan.
Discuss provisions of the Companies Ordinance, 1984, relating to the following:
84
(a)
(05)
(b)
(02)
(c)
(04)
85
86
Incorporation
What are the criteria based on which the registrar shall incorporate any company and
grant a certicate of incorporation?
(05)
87
Name
Certain names cannot be given to the company. Explain what such names are and
explain who the nal authority is, regarding allowance of disallowance, of any name
given to a company.
(05)
88
Disallowed name
Discuss the powers of registrar when a company is registered with a name not allowed
by the Ordinance.
(03)
90
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91
(a)
The conditions which the aggrieved shareholders will have to comply with, to be
eligible for filing an application in the court for the cancellation of the above
resolution.
(02)
(b)
The matters which the Court would consider while making a decision on the
above application.
(02)
92
(03)
Objections
Who has the right to object to resolutions passed for variation in rights of any particular
class of the shareholders and what shall the procedure be for lodging such an
objection?
(05)
94
95
(a)
(b)
Narrate the conditions that a company should comply with if its prospectus
contains a statement by an expert.
(b)
Identify the places where DL is required to make available the copies of its
prospectus.
(02)
Prospectus - registration
The registrar shall not register a prospectus unless certain requirements of the
Companies Ordinance, 1984 are complied with. You are required to list such
requirements.
96
(03)
(06)
24
97
Minimum subscription
Under the second schedule to the Companies Ordinance 1984, what are the contents
of the prospectus as regards minimum subscription?
(05)
98
Face of prospectus
What are the matters to be stated on the face of the prospectus under the Companies
Ordinance 1984?
(04)
List the mortgages and charges which, if not registered by the company, shall be
considered as void.
(06)
(b)
Explain the circumstances under which the registrar has the power to make
entries of satisfaction and release of charge, in the register of mortgages and
charges, without intimation from the company.
(04)
CHAPTER 24 MEETINGS
101 AGM timeline
Explain the exceptions to the following provisions as specified under the Companies
Ordinance, 1984:
Every company shall hold its annual general meeting within a period of four months
following the close of its financial year and not more than fifteen months after the
holding of its last preceding annual general meeting.
(03)
(b)
State the requirements that a company needs to satisfy, as regards notice of the
meeting, in case a special business is to be transacted at a general meeting of
the company.
(03)
An annual general meeting shall, in the case of a listed company, be held in the
town in which the registered office of the company is situated.
(02)
(b)
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Business Law
104 Polling
Mr. Shakeel has significant shareholdings in various public and private companies. He
is not satisfied with some of the resolutions passed by such companies by show of
hands. You are required to advise him as regards the following:
(a)
What conditions would he need to satisfy if Mr. Shakeel wishes to request for a
poll?
(05)
(b)
(02)
105 Minutes
Discuss the provisions contained in the Companies Ordinance, 1984 relating to
maintenance of minutes of the general meetings of the company.
(08)
All limited companies are required to hold statutory meeting within 6 months of
incorporation.
(03)
(b)
(03)
107 Quorum
The Board of Directors of Classic Paints Limited, a public listed company, has called an
Extraordinary General Meeting on the requisition of the shareholders holding 10% of
the voting power of the company. Approximately twenty minutes before the
commencement of the meeting, the Chairman of the Board of Directors informed the
Company Secretary of his inability to attend the meeting due to the death of a close
relative.
Required:
(a)
(b)
Mention the latest time by which the quorum of the meeting should be present.
What would be the impact if quorum is not present within the prescribed time?
(c)
(10)
(b)
Mr. Dinshaw holding 13.5% shares in ABC Limited gave notice of a resolution to
the company on May 17, 20X4, proposing to appoint M & T Associates in place
of the existing share registrar of the company. The resolution was to be
considered at the annual general meeting scheduled for May 30, 20X4. The
company could not circulate the proposed resolution among its members.
(i)
Evaluate the above situation in the light of the provisions of the Companies
Ordinance, 1984.
(04)
(ii)
Explain whether Mr. Dinshaw is entitled to inspect and require the minutes
of general meeting of the company.
(04)
What is the legal status of a resolution passed at any adjourned meeting of the
creditors of a company?
(02)
26
109 Circulation
The annual general meeting of Iqra Industries Limited (IQL), a listed company, is to be
held on October 25, 20X3. In addition to the normal businesses, the company is
planning to discuss a strategic business plan for the approval of the shareholders.
Explain the requirements of Companies Ordinance, 1984 as regards the
circulation of information/documents to various stake holders, prior to the above
meeting.
(11)
Who can represent Red Rose Limited in the annual general meeting of Green
Leaf Limited?
(03)
(b)
(b)
Peach Panther Ltd (PPL) is planning to call an Extra Ordinary General Meeting
(EOGM) to transact certain businesses due to an emergency faced by the
company. You are required to answer the following:
(i)
(ii)
What is the minimum notice period for calling an EOGM? Can PPL hold
such meeting on a shorter notice?
(05)
Explain the term special business with reference to the Companies Ordinance,
1984. Give at least two examples.
(06)
(04)
114 Commission GM
Under what circumstances does the Commission have the power to call a general
meeting of the company?
(04)
CHAPTER 25 MANAGEMENT
115 Subsequent CEO
Explain whether or not the following statements are in accordance with the provisions
of the Companies Ordinance, 1984. Support your answer with reasons.
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Business Law
A chief executive, other than the first chief executive of the company, is appointed by
the shareholders in the annual general meeting of the company, for a period up to the
next annual general meeting.
(03)
Mr. Zameer is the first chief executive of Ryan Industries Limited, a public
company. The directors of the company are not satisfied with his performance. In
view of the provisions of the Companies Ordinance, 1984 specify the term of
office of Mr. Zameer and explain how he can be removed before expiry of the
above term.
(05)
(b)
Describe the provisions of the Companies Ordinance, 1984 which restrict the chief
executive of a public company from carrying on any business competing with the
companys business.
(03)
118 Election
Narrate the provisions of the Companies Ordinance, 1984 relating to a private
company in respect of:
(a)
(03)
(b)
(09)
119 Presence
Explain the exception to the following provisions as specified under the Companies
Ordinance, 1984.
In a meeting of the board of directors, no director shall take any part in the discussion
of, or vote on, any contract or arrangement entered into, or to be entered into, by or on
behalf of the company, if he is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, concerned or
interested in the contract or arrangement, nor shall his presence count for the purpose
of forming a quorum at the time of any such discussion or vote; and if he does vote, his
vote shall be void.
(04)
(c)
(d)
A director of a listed company cannot assign his office to another person under
any circumstances.
(03)
28
122 Loans
In view of the provisions of the Companies Ordinance, 1984 explain the conditions
which are required to be complied with, if a company wishes to grant loan to its director.
(05)
123 Power
At the annual general meeting of Rahbar Refineries Limited (RRL), certain
shareholders have raised objections on matters related to the use of the companys
funds. In the opinion of those shareholders the directors have exceeded the authority
vested upon them by the Companies Ordinance, 1984. Identify those powers of
directors which the shareholders of RRL may be referring to.
