Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Serway
ChrisVuille
Chapter2
MotioninOneDimension
Dynamics
Thebranchofphysicsinvolvingthemotionof
anobjectandtherelationshipbetweenthat
motionandotherphysicsconcepts
Kinematics isapartofdynamics
Inkinematics,youareinterestedinthedescription
ofmotion
Not concernedwiththecauseofthemotion
Introduction
QuantitiesinMotion
Anymotioninvolvesthreeconcepts
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Theseconceptscanbeusedtostudyobjects
inmotion
Introduction
BriefHistoryofMotion
SumariaandEgypt
Mainlymotionofheavenlybodies
Greeks
Alsotounderstandthemotionofheavenlybodies
Systematicanddetailedstudies
Geocentricmodel
Introduction
ModernIdeasofMotion
Copernicus
Developedtheheliocentricsystem
Galileo
Madeastronomicalobservationswithatelescope
Experimentalevidencefordescriptionofmotion
Quantitativestudyofmotion
Introduction
Position
Definedintermsofaframeofreference
Achoiceofcoordinateaxes
Definesastartingpointformeasuringthemotion
Oranyotherquantity
Onedimensional,sogenerallythex oryaxis
Section2.1
Displacement
Definedasthechangeinposition
x xf xi
fstandsforfinalandistandsforinitial
Unitsaremeters(m)inSI
Section2.1
DisplacementExamples
FromAtoB
xi =30m
xf =52m
x=22m
Thedisplacementispositive,
indicatingthemotionwasin
thepositivexdirection
FromCtoF
xi =38m
xf =53m
x=91m
Thedisplacementisnegative,
indicatingthemotionwasin
thenegativexdirection
Section2.1
Displacement,Graphical
Section2.1
VectorandScalarQuantities
Vectorquantitiesneedbothmagnitude(size)
anddirectiontocompletelydescribethem
Generallydenotedbyboldfacedtypeandan
arrowovertheletter
+or signissufficientforthischapter
Scalarquantitiesarecompletelydescribedby
magnitudeonly
Section2.1
DisplacementIsntDistance
Thedisplacementofanobjectisnotthesame
asthedistanceittravels
Example:Throwaballstraightupandthencatchit
atthesamepointyoureleasedit
Thedistanceistwicetheheight
Thedisplacementiszero
Section2.1
Speed
Theaveragespeed ofanobjectisdefinedasthe
totaldistancetraveleddividedbythetotaltime
elapsed
path length
Average speed
elapsed time
d
v
t
Speedisascalarquantity
Section2.2
Speed,cont
Averagespeedtotallyignoresanyvariationsin
theobjectsactualmotionduringthetrip
Thepathlengthandthetotaltimeareallthat
isimportant
Bothwillbepositive,sospeedwillbepositive
SIunitsarem/s
Section2.2
PathLengthvs.Distance
Distancedependsonlyontheendpoints
Thedistancedoesnotdependonwhathappens
betweentheendpoints
Isthemagnitudeofthedisplacement
Pathlengthwilldependontheactualroute
taken
Section2.2
Velocity
Ittakestimeforanobjecttoundergoadisplacement
Theaveragevelocity israteatwhichthe
displacementoccurs
Velocitycanbepositiveornegative
tisalwayspositive
Averagespeedisnotthesameastheaverage
velocity
Section2.2
Velocitycontinued
Directionwillbethesameasthedirectionofthe
displacement,+or issufficientinonedimensional
motion
Unitsofvelocityarem/s(SI)
Otherunitsmaybegiveninaproblem,butgenerallywill
needtobeconvertedtothese
Inothersystems:
USCustomary:ft/s
cgs:cm/s
Section2.2
Speedvs.Velocity
Carsonbothpathshavethesameaveragevelocitysince
theyhadthesamedisplacementinthesametimeinterval
Thecaronthebluepathwillhaveagreateraveragespeed
sincethepathlengthittraveledislarger
Section2.2
GraphicalInterpretationofVelocity
Velocitycanbedeterminedfromaposition
timegraph
Averagevelocityequalstheslopeoftheline
joiningtheinitialandfinalpointsonthegraph
Anobjectmovingwithaconstantvelocitywill
haveagraphthatisastraightline
Section2.2
AverageVelocity,Constant
Thestraightline
indicatesconstant
velocity
Theslopeofthelineis
thevalueoftheaverage
velocity
Section2.2
NotesonSlopes
Thegeneralequationfortheslopeofanyline
is
Themeaningofaspecificslopewilldependonthe
physicaldatabeinggraphed
Slopecarriesunits
Section2.2
AverageVelocity,NonConstant
Themotionisnon
constantvelocity
Theaveragevelocityis
theslopeofthestraight
linejoiningtheinitial
andfinalpoints
Section2.2
InstantaneousVelocity
Thelimitoftheaveragevelocityasthetimeinterval
becomesinfinitesimallyshort,orasthetimeinterval
approacheszero
Theinstantaneousvelocityindicateswhatis
happeningateverypointoftime
Themagnitudeoftheinstantaneousvelocityiswhatyou
readonacarsspeedometer
Section2.2
InstantaneousVelocityonaGraph
Theslopeofthelinetangenttotheposition
vs.timegraphisdefinedtobethe
instantaneousvelocityatthattime
Theinstantaneousspeedisdefinedasthe
magnitudeoftheinstantaneousvelocity
Section2.2
GraphicalInstantaneousVelocity
Averagevelocitiesare
thebluelines
Thegreenline(tangent)
istheinstantaneous
velocity
Section2.2
Acceleration
Changingvelocitymeansanaccelerationis
present
Accelerationistherateofchangeofthe
