Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1/s + 1/s
−
s
1s 1 1
I(s) = = 2 =
1 + s + 1 s s + s + 1 (s + 1 2) 2 + ( 3 2) 2
2 3
i( t ) = e - t 2 sin t
3 2
s 8/s
+
+
4 − Vx 2 4
s −
4
Vx −
s + Vx − 0 + Vx − 0 = 0
s 2 8
4+
s
(16s + 32)
Vx (4s + 8) − + (2s 2 + 4s)Vx + s 2 Vx = 0
s
16s + 32
Vx (3s 2 + 8s + 8) =
s
s+2 0.25 − 0.125 − 0.125
Vx = −16 = −16 + +
s(3s 2 + 8s + 8) s 4 8 4 8
s+ + j s+ − j
3 3 3 3
2 2 6 − 4t / 3 2 2
vx = 4u ( t ) − e − 4 t / 3 cos t − e sin t V
3 2 3
+
5/s 1/2 Vo 1/8
−
1
1 5 5 5
Vo = 2 = =
8s1 1 10 + 16s 16(s + 0.625)
+ +s
2 8
( )
vo(t) = 0.3125 1 − e −0.625t u ( t ) V
Chapter 16, Solution 4.
+
1/(s + 1) + 10/s Vo(s)
−
−
10 s 1 10 1
Vo (s) = = 2
s + 6 + 10 s s + 1 s + 6s + 10 s + 1
10 A Bs + C
Vo (s) = = + 2
(s + 1)(s + 6s + 10) s + 1 s + 6s + 10
2
10 = A (s 2 + 6s + 10) + B (s 2 + s) + C (s + 1)
Equating coefficients :
s2 : 0= A+B → B = -A
s1 : 0 = 6A + B + C = 5A + C
→ C = -5A
0
s : 10 = 10A + C = 5A
→ A = 2, B = -2, C = -10
2 2s + 10 2 2 (s + 3) 4
Vo (s) = − 2 = − 2 −
s + 1 s + 6s + 10 s + 1 (s + 3) + 1
2
(s + 3) 2 + 12
Io
2 2
1 s
s
s+2
1 1
= 1
2s 2s
V= =
s + 2 1 1 s s + 2 s 2 + s + 2 (s + 2)(s + 0.5 + j1.3229)(s + 0.5 − j1.3229)
+ +
s 2 2
Vs s2
Io = =
2 (s + 2)(s + 0.5 + j1.3229)(s + 0.5 − j1.3229)
(−0.5 − j1.3229) 2 (−0.5 + j1.3229) 2
1 (1.5 − j1.3229)(− j2.646) (1.5 + j1.3229)(+ j2.646)
= + +
s+2 s + 0.5 + j1.3229 s + 0.5 − j1.3229
( )
i o ( t ) = e − 2 t + 0.3779e − 90° e − t / 2 e − j1.3229 t + 0.3779e 90° e − t / 2 e j1.3229 t u ( t ) A
or
( )
= e − 2 t − 0.7559 sin 1.3229 t u ( t ) A
Io
10/s
5 s
s+2
s+2 5 5s 5(s + 1) 5
Io = = = −
10 s + 2 s + 2s + 10 (s + 1) + 3
2 2 2
(s + 1) 2 + 3 2
s+2+
s
5
i o ( t ) = 5e − t cos 3t − e − t sin 3t
3
Chapter 16, Solution 7.
1/s
1
Ix
+ 2s
2
s +1
–
1
(2s)
1 2s 2s 2 + 2s + 1
Z = 1 + // 2s = 1 + s = 1+ =
s 1 1 + 2s 2 1 + 2s 2
+ 2s
s
V 2 1 + 2s 2 2s 2 + 1 A Bs + C
Ix = = x = = +
Z s + 1 2s + 2s + 1 (s + 1)(s + s + 0.5) (s + 1) (s + s + 0.5)
2 2 2
s2 : 2=A+B
s: 0 = A+B+C = 2+C
→ C = −2
constant : 1 = 0.5A + C or 0.5A = 3
→ A = 6, B = -4
6 4s + 2 6 4(s + 0.5)
Ix = − = −
s + 1 (s + 0.5) + 0.75 s + 1 (s + 0.5) 2 + 0.866 2
2
[ ]
i x ( t ) = 6 − 4e − 0.5t cos 0.866 t u ( t ) A
Chapter 16, Solution 8.
1 1 (1 + 2s) s 2 + 1.5s + 1
(a) Z = + 1 //(1 + 2s) = + =
s s 2 + 2s s(s + 1)
1 1 1 1 3s 2 + 3s + 2
(b) = + + =
Z 2 s 1 2s(s + 1)
1+
s
2s(s + 1)
Z=
3s 2 + 3s + 2
2 (s + 1 s) 2 (s 2 + 1)
Z in = 2 || (s + 1 s) = =
2 + s + 1 s s 2 + 2s + 1
s
2 2
s 2/s
1/s
1
(a) (b)
(b) The s-domain equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (b).
2 (1 + 2 s) 2 (s + 2)
2 || (1 + 2 s) = =
3+ 2 s 3s + 2
5s + 6
1 + 2 || (1 + 2 s) =
3s + 2
5s + 6
s ⋅
5s + 6 3s + 2 s (5s + 6)
Z in = s || = = 2
3s + 2 5s + 6 3s + 7s + 6
s +
3s + 2
Chapter 16, Solution 10.
