Dilma Rousse

Dilma redirects here. For the village in Blukat Rural

District, see Dilma Deh.
Dilma Vana Rousse (Brazilian Portuguese: [d()iwm
vn husf] born 14 December 1947) is a Brazilian
economist and politician currently serving as the 36th
President of Brazil. She is the rst woman to hold the
oce.[1] She was previously the Chief of Sta of the
President Luiz Incio Lula da Silva from 2005 to 2010.[2]
The daughter of a Bulgarian entrepreneur, Rousse was
raised in an upper middle class household in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais.[2] She became a socialist during her
youth, and following the 1964 coup d'tat joined various
Dilma Rousse (center) with her parents and siblings.
left-wing and Marxist urban guerrilla groups that fought
against the military dictatorship. Rousse was eventually
captured and was jailed between 1970 and 1972, during 1.1 Childhood and family prole
which time she was reportedly tortured.[2][3]
Dilma Vana Rousse was born in Belo Horizonte,[5]
Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, on 14 December
1947, to Bulgarian lawyer and entrepreneur Pedro Rousse (born Ptr Rsv, Bulgarian: , 1900
1962)[6][7] and schoolteacher Dilma Jane da Silva.[8][9]
Her father was born in Gabrovo, Principality of Bulgaria,[10][11] and was a friend of the Nobel Prizenominated Bulgarian poet Elisaveta Bagryana.[12] An active member of the Bulgarian Communist Party in the
1920s,[13] Petar Rusev ed Bulgaria in 1929 to escape
political persecution; he settled in France. He arrived
in Brazil in the 1930s, already widowed (he left behind
his son Lyuben, who died in 2007), but soon moved to
Buenos Aires, Argentina. He returned to Brazil several years later, settling in So Paulo, where he succeeded in business. Ptar Rsev adapted his rst name
to Portuguese (Pedro) and the last to French (Rousse). During a trip to Uberaba, he met Dilma Jane da
Silva, a young schoolteacher born in Nova Friburgo, Rio
de Janeiro, and raised in Minas Gerais, where her parents were ranchers. The two married and settled in Belo
Horizonte, where they had three children: Igor, Dilma
Vana, and Zana Lcia (who died in 1977). Igor Rousse, Dilmas elder brother, is a lawyer.[13]

After her release, Rousse rebuilt her life in Porto Alegre with Carlos Arajo, who would be her partner for
30 years.[2] Both helped found the Democratic Labour
Party (PDT) in Rio Grande do Sul, participating in several of the partys electoral campaigns. She became the
Secretary of the Treasury of the City of Porto Alegre in
the Alceu Collares Administration, and later the Secretary of Energy of the State of Rio Grande do Sul under
both the Collares and Olvio Dutra Administrations.[2] In
2000, after an internal dispute in the Dutra cabinet, she
left the PDT and joined the Workers Party (PT).[2]
In 2002, Rousse joined the committee responsible for
the energy policy of presidential candidate Luiz Incio
Lula da Silva, who, after winning the election, invited
her to become Minister of Energy.[2] In 2005, a political crisis triggered by a corruption scandal led to the resignation of Chief of Sta Jos Dirceu. Rousse took
over the post, remaining in oce until 31 March 2010,
when she stepped down in order to run for president.[2]
She was elected in a run-o on 31 October 2010, beating
Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB) candidate Jos Serra, and re-elected on 26 October 2014 with
a narrow second round victory over Acio Neves, also of
the PSDB.[4]

Pedro Rousse was a contractor for Mannesmann steel

in addition to building and selling real estate. The family
lived in a large house, had three servants, and maintained
European habits. The children had a classical education,
and both piano and French lessons. After Pedro defeated
the initial resistance of the local community to accept foreigners, the family began to attend traditional clubs and
schools.