velocity
Unitsarem/s(SI),cm/s(cgs),andft/s(US
Cust)
Section2.3
AverageAcceleration
Vectorquantity
Whentheobjectsvelocityandacceleration
areinthesamedirection(eitherpositiveor
negative),thenthespeedoftheobject
increaseswithtime
Whentheobjectsvelocityandacceleration
areintheoppositedirections,thespeedof
theobjectdecreaseswithtime
Section2.3
NegativeAcceleration
Anegativeaccelerationdoesnotnecessarily
meantheobjectisslowingdown
Iftheaccelerationandvelocityareboth
negative,theobjectisspeedingup
Decelerationmeansadecreaseinspeed,
notanegativeacceleration
Section2.3
InstantaneousandUniformAcceleration
Thelimitoftheaverageaccelerationasthe
timeintervalgoestozero
Whentheinstantaneousaccelerationsare
alwaysthesame,theaccelerationwillbe
uniform
Theinstantaneousaccelerationswillallbeequal
totheaverageacceleration
Section2.3
GraphicalInterpretationofAcceleration
Averageaccelerationistheslopeoftheline
connectingtheinitialandfinalvelocitiesona
velocityvs.timegraph
Instantaneousaccelerationistheslopeofthe
tangenttothecurveofthevelocitytime
graph
Section2.3
AverageAcceleration Graphical
Example
Section2.3
RelationshipBetweenAcceleration
andVelocity
Uniformvelocity(shownbyredarrows
maintainingthesamesize)
Accelerationequalszero
Section2.4
RelationshipBetweenVelocityand
Acceleration
Velocityandaccelerationareinthesamedirection
Accelerationisuniform(violetarrowsmaintainthe
samelength)
Velocityisincreasing(redarrowsaregettinglonger)
Positivevelocityandpositiveacceleration
Section2.4
RelationshipBetweenVelocityand
Acceleration
Accelerationandvelocityareinoppositedirections
Accelerationisuniform(violetarrowsmaintainthesame
length)
Velocityisdecreasing(redarrowsaregettingshorter)
Velocityispositiveandaccelerationisnegative
Section2.4
MotionDiagramSummary
Section2.4
EquationsforConstant
Acceleration
Theseequationsareusedinsituationswith
uniformacceleration
Section2.5
Notesontheequations
Givesdisplacementasafunctionofvelocity
andtime
Usewhenyoudontknowandarentasked
fortheacceleration
Section2.5
Notesontheequations
Showsvelocityasafunctionofacceleration
andtime
Usewhenyoudontknowandarentaskedto
findthedisplacement
Section2.5
GraphicalInterpretationofthe
Equation
Section2.5
Notesontheequations
Givesdisplacementasafunctionoftime,
velocityandacceleration
Usewhenyoudontknowandarentaskedto
findthefinalvelocity
Theareaunderthegraphofvvs.tforany
objectisequaltothedisplacementofthe
object
Section2.5
Notesontheequations
Givesvelocityasafunctionofacceleration
anddisplacement
Usewhenyoudontknowandarentaskedfor
thetime
Section2.5
ProblemSolvingHints
Readtheproblem
Drawadiagram
Chooseacoordinatesystem
Labelinitialandfinalpoints
Indicateapositivedirectionforvelocitiesandaccelerations
Labelallquantities,besurealltheunitsare
consistent
Convertifnecessary
Choosetheappropriatekinematicequation
Section2.5
ProblemSolvingHints,cont
Solvefortheunknowns
Youmayhavetosolvetwoequationsfortwo
unknowns
Checkyourresults
Estimateandcompare
Checkunits
Section2.5
GalileoGalilei
1564 1642
Galileoformulatedthelaws
thatgovernthemotionof
objectsinfreefall
Alsolookedat:
Inclinedplanes
Relativemotion
Thermometers
Pendulum
Section2.6
FreeFall
Afreelyfallingobjectisanyobjectmovingfreely
undertheinfluenceofgravityalone
Freefalldoesnotdependontheobjectsoriginalmotion
Allobjectsfallingneartheearthssurfacefallwitha
constantacceleration
Theaccelerationiscalledtheaccelerationdueto
gravity,andindicatedbyg
Section2.6
AccelerationduetoGravity
Symbolizedbyg
g =9.80m/s
Whenestimating,useg 10m/s2
g isalwaysdirecteddownward
Towardthecenteroftheearth
Ignoringairresistanceandassumingg doesntvary
withaltitudeovershortverticaldistances,freefallis
constantlyacceleratedmotion
Section2.6
FreeFall anobjectdropped
Initialvelocityiszero
Letupbepositive
Conventional
vo=0
Usethekinematic
equations
a=g
Generallyuseyinsteadof
xsincevertical
Accelerationisg =9.80
m/s2
Section2.6
FreeFall anobjectthrown
downward
a=g =9.80m/s2
Initialvelocity 0
Withupwardbeing
positive,initialvelocitywill
benegative
Section2.6
FreeFall objectthrownupward
Initialvelocityisupward,so
positive
Theinstantaneousvelocityat
themaximumheightiszero
a=g=9.80m/s2 everywhere
inthemotion
Section2.6
v=0
Actuallystraight
backdown
Thrownupward,cont.
Themotionmaybesymmetrical
Thentup =tdown
Thenv=vo
Themotionmaynotbesymmetrical
Breakthemotionintovariousparts
Generallyupanddown
Section2.6
NonsymmetricalFreeFallExample
Needtodividethemotion
intosegments
Possibilitiesinclude
Upwardanddownward
portions
Thesymmetricalportionback
tothereleasepointandthen
thenonsymmetricalportion
Section2.6
CombinationMotions
Section2.6