+
1V
2 Vo 2Vo
-
Vx
1 + 2Vo =
2 + 1/ s
2
But Vo = Vx . Hence
2 + 1/ s
4Vx Vx (2s + 1)
1+ =
→ Vx = −
2 + 1/ s 2 + 1/ s 3s
Vx (2s + 1)
ZTh = =−
1 3s
2
2 Vo 2Vo
s +1
-
2 V 4
+ 2Vo = o
→ Vo = −
s +1 2 3(s + 1)
1
But − Vy + 2Vo • + Vo = 0
s
2 4 s + 2 − 4(s + 2)
VTh = Vy = Vo (1 + ) = − =
s 3(s + 1) s 3s(s + 1)
1/s + I1 I2 + 4/(s + 2)
2
− −
1 4
= 2 + I1 − 2 I 2 (1)
s s
-4
= -2 I1 + (s + 2) I 2 (2)
s+2
2 2 s 2 − 4s + 4 -6
∆= (s + 2s + 4) , ∆1 = , ∆2 =
s s (s + 2) s
∆1 1 2 ⋅ (s 2 − 4s + 4) A Bs + C
I1 = = = + 2
∆ (s + 2)(s + 2s + 4) s + 2 s + 2s + 4
2
1 2 ⋅ (s 2 − 4s + 4) = A (s 2 + 2s + 4) + B (s 2 + 2s) + C (s + 2)
Equating coefficients :
s2 : 1 2= A+B
1
s : - 2 = 2A + 2B + C
s0 : 2 = 4 A + 2C
2 - 3 2s − 3
I1 = +
s + 2 (s + 1) 2 + ( 3 ) 2
2 -3 (s + 1) -3 3
I1 = + ⋅ + ⋅
s + 2 2 (s + 1) + ( 3 )
2 2
2 3 (s + 1) + ( 3 ) 2
2
∆2 - 6 s -3
I2 = = ⋅ =
∆ s 2 (s + 2s + 4) (s + 1) + ( 3 ) 2
2 2
-3
i 2 (t) = e - t sin( 3t ) = - 1.732 e -t sin(1.732t ) u(t ) A
3
s
Vo
10
− Vo 3 V
s +1 o
+ = + 2sVo
s s 4
10 10 + 15s + 15
(1 + 0.25s + s 2 ) Vo = + 15 =
s +1 s +1
15s + 25 A Bs + C
Vo = = + 2
(s + 1)(s + 0.25s + 1) s + 1 s + 0.25s + 1
2
40
A = (s + 1) Vo s = -1 =
7
15s + 25 = A (s 2 + 0.25s + 1) + B (s 2 + s) + C (s + 1)
Equating coefficients :
s2 : 0= A+B → B = -A
1
s : 15 = 0.25A + B + C = -0.75A + C
0
s : 25 = A + C
A = 40 7 , B = - 40 7 , C = 135 7
40 - 40 135 1 3
s+ 40 1 40 s + 155 2
7 7 7 2 2
Vo = + = − + ⋅
s +1 1 2
3 7 s + 1 7 1
2
3 7
3 1
2
3
s + + s + + s + +
2 4 2 4 2 4
40 - t 40 - t 2 3 (155)(2) 3
v o (t) = e − e cos t + e - t 2 sin t
7 7 2 (7)( 3 ) 2
1/s 2s
Vo
Io
2 1/(s + 2) 1
1 Vo Vo s +1
= + = V
s + 2 2s + 1 2 + 1 s 2s + 1 o
2s + 1
Vo =
(s + 1)(s + 2)
Vo 1 A B
Io = = = +
2s + 1 (s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
A = 1, B = -1
1 1
Io = −
s +1 s + 2
i o ( t ) = ( e -t − e -2t ) u(t ) A
We first find the initial conditions from the circuit in Fig. (a).
1Ω 4Ω
+
5V +
io vc(0)
−
−
(a)
i o (0 − ) = 5 A , v c (0 − ) = 0 V
Io
(b)
At node o,
Vo − 15 s Vo 5 Vo − 0
+ + + =0
1 2s s 4 + 4 s
15 5 1 s
− = 1 + + V
s s 2s 4 (s + 1) o
10 4s 2 + 4s + 2s + 2 + s 2 5s 2 + 6s + 2
= Vo = Vo
s 4s (s + 1) 4s (s + 1)
40 (s + 1)
Vo =
5s 2 + 6s + 2
Vo 5 4 (s + 1) 5
Io = + = +
2s s s (s + 1.2s + 0.4) s
2
5 A Bs + C
Io = + + 2
s s s + 1.2s + 0.4
4 (s + 1) = A (s 2 + 1.2s + 0.4) + B s s + C s
Equating coefficients :
s0 : 4 = 0.4A → A = 10
s1 : 4 = 1.2A + C
→ C = -1.2A + 4 = -8
2
s : 0= A+B
→ B = -A = -10
5 10 10s + 8
Io = + − 2
s s s + 1.2s + 0.4
15 10 (s + 0.6) 10 (0.2)
Io = − 2 −
s (s + 0.6) + 0.2
2
(s + 0.6) 2 + 0.2 2
s/4 10
Vo
+ Vx −
+ + 5
3Vx − 5/s − s+2
5
Vo −
Vo − 3Vx Vo − 0 s+2 =0
+ +
s/4 5/s 10
5s 5s
40Vo − 120Vx + 2s 2 Vo + sVo − = 0 = (2s 2 + s + 40)Vo − 120Vx −
s+2 s+2
5 5
But, Vx = Vo − → Vo = Vx +
s+2 s+2
5 5s
(2s 2 + s + 40) Vx + − 120Vx − =0
s + 2 s+2
(s 2 + 20)
2(s 2 + 0.5s − 40)Vx = −10
s+2
(s 2 + 20)
Vx = − 5
(s + 2)(s 2 + 0.5s − 40)
We first need to find the initial conditions. For t < 0 , the circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
To dc, the capacitor acts like an open circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.