(05)
(b)
Who is responsible to fill the casual vacancy in the Board and when would Mr.
Aslams term of office be completed?
(02)
(ii)
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Business Law
126 Removal
Lalazar Limited, a pubic unlisted company has a paid up capital of Rs 100 million
consisting of shares having face value of Rs 10 each. Last election of its Board of
Directors was held on April 15, 20X3 in which eight directors were elected. Four of the
directors belonged to the same family. The remaining directors were Mr. Javed, Mr.
Bader, Mr. Qasim and Mr. Dawood. They secured
600,000, 350,000, 480,000 and 220,000 votes respectively. The remaining votes were
equally distributed among the four directors of the family. Mr. Javed died on May 30,
20X3 and Mr. Aslam was appointed as a director on June 15, 20X3 to fill in the casual
vacancy.
Explain the following in the light of the provisions of the Companies Ordinance, 1984:
The conditions required to be fulfilled if a person desires to remove the following
directors:
(i)
Mr. Aslam
(ii)
Mr. Bader
(05)
30
(b)
State the conditions which the directors shall be required to comply with if they
want to keep the books of account at SQLs factory located in Peshawar.
(02)
31
(04)
Business Law
(b)
Describe the contents of the Directors Report to be attached with the balance
sheet of a public company, as specified under Companies Ordinance, 1984. (10)
(02)
(b)
(03)
(06)
32
SECTION
33
Business Law
CHAPTER 1
1
(1)
(d)
(2)
(c)
(3)
(b)
(4)
(d)
(5)
(b)
(6)
(d)
(7)
(a)
(8)
(c)
(1)
(b)
(2)
(a)
(3)
(a)
(4)
(c)
(5)
(c)
(6)
(a)
(7)
(c)
(8)
(d)
(9)
(b)
(10) (b)
(11) (b)
(12) (a)
(13) (b)
(14) (a)
(15) (c)
(16) (c)
(17) (c)
(18) (c)
(19) (c)
(20) (c)
(21) (d)
(1)
(a)
(2)
(b)
(3)
(d)
(4)
(c)
(5)
(d)
(6)
(d)
34
Section C
(7)
(d)
(8)
(a)
(9)
(c)
(10) (c)
(11) (b)
(12) (d)
(1)
(c)
(2)
(b)
(3)
(d)
(4)
(c)
35
Business Law
36
SECTION
The Federal Shariah Court may, either of its own motion or on the petition of
citizen of Pakistan or the Federal or Provincial Government, examine and
decide the question whether or not any law or provision of law is repugnant to
the Injunctions of Islam.
(b)
(c)
Appeal: If any party in any proceedings before the Federal Shariat Court is
aggrieved by the final decision of the court, he may prefer an appeal to the
Supreme Court.
Courts
(a)
The Federal Shariat Court consists of not more than eight Muslim
Judges including the Chief Justice which are appointed by the President
in accordance with Article 175A.
Out of the number not more than three shall be Ulema having at least
fifteen years experience in Islamic law, research or instruction and
not more than four each one of them
is or
has been or
is qualified
The judges hold office for a period of three years. However, the
President may, extend such period.
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Business Law
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Supervisory jurisdiction;
(v)
Constitutional jurisdiction.
Binding precedent
For a precedent to be binding it must meet the following requirements:
(i)
(ii)
(iii) The status of the court which set the precedent must be such as to bind the
present court.
High court
The High Court exercises its supervisory role in the following manner:
(i)
It may issue a writ of habeas corpus. That is, it may order for the release of
a person wrongfully detained by a court subordinate to it or any government
agency.
(ii)
Mandamus requires the court or other body to carry out a public duty.
38
company law
Process of legislation
If the President deems necessary to take an immediate action, he has the power to
promulgate an ordinance if the Senate or National Assembly is not in session. Such
ordinances have the same force and effect as an Act of the Parliament. The
Ordinance stands repealed after one hundred twenty days if it is not passed by the
National Assembly or by National Assembly and Senate both as the case may be.
However, National Assembly may extend it for another period of one hundred twenty
days. Thereafter it will stand repealed.
b)
c)
d)
Consideration
An agreement must be supported by lawful consideration. Gratuitous
promises are not enforceable at law. Consideration requires not only
requires presence of consideration but also lawfulness of consideration.
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Business Law
e)
Free Consent
An agreement must be made between parties by free consent. In other
words, the consent must not be obtained from following:
Coercion
Undue inuence
Fraud
Misrepresentation
Mistake
f)
Lawful Object
The object of an agreement must be lawful. An object is said to be
unlawful when: [Section 23]
It is forbidden by law
Is of such a nature that if permitted would defeat the provisions of
any law
It is fraudulent
It involves an injury to the person or property of another
The court regards it as immoral, or opposed to public policy
g)
h)
Certainty
An agreement may be void on the grounds of uncertainty. The meaning of
the agreement must be certain or capable of being certain. [Section 29]
i)
Possibility of performance
The terms of the agreement must be capable of being performed else
it is void. [Section 56]
j)
Legal formalities
An oral contract is a perfectly valid contract, except in certain cases where
a contract must comply with the necessary formalities as to writing,
registration and stamping.
40
Acceptance
Section 2(b) and 7 of the Contract Act
When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent to the offer, the
proposal is said to be accepted.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Acceptance must be made by the offeree i.e. by the person(s) to whom offer
was made and only such person or a person with his authority must
communicate the acceptance to the offeror.
(iv)
Acceptance must be given within a reasonable time and before the offer
lapses and/or is revoked.
(v)
Lapse of an offer
Section 6 of the Contract Act
An offer is lapsed in following ways:
Revocation
An offer may be revoked before its acceptance by the offeree.
Lapse of time
An offer will come to an end if it is not accepted within the time specified or within a
reasonable time where no time is specified. What is the reasonable time is a
question of fact depending upon the subject matter and circumstances.
Death or insanity
An offer comes to an end by the death or insanity of the offeror if the fact of his death
or insanity comes to the knowledge of the acceptor before acceptance.
Non-fulfilment of condition precedent
An offer comes to an end when the acceptor fails to fulfil the conditions precedent to
the offer.
Counter offer
An offer comes to an end if the counter offer is made.
Non-acceptance according to requirement
An offer comes to an end if it is not accepted according to the requirement (if any) of
the offeror.
Non-acceptance / Rejection
An offer comes to an end if it is not accepted by the offeree. An offer is said to be
rejected if the offeree expressly rejects.
41
Business Law
10
Revocation of proposal
Section 5 and 6 of the Contract Act
Revocation of a proposal
A proposal may be revoked at any time before the communication of its acceptance
is complete as against the proposer, but not afterwards. A valid proposal comes to
an end upon happening of any one of the following:
11
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
by the death or insanity of the proposer, if the fact of his death or insanity
comes to the knowledge of acceptor before acceptance.