Early life

2
1.1.1

1
Education and early political awareness

EARLY LIFE

for one year.[13]

1.2 Guerrilla activity, 196869

1.2.1 Colina

Dilma studied in Nossa Senhora de Sion School (current Santa

Doroteia School), in Belo Horizonte.[14]

Rousse was enrolled in preschool at the Colgio Izabela

Hendrix and later received primary education at Colgio
Nossa Senhora de Sion, a boarding school for girls run
by nuns, where the students primarily spoke French with
their teachers. Encouraged by her father, Rousse acquired an early taste for reading. Pedro died in 1962,
leaving behind around 15 properties.[13]
In 1964 Rousse left the conservative Colgio Sion and
joined the Central State High School, a co-ed public
school where the students would usually make a great
stir against the dictatorship established after the military coup. According to Rousse, it was in this school
that she became aware of the political situation of her
country, getting very subversive and realizing that the
world was not a place for debutantes". In 1967 she joined
the Workers Politics (Portuguese: Poltica Operria
POLOP), an organization founded in 1961 as a faction
of the Brazilian Socialist Party. Its members soon found
themselves divided over the method to be used for the
implementation of socialism; while some supported the
struggle for the election of a constituent assembly, others preferred the armed struggle.[15] Rousse joined the
second group, which originated the Command of National Liberation (Portuguese: Comando de Libertao
NacionalCOLINA). According to Apolo Heringer, who
was the leader of Colina in 1968 and taught Marxism to
Rousse in high school, she chose the armed struggle
after reading Revolution inside the Revolution by Rgis
Debray, a French intellectual who had moved to Cuba
and become a friend of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara.
Heringer says that the book inamed everybody, including Dilma.[13]
During that period, Rousse met Cludio Galeno Linhares, a brother-in-arms ve years her senior. Galeno,
who had joined POLOP in 1962, had served in the Army,
participating in the uprising of sailors against the military
coup, for which he had been arrested in Ilha das Cobras.
They married in 1968 in a civil ceremony, after dating

President Dilma Rousse and former U.S. president Bill Clinton

in Rio de Janeiro, 9 December 2013.

Rousse participated in the militant activities of the

Comando de Libertao NacionalCOLINA (National
Liberation Command) and advocated Marxist politics
among labour union members and as editor of the newspaper The Piquet. According to the magazine Piau, she
handled weapons.[13] Gilberto Vasconcelos, a former fellow militant, however, has stated that she has never (...)
practiced an act of violence.[16]
In early 1969, the Minas Gerais branch of Colina was
limited to a dozen militants, with little money and few
weapons. Its activities had boiled down to four bank
robberies, some stolen cars and two bombings, with no
casualties. On 14 January, however, after the arrest of
some militants during a bank robbery, the rest of them
gathered to debate what they would do in order to release them from jail. At dawn, the police invaded the
groups house and the militants responded by using a
machine gun, which killed two policemen and wounded
another.[13]
Rousse and Galeno then began to sleep each night in
a dierent location, since their apartment was visited by
one of the leaders of the organization that had been arrested. They had to go back to their home secretly in order to destroy the organizations documents. On March
1969, the apartment was searched by the police, but no
documents were found. They stayed in Belo Horizonte
for a few more weeks trying to reorganize what was left of
Colina, but had to avoid their parents houses, aware that
they were being watched by the military (Rousses family had no knowledge of her participation in underground
activities). In addition to that, Galeno had to undergo facial plastic surgery or a similar procedure (although he
denies this) after a sketch of him was released for participating in a bank robbery. Unable to remain in the
city, the organization ordered them to move to Rio de