2Ω Vo
+ −
1Ω
1F
+
3V
−
+
Vo/2 −
1H io
(a)
Hence,
-3
i L (0) = i o = = -1 A , v o = -1 V
3
- 1
v c (0) = -(2)(-1) − = 2.5 V
2
We now incorporate the initial conditions for t > 0 as shown in Fig. (b).
2 Vo
+ −
1
1/s
s
+
+ 2.5/s
5/(s + 2) I1 − I2
−
− -1 V
+
Vo/2 − +
Io
(b)
For mesh 1,
- 5 1 1 2.5 Vo
+ 2 + I1 − I 2 + + =0
s+2 s s s 2
But, Vo = I o = I 2
1 1 1 5 2.5
2 + I1 + − I 2 = − (1)
s 2 s s+2 s
For mesh 2,
1 1 V 2.5
1 + s + I 2 − I1 + 1 − o − =0
s s 2 s
1 1 1 2.5
- I1 + + s + I 2 = −1 (2)
s 2 s s
Put (1) and (2) in matrix form.
1 1 1 5 2.5
2 + s − I1 −
2 s s+2 s
=
- 1 1 1 2 .5
s + s + I 2 −1
2 s s
3 4 5
∆ = 2s + 2 + , ∆ 2 = -2 + +
s s s (s + 2)
∆2 - 2s 2 + 13 A Bs + C
Io = I2 = = = + 2
∆ (s + 2)(2s + 2s + 3) s + 2 2s + 2s + 3
2
- 2s 2 + 13 = A (2s 2 + 2s + 3) + B (s 2 + 2s) + C (s + 2)
Equating coefficients :
s2 : - 2 = 2A + B
1
s : 0 = 2A + 2 B + C
0
s : 13 = 3A + 2C
[ ]
i o ( t ) = 0.7143 e -2t − 1.7145 e -0.5t cos(1.25t ) + 3.194 e -0.5t sin(1.25t ) u(t ) A
Chapter 16, Solution 17.
We apply mesh analysis to the s-domain form of the circuit as shown below.
2/(s+1)
+ −
I3
1/s s
1 I1 I2 1
4
For mesh 3,
2 1 1
+ s + I 3 − I1 − s I 2 = 0 (1)
s +1 s s
But I1 = I 2 − 4 (3)
1 1 -4 2
- s + I 2 + s + I 3 = − (5)
s s s s +1
1
I2 = 2 −
s +1
i o ( t ) = i 2 ( t ) = ( 2 − e -t ) u(t ) A
3 e −s 3
vs(t) = 3u(t) – 3u(t–1) or Vs = − = (1 − e − s )
s s s
1Ω
+
Vs +
1/s 2Ω
− Vo
−
Vo − Vs V
+ sVo + o = 0 → (s + 1.5)Vo = Vs
1 2
3 2 2
Vo = (1 − e − s ) = − −s
(1 − e )
s(s + 1.5) s s + 1 .5
2I
2
V1 Vo
− +
I
+
4/(s + 2) 1/s 2
−
1/s s
At the supernode,
4 (s + 2) − V1 V1 1
+2= + + sVo
2 s s
2 1 1 1
+ 2 = + V1 + + s Vo (1)
s+2 2 s s
V1 + 1
But Vo = V1 + 2 I and I=
s
2 (V1 + 1) Vo − 2 s s Vo − 2
Vo = V1 +
→ V1 = = (2)
s (s + 2) s s+2
2 1 2 (2s + 1) 2s + 1
+2− + = +s V
s+2 s s (s + 2) s + 2 o
2s 2 + 9s 2s + 9 s 2 + 4s + 1
= = Vo
s (s + 2) s+2 s+2
2s + 9 A B
Vo = = +
s + 4s + 1 s + 0.2679 s + 3.732
2
A = 2.443 , B = -0.4434
2.443 0.4434
Vo = −
s + 0.2679 s + 3.732
Therefore,
v o ( t ) = ( 2.443 e -0.2679t − 0.4434 e -3.732t ) u(t ) V
Chapter 16, Solution 20.
We incorporate the initial conditions and transform the current source to a voltage source
as shown.
2/s
1 1/s
Vo
+ −
+
1/(s + 1) 1 s 1/s
−
s s +1
− 2 − s Vo = (s + 1)(s + 1 s) Vo +
s +1 s
s s +1
− − 2 = (2s + 2 + 1 s) Vo
s +1 s
- 2s 2 − 4s − 1
Vo =
(s + 1)(2s 2 + 2s + 1)
- s − 2s − 0.5 A Bs + C
Vo = = + 2
(s + 1)(s + s + 0.5) s + 1 s + s + 0.5
2
A = (s + 1) Vo s = -1 =1
- s 2 − 2s − 0.5 = A (s 2 + s + 0.5) + B (s 2 + s) + C (s + 1)
Equating coefficients :
s2 : -1 = A + B
→ B = -2
s1 : -2 = A+ B+C → C = -1
s0 : - 0.5 = 0.5A + C = 0.5 − 1 = -0.5
1 2s + 1 1 2 (s + 0.5)
Vo = − 2 = −
s + 1 s + s + 0.5 s + 1 (s + 0.5) 2 + (0.5) 2
1 s
V1 Vo
+ 2/s 2 1/s
10/s
-
At node 1,
10
− V1
s V − Vo s s2
= 1 + Vo
→ 10 = ( s + 1)V1 + ( − 1)Vo (1)
1 s 2 2
At node 2,
V1 − Vo Vo s
= + sVo
→ V1 = Vo ( + s 2 + 1) (2)
s 2 2
10 A Bs + C
Vo = = + 2
s ( s + 2s + 1.5) s s + 2s + 1.5
2
10 = A( s 2 + 2 s + 1.5) + Bs 2 + Cs
s2 : 0 = A+ B
s: 0 = 2A + C
constant : 10 = 1.5 A → A = 20 / 3, B = -20/3, C = -40/3
20 1 s+2 20 1 s +1 0.7071
Vo = − 2 = − − 1.414 2
3 s s + 2 s + 1.5 3 s ( s + 1) + 0.7071
2 2
( s + 1) + 0.7071
2
v o (t) =
20
3
[ ]
1 − e − t cos 0.7071t − 1.414e − t sin 0.7071t u ( t ) V
Chapter 16, Solution 22.