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Minor
Section 10, 11 and 68 of the Contract Act
Section 30 of the Partnership Act
The position of agreements with a minor are given below:
An agreement with a minor is void ab-initio.
Where an infant / minor represents fraudulently that he is of the age of majority
and induces another to enter into a contract with him, he will not be liable
Since ratication has a retrospective application it is necessary that the minor
must be competent to contract at the time when the contract is entered into.
Therefore, an agreement with a minor cannot be ratied subsequently after he
attains majority
If a minor enters into an agreement jointly with a major person than such
agreement can be enforced against the major person who has jointly promised
to perform.
A minor can be admitted for the benets of partnership with the consent of all
the partners. He cannot be a partner until he attains majority.
A minor can be agent but cannot be a principal
A minor cannot be declared insolvent because he is incompetent to contract.
A minor can le a suit but cannot be sued.
42
12
If the guardian or manager of the minor entered into on behalf of a minor being
within the scope of the authority and for the benefit of the minor than such
agreements can be enforced by or against the minor.
Consideration
(a)
13
Consideration
Section 25 and 185 of the Contract Act
Validity of an agreement made without consideration
An agreement without consideration is considered valid in any of the following
circumstances:
14
(i)
it is expressed in writing and registered under the law for the time being in
force for the registration of documents and is made on account of natural love
and affection between parties standing in a near relation to each other.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
any gift which is actually made as between the donor and the donee.
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Coercion
Section 15 and 19 of the Contract Act
Yes, Bano can avoid the contract as her consent was caused by coercion.
43
Business Law
15
Fraud
Section 17 of the Contract Act
(a)
16
the suggestion, as a fact of that which is not true by one who does not
believe it to be true;
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Misrepresentation
Section 18 of the Contract Act
Following are the acts which constitute misrepresentation:
(a)
Unwarranted statement
When a person makes a positive statement that a fact is true when his
information does not warrant it to be so, though he believes it to be true this
amounts to misrepresentation.
(b)
Breach of duty
Any breach of duty which
by misleading another
(c)
to his prejudice or
where the party whose consent was caused by misrepresentation had the
means of discovering the truth with ordinary diligence;
where the party gave the consent in ignorance of misrepresentation;
where the party after becoming aware of the misrepresentation, takes a
benefit under the contract;
where an innocent third party, before the contract is rescinded, acquires
for consideration some interest in the property passing under the contract;
where the parties cannot be restored to their original position.
44
17
Mistake
Section 20 to 22 of the Contract Act
The effects on the validity of the contract are given below:
18
(a)
(b)
(c)
Legality of object
Section 2(e), (g), 23 and 24 of the Contract Act
(a) Agreement
Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each
other, is an agreement.
An agreement not enforceable by law is said to be void.
Circumstances in which an object of an agreement is considered unlawful:
The object of an agreement is unlawful when:
(i)
it is forbidden by law; or
(ii)
(iii) is fraudulent; or
(iv) involves or implies injury to the person or property of another; or
(v)
19
45
Business Law
20
Legality of consideration
Section 23
No, the agreement is void as its object is unlawful.
21
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
46
9.
10.
Wagering Agreements;
EXCEPTION:
Subscription/contribution to horse-racing.
11.
12.
22
Contingent contracts
Section 31 of the Contract Act
Contingent Contract
No, this is not a contingent contract as the condition i.e. construction of a bungalow
is not collateral to the contract; but in itself forms a consideration and is thus an
integral part of the contract.
Essentials of a contingent contract
The following are the essential characteristics of a contingent contract:
23
(i)
the performance of such a contract depends upon the happening or nonhappening of some future event;
(ii)
(iii)
47
Business Law
When the time fixed has expired and such event has not happened or
If (before the expiry of the time fixed) it becomes certain that such event will not
happen.
24
Quasi contracts
Section 69 of the Contract Act
Reimbursement of person paying money due by another, in payment of which
he is interested
No, however, Baqar may recover the amount, if he has his interest in the payment.
To constitute a quasi contract and be entitled for reimbursement, following
conditions must be satisfied:
(a) the person who made the payment must have his own interest in the payment;
and
(b) the other person must be bound by law to pay.
25
Quasi contracts
Section 68 to 72 of the Contract Act
Quasi contract:
A quasi contract is a relation resembling to those created by a contract by which one
party is bound to pay money in consideration of something done or suffered by the
other party, though; no contractual relation exists between the parties. As a result of
the above, certain legal rights and obligations are created between the concerned
parties. Such type of relations resembles those created by the contract and such a
contract is called Quasi contract.
It is an obligation based on the principle of equity and justice, which the law creates
in the absence of any formal agreement.
48
26
it must be unconditional;
(ii)
(iii)
An offer to one of several joint promisees has the same legal consequences as
an offer to all of them.
49
Business Law
27
(b)
(c)
28
Devolution of liabilities
Section 43 and 44 of the Contract Act
(a)
(b)
Mohsin may compel every other joint promisor to contribute equally with
himself to the performance of the promise, unless a contrary intention appears
from the contract.
Therefore, Faizan must share the loss arising from default of Laila equally with
Mohsin.
29
(b)
after the death of Hatim, with the representative of Hatim jointly with Tahir
(c)
after the death of both Hatim and Tahir, with the representative(s) of both,
jointly.
50
30
Reciprocal promises
Section 54 of the Contract Act
No, Nasir need not perform his promise to pay and Maimar must compensate Nasir
for any loss which Nasir may sustain due to Maimars non-performance.
31
Appropriation
Section 59 to 61 of the Contract Act
(a)
The payment is correctly applied by Bilal and the objection of Wasim is not
valid. In the absence of any intimation from debtor or circumstances indicating
to which debt payment is to be applied, the creditor is free to use his discretion
and apply it to any lawful debt actually due and payable to him from the debtor
whether its recovery is or is not barred by the law in force for the time being as
to the limitation of suits.
(b)
(a)
Rupees
20,000
50,000
70,000
As Ubaid has written the break-up of payment at the back of the cheque,
it implies that payment should be applied to discharge those particular
debts.
(b)
32
33
Supervening impossibility
Section 56 of the Contract Act
A contract is discharged by supervening impossibility in the following cases:
Destruction of subject matter
If the subject matter of the contract is destroyed after the formation of the contract
without any fault of either party then a contract is said to be discharged.
Death or Personal incapacity (Doctrine of Frustration)
If a contract is of personal nature then on the death / incapacity / illness of a person a
contract is said to be discharged.
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Declaration of war
At the time of declaration of war the contracts with alien enemies are either
suspended or declared as void.
Change of law
If the performance of the contract becomes impossible or unlawful due to change in
law after the formation of the contract than the contract is said to be discharged.
Particular state of things ceases to exist or occur
The contract is discharged if that particular state of thing which forms the basis of a
contract ceases to exist or occur.
34
35
Damages
Section 73 of the Contract Act
The party who suffers from breach of contract is entitled to receive compensation for
any loss or damage caused to it, which naturally arose from the usual course of
things from such breach, or which the parties knew, when they made the contract to
be likely to result from such breach.
Such compensation is not to be given for any remote or indirect loss or damage
sustained by reason of the breach.
36
Indemnity
Section 124 of the Contract Act
A contract, by which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to it by
the conduct of the promisor himself, or by the conduct of any other person, is called a
contract of indemnity.
37
Guarantee
Section 130 of the Contract Act
The guarantee given by Ameen is a continuing guarantee. It can be revoked by
Ameen (surety) at any time as to future transactions but he will remain liable to Bashir
for Rs. 325,700.
38
Guarantee
Section 130 of the Contract Act
Revocation of a Continuing guarantee:
No, Kamal is not competent to revoke his guarantee. Where a guarantee is given for
an entire consideration, the contract is not divisible and the guarantee is considered
as a specific guarantee. In this case also, the contract is not one of a continuing
52
guarantee because lease for five years is an entire or indivisible consideration and
not a fragmented one.
39
Guarantee
Section 146 and 147 of the Contract Act
Co-sureties who are bound in different sums are liable to pay equally as far as
limits of their respective obligations permit.
Therefore, the co-sureties should pay:
Rupees
20,000
30,000
34,000
84,000
Amin
Imran
Shahid
40
Guarantee
Section 140, 141 and 145 of the Contract Act
(a) Haseeb upon payment of guaranteed amount is invested with all rights which
Faiz (the creditor) had against Gulzar (the principal debtor).
Haseeb the surety is entitled to the benefit of every security which Faiz (the
creditor) has against Gulzar (the principal debtor) at the time when the contract
of suretyship is entered into whether Haseeb knows of the existence of such
security or not.
He is entitled to recover from Gulzar (the principal debtor) whatever sum he has
rightfully paid under the guarantee, but no sums which he has paid wrongfully.
(b) Section 62, 130, 131, 133 to 135, 139 and 141 of the Contract Act
A continuing guarantee may at any time be revoked by the surety, as to
future transactions by notice to the creditor.
(i)
In the absence of any contract to the contrary, the death of the surety
results in the revocation of a continuing guarantee, as regards future
transactions.
If the terms of the contract are changed by the creditor and the principal
debtor by a contract without the consent of the surety.
(iii)
(iv) When the creditor makes a composition with, or promises to give time to,
or not to sue the principal debtor, without the consent of the surety.
(v)
(vi) When a creditor loses security under the contract, the surety gets
discharged to the extent of the value of the security.
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41
Duties of bailor
Section 158 of the Contract Act
(a)
(ii)
42
Particular lien
Section 170 of the Contract Act
Stylish Suiting is not justified to refuse delivery of the coat to Majid, because a bailee
who renders a service involving the exercise of labour or skill in respect of the goods
bailed which improves the value of the article, is entitled to a right of particular lien,
and not a general lien until and unless agreed for it.
43
Termination of bailment
Section 153, 159 and 162 of the Contract Act
(a)
If the bailee does any act with regard to the goods bailed, which is
inconsistent with the terms of bailment, the bailment may be terminated
by the bailor even though the term of bailment has not expired or the
purpose of bailment has not been accomplished.
44
Finder of goods
Section 168 and 169 of the Contract Act
Right of Reward
The finder of goods may retain the goods for the expenses incurred by him to
preserve the goods and to find out the owner, until he receives compensation, and
54
where the owner has offered a specific reward for the return of goods lost, the finder
may sue for such reward, and may retain the goods until he receives it.
The finder of goods may sell the goods if the owner cannot be found or he refuses to
pay lawful charges of the finder:
45
(a)
and the goods are in danger of perishing or losing the greater part of their value;
or
(b)
Pledge
Section 172, 178 and 179 of the Contract Act
Section 30 of the Sales of Goods Act
Pledge
The bailment / delivery of goods as security for payment of a debt or performance of a
promise is called a pledge.
Under the following circumstances a pledge can be made by non-owners:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
46
Pledge
Section 175 of the Contract Act
Right to extra ordinary expenses:
The pawnee is entitled to receive from the pawner extraordinary expenses incurred
by him for the preservation of the goods pledged.
Therefore, Mehreen is entitled to claim the cost of insurance, in addition to the
principal and interest.
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47
Rights of pawner
Section 176 of the Contract Act
Pawnees right where pawner makes default:
On default in payment of debt by Ramla, Ovais may:
(a)
bring a suit against Ramla upon the debt and retain the goods pledged as a
collateral security; or
(b)
he may sell the jewellery pledged on giving Ramla reasonable notice of the
sale.
If the proceeds of such sale are less than the amount due in respect of the debt,
Ramla would still be liable to pay the balance.
If the proceeds of the sale are greater than the amount so due, Ovais shall pay over
the surplus to Ramla.
48
Ratification
Section 196 to 200 of the Contract Act
(a)
Ratification
Ratification means the subsequent adoption and acceptance of an act originally
done without authority.
Where acts are done by one person on behalf of another, but without his
authority, he may elect to ratify or to disown such acts. If he accepts them, the
same effects will follow as if they had been performed by his authority.
(b)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
56
49
Duties of an agent
Section 209, 211 to 218 of the Contract Act
Duties of an agent towards his principal
1.
2.
Duty to carry out the work with reasonable skill and diligence
3.
4. Duty to communicate with the principal, in cases of difficulty, for obtaining his
instructions.
5. Duty not to deal on his own account.
6. If an agent, without the knowledge of his principal, deals in the business on his
own account the principal is entitled to claim any benefit which may have
resulted to him from the transaction.
7. Duty not to make profit on his own account or to make secret profit.
8. When an agency is terminated on the death of the principal or on his becoming
of unsound mind, the agent must take, all reasonable steps for the protection
and preservation of the interests of his late principals representatives.
9. Duty not to delegate authority subject to certain exceptions.
10. Duty to act with ordinary prudence in case of emergency in order to protect the
principal from loss.
50
To conduct the business of his principal according to the directions given by the
principal, or, in the absence of any such directions according to the custom
which prevails in doing business of the same kind at the place where the agent
conducts such business.
(ii)
An agent must not deal on his own account in the business of agency; i.e. he
must not himself buy from or sell to his principal goods he is asked to sell or
buy on behalf of his principal without obtaining the consent of his principal and
after disclosing all material facts to him.
(vi) The agent is bound to pay his principal all sums received on his account
subject to deductions such as all moneys due to him in respect of advances
made or expenses properly incurred and his agreed remuneration.
The agent should not make secret profit.
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51
Rights
Section 189, 217 and 221 of the Contract Act
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
52
Misconduct by agent
Section 212 of the Contract Act
It is the duty of an agent to act diligently as a man of ordinary prudence. He must
compensate his principal in respect of the direct consequences of his negligence.
Zakir being an agent of Aslam is responsible for his misconduct due to which Aslam
had to pay Naveed. Therefore, Aslam is justified in his suit.