1.2

Guerrilla activity, 196869

Janeiro. Rousse was 21 and had just nished her fourth 1.2.2 Revolutionary Armed Vanguard Palmares
semester at the Minas Gerais Federal University School
(VAR Palmares)
of Economics.[13]
Carlos Arajo was chosen as one of the six leaders
of VAR Palmares, which claimed to be a politicalmilitary organization of Marxist-Leninist partisan orientation which aims to fulll the tasks of the revolutionary war and the establishment of the working class party,
in order to seize power and build socialism.[17] According to Maurcio Lopes Lima, a former member of the
Operao Bandeirantes (OBAN) search force (a structure which included the intelligence and torture services
of the Armed Forces), Rousse was the main leader of
VAR Palmares. According to him, he received reports
dening her as one of the brains of the revolutionary
Dilma Rousse during an interview in So Paulo.
schemes. Police commissioner Newton Fernandes, who
investigated the clandestine organization in So Paulo and
There were a large number of people from Minas Gerais drew the prole of dozens of their members, said that
in the Rio de Janeiro faction of Colina (including for- Rousse was one of the principal masterminds of the revmer Belo Horizonte mayor Fernando Pimentel, 18 years olutionary schemes. The attorney which prosecuted the
old at the time), with the organization having no infras- organization called her "Joan of Arc of subversion, say[18]
tructure to shelter all of them. Rousse and Galeno ing that she led strikes and advised bank robberies.
stayed for a brief period in the home of one of Rouss- She was also dubbed as the she-pope of subversion,
es aunts, who thought that they were in Rio on vacation. political criminal and female gure of sadly notable
[13]
Rousse ridicules such comparison, stating
Later they moved to a small hotel and then to an apart- aspect.
ment, until Galeno was sent by the organization to Porto that she does not even remember many of the actions at[19]
Alegre. Rousse remained in Rio, where she helped tributed to her. According to her former comrade and
the organization, attending meetings and transporting current colleague, Environment Minister Carlos Minc,
weapons and money, according to the magazine Piau. her role in the group was sensationalized. Because she
At one of these meetings, she met the Rio Grande do is a very important person, they'll say anything about
[20]
Sul-born lawyer Carlos Franklin Paixo de Arajo, who her.
was then 31 years old; they developed a sudden attraction to one another. Arajo was head of a dissident group
of the Brazilian Communist Party (Portuguese: Partido Comunista BrasileiroPCB) and sheltered Galeno in
Porto Alegre. The breakup with Galeno was peaceful.
As Galeno said, in that dicult situation, we had no
prospect of being a regular couple.[13]
Arajo was the son of a prominent labor defense lawyer
and had joined the PCB early. He had traveled through
Latin America (having met Castro and Che Guevara)
and had been imprisoned for several months in 1964.
He joined the armed struggle after the issue of AI-5 by
the dictatorship in 1968. On early 1969, he began to
discuss the merger of his group with Colina and Popular Revolutionary Vanguard (Portuguese: Vanguarda
Popular RevolucionriaVPR), led by Carlos Lamarca.
Rousse attended some meetings about the merger,
which was formalized in two conferences in Mongagu,
leading to the creation of Revolutionary Armed Vanguard Palmares (Portuguese: Vanguarda Armada Revolucionria PalmaresVAR Palmares). Rousse and
Arajo attended these conferences, as well as Lamarca,
who thought that Rousse was a stuck-up intellectual.
His perception was based on her defense of a revolution through the political engagement of the working
class, in opposition to VPRs military-based sense of
revolution.[13]

Carlos Minc, who was also a VAR Palmares militant, denied

Rousses role as head of the clandestine organization.

Rousse has sometimes been described as the mastermind of the theft of a safe belonging to former governor
of So Paulo, Ademar de Barros. The action was carried out on 18 June 1969, in Rio de Janeiro, and netted 2.5 million U.S. dollars.[21] It became the most spectacular and protable action of the armed struggle.[13]
Carlos Minc has denied the participation of Rousse in
the event, saying that the widespread version that she

EARLY LIFE

was the leader of the organization is rather exaggerated,

since she was merely a member of no distinction. On at
least three dierent occasions Rousse herself also denied participating in the event.[20][22] Testimonials and
police reports indicated that Rousse was responsible for
managing the money from the robbery, paying the salaries
of the militants, nding a shelter for the group, and buying
a Volkswagen Beetle. Rousse only remembers purchasing the car, and doubts that she was the one responsible
for managing the money.[23][24]
In 1969, VAR Palmares allegedly planned the kidnapping
of Antnio Delm Netto, a symbol of the "Brazilian Miracle" and the most powerful civilian in the federal government at the time. This would have been carried out in December according to the book Os Carbonrios, written by
Alfredo Sirkis in 1981. Antonio Roberto Espinosa, former head of both VPR and VAR Palmares, was reported
to have said that Rousse was one of the ve members of
the organizations leadership aware of it. The kidnapping
did not take place because the members of the organization were captured just weeks before. Rousse emphatically denies that she was aware of the plan and doubts that
anyone involved really remembers much about it. She
also said that Espinosa fantasized about the event.[23][24]
After learning about the quotes that were being attributed Gateway of Tiradentes Prison in So Paulo city, where Rousse
to him, Espinosa denied stating that Rousse knew about was arrested during the military dictatorship.
the plan, which was vague in any case. He said that
Rousse never participated or planned any paramilitary
actions; her role was only political.[25][26][27][28][29]
rived. Realizing that something was wrong, Rousse
Even with large amounts of money, the organization tried to leave the place without being noticed. The offailed to maintain its unity. At a conference held in cers suspected Rousse and searched her, discovering
Terespolis between August and September 1969, there that she was armed. If it was not for the gun, it is
[13]
was a major dispute between those who supported the possible that she could have escaped, says Ribeiro.
armed struggle and those who advocated working with Rousse was considered a big enough catch that a milithe masses. Rousse was in the second group. While tary prosecutor labeled her the "Joan of Arc" of the guer[3]
the rst group split into the paramilitary VPR, led by rilla movement.
Lamarca, the secondincluding Roussecontinued as Rousse was taken to the OBAN headquarters, the same
VAR Palmares. There was a dispute over the money and place where Vladimir Herzog would be tortured and
weapons.[13] After the split, Rousse was sent to So killed ve years later. She was allegedly tortured for 22
Paulo, where she was in charge of keeping her groups days by punching, ferule, and electric shock devices.[30]
weapons safe. She avoided the risk of keeping them As Maria Luisa Belloque, a cellmate, said Dilma was
in apartments by moving with a friend (Maria Celeste shocked even with car wiring. Some ex-military ocers
Martins, who would become her Chief of Sta assistant have dismissed Rousses account, saying that she could
decades later) to a simple boarding house in the eastern not have survived that extent of torture.[31] Later, Rousszone of the city, where they hid the weapons under their e denounced the torture she suered in court proceedbeds.[13]
ings, citing even the names of those who tortured her,

1.3

Arrest (1970)

such as Army Captain Benoni de Arruda Albernaz, mentioned by several other witnesses. Although she revealed
the locations of some militants during torture interrogation, Rousse managed to preserve the identities of Carlos Arajo (who would be arrested several months later)
and Maria Celeste Martins.[13] Rousses name was on a
list found at Carlos Lamarcas home, on a list of the prisoners who would get priority in exchange for hostages, but
she was never exchanged and served out her sentence.[32]

Jos Olavo Leite Ribeiro, who met three times a week

with Rousse, was captured by the military. As Ribeiro
reported, after a day of torture, he revealed the place
where he would meet with another militant, in a bar on
Rua Augusta in So Paulo. On 16 January 1970, he was
forced to go to the bar accompanied by undercover policemen, where his colleague was captured and, when Carlos Arajo was arrested on 12 August 1970. After
they were preparing to leave, Rousse unexpectedly ar- Rousse was captured, he had an aair with actress and

1.4

Life in Porto Alegre, 197280

fellow militant Bete Mendes. After his arrest, he met

Rousse on some occasions, during displacements regarding the military lawsuits both were being prosecuted
for. They were even a few months in the same prison in
So Paulo, where during conjugal visits they reconciled,
planning to resume married life after being released from
jail.[13] Rousse was convicted in the rst instance to six
years in prison. She had already served three years when
the Supreme Military Court reduced her sentence to two
years and a month. She also had her political rights suspended for eighteen years.[33]
In December 2006, the Special Commission for Reparation of the Human Rights Oce for the State of Rio de
Janeiro approved a request for indemnication by Rousse and eighteen other prisoners in law enforcement agencies of the So Paulo state government in the 1970s.[34]
In her request, a pivotal witness was Vnia Abrantes, who
was in the same police car that transferred her from So
Paulo to Rio de Janeiro (Vnia was Arajos girlfriend
when he and Rousse began to date).[13] Rousse also
requested compensation in the states of So Paulo and
Minas Gerais, since she was arrested in So Paulo but
taken for interrogation in the cities of Juiz de Fora and
Rio de Janeiro. She also seeks damages from the federal
government. The total compensation gure paid to victims of political persecution may be up to 72,000 reais.
However, as her advisors have declared, the indemnication has a symbolic value to her, and Rousse demanded
the requests be tried only after her departure from public
oce.[33]
On 5 April 2009, Folha de S.Paulo published, on its
front page, an alleged criminