Physics B AP Review Packet: Mechanics: Distance Vs Displacement (PAB)

Physics B
AP Review Packet: Mechanics
Position (x) (unit: m)

Location of a particle in space.
Distance (unit: m)
The total length of the path traveled by an object.
Does not depend upon direction.
Displacement (x) (unit: m)

Change in position. Depends only on the initial and final positions, not on path.
Includes direction.
1.
Distance vs Displacement (PAB)
A hiker hikes 25 miles due north and then all the way back to the starting point.
a) How far does the hiker hike? Show your work:
b) What is the hikers displacement? Show your work:
Average Velocity (unit: m/s)

vave = x/t
Average speed (unit: m/s)
save = d /t
For motion in a straight line, average speed is the magnitude (abs. value) of the average velocity.
2.
Average Speed/Velocity (S-113 #11)
The graph above represents position x versus time t for an object being acted on by a constant force. The
average speed during the interval between 1 s and 2 s is most nearly
a. 2 m/s
b. 4 m/s
c. 5 m/s
d. 6 m/s
e. 8 m/s
Show your work:
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Acceleration (a) (unit: m/s2)

Any change in velocity, including speeding up, slowing down, or turning.
If the sign of the velocity and the sign of the acceleration is the same, the object speeds up.
If the sign of the velocity and the sign of the acceleration are different, the object slows down.
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
aave = v/t
3.
Acceleration (A-182 #1)
In which of the following situations would an object be accelerated?
I. It moves in a straight line at constant speed.
II. It moves with uniform circular motion.
III. It travels as a projectile in a gravitational field with negligible air resistance.
(A) I only (B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
Explain your answer:
Kinematic Equations
v = vo + at
x = xo + vot + 1/2 at2
v2 = vo2 + 2a(x)
4.
Kinematic Equations (A-195 #65)
A body moving in the positive x direction passes the origin at time t = 0. Between t = 0 and t = 1 second,
the body has a constant speed of 24 meters per second. At t = 1 second, the body is given a constant
acceleration of 6 meters per second squared in the negative x direction. The position x of the body at t = 11
seconds is
A. +99 m
(B) +36 m
(C) -36 m
A.
-75 m
(E) -99 m
Show your work:
5.
Kinematic Graphs for 1-D motion
Stationary particle
x vs t
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Particle moving with constant non-zero velocity
x vs t
v vs t
a vs t
Particle moving with constant non-zero acceleration
x vs t
v vs t
6.
a vs t
Kinematic Graphs (S-199 #1)
The displacement x of an object moving along the x axis is shown above as a function of time t. The
acceleration of this object must be
(A) zero
(B) constant but not zero
(C) increasing
(D) decreasing
(E) equal to g
Explain your answer:
7.
Kinematic Graphs (S-195 #3)
The graph shows the velocity versus time for an object moving in a straight line. At what time after time =
0 does the abject again pass through its initial position?
(A) Between O and 1 s
(B) at 1 s
(C) Between 1 and 2 s
(D) at 2 s
(E) Between 2 and 3 s
Show your work:
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Free Fall
An object falls accelerated by gravity
g = 9.8 m/s2 downward.
a = -g if up is positive.
acceleration is down when ball is thrown up EVERYWHERE in the balls flight.
8.
Free Fall (A-182 #5)
An object is released from rest on a planet that has no atmosphere. The object falls freely for 3.0 meters in
the first second. What is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity on the planet?
(A) l .5 m/s2 (B) 3.0 m/s2 (C) 6.0 m/s2
(D) 10.0 m/s2 (E) 12.0 m/s2
Show your work:
Projectile Motion
Something is fired, thrown, shot, or hurled near the earths surface.
Horizontal velocity is constant.
Vertical velocity is accelerated.
Air resistance is ignored.
Trajectory of Projectile
Parabolic path of a projectile
RANGE is how far it travels horizontally.
MAXIMUM HEIGHT occurs halfway through range, if fired over level ground.
Acceleration is DOWN at 9.8 m/s2 everywhere.
Instantaneous velocity is tangent to the path.
The vertical velocity changes while the horizontal velocity remains constant.
9.
Kinematic Graphs for 2D Projectiles
x-component of motion
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x vs t
v vs t
a vs t
v vs t
a vs t
y-component of motion
x vs t
10.
Projectile Motion (A-182 #64, #65)

a) How do the speeds of the ball at the three points
compare?
(A) vP < vQ< vR
(B) vR < vQ < vP
(C) vQ < vR < vP (D) vQ < vP = vR
(E) vP = vR < vQ
Explain your choice:
b) Which of the following diagrams best shows the direction of the acceleration of the ball at point P ?
Explain your choice:
11.
Graphs of Projectiles (A-177 #63)
A projectile is fired with initial velocity at an angle with the horizontal and
follows the trajectory shown above. Which of the following pairs of graphs
best represents the vertical components of the velocity and acceleration, v and
a, respectively, of the projectile as functions of time t ?
Explain your reasoning:
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Working 2-D Motion Problems