53
Substituted agent
Section 194 and 195 of the Contract Act
Where an agent, holding an express or implied authority to name another person to
act for the principal in the business of the agency, has named another person
accordingly, such person is a substituted agent, and an agent of the principal for such
part of the business of the agency as is entrusted to him.
The original agent is not responsible to the principal for the acts or negligence of the
substituted agent so selected if he has exercised in selecting such agent the same
amount of discretion as a man of ordinary prudence would exercise in his own case.
54
Irrevocable agency
Section 202 to 204 of the Contract Act
The principal may revoke the authority of the agent, at any time before the agent has
exercised his authority so as to bind the principal.
58
55
(a)
Where an agent has himself an interest in the property forming subject matter of
the agency.
(b)
(c)
Duties of partner
Section 16(a) of the Partnership Act
Personal profits earned by partners
No, Talha and Umair are not liable to share such profits with Sohail as this transaction
was not within the scope of the partnership.
Subject to the contract between the partners, the partner shall account for that profit
and pay it to the firm, which:
56
(a)
he derives for himself, from any transaction of the firm, or from the use of the
property or business connection of the firm or the firms name; or
(b)
he made for himself, from carrying on any business of the same nature as and
competing with that of the firm.
57
(a)
to claim such share of the profits of the firm, earned after he ceased to be a
partner, as may be attributable to the use of his share of the property of the firm;
or
(b)
to claim interest at the rate of six percent per annum on the amount of his share
in the property of the firm.
every partner has a right to take part in the conduct of the business;
(ii)
every partner shall have the right to express his opinion before a matter is
decided. Any difference arising as to ordinary matters connected with the
business may be decided by a majority of the partners, but no change may be
made in the nature of the business without the consent of all the partners;
(iii)
every partner has a right to have access to and to inspect and copy any of the
books of the firm;
(iv)
a partner is not entitled to receive remuneration for taking part in the conduct
of the business;
(v)
the partners are entitled to share equally in the profits earned and shall
contribute equally to the losses sustained by the firm;
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(vi)
(vii)
a partner making, for the purposes of the business, any payment or advance
beyond the amount of capital he has agreed to subscribe, is entitled to
interest thereon at the rate of six percent per annum;
(viii)
the firm shall indemnify a partner in respect of payments made and liabilities
incurred by him:
in the ordinary and proper conduct of the business, and
in doing such act, in an emergency, for the purpose of protecting the firm
from loss, as would be done by a person of ordinary prudence, in his own
case, under similar circumstances; and
(ix)
58
a partner shall indemnify the firm for any loss caused to it by his willful neglect
in the conduct of the business of the firm.
Liabilities
Section 25 to 27 of the Partnership Act
(i)
(ii)
59
A firm in the course of its business receives money or property from a third
party, and the money or property is misapplied by any of the partners while
it is in the custody of the firm.
Implied authority
Section 19 of the Partnership Act
Partners act not under implied authority
In the absence of any usage or custom of trade to the contrary, the implied authority
of a partner does not empower him to:
(a) submit a dispute relating to the business of the firm to arbitration,
(b) open a banking account on behalf of the firm in his own name,
60
60
Holding out
Section 28 of the Partnership Act
If a person represents to the outside world by words spoken or written or by his
conduct or by lending his name, that he is a partner in a certain partnership firm, he
becomes liable as a partner in that firm to anyone who has on the faith of such
representation granted credit to the firm, whether the person representing himself or
allowing himself to be so represented does or does not know that the representation
has reached the person so giving credit.
The doctrine of holding out or estoppel does not extend to:
Where after a partners death the business is continued in the old firm name the
continued use of that name or of the deceased partners name as a part thereof shall
not of itself make his legal representative or his estate liable for any act of the firm
done after his death.
61
Transfer of interest
Section 29 of the Partnership Act
Rights of transferee of a partners interest
Where a partners interest is transferred, the transferee does not become a partner
and similarly the transferor does not cease to be a partner. Therefore, Adil would not
be considered as a partner in the firm.
Rights of Adil:
Adil would be entitled only to receive the share of the profits of the firm to which
Fauzia is entitled. He would be bound to accept the account of profits agreed to by
the partners.
Upon dissolution of the firm or, in case, if Fauzia ceases to be a partner, Adil would
be entitled, as against the remaining partners, to receive the share of the assets of
the firm, to which Fauzia was entitled and for the purpose of ascertaining that share
he would be entitled to ask for the accounts as from the date of the dissolution.
Restrictions on Adil:
Adil would not be entitled, during the continuance of the partnership:
(i)
(ii)
to require accounts; or
(iii)
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62
Partnership property
Section 14 of the Partnership Act
The property of the firm
Subject to the contract between the partners, the property of the firm includes:
(i)
all property and rights and interests in property originally brought into the stock
of the firm or
(ii)
all property acquired by purchase or otherwise, by or for the firm or for the
purposes and in the course of the business of the firm,
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Minor
Section 30 of the Partnership Act
D becomes a partner in the firm after 6 months of the date on which he became
aware of the fact that he was entitled to the benefits in the firm i.e. on 16th February
2008. Therefore, he shall be liable to share the losses of the firm, incurred thereafter.
His failure to announce his decision will have no bearing on the situation.
64
Promissory notes
Section 4 of the Negotiable Instruments Act
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) It is not a promissory note as the amount payable under it is not certain.
(v)
65
(ii)
Date: that every negotiable instrument bearing a date was made / drawn on
such date;
62
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Stamps: that a lost promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque was duly
stamped;
66
67
Ambiguous Instruments
Section 17 of the Negotiable Instruments Act
Where an instrument may be construed either as a promissory note or a bill of
exchange, it is called an ambiguous instrument.
Yes, ambiguous instruments are negotiable.
Examples:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
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68
69
Cheque
Section 6 of the Negotiable Instruments Act
(a)
Cheque
A cheque is a bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not
expressed to be payable otherwise than on demand.
Essential elements of a valid cheque:
Following are the essential elements of a valid cheque.
(i)
It must be in writing,
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Holder
(ii)
Banker
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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70
Bill of Exchange
Section 30 of the Negotiable Instruments Act
The liabilities incurred by the drawer of a bill are as follows:
71
(i)
on due presentment, the bill shall be accepted. and paid according to its
tenor, and that
(ii)
if the bill is dishonoured, the drawer shall compensate the holder or any
endorser who is compelled to pay it, provided that due notice of dishonour
of the bill is given to or received by the drawer.
(iii)
(ii)
Holder
Section 8 of the Negotiable Instruments Act
The holder of a negotiable instrument means
any person entitled to the possession of the instrument in his own name
and to receive or recover the amount due thereon from the parties liable
thereto.
(iii)
72
Material alteration
Section 20, 87 and 89 of the Negotiable Instruments Act
In the following situations, the alteration does not prejudice the rights and liabilities
of the parties to a negotiable instrument :
(i)
(ii)
Alteration made to carry out the common intention of the original parties.
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(iii)
Alteration made with the consent of the parties liable on the instrument.
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
66
SECTION
owns or holds or control more than fifty percent of its voting securities or
has power to elect and appoint more than fifty percent of its directors: or
(ii) the first mentioned company is a subsidiary of any company or body corporate
which is that others subsidiary
74
Association NFP
(a)
The Commission may grant a licence and direct that the Alfalah Associates be
registered as a company with limited liability, without the addition of the words
"Limited", to its name, if Alfalah Associates satisfies the following conditions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
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(b)
75
The licence may be revoked at any time by the Commission after giving a notice
in writing of its intention and shall afford Alfalah Associates an opportunity of
submitting a representation in opposition to the revocation. On revocation of the
licence, the registrar shall enter the word Limited at the end of the name of the
Alfalah Associates in the register, and Alfalah Associates will be required to use
the name as entered in the register.
Private company
A private company is a company which, by its articles of association
76
KRL
Kaghan Resham Limited (KRL) is the holding company of Naran Silk Limited (NSL)
as KRL holds more than 50 percent shares of NSL
NSL is the holding company of Thandyani Ice-creams Limited (TIL) as NSL can
appoint more than fifty percent directors of TIL
So as per the definition of the holding and subsidiary company under the Ordinance,
KRL is also the holding company of TIL
77
Fajita
June 10, 2010
Warsi family
Fajita Specialists
Subject: Opinion regarding incorporation of Fajita Specialists as a Limited
Liability Company
Respected members of the Warsi family
As per companys ordinance 1984, any association, partnership or company formed
for the purpose of carrying on any business shall be required to be registered as a
company under the Ordinance if it consists of more than twenty persons. However if
the association or company is a joint family carrying on joint family business then
they shall not be required to be registered as a Company under the Companies
Ordinance 1984.
As your business is a joint family business carried on by a joint family, it shall not be
required to be registered as a company even if its number of members exceeds
twenty.
If you require any further information regarding the matter, the undersigned shall be
pleased to assist.
Kind regards
Corporate Advisor
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78
Zouk
The Companies Ordinance 1984 requires the company to forward a copy of
Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association on the request of a member
only on payment of certain xed fee. Any unconcerned person cannot demand such
copies from the company. So Arizona Grill Limited is not bound to provide such
copies to Mr Zouk.
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80
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Commencement of business
A company shall not commence any business or exercise any borrowing powers
unless:
(i)
Shares held subject to the payment of the whole amount thereof in cash have
been allotted to an amount not less in the whole than the minimum
subscription;
(ii)
Every director of the company has paid to the company full amount on each
of the shares taken or contracted to be taken by him;
(iii)
(iv)
There has been led with the registrar a duly veried declaration by the chief
executive or one of the directors and the secretary in the prescribed from that
the aforesaid conditions have been complied with and the registrar has issued
a certicate of commencement of business; and
(v)
In the case of a company which has not issued a prospectus inviting the
public to subscribe for its shares, a statement in lieu of prospectus has been
led with the registrar.
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81
(ii)
(iii) The alteration shall not take effect until and except in so far as it is
confirmed by the Commission.
Before confirming the alteration, the Commission must be satisfied:
that sufficient notice has been given to every holder of debentures of the
company, and to any person or class of persons whose interest will, in
the opinion of the Commission, be affected by the alteration; and
that, with respect to every creditor who in the opinion of the Commission
is entitled to object and who signifies his objection in manner directed by
the Commission, either his consent to the alteration has been obtained
or his debt or claim has been discharged or determined, or has been
secured to the satisfaction of the Commission.
(iv) A certified copy of the order of the commission along with the altered
memorandum is required to be filed with the registrar, within 90 days of the
order.
(b) The shareholders objection is not valid, because an alteration to change the
place of registered office of a company from one city or town in a province to
another does not require confirmation by the Commission.
82
MOA alteration
The commission may confirm the alteration in the memorandum of association
of the company if it is satisfied that:
(i)
(ii)
70
83
Articles of association
(a)
The company may adopt all or any of the regulations specified in Table A in
the First Schedule to the Companies Ordinance, 1984 in its articles of
association.
(ii)
The articles of the company shall be explicit and without ambiguity and also
list and enumerate the voting and other rights attached to the different
classes of shares and other securities to be issued by it.
(iii)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
84
Name clause
The first clause of the memorandum is the name clause of the company which contains
the name of the company with the addition of the words Guarantee Limited in case of a
company limited by guarantee.
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b.
For registered ofce clause the province or the part of Pakistan not forming part of a
province, as the case may be, in which the registered ofce of the company is to be
situated.
c.
Object clause
This clause of the memorandum clause contains the objects of the company and,
except in the case of a trading corporation the territories to which they extend.
d.
Liability clause
In case of a company limited by guarantee, the liability clause states that the liability of
the members is limited. In case of a company limited by guarantee, the following
additional sentences are added, that each member undertakes to contribute to the
assets of the company in the event of it being wound up while he is a member or within
one year afterwards, for payment of the debts and liabilities of the company contracted
before he ceases to be a member, and of the costs, charges and expenses of winding
up, and for adjustment of the rights of the contributories among themselves such
amount as may be required, not exceeding a specied amount.
85
86
Incorporation
Registration of a company is actually registration of the certicate of memorandum of
the company as the memorandum is actually a charter of the company. For registration
of a memorandum of association, it shall be led with the registrar of companies. A
declaration of compliance (on Form 1) with requirements of the Ordinance in getting
the company registered shall be provided to the registrar along with the memorandum.
Registrar shall register the memorandum of association only if it is satised that:
the company is being formed for lawful purposes,
none of its objects stated in the memorandum is inappropriate or deceptive or
insufciently expressive and
all the requirements of this Ordinance and the rules made thereunder have been
complied with in respect of registration.
72
If the registrar of companies for any reason refuses the registration of the
memorandum, the company may le an appeal before a registrar higher in rank or
ultimately to the commission if no relief is received against such a refusal. Order of
Commission on such appeal shall be nal.
87
Name
When selecting the name it should be considered that the name:
is not inappropriate or deceptive;
is not designed to exploit or offend the religious sentiments of the people;
is not a name identical with the name of the company already registered and
does not closely resemble with the name of the company already registered
under the Ordinance, except where the company in existence, is in the course of
being dissolved and signies its consent in granting its name to the new company
in such manner as the registrar requires.
Whatever name is proposed, the nal authority to decide whether or not a name is in
line with the provisions of the Ordinance lies with the Commission.
88
Disallowed name
Where a company has, due to any reason, been registered with a name which is not
permitted by the Ordinance, the company may, on its own, change the name with the
approval of the registrar.
The registrar may also direct the company to change its name within thirty (30) days of
the receipt of such directions. The registrar cannot issue any direction in this regard
after the expiration of three years from the date of registration of the name of the
company.
The registrar shall give to the company an opportunity of being heard before issuing
such direction.
89
90
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
File a notice of the increase of capital along with the special resolution with
the registrar within 15 days of passing of resolution. The notice shall include
particulars of the shares to be affected and the conditions, if any, subject to
which the new shares are issued.
Their holding should be at least ten percent of the total class B shares.
(ii) Application must be led within thirty days of the date of passing of special
resolution.
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(b)
91
The Court shall pass an order for cancellation of the resolution only if it is
satised that some facts having impact on the decision of the shareholders
were withheld by the company in getting the special resolution passed or, the
variation in rights would unfairly prejudice the shareholders of the class
represented by the applicant.
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Objections
The resolution to vary the rights of the members needs approval by three fourth
majority of the members of the particular class affected by the variation. However, r any
member or members of the affected class representing at least ten percent
shareholding of that class may apply to the court for an order against the resolution
varying their rights. The court has got the powers to declare the resolution null and void
if it feels that either;
the company withheld certain facts while getting the resolution passed. Had the
members been in knowledge of those facts, they would not have passed the
resolution varying the rights of a particular class; or
the change is otherwise prejudicial to the interest of members.
Such application for getting an order against the resolution should be led by the
persons aggrieved by the change within 30 days of the date of resolution. The decision
of the court on such matter shall be nal and appeal cannot be led against such
decision and the company is required to le a copy of the order of the court to the
registrar within fourteen days of receipt of the order.
93
The expert has given his written consent to the issue thereof with the
statement included in the form and context in which it is included and has
not withdrawn such consent before the delivery of a copy of the prospectus.
for registration; and
(ii)
A statement that he has given and has not withdrawn his consent as
aforesaid appears in the prospectus.
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94
(b)
95
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Prospectus - registration
Section 52, 53 , 54, 55, 57
The registrar shall not register a prospectus unless the following requirements
have been complied with:
i)
Prospectus is dated.
ii) It shall state the matters and reports specified in the Second Schedule.
iii) Experts whose statements are included have not been connected with the
formation, promotion or management of the company.
iv) Experts whose statements are included in the prospectus have given written
consent for issue of such statements.
v) All requirements regarding approval, issue and registration have been
complied with.
vi) The prospectus is accompanied by the written consent of the auditor, legal
adviser, attorney, solicitor, banker and the broker who have agreed to act
in that capacity.
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(b)
(c)
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opinion of the registrar or officer dealing with the case, were immaterial, or was
otherwise such as ought, in the opinion of that registrar or officer, as the case may
be, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, reasonably to be excused.
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Minimum subscription
The amount of minimum subscription must be stated in the prospectus. This includes:
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Working capital.
If the company intends to meet all or any of the above needs from any source
other than the issue of shares, such source shall be disclosed.
Face of prospectus
Following matters shall be stated on the face of the prospectus:
99
That a copy of this prospectus has been filed with the registrar for registration
purpose.
List of documents or a reference to any note in the prospectus containing the list
of documents that were filed with the registrar along with the copy of the
prospectus when it was filed for registration.
That an application for listing of the shares or debentures offered under the
prospectus has been filed or shall be filed with the stock exchange.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
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(viii) or other interest based on agreement for the issue of any instrument in
the nature of redeemable capital.
(b)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
debt for which the charge was given has been paid or satised in whole or
in part, or
(ii) part of the property or undertaking charged has been released from the
charge or has ceased to form part of the company's property or
undertaking;
(ii)
The registrar, on receiving such intimation, will send a notice to the holder of
the mortgage, calling upon him to show-cause, within fourteen days of the
notice, as to why the payment or satisfaction of the charge or mortgage
should not be recorded.
(iii)
If no objection is raised by the holder of the charge, the registrar shall order that
a memorandum of satisfaction be entered in the register.
(iv)
If any objection is received, the registrar shall record a note to that effect in the
register, and shall inform the company about the same
(ii)
(iii)
declaration of a dividend,
(iv)
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(v)
Any business other than those specified above is termed as special business.
(b) Where any special business is to be transacted at a general meeting, a
statement setting out all material facts concerning such business, including, the
nature and extent of interest, whether directly or indirectly, therein of every
director, must be annexed to the notice of the meeting.
Further, where any business transaction requires an approval to any document
by the meeting, the time when and the place where the document may be
inspected must be specified in the statement annexed to the notice.
The Commission for any special reason may on the application of such
company allow the company to hold a particular meeting at any other places.
(b)
104 Polling
(a)
(b)
If Mr. Shakeel intends to make a request for a poll, the chairman of the meeting
would be required to accept his request provided the request is supported:
(i)
in the case of a public company, by at least five members having the right
to vote on the resolution and present in person or by proxy;
(ii)
in the case of a private company, by one member having the right to vote
on the resolution and present in person or by proxy if not more than seven
such members are personally present, and by two such members present
in person or by proxy if more than seven such members are personally
present.
(iii)
(iv)
When a poll is taken, the chairman or his nominee and a representative of the
members demanding the poll i.e. Mr.Shakeel and members requesting the poll,
shall scrutinize the votes given on the poll. However, the results of the poll shall
be announced by the chairman of the meeting.
105 Minutes
Every company shall enter a fair and accurate summary of the minutes of all
proceedings of general meetings in the properly maintained minute book along with
the names of those participating in the meetings.
Minute are required to be signed by the chairman of the general meeting or by
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The statement is incorrect because private companies are not required to hold
statutory meetings. Moreover, the statutory meeting is to be held within a
period of not less than three months, or more than six months, from the date at
which the company is entitled to commence business.
(b)
107 Quorum
(a)
Being a public listed company, the quorum of the meeting is not less than 10
members present personally who represent not less than 25% of the total
voting power, either of their own account or as proxies, unless the articles
provide for a larger number.
(b)
The quorum of the meeting should be present within half an hour from the
time for the meeting otherwise the meeting shall be dissolved as it has been
called on the requisition of members.
(c)
(d)
(i)
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(ii)
109 Circulation
Following information/ documents are required to be circulated to various stake
holders at least twenty one days prior to the meeting.
(i)
Notice of meeting specifying the place and the day and hour of the meeting
along with a statement of the business to be transacted at the meeting and in
respect of the special business, statement setting out all material facts
concerning the business, including, in particular the nature and extent of the
interest therein, if any, of every director
Every notice of a meeting of a company shall be accompanied by a proxy
form.
The notice shall be sent to the following:
(ii)
Being a listed company, such notice shall also be published at least in one
daily newspaper in English language and a daily newspaper in Urdu language
having circulation in the Province in which the stock exchange on which the
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(iv)
Directors report
Stock exchange
Registrar.
(b)
be in writing and
The proxy shall be lodged with the company not later than forty-eight hours
before the time of the meeting.
Proxies Section 161 (3b & 5)
(i)
(ii)
declaration of dividend,
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election of directors,
Examples:
(i)
(ii)
allotment of shares
114 Commission GM
Commission has got the powers to call general meetings of the company if the
company fails to
a)
b)
c)
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Mr. Zameer being appointed as the first chief executive of Ryan Industries
Limited, will hold office up to the first annual general meeting of the company or
if a shorter period is fixed by the directors at the time of his appointment, on
expiry of such period unless he earlier resigns or ceases to hold office.