12
1 2 3/s
s +1
At node 1,
12 V V − V2 12 1 V
= 1+ 1 → = V1 1 + − 2 (1)
s +1 1 4s s +1 4s 4s
At node 2,
V1 − V2 V2 s 4
= + V2 → V1 = V2 s 2 + 2s + 1 (2)
4s 2 3 3
12 4 1 1 4 7 3
= V2 s 2 + 2s + 11 + − = s 2 + s + V2
s +1 3 4s 4s 3 3 2
9 A Bs + C
V2 = = +
7 9 (s + 1) (s 2 + 7 s + 9 )
(s + 1)(s 2 + s + )
4 8 4 8
7 9
9 = A(s 2 + s + ) + B(s 2 + s) + C(s + 1)
4 8
Equating coefficients:
s2 : 0=A+B
7 3 3
s: 0= A+B+C = A+C
→ C=− A
4 4 4
9 3
constant : 9= A + C= A
→ A = 24, B = -24, C = -18
8 8
24 24s + 18 24 24(s + 7 / 8) 3
V2 = − = − +
(s + 1) 7 9 (s + 1) 7 23 7 23
(s 2 + s + ) (s + ) 2 + (s + ) 2 +
4 8 8 64 8 64
Similarly,
4
9 s 2 + 2s + 1
3 = D + Es + F
V1 =
7 9 (s + 1) 7 9
(s + 1)(s 2 + s + ) (s 2 + s + )
4 8 4 8
4 7 9
9 s 2 + 2s + 1 = D(s 2 + s + ) + E(s 2 + s) + F(s + 1)
3 4 8
Equating coefficients:
s2 : 12 = D + E
7 3 3
s: 18 = D + E + F or 6 = D + F
→ F = 6− D
4 4 4
9 3
constant : 9= D + F or 3 = D
→ D = 8, E = 4, F = 0
8 8
8 4s 8 4(s + 7 / 8) 7/2
V1 = + = + −
(s + 1) 7 9 (s + 1) 7 23 7 23
(s 2 + s + ) (s + ) 2 + (s + ) 2 +
4 8 8 64 8 64
Thus,
[ ]
v1 ( t ) = 8e − t + 4e −0.875t cos(0.5995t ) − 5.838e −0.875t sin(0.5995t ) u ( t )
The s-domain form of the circuit with the initial conditions is shown below.
V
I
4 2 V V
+ + 5C = + + sCV
s s R sL
6 + 5 sC CV 2 s 1
= s + +
s s RC LC
5s + 6 C
V=
s + s RC + 1 LC
2
1 1 1 1
But = = 8, = = 20
RC 10 80 LC 4 80
5s + 480 5 (s + 4) (230)(2)
V= = 2 +
s + 8s + 20 (s + 4) + 2
2 2
(s + 4) 2 + 22
V 5s + 480
I= =
sL 4s (s 2 + 8s + 20)
1.25s + 120 A Bs + C
I= = + 2
s (s + 8s + 20) s s + 8s + 20
2
A = 6, B = -6 , C = -46.75
6 6s + 46.75 6 6 (s + 4) (11.375)(2)
I= − 2 = − 2 −
s s + 8s + 20 s (s + 4) + 2
2
(s + 4) 2 + 22
9A 4Ω 5Ω vo
4
v o (0) = 5x (9) = 20
4+5
For t > 0, we have the Laplace transform of the circuit as shown below after
transforming the current source to a voltage source.
4Ω 16 Ω
Vo
36 − Vo sV V 3.6 + 20s A B
+ 10 = o + o
→ Vo = = + , A = 7.2, B = −12.8
20 2 5 s(s + 0.5) s s + 0.5
Thus,
[ ]
v o ( t )= 7.2 − 12.8e −0.5t u ( t )
Chapter 16, Solution 25.