Resolve vectors into components.
Work as one-dimensional problems.
Horizontal Component of Velocity

Not accelerated by gravity (or anything)
Follows equation x = Vo,xt
12.
Horizontal Component (A-177 #9)
A diver initially moving horizontally with speed v dives off the edge of a vertical cliff and lands in the
water a distance d from the base of the cliff. How far from the base of the cliff would the diver have landed
if the diver initially had been moving horizontally with speed 2v ?
(A) d
(B)
(C) 2d (D) 4d
(E) It cannot be determined unless the height of the cliff is known.
Show your work or explain your reasoning:
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Vertical Component of Velocity

Accelerated by gravity (9.8 m/s2 down)
Use kinematic equations for accelerated motion.
13.
Vertical Component (S-199 #5)
A 2 kilogram block rests at the edge of a platform that is 10 meters above level ground. The block is
launched horizontally from the edge of the platform with an initial speed of 3 meters per second. Air
resistance is negligible. The time it will take for the block to reach the ground is
(A) 0.3 s
(B) 1.0 s
(C) 1.4 s
(D) 2.0 s
(E) 3.0 s
Show your work:
14.
Vertical Component (A-187 #59)
A rock of mass m is thrown horizontally off a building from a height h, as shown above. The speed of the
rock as it leaves the thrower's hand at the edge of the building is . How much time does it take the rock to
travel from the edge of the building to the ground?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Show your work:
Force (F) (unit: N)

A force is a push or pull on an object.
Forces cause an objects to accelerate.
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Newtons First Law (Law of Inertia)

A body in motion stays in motion at constant velocity and a body at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by
an external force.
Equilibrium
A body with no net force on it is in equilibrium. Bodies in static equilibrium are stationary; bodies in
translational equilibrium are moving.
15.
Newtons 1st Law (A-187 #7 - mod)
Three forces act on an object. If the object is in translational equilibrium, which of the following must be
true?
I.
The vector sum of the three forces must equal zero.
II.
The magnitudes of the three forces must be equal.
III.
One force must be the equilibrant of the other two.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
Explain your reasoning
16.
Newtons 1st Law (A-187 #44 - mod)
The sum of the forces on the object is zero in which of the cases?
A.
II only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II, and III
Explain your reasoning
17. Newtons 1st Law (S-195 #5)

of mass m is suspended from two strings of unequal length as shown above.
tensions T1 and T2 in the strings must satisfy which of the following
relations?
T1= T2
(B) T1>T2
(C) T1<T2
(D) T1+T2=mg
A hall
The
A.
(E) T1-T2 = mg
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18.
Newtons 1st Law (A-177 #58)
When an object of weight
W is suspended from the center of a massless string as
shown above, the tension at
any point in the string is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Show your
work:
Newtons Second Law

F = ma
Procedure for Second Law Problems
Step 1: Draw the problem
Step 2: Free Body Diagram
Step 3: Set up equations
F = ma Fx = max Fy = may
Step 4: Substitute known values
Step 5: Solve
19.
Second Law (A-173 #11)
When the frictionless system shown above is accelerated by an applied force of magnitude F, the tension in
the string between the blocks is
A. 2F
A. F
Show your work:
B.
C.
D.
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20.
A ball falls straight down through the air under the influence of gravity. There is a retarding force F on the
ball with magnitude given by F = bv, where t is the speed of the ball and b is a positive constant. The
magnitude of the acceleration a of the ball at any time is equal to which of the following?
(A)
Show your work:
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
21.
A block of mass 3m can move without friction on a horizontal table. This block is attached to another block
of mass m by a cord that passes over a fric tionless pulley, as shown above. If the masses of the cord and
the pulley are negligible, what is the magnitude of the acceleration of the descending block?
(A) Zero
(B) g/4 (C) g/3
(D) 2g/3
(E) g
Show your work:
Newtons Third Law

For every action there exists an equal and opposite reaction.
If A exerts a force F on B, then B exerts a force of -F on A.
Weight (W) (N)
W = mg (near the surface of the earth)
Normal Force
Force that prevents objects from penetrating each other
Reaction to other forces
Commonly a reaction to gravity
22.
Normal Force Flat (A-177 #4)

A block of weight W is pulled along a horizontal surface at constant
speed v by a force F. which acts at an angle of with the horizontal, as
shown above. The normal force exerted on the block by the surface has
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magnitude
(A) W - Fcos
(C) W
(E) W + Fcos
Show your work
23.
(B) W - Fsin
(D) W + Fsin
Normal Force Ramp (A-271 #62)
A plane 5 meters in length is inclined at an angle of 37, as shown above. A block of weight 20 newtons is
placed at the top of the plane and allowed to slide down. The magnitude of the normal force exerted on the
block by the plane is most nearly
(A) l0 N (B) 12N
(C) l6 N
(D) 20 N (E) 33 N
Show your work
24.
Elevators and Normal Force (PAB)
A 50-kg middle school student stands on a scale in an elevator that is moving downward, but slowing with
an acceleration of magnitude 2.0 m/s2. What does the scale read (in N)?
(A) 300
(B) 400
(C) 500
(D) 600
(E) 700
Show your work
Friction (f) (unit: N)

The force that opposes a sliding motion.
Static friction exists before sliding occurs.
Kinetic friction exists after sliding occurs.
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In general Kinetic friction <= Static friction
fs sN (for static friction)

Static friction increases as the force trying to push an object increases, until it reaches its maximum value.
fk = kN
(for kinetic friction)

25.
Friction on Flat Surface (S-195 #61)
A push broom of mass m is pushed across a rough horizontal floor by a force of

magnitude T directed at angle as shown above. The coefficient of friction
between the broom and the floor is It. The frictional force on the broom has
magnitude
A. (mg +Tsin)
(B) (mg -Tsin)
(C) (mg +Tcos)
(D) (mg -Tcos)
(E) mg
Show your work
26.
Friction on Ramp(S-195 #6-#7)
Questions 6-7
A 2-kilogram block slides
down a 30 incline as shown above with an
acceleration of 2 meters per
second squared.
(a) Which of the following
frictional force f, and the
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diagrams best represents the gravitational force W, the

normal force N that act on the block?
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Explain your Reasoning:
(b) The magnitude of the frictional force along the plane is most nearly
A. 2.5 N (B) 5N (C) 6 N (D) 10 N (E) 16 N
Show your work:
Uniform Circular Motion

An object moves at uniform speed in a circle of constant radius.
Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion

Turns object; doesnt speed it up or slow it down.
Acceleration points toward center of the circle.
Called centripetal acceleration.
Centripetal Acceleration
ac = v2/r
Force in Uniform Circular Motion

Any force responsible for uniform circular motion is called a centripetal force. Centripetal force can arise
from one force, or a combination of sources.
F = mac = m v2 / r
Since speed of object remains constant, kinetic energy remains constant, and work is zero.
Friction, tension, normal force, gravity and the magnetic force are common forces that can act centripetally
to cause uniform circular motion.
27.
Centripetal Force (A-184 #46)
A car initially travels north and then turns to the left along a circular curve. This causes a package on the
seat of the car to slide toward the right side of the car. Which of the following is true of the net force on the
package while it is sliding?
(A) The force is directed away from the center of the circle.
(B) The force is directed north.
(C) There is not enough force directed north to keep the package from sliding.
(D) There is not enough force tangential to the car's path to keep the package from sliding.
(E) There is not enough force directed toward the center of the circle to keep the package from sliding.
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28.
Centripetal Force (A-355 #2)
The horizontal turntable shown below rotates at a constant rate. As viewed from above, a coin on the
turntable moves counterclockwise in a circle as shown. Which of the following vectors best represents the
direction of the frictional force exerted on the coin by the turntable when the coin is in the position shown?
Universal Law of Gravity

Fg = Gm1m2/r2
Most orbit problems can be solved by setting the gravitational force equal to the centripetal force.
Gm1m2 / r2 = m1v2 / r
29.
Orbit (A-266 #61)
A satellite of mass M moves in a circular orbit of radius R at a constant speed v. Which of the following
must be true?
I. The net force on the satellite is equal to mv2/R and is directed toward the center of the orbit.
II. The net work done on the satellite by gravity in one revolution is zero.
III. The angular momentum of the satellite is a constant.
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
30.
Orbit (S-226 #67)
A satellite of mass m and speed v moves in a stable, circular orbit around a planet of mass M. What is the
radius of the satellite's orbit?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Show your work:
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31.
Law of Gravity, Weight (S-226 #10)
10. A new planet is discovered that has twice the Earth's mass and twice the Earth's radius. On the surface of
this new planet, a person who weighs 500 N on Earth would experience a gravitational force of
a. 125 N
b. 250 N
c. 500 N
d. 1000 N
e. 2000 N
Show your work:
32.
Gravity, Acceleration (A-182 #48)
The planet Mars has mass 6.4 x 1023 kilograms and radius 3.4 x 106 meters. The acceleration of an object in free
fall near the surface of Mars is most nearly
(A) zero
(B) l.0 m/s2
(C) 1.9 m/s2
(D) 3.7 m/s2
(E) 9.8 m/s2
Show your work:
Torque ( ) (Nm)
Torque is a twist caused by a force in combination with a moment arm.
= F r sin
33.
Torque (A-187 #68)
A rod on a horizontal tabletop is pivoted at one end and is free to rotate without friction about a vertical axis, as
shown above. A force F is applied at the other end, at an angle to the rod. If F were to be applied perpendicular to
the rod, at what distance from the axis should it be applied in order to produce the same torque?
(A)
Show your work:
A.
B.
C.
D.
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Rotational Equilibrium
If counterclockwise torques equal the clockwise torques, the system is balanced and no rotation occurs.
cw = ccw
34.
Rotational Equilibrium (A-271 #57)
Two objects, of masses 6 and 8 kilograms, are hung from the ends of a stick that is 70 centimeters long and has
marks every l0 centimeters, as shown above. If the mass of the stick is negligible, at which of the points
indicated should a cord be attached if the stick is to remain horizontal when suspended from the cord?
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E
Show your work:
35.
Rotational Equilibrium (A-173 #13)
A 5-meter uniform plank of mass 100 kilograms rests on the top of a building with 2 meters extended over
the edge as shown above. How far can a 50-kilogram person venture past the edge of the building on the
plank before the plank just begins to tip?
A)
B) 1 m
C)
D) 2 m
E) It is impossible to make the plank tip since the person would have to be more than 2 meters from the
edge of the building.
Show your work:
36.
Rotational Equil (S-115 #3-#33)
A horizontal, uniform board of weight 125 N and length 4 m is supported by vertical chains at each end. A
person weighing 500 N is sitting on the board. The tension in the right chain is 250 N.
a) What is the tension in the left chain?
a. 250 N
b. 375 N
c. 500 N
d. 625 N
e. 875 N
Show your work:
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b) How far from the left end of the board is the person sitting?
a. 0.4 m
b. 1.5 m
c. 2 m
d. 2.5 m
e. 3 m
Show your work:
ADVANCE TOPIC: ANGULAR MOMENTUM

The tendency of a spinning body to remain spinning.
L=I
L: angular momentum (kg m2/s)
I: rotational inertia (MR2 for a particle)
: angular speed (radians/second)
Angular momentum, like linear momentum, is conserved. Unless there is an external torque on the system,
there can be no change in angular momentum
37.
Angular Momentum (A-187 #6)
A 2 kg object moves in a circle of radius 4 m at a constant speed of 3 m/s. A net force of 4.5 N acts on the
object. What is the angular momentum of the object with respect to an axis perpendicular to the circle and
through its center?
Show your work:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
38.
An
above.
point
Angular Momentum (A-173 #14)

asteroid moves in an elliptic orbit with the Sun at one focus as shown
Which of the following quantities increases as the asteroid moves from
P in its orbit to point Q?
A. Speed (B) Angular momentum
(D) Kinetic energy
(C) Total energy

(E) Potential energy
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Periodic Motion
Repeats itself over a fixed and reproducible period of time.
Oscillators undergo periodic motion.
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Periodic motion described by sine or cosine function.
Springs and pendulums are Simple Harmonic Oscillators (SHOs) that obey Hookes Law.
Restoring Force (Hookes Law)
F = -kx (negative sign indicates force is restoring)
Restoring force is greatest at maximum displacement and zero at equilibrium
Equilibrium
The midpoint of the oscillation of a simple harmonic oscillator.
Position of minimum potential energy and maximum kinetic energy.
Amplitude (A) (unit: m)
How far the oscillating mass is from equilibrium at its maximum displacement.
Period (T) (unit: s)

The length of time it takes for one cycle of periodic motion to complete itself.
Frequency (f) (unit: Hz or s-1)

How fast the oscillation is occurring.
f = 1/T
39.
Simple Harmonic Motion (A-271 #43)
A particle oscillates up and down in simple harmonic motion. Its height y as a function of time t is shown in
the diagram above. At what time t does the particle achieve its maximum positive acceleration?
(A) 1s (B) 2s (C) 3s (D) 4s
(E) None of the above; the acceleration is constant
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40.
Hookes Law (A-271 #3)
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An ideal spring obeys Hooke's law, F = kx. A mass of 0.50 kilogram hung vertically from this spring
stretches the spring 0.075 meter. The value or the force constant for the spring is most nearly
(A) 0.33 N/m
(B) 0.66 N/m
(C) 6.6 N/m
(D) 33 N/m
(E) 66 N/m
Show your work:
Period of a spring
T = 2m/k
Potential Energy of a Spring
U s = k x2
Pendulum
The pendulum can be thought of as an oscillator.
The displacement needs to be small for it to work properly.
Pendulum Forces: Gravity and tension
Period of a pendulum
T = 2l/g
Potential Energy of a Pendulum

Ug = mgh
41.
Period of Pendulum (A-177 #8)
8. The length of a simple pendulum with a period on Earth of one second is most nearly
A.
0.12 m
(B) 0.25 m
(C) 0.50 m (D) 1.0 m
(E) 10.0 m
Show your work:
42.
Period: Spring, Pendulum (A-088 #44)
An object swings on the end of a cord as a simple pendulum with period T. Another object oscillates up and
down on the end of a vertical spring, also with period T. If the masses of both objects are doubled, what are
the new values for the periods?
Pendulum
Spring
(A)
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(B) T
(C)
(D)
(E)
T
T
T
Work (W) (Unit: Joule, J)

The scalar bridge between force and energy.
W = F x cos
Counterintuitive Results
There is no work if there is no displacement.
Forces perpendicular to displacement dont work.
By doing positive work on an object, a force or collection of forces increases its mechanical energy in
some way.
The two forms of mechanical energy are called potential and kinetic energy.
43.
Work (A-088 #6)
A horizontal force F is used to pull a 5 kilogran block across a floor at a constant speed of 3 meters per
second. The frictional force between the block and the floor is 10 newtons. The work done by the force F
in 1 minute is most nearly
(A) 0 J
(B) 30 J
(C) 600 J
(D) 1,350 J
(E) 1,800 J
Show your work:
Kinetic Energy (K) (unit: Joule, J)

Energy due to motion
K = m v2
44.
Kinetic Energy (A-177 #3)
Which of the following quantities is a scalar that is always positive or zero?
(A) Power
(B) Work
(C) Kinetic energy
(D) Linear momentum (F) Angular momentum
State your reasoning:
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The Work-Energy Theorem

Wnet = K
Net work work due to ALL forces -- is used in this theorem. When net work is positive, the kinetic energy
of the object will increase, when negative, the kinetic energy will decrease.
Work and graphs
The area under the curve of a graph of force vs displacement gives the work done by the force in
performing the displacement.
Power (P) (unit: Watt, W which is a J/s)

The rate of which work is done.
When we run upstairs, t is small so P is big.
When we walk upstairs, t is large so P is small.
P = W/t
P=FV
45.
Power (S-115 #68)
A constant force of 900 N pushes a 100 kg mass up the inclined plane shown above at a uniform speed of 4
m/s. The power developed by the 900 N force is most nearly
a. 400 W
b. 800 W
c. 900 W
d. 1000 W
e. 3600 W
Show your work:
How We Buy Energy

The kilowatt-hour is a commonly used unit by the electrical power company.
Power companies charge you by the kilowatt-hour (kWh), but this not power, it is really energy consumed.
1 kW = 1000 W
1 h = 3600 s
1 kWh = 1000J/s 3600s = 3.6 x 106J
46.
Power (A-187 #5)
Units of power include which of the following?
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I.
II.
III.
(A) I only
(B) III only (C) I and II only
(D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III
47.
Power (A-187 #9)
A child pushes horizontally on a box of mass m which moves with constant speed across a horizontal
floor. The coefficient of friction between the box and the floor is . At what rate does the child do work on
the box?
mg
mg
C) mg
(D) mg/ (E) m
Show your work:
Force Types
Conservative forces:
Work is path independent.
Work along a closed path is zero.
Work done against conservative forces increases potential energy; work done by them decreases it.
Ex: gravity, springs
Non-conservative forces:
Work is path dependent.
Work along a closed path is NOT zero.
Work may be related to a change in total energy (including thermal energy).
Ex: friction, drag
Potential energy
Energy of position or configuration.
Examples:
Gravitational, Spring, Electrical energies
Potential energy is related to work done by CONSERVATIVE FORCES only.
Ug = -Wg (gravity)
Ug = -Ws (spring)
Gravitational potential energy close to earths surface.
Wg = -mgh (close to earths surface)
U = -Wg = mgh
Note: we calculate changes in potential energy only using this method. We assign the potential energy to be
zero at some certain point, usually the surface of the earth.
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48.
Problem: Work, gravity (A-182 #63)
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A plane 5 meters in length is inclined at an angle of 37, as shown above. A block of weight 20 newtons is
placed at the top of the plane and allowed to slide down. The work done on the block by the gravitational
force during the 5 meter slide down the plane is most nearly
(A) 20 J
(B) 60 J
(C) 80
(D) 100 J
(E) l30 J
Show your work:
Gravitational potential energy changes far from earths surface.

Ug = -GMem/r (close to earths surface)
Ug has been defined to be zero when an object is infinitely far from the earth, and it gets increasingly
negative as an object approaches the earth.
Note: This literal definition is impractical in most problems, but this is the equation that must be used to
calculate U when you a very far from the earths surface.
49.
Escape Velocity (PAB)
Use conservation of energy to derive an expression for the escape velocity of a rocket of mass m from the
surface of a planet of mass M and radius R. Assume the planet has no atmosphere.
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) None of the above
Show your work:
Spring potential energy

Us = kx2
Us is zero when a spring is in its equilibrium position (neither compressed nor extended)
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Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The total mechanical energy of a system remains constant, provided only conservative forces act upon the
system.
U + K = Constant
U1 + K1 = U2 + K2
U + K = 0
U = -K
50.
Springs (A-088 #11,#12)
A block oscillates without friction on the end of a spring as shown above. The minimum and maximum
lengths of the spring as it oscillates are, respectively, xmin and xmax The graphs below can represent
quantities associated with the oscillation as functions of the length x of the spring.
(a) Which graph can represent the total mechanical energy of the block spring system as a function of x ?
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
(E) E
(b) Which graph can represent the kinetic energy of the block as a function of x ?
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
(E) E
.
51.
Conservation of Energy (A-098 #38)
A block of mass 3.0 kg is hung from a spring, causing it to stretch 12 cm at equilibrium, as shown above.
The 3.0 kg block is then replaced by a 4.0 kg block, and the new block is released from the position shown
above, at which the spring is unstretched. How far will the 4.0 kg block fall before its direction is reversed?
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Physics B
A.
A.
9 cm
(B) 18 cm
32 cm
(C) 24 cm
(E) 48 cm
52.
Cons. of Energy (A-098 #60)
Show your work:
A rock of mass m is thrown horizontally off a building from a height h, as shown above. The speed of the
rock as it leaves the thrower's hand at the edge of the building is .What is the kinetic energy of the rock just
before it hits the ground?
(A)
(B) (C)
(D) (E)
Show your work:
53.
Cons. of Energy (A-182 #47)
A block of mass m slides on a horizontal frictionless table with an initial speed v. It then compresses a
spring of force constant k and is brought to rest. How much is the spring compressed from its natural
length?
(A)
Show your work:
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
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54.
Cons. of Energy (A-355 #51,52)
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A ball swings freely back and forth in an arc from point I to point IV, as shown above. Point II is the lowest
point in the path, III is located 0.5 meter above II, and IV is l meter above II. Air resistance is negligible.
a) If the potential energy is zero at point II, where will the kinetic and potential energies of the ball be
equal?
(A) At point II
(B) At some point between II and III
(C) At point III
(D) At some point between III and IV
(E) At point IV
b) The speed of the ball at point II is most nearly

(A) 3.0 m/s
(B) 4.5 m/s (C) 9.8 m/s
(D) l4 m/s
(E) 20 m/s
Show your work:
Conservation of Energy and Dissipative Forces.

Dissipative forces cause loss of mechanical energy by producing heat.
Wnc = U + K
55.
Cons.of Energy (A-093 #4)
The figure above shows a rough semicircular track whose ends are at a vertical height h. A block placed at
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Physics B
point P at one end of the track is released from rest and slides past the bottom of the track. Which of the
following is true of the height to which the block rises on the other side of the track?
(A) It is equal to h/2. (B) It is equal to h/4.
(C) It is equal to h/2.
(D) It is equal to h.
(E) It is between zero and h; the exact height depends on how much energy is lost to friction.
Momentum (P) (unit: kg m/s or N s)

How hard it is to stop a moving object.
For one particle
p = mv
For a system of multiple particles
P = pi = mivi
Momentum is a vector!
56.
Momentum (A-098 #43)
The magnitude of the momentum of the object is increasing in which of the cases?
A.
II only (B) III only (C) I and II only
A.
I and III only (E) I, II, and III
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Physics B
Impulse (J) (units: N s or kg m/s)

The product of an external force and time, which results in a change in momentum
J=Ft
J = P
57.
Impulse (A-262 #56)
Two planets have the same size, but different masses, and no atmospheres. Which of the following would
be the same for objects with equal mass on the surfaces of the two planets?
I. The rate at which each would fall freely
I. The amount of mass each would balance on an equal-arm balance
II. The amount of momentum each would acquire when given a certain impulse
A. I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
A.
II and II1 only
B.
I, II, and III
58.
Impulse (A-187 #57)
A ball of mass 0.4 kg is initially at rest on the ground. It is kicked and leaves the kicker's foot with a speed
of 5.0 m/s in a direction 60 above the horizontal. The magnitude of the impulse imparted by the ball to the
foot is most nearly
A.
B.
Show your work:
C.
D.
E.
Law of Conservation of Momentum

If the resultant external force on a system is zero, then the momentum of the system will remain constant.
The sum of the momentums before a collision is equal to the sum of the momentums after a collision.
Pb = Pa
59.
Cons. of Momentum (A-093 #11)
Two objects having the same mass travel toward each other on a flat surface. each with a speed of 1.0 meter
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Physics B
per second relative to the surface. The objects collide head on and are reported to rebound after the
collision. each with a speed of 2.0 meters per second relative to the surface. Which of the following
assessments of this report is most accurate?
(A) Momentum was not conserved; therefore the report is false.
(B) If potential energy was released to the objects during the collision, the report could be true.
(C) If the objects had different masses, the report could be true.
(D) If the surface was inclined, the report could be true.
(E) If there was no friction between the objects and the surface, the report could be true.
Collisions
Follow Newtons Third Law (forces exerted on colliding bodies are equal magnitude)
During a collision, external forces are ignored.
The time frame of the collision is very short.
The forces are impulsive forces (high force, short duration).
Collision Types
Elastic: P is conserved, K is conserved
Inelastic: P is conserved, K is NOT conserved
Perfectly Inelastic means the bodies stick together
60.
Collisions (A-093 #10)
Which of the following is true when an object of mass m moving on a horizontal frictionless surface hits
and sticks to an object of mass M > m, which is initially at rest on the surface?
(A) The collision is elastic.
(B) All of the initial kinetic energy of the less-massive object is lost.
(C) The momentum of the objects that are stuck together has a smaller magnitude than the initial momentum of the less
massive object.
(D) The speed of the objects that are stuck together will be less than the initial speed of the less-massive object.
(E) The direction of motion of the objects that are stuck together depends on whether the hit is a head on collision.
61.
Collisions (A-093 #11)
Two objects having the same mass travel toward each other on a flat surface, each with a speed of 10 meter
per second relative to the surface. The objects collide head on and are reported to rebound after the
collision, each with a speed of 20 meters per second relative to the surface. Which of the following
assessments of this report is most accurate?
(A) Momentum was not conserved, therefore the report is false.
(B) If potential energy was released to the objects during the collision, the report could be true.
(C) If the objects had different masses, the report could be true.
(D) If the surface was inclined, the report could be true.
(E) If there was no friction between the objects and the surface, the report could be true.
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62.
Collision (A-004 #63)
The two blocks of masses M and 2M shown above initially travel at the same speed v but in opposite
directions. They collide and stick together. How much mechanical energy is lost to other forms of energy
during the collision?
a. Zero
b.
c.
d.
e.
Show your work:
63.
Momentum Change (S-199 #7)
A tennis ball of mass m rebounds from a racquet with the same speed v as it had initially, as shown above.
The magnitude of the momentum change of the ball is
(A) 0
(B) mv
(C) 2mv
(D) 2mv sin
(E) 2mv cos
Show your work:
64.
Collision (A-276 #41)
Two objects of mass 0.2 kg and 0.1 kg, respectively, move parallel to the x axis, as shown above. The 0.2
kg object overtakes and collides with the 0. 1 kg object. Immediately after the collision, the y component of
the velocity of the 0.2 kg object is 1 m/s upward. What is the y component of the velocity of the 0.1 kg
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object immediately after the collision?

A.
2 m/s downward
B.
0.5 m/s downward
C.
0 m/s
D.
0.5 m/s upward
E.
2 m/s upward
Show your work:
Explosion
Mathematically, handled just like an ordinary perfectly inelastic collision.
Momentum is conserved, kinetic energy is not.
65.
Explosion (A-098 #67)
A stationary object explodes, breaking into three pieces of masses m, m, and 3m. The two pieces of mass
m move off at right angles to each other with the same magnitude of momentum mV, as shown in the
diagram above. What are the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the piece having mass 3m ?
Show your work:
<<ADVANCED TOPIC>>
Center of Mass
Where all the mass can be considered to exist
For uniform objects, the center of mass resides at geometric center.
For collection of points, use these equations
xcm = mixi / mi
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ycm= miyi / mi
zcm= mizi / mi
where xcm, ycm, and zcm are the coordinates of the center of mass, and mi is the total mass of the system.
66.
Center of Mass (A-098 #63)
Two people of unequal mass are initially standing still on ice with negligible friction. They then
simultaneously push each other horizontally. Afterward, which of the following is true?
A.
The kinetic energies of the two people are equal.
B.
The speeds of the two people are equal.
C.
The momenta of the two people are of equal magnitude.
D.
The center of mass of the two person system moves in the direction of the less massive person.
E. The less massive person has a smaller initial acceleration than the more massive person.
67.
Center of Mass (A-182 #8)
The two spheres pictured above have equal densities and are subject only to their mutual gravitational
attraction. Which of the following quantities must have the same magnitude for both spheres?
(A) Acceleration
(B) Velocity
(C) Kinetic energy
(D) Displacement from the center of mass
(E) Gravitational force
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Physics B AP Review Packet: Mechanics: Distance Vs Displacement (PAB)

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Physics B AP Review Packet: Mechanics: Distance Vs Displacement (PAB)

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Physics B

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Position (x) (unit: m)

Displacement (x) (unit: m)

b) What is the hikers displacement? Show your work:

Average Velocity (unit: m/s)

Average Speed/Velocity (S-113 #11)

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Acceleration (a) (unit: m/s2)

Kinematic Graphs for 1-D motion

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Particle moving with constant non-zero velocity

Particle moving with constant non-zero acceleration

Kinematic Graphs (S-199 #1)

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Kinematic Graphs for 2D Projectiles

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Projectile Motion (A-182 #64, #65)

Graphs of Projectiles (A-177 #63)

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Working 2-D Motion Problems

Horizontal Component of Velocity

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Vertical Component of Velocity

Vertical Component (A-187 #59)

Force (F) (unit: N)

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Newtons First Law (Law of Inertia)

Newtons 1st Law (A-187 #44 - mod)

17. Newtons 1st Law (S-195 #5)

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Newtons Second Law

Second Law (A-173 #11)

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Second Law (A-182 #45)

Newtons Third Law

Normal Force Flat (A-177 #4)

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Normal Force Ramp (A-271 #62)

Friction (f) (unit: N)

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

In general Kinetic friction <= Static friction

fs sN (for static friction)

(for kinetic friction)

Friction on Flat Surface (S-195 #61)

A push broom of mass m is pushed across a rough horizontal floor by a force of

diagrams best represents the gravitational force W, the

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Explain your Reasoning:

Uniform Circular Motion

Acceleration in Uniform Circular Motion

Force in Uniform Circular Motion

Explain your reasoning:

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Explain your reasoning:

Universal Law of Gravity

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

Rotational Equilibrium (A-271 #57)

Rotational Equilibrium (A-173 #13)

AP Review Packet: Mechanics

ADVANCE TOPIC: ANGULAR MOMENTUM