Since the directors are not satisfied with the performance of Mr. Zameer they
can remove him by a resolution passed by not less than three-fourths of the
total number of directors for the time being, or by passing a special resolution
in the general meeting of the company, notwithstanding anything contained in
the articles or in any agreement between the company and Mr. Zameer.
(b)
118 Election
(a) The number and names of the first directors of the company shall be determined
in writing by the majority of subscribers of the memorandum of the company and
until so determined, all the subscribers of the memorandum, who are natural
persons, shall be deemed to be the directors of the company.
The first directors shall hold office until the election of directors in the first annual
general meeting of the company.
(b) The following procedure should be followed by a private company while holding
its election of directors:
(i)
The existing directors of a company must fix the number of elected directors
of the company at least thirty-five days before the convening of the general
meeting at which directors are to be elected. The number of directors so
fixed cannot be changed except, with the prior approval of a general
meeting of the company.
(ii)
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(iii) The company must receive a notice of intention to offer themselves for
election as a director, from the persons who seek to contest an election,
whether they are a retiring director or otherwise, at least 14 days before the
date of the general meeting at which elections are to be held.
Any such person may at any time before the holding of election withdraw
such notice.
(iv) All notices received by the company must be circulated among the
members, not later than seven days before the date of the general meeting
in the manner provided by the company for sending of a notice of general
meeting.
(v)
The directors of the company having a share capital shall, unless the
number of persons who offer themselves to be elected is not more than the
number of directors fixed, be elected by the members of the company in
general meeting in the following manner,
A member may give all his votes to a single candidate or divide them
between more than one of the candidates in such manner as he may
choose; and
The candidate who gets the highest number of votes shall be declared
elected as director and then the candidate who gets the next highest
number of votes shall be so declared and so on until the total number
of directors to be elected has been so elected.
119 Presence
This rule is not applicable to:
(i)
(ii)
any contract of indemnity against any loss which the directors, or any one or
more of them, may suffer by reason of becoming or being sureties or a
surety for the company;
(iii)
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(b) The statement is not in accordance with the provisions of the Companies
Ordinance 1984. The directors remuneration for performing extra services,
including the holding of the office of chairman, is determined by the directors or
the company in general meeting in accordance with the provisions in the articles
of association of the company.
(c) The statement is not in accordance with the provisions of the Companies
Ordinance 1984. The assignment of office is possible provided it is allowed under
the articles of association of the company and assignment is approved by a
special resolution passed by the shareholders at the general meeting of the
company.
who is holding not less than 12.5% voting shares of the company, in his
may apply to the Commission for requiring the company to hold fresh
directors in accordance with the procedure laid down under the
Ordinance, 1984 in the forthcoming annual general meeting of the
The Commission may, if it deems appropriate in the interest of the company, its
minority shareholders or the capital markets generally, direct the company to hold
the election of directors in the manner provided under section 178, and the company
shall comply with such direction.
The person on whose request such elections are held shall not sell or otherwise
dispose of the shares acquired by him for at least one year from the date of election
of directors.
122 Loans
The company may grant loan to a director if he is in the whole time employment of
the company. Such loan may be granted after getting prior approval from the
Commission.
The purpose for which a company may grant the loan are as follows:
(a)
(b)
For defraying the cost of any conveyance for personal use or household
effects
(c)
For defraying any expense on his medical treatment or the medical treatment
of any relative as are ordinarily made or provided by the company to its
employees.
123 Power
Powers of Directors.
The shareholders seem to be referring to the following powers of the directors of
RRL:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Make loans.
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(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Issue shares
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(b)
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126 Removal
Removal of Directors-Section 181,Companies Ordinance,1984
A company may by resolution in a general meeting remove a director appointed to fill
in the casual vacancy or a director appointed by members in a general meeting of
the company.
(i)
The situation relates to the removal of director appointed to fill in the casual
vacancy. Therefore, the number of votes cast against the resolution should not
be equal to or exceed the total number of votes for the time being computed in
a manner similar to the method used for directors election divided by the
number of directors, which in this case would be 10,000,000 x 8 8 =
10,000,000.
(ii)
Mr. Badar can be removed from his office only when the votes cast against the
resolution are less than 220,000 i.e. the minimum number of votes through
which the director was elected in the immediately preceding election of
directors.
Then Mr. Shams shall within fourteen days of his appointment as chief executive of
the company file with the registrar the particular of the loan taken, prior to his
becoming chief executive which could not have been taken without the prior approval
of the Commission.
If the loan is not obtained for the above purposes, then he will be required to repay
the loan before the acceptance of the position of CEO.
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where the dividend could not be paid by reason of the operation of any law.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
where the dividend has been lawfully adjusted by the company against any
sum due to it from the shareholder.
(v)
where for any other reason the failure to pay the dividend or to post the
warrant within the period aforesaid was not due to any default on the part of
the company.
And the commission has allowed the company to withhold or defer the payment
of dividend against an application made by the company within 45 days from the
date of declaration of dividend.
(ii)
134 Qualification
The statement is correct however, if a person holds shares prior to his
appointment as auditor, he can still be appointed as auditor provided he disinvests
such shares within ninety days of his appointment.
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for the annual general meeting and shall also publish it at least in one issue each of
a daily newspaper in English Language and a daily newspaper in Urdu Language
having circulation in the Province in which the stock exchange on which the company
is listed is situated.
(ii)
(b) The contents of the directors report of a public company, as specified in the
Companies Ordinance, 1984 are as follows:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
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(vi)
(vii)
(viii) name and country of incorporation of its holding company, if any, where
such holding company is established outside Pakistan;
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
Mr. Brown (the proposer of the change) shall give a notice to SPL not less
than fourteen days before the annual general meeting for passing a resolution
at the companys annual general meeting for appointment of ABC & Co.
Chartered Accountants as the auditor in place of the retiring auditor.
(ii)
The company shall forthwith send a copy of notice not less than seven days
before the date fixed for the annual general meeting to the following:
(iii)
retiring auditor
being a listed company, SPL shall also publish notice at least in one issue
each of a daily newspaper in English language and a daily newspaper in Urdu
language having circulation in the Provinces (Sind & Punjab) in which the
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(v)
(vi)
in any notice of the resolution given to members of the company, state the
fact of the representation having been made; and
The company shall, within fourteen days from the date of appointment of the
auditor, send to the registrar the following:
The company shall, within fourteen days from the date of retirement of the
previous auditor send intimation thereof to the registrar.
A person who is or at any time during the preceding 3 years was a director,
other officer or employee of the company.
A body corporate.
A person or his spouse or minor children or in case of audit firm, all partners of
such firm who hold shares of the company or any of its associated companies.
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The first auditors are not appointed within one hundred and twenty days of
the date of incorporation of the company, or
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
A casual vacancy in the office of an auditor is not filled within thirty days after
the occurrence of the vacancy, or
(v)
Auditors are removed by the company before the expiry of their term.
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