+
9/s
+
(2s)/(s2 + 16) V
−
+
2/s
−
−
Applying KVL,
− 2s 9 2
+ 6 + s + I + = 0
s + 16
2
s s
4s 2 + 32
I=
(s 2 + 6s + 9)(s 2 + 16)
9 2 2 36s 2 + 288
V= I+ = +
s s s s (s + 3) 2 (s 2 + 16)
2 A B C Ds + E
= + + + + 2
s s s + 3 (s + 3) 2
s + 16
Equating coefficients :
s0 : 288 = 144A (1)
1
s : 0 = 96A + 48B + 16C + 9E (2)
2
s : 36 = 25A + 16B + 9D + 6E (3)
3
s : 0 = 6A + 3B + C + 6D + E (4)
4
s : 0 = A+ B+ D (5)
R2
1/sC
R1 0
−
+
+ +
Vs Vo
−
−
At node 0,
Vs − 0 0 − Vo
= + (0 − Vo ) sC
R1 R2
1
Vs = R 1 + sC ( - Vo )
R2
Vo -1
=
Vs sR 1C + R 1 R 2
R 1 20
But = = 2, R 1C = (20 × 103 )(50 × 10-6 ) = 1
R 2 10
Vo -1
So, =
Vs s + 2
Vs = 3 e -5t
→ Vs = 3 (s + 5)
-3
Vo =
(s + 2)(s + 5)
3 A B
- Vo = = +
(s + 2)(s + 5) s + 2 s + 5
A = 1, B = -1
1 1
Vo = −
s+5 s+2
+ I1 I2
10/(s + 3) 1 1
−
For mesh 1,
10
= (1 + 2s) I1 − I 2 − s I 2
s+3
10
= (1 + 2s) I1 − (1 + s) I 2 (1)
s+3
For mesh 2,
0 = (2 + 2s) I 2 − I1 − s I1
0 = -(1 + s) I1 + 2 (s + 1) I 2 (2)
10 (s + 3) 2s + 1 - (s + 1) I1
= - (s + 1) 2 (s + 1) I
0 2
∆ = 3s 2 + 4s + 1
20 (s + 1)
∆1 =
s+3
10 (s + 1)
∆2 =
s+3
Thus
∆1 20 (s + 1)
I1 = =
∆ (s + 3)( 3s 2 + 4s + 1)
∆2 10 (s + 1) I
I2 = = = 1
∆ (s + 3)( 3s + 4s + 1) 2
2
+ Vo
6/s I1 2s s I2 2
− −
For mesh 1,
6
= (1 + 2s) I1 + s I 2 (1)
s
For mesh 2,
0 = s I1 + (2 + s) I 2
2
I1 = - 1 + I 2 (2)
s
-6
or I2 =
s + 5s + 2
2
- 12 - 12
Vo = 2 I 2 = =
s + 5s + 2 (s + 0.438)(s + 4.561)
2
A B
Vo = +
s + 0.438 s + 4.561
- 12 - 12
A= = -2.91 , B= = 2.91
4.123 - 4.123
- 2.91 2.91
Vo (s) = +
s + 0.438 s + 4.561
+
10/(s + 1) 4/s 8
−
4 (8)(4 s) 8
Let Z L = 8 || = =
s 8 + 4 s 2s + 1
ZL
Zin = 1 + , n=2
n2
2 2s + 3
Zin = 1 + =
2s + 1 2s + 1
10 1 10 2s + 1
Io = ⋅ = ⋅
s + 1 Zin s + 1 2s + 3
10s + 5 A B
Io = = +
(s + 1)(s + 1.5) s + 1 s + 1.5
A = -10 , B = 20
- 10 20
I o (s) = +
s + 1 s + 1.5
[ ]
i o ( t ) = 10 2 e -1.5t − e − t u(t ) A
4 12
Y(s) = H(s) X(s) , X(s) = =
s + 1 3 3s + 1
12 s 2 4 8s + 4 3
Y(s) = 2 = −
(3s + 1) 3 (3s + 1) 2
4 8 s 4 1
Y(s) = − ⋅ 2 − ⋅
3 9 (s + 1 3) 27 (s + 1 3) 2
-8 s
Let G (s) = ⋅
9 (s + 1 3) 2
8 -t 3 8 -t 3
g( t ) = te − e
27 9
Hence,
4 8 -t 3 8 -t 3 4 -t 3
y( t ) = u(t) + te − e − te
3 27 9 27
4 8 4 -t 3
y( t ) = u( t ) − e - t 3 + te
3 9 27
Chapter 16, Solution 31.
1
x(t) = u(t)
→ X(s) =
s
10s
y( t ) = 10 cos(2t )
→ Y(s) =
s2 + 4
Y(s) 10s 2
H(s) = =
X(s) s 2 + 4
s+3 1
= ⋅
s + 4s + 5 s
2
s+3 A Bs + C
= = + 2
s (s + 4s + 5) s s + 4s + 5
2
s + 3 = A (s 2 + 4s + 5) + Bs 2 + Cs
Equating coefficients :
s0 : 3 = 5A → A = 3 5
s1 : 1 = 4A + C
→ C = 1 − 4A = - 7 5
s2 : 0= A+B
→ B = -A = - 3 5
35 1 3s + 7
Y(s) = − ⋅ 2
s 5 s + 4s + 5
0.6 1 3 (s + 2) + 1
Y(s) = − ⋅
s 5 (s + 2) 2 + 1
s+3 6
Y(s) = H(s) X(s) = ⋅
s + 4s + 5 (s + 2) 2
2
6 (s + 3) A B Cs + D
Y(s) = = + 2 + 2
(s + 2) (s + 4s + 5) s + 2 (s + 2) s + 4s + 5
2 2
Equating coefficients :
s3 : 0= A+C → C = -A (1)
2
s : 0 = 6 A + B + 4C + D = 2 A + B + D (2)
1
s : 6 = 13A + 4B + 4C + 4D = 9A + 4B + 4D (3)
0
s : 18 = 10A + 5B + 4D = 2A + B (4)
6 6 6s + 18
Y(s) = + 2 −
s + 2 (s + 2) (s + 2) 2 + 1
6 6 6 (s + 2) 6
Y(s) = + 2 − −
s + 2 (s + 2) (s + 2) + 1 (s + 2) 2 + 1
2
Y(s) 1
H(s) = , X(s) =
X(s) s
4 1 2s (3)(4)
Y(s) = + − −
s 2 (s + 3) (s + 2) + 16 (s + 2) 2 + 16
2
s 2s2 12 s
H(s) = s Y(s) = 4 + − 2 − 2
2 (s + 3) s + 4s + 20 s + 4s + 20
Chapter 16, Solution 34.
2 s
Vo
+
+
Vs 4 10/s Vo(s)
−
−
Vs − Vo Vo Vo
= +
s+2 4 10 s
1 1 s 1 1
Vs = (s + 2) + + Vo = 1 + (s + 2) + (s 2 + 2s) Vo
s + 2 4 10 4 10
1
Vs = ( 2s 2 + 9s + 30) Vo
20
Vo 20
= 2
Vs 2s + 9s + 30
+
+
Vs 2I Vo 3
−
−
At node 1,
V1 Vs − V1
2I + I = , where I =
s+3 2s
Vs − V1 V
3⋅ = 1
2s s+3
V1 3s 3s
= Vs − V1
s+3 2 2
1 3s 3s
+ V1 = Vs
s + 3 2 2
3s (s + 3)
V1 = V
3s 2 + 9s + 2 s
3 9s
Vo = V1 = 2 V
s+3 3s + 9s + 2 s
Vo 9s
H(s) = = 2
Vs 3s + 9s + 2
V1 3s
3I = = 2 V
s + 3 3s + 9s + 2 s
s
I= V
3s + 9s + 2 s
2
3s 2 + 9s + 2
But Vs = Vo
9s
s 3s 2 + 9 s + 2 V
I= 2 ⋅ Vo = o
3s + 9 s + 2 9s 9
Vo
H(s) = =9
I
Chapter 16, Solution 37.
+
+ I1 I2 +
Vs Vx 2/s −
4Vx
−
−
For loop 1,
2 2
Vs = 3 + I1 − I 2 (1)
s s
For loop 2,
2 2
4Vx + 2s + I 2 − I1 = 0
s s
2
But, Vx = (I1 − I 2 )
s
8 2 2
So, (I1 − I 2 ) + 2s + I 2 − I1 = 0
s s s
-6 6
0= I1 + − 2s I 2 (2)
s s
2 6 6 2
∆ = 3 + − 2s −
s s s s
18
∆= − 6s − 4
s
6 6
∆ 1 = − 2s Vs , ∆2 = V
s s s
∆1 (6 s − 2s)
I1 = = V
∆ 18 s − 4 − 6s s
I1 3 s−s s2 − 3
= = 2
Vs 9 s − 2 − 3 3s + 2s − 9
∆2
(b) I2 =
∆
2 2 ∆1 − ∆ 2
Vx = ( I1 − I 2 ) =
s s ∆
2 s Vs (6 s − 2s − 6 s) - 4Vs
Vx = =
∆ ∆
I2 6 s Vs - 3
= =
Vx - 4Vs 2s
Is 1 s Io
V1 Vo
+
+
Vs 1/s 1/s 1 Vo
−
−
At node 1,
Vs − V1 V1 − Vo
= s V1 +
1 s
1 1
Vs = 1 + s + V1 − Vo (1)
s s
At node o,
V1 − Vo
= s Vo + Vo = (s + 1) Vo
s
V1 = (s 2 + s + 1) Vo (2)
Vo 1
H 1 (s) = = 3
Vs s + 2s + 3s + 2
2
Vo 1
H 2 (s) = = 3
Is s + s + 2s + 1
2
Vo
(c) Io =
1
I o Vo 1
H 3 (s) = = = H 2 (s) = 3
Is Is s + s + 2s + 1
2
I o Vo 1
(d). H 4 (s) = = = H 1 (s) = 3
Vs Vs s + 2s + 3s + 2
2
- Io
Va = Vb = Vs =
sC
Vo R + 1 sC
H(s) = = = sRC + 1
Vs 1 sC
Vo R R L
(a) H(s) = = =
Vs R + sL s + R L
R - Rt L
h(t) = e u( t )
L
R L R L A B
Vo = Vs = = +
s+R L s (s + R L) s s + R L
A = 1, B = -1
1 1
Vo = −
s s+R L
2
h ( t ) = 2 e -t u ( t )
→ H(s) =
s +1
v i (t) = 5 u(t)
→ Vi (s) = X(s) = 5 s
10 A B
Y(s) = = +
s (s + 1) s s + 1
A = 10 , B = -10
10 10
Y(s) = −
s s +1
y( t ) = 10 (1 − e -t ) u(t )
Y(s) 1 1
H(s) = = =
X(s) 2s + 1 2 (s + 1 2)
h ( t ) = 0.5 e -t 2 u(t )
1Ω i(t)
u(t) + 1F
−
1H
First select the inductor current iL and the capacitor voltage vC to be the state
variables.
Finally we get,
v ′ 0 1 v C 0 v
C = + u ( t ) ; i( t ) = [0 1] C + [0]u ( t )
i ′ − 1 − 1 i 1 i
1H 1/8 F
+
+
4u ( t ) − vx 2Ω 4Ω
−
First select the inductor current iL and the capacitor voltage vC to be the state
variables.
v v 'C
− iL + x + = 0; or v 'C = 8i L − 4v x
2 8
i 'L = 4u ( t ) − v x
v 'C v 'C
v x = vC + 4 = vC + = v C + 4i L − 2v x ; or v x = 0.3333v C + 1.3333i L
8 2
First select the inductor current iL (current flowing left to right) and the capacitor voltage
vC (voltage positive on the left and negative on the right) to be the state variables.
v 'C v o
− + + i L = 0 or v 'C = 4i L + 2 v o
4 2
i 'L = v o − v 2
v o = − v C + v1
v 'C = 4i L − 2 v C + 2 v1
i 'L = − v C + v1 − v 2
i ′ 0 − 1 i L 1 − 1 v1 ( t ) i v (t)
L ′= + ; v o ( t ) = [0 − 1] L + [1 0] 1
v C 4 − 2 v C 2 0 v 2 ( t ) v C v 2 ( t )
v
− i L + v 'C + C − i s = 0 or v 'C = −0.25v C + i L + i s
4
i 'L = − v C + v s
Thus,
v ' − 0.25 1 v ' 0 1 v s 1 v C 0 0 v s
'C = C +
; v ( t ) = 0 i + 0 0 i
0 i 'L 1 0 i s
o
i L − 1 L s
First select the inductor current iL (left to right) and the capacitor voltage vC (+ on the
left) to be the state variables.
v 'C
Letting i1 = and i2 = iL and applying KVL we get:
4
Loop 1:
v'
− v1 + v C + 2 C − i L = 0 or v 'C = 4i L − 2 v C + 2 v1
4
Loop 2:
v 'C '
2 iL − + i + v 2 = 0 or
4 L
4i − 2v C + 2v1
i 'L = −2i L + L − v 2 = − v C + v1 − v 2
2
4i L − 2 v C + 2 v1
i1 = = i L − 0.5v C + 0.5v1
4
i ′ 0 − 1 i L 1 − 1 v1 ( t ) i1 ( t ) 1 − 0.5 i L 0.5 0 v1 ( t )
L ′= 4 − 2 v + 2 0 v ( t ) ; i ( t ) = 1 +
v C C 2 2 0 v C 0 0 v 2 ( t )
x1' 0 1 x 1 0 x
' = + z( t ); y( t ) = [1 0] 1 + [0]z( t )
x 2 − 3 − 4 x 2 1 x 2
Thus,
x '2 = y ′′ − z ' = −6x1 − 5( x 2 + z) + z ' + 2z − z ' = −6x1 − 5x 2 − 3z
x1' 0 1 x1 1 x
' = + z( t ); y( t ) = [1 0] 1 + [0]z( t )
x 2 − 6 − 5 x 2 − 3 x 2
x1' 0 1 0 x 1 0 x1
'
x 2 = 0 0 1 x 2 + 0 z( t ); y( t ) = [1 0 0] x 2 + [0]z( t )
x ' − 6 − 11 − 6 x 1 x 3
3 3
Chapter 16, Solution 51.
We transform the state equations into the s-domain and solve using Laplace
transforms.
1
sX(s) − x (0) = AX(s) + B
s
1
(sI − A)X(s) = B
s
−1
s + 4 − 4 0 1 1 s 4 0
X(s) = 2 s = 2
2 s 2 s + 4 ( 2 / s )
s + 4s + 8
81 −s−4
Y(s) = X1 (s) = = +
s(s 2 + 4s + 8) s s 2 + 4s + 8
1 −s−4 1 − (s + 2) −2
= + = + +
2 2 2 2
s (s + 2) + 2 s (s + 2) + 2 (s + 2) 2 + 2 2
( )
y(t) = 1 − e − 2 t (cos 2t + sin 2t ) u ( t )
Assume that the initial conditions are zero. Using Laplace transforms we get,
−1
s + 2 1 1 1 1 / s 1 s + 4 − 1 3 / s
X(s) = 4 0 2 / s = 2
− 2 s + 4 s + 6s + 10 2 s + 2 4 / s
0.8 s+3 1
= − 0.8 + .6
s (s + 3) 2 + 12 (s + 3) 2 + 12
1.4 s+3 1
= − 1.4 − 0.2
2 2
s (s + 3) + 1 (s + 3) 2 + 12
y1 ( t ) = −2x1 ( t ) − 2x 2 ( t ) + 2u ( t )
= (−2.4 + 4.4e − 3t cos t − 0.8e − 3t sin t )u ( t )
Vo V 1 1
Is = + sC Vo + o = + sC + Vo
R sL R sL
Is sRL Is
Vo = =
1 1 sL + R + s 2 RLC
+ sC +
R sL
Vo sL Is
Io = = 2
R s RLC + sL + R
Io sL s RC
H(s) = = 2 = 2
Is s RLC + sL + R s + s RC + 1 LC
The roots
-1 1 1
s1, 2 = ± 2 −
2RC (2RC) LC
both lie in the left half plane since R, L, and C are positive quantities.
3 1
(a) H1 (s) = , H 2 (s) =
s +1 s+4
3
H(s) = H1 (s) H 2 (s) =
(s + 1)(s + 4)
A B
h ( t ) = L-1 [ H(s)] = L-1 +
s + 1 s + 4
A = 1, B = -1
h ( t ) = ( e − e ) u( t )
-t -4t
(b) Since the poles of H(s) all lie in the left half s-plane, the system is stable.
Vo1 − 1 sC − 1 Vo −1
= = , =
Vs R sRC Vo1 sRC
Vo 1
H(s) = = 2 2 2
Vs s R C
t
h(t) =
R C2
2
1
1 sL ⋅
sL || = sC = sL
sC 1 1 + s 2 LC
sL +
sC
sL
V2 sL
= 1 + s LC = 2
2
V1 sL s RLC + sL + R
R+
1 + s LC
2
1
V2 s⋅
= RC
V1 1 1
s2 + s ⋅ +
RC LC
1
If R = 1 kΩ , C= = 500 µF
2R
1
L= = 333.3 H
6C
R1 L
V1
+
Vi + C R2 Vx
−
−
Z
1 (1 sC) ⋅ (R 2 + sL) R 2 + sL
Z= || (R 2 + sL) = =
sC R 2 + sL + 1 sC 1 + s 2 LC + sR 2 C
Z
V1 = V
R1 + Z i
R2 R2 Z
Vo = V1 = ⋅ V
R 2 + sL R 2 + sL R 1 + Z i
R 2 + sL
Vo R2 Z R2 1 + s 2 LC + sR 2 C
= ⋅ = ⋅
Vi R 2 + sL R 1 + Z R 2 + sL R 2 + sL
R1 +
1 + s 2 LC + sR 2 C
Vo R2
= 2
Vi s R 1 LC + sR 1 R 2 C + R 1 + R 2 + sL
R2
Vo R 1 LC
=
Vi R2 1 R1 + R 2
s 2 + s + +
L R 1C R 1 LC
Since R 1 = 4 Ω and R 2 = 1 Ω ,
1 1
5= → LC = (1)
4 LC 20
1 1
6= + (2)
L 4C
5 1
25 =
→ LC =
4 LC 20
1 1
Thus, C = ,
4 20
1 1 1
When C = , L= = .
4 20 C 5
1 1
When C = , L= = 1.
20 20 C
Vo - Y3
=
Vs Y1 + Y2
Let Y1 = sC1 , Y2 = 1 R 1 , Y3 = sC 2
Vo - sC 2 - sC 2 C1
= =
Vs sC1 + 1 R 1 s + 1 R 1C1
If R 1 = 1 kΩ ,
1
C1 = C 2 = = 100 µF
10 4
Chapter 16, Solution 59.
Y4
Y1 Y2 V2
−
Vo
V1 +
Vin + Y3
−
At node 1,
(Vin − V1 ) Y1 = (V1 − Vo ) Y2 + (V1 − Vo ) Y4
Vin Y1 = V1 (Y1 + Y2 + Y4 ) − Vo (Y2 + Y4 ) (1)
At node 2,
(V1 − Vo ) Y2 = (Vo − 0) Y3
V1 Y2 = (Y2 + Y3 ) Vo
Y2 + Y3
V1 = Vo (2)
Y2
Vo Y1 Y2
=
Vin Y1 Y2 + Y1 Y3 + Y2 Y3 + Y3 Y4
1 1
Let Y1 = , Y2 = , Y3 = sC1 , Y4 = sC 2
R1 R2
1
Vo R 1R 2
=
Vin 1 sC1 sC1
+ + + s 2 C1 C 2
R 1R 2 R 1 R 2
1
Vo R 1 R 2 C1C 2
=
Vin R1 + R 2 1
s2 + s ⋅ +
R 1 R 2 C 2 R 1 R 2 C1 C 2
Choose R 1 = 1 kΩ , then
1 R1 + R 2
= 10 6 and = 100
R 1 R 2 C1 C 2 R 1R 2 C 2
We have three equations and four unknowns. Thus, there is a family of solutions. One
such solution is
R 2 = 1 kΩ , C1 = 50 nF , C 2 = 20 µF
Chapter 16, Solution 60.
With the following MATLAB codes, the Bode plots are generated as shown below.
num=[1 1];
den= [1 5 6];
bode(num,den);
Chapter 16, Solution 61.
num=[1 4];
den= [1 6 11 6];
bode(num,den);
Chapter 16, Solution 62.
The following codes are used to obtain the Bode plots below.
num=[1 1];
den= [1 0.5 1];
bode(num,den);
Chapter 16, Solution 63.
We use the following commands to obtain the unit step as shown below.
num=[1 2];
den= [1 4 3];
step(num,den);
Chapter 16, Solution 64.
t=0:0.01:5;
x=10*exp(-t);
num=4;
den= [1 5 6];
y=lsim(num,den,x,t);
plot(t,y)
Chapter 16, Solution 65.
t=0:0.01:5;
x=1 + 3*exp(-2*t);
num=[1 0];
den= [1 6 11 6];
y=lsim(num,den,x,t);
plot(t,y)
Chapter 16, Solution 66.
t=0:0.01:5;
x=5*exp(-3*t);
num=1;
den= [1 1 4];
y=lsim(num,den,x,t);
plot(t,y)
1
Y2 = , R 1 = 10 kΩ
R1
Y3 = Y2 , Y4 = sC 2 , C 2 = 1 µF
Vo - sC1 R 1 - sC1 R 1
= =
Vi 1 R 1 + sC 2 (sC1 + 2 R 1 ) 1 + sC 2 R 1 (2 + sC1 R 1 )
2
Vo - sC1 R 1
= 2
Vi s C1C 2 R 12 + s ⋅ 2C 2 R 1 + 1
Vo - s (0.5 × 10 -6 )(10 × 10 3 )
=
Vi s 2 (0.5 × 10 -6 )(1 × 10 -6 )(10 × 10 3 ) 2 + s (2)(1 × 10 -6 )(10 × 10 3 ) + 1
Vo - 100 s
= 2
Vi s + 400 s + 2 × 10 4
Therefore,
a = - 100 , b = 400 , c = 2 × 10 4
K (s + 1)
(a) Let Y(s) =
s+3
K (s + 1) K (1 + 1 s)
Y(∞) = lim = lim =K
s →∞ s+3 s →∞ 1 + 3 s
i.e. 0.25 = K .
s+1
Hence, Y(s) =
4 (s + 3)
Vs = 8 V + YS
−
Vs = 8 u ( t )
→ Vs = 8 s
Vs 8 s + 1 2 (s + 1)
I= = Y(s) Vs (s) = ⋅ =
Z 4s s + 3 s (s + 3)
A B
I= +
s s+3
A = 2 3, B= -4 3
1
i( t ) = [ 2 − 4 e -3t ] u(t ) A
3
-R
V1 = V = -Vi
R i
- 1 sC 1
Vo = V1 = V
R sCR i
Vo Vo
Io = =
R sR 2 C
Vo
= sR 2 C
Io
Vo
= sL, when L = R 2 C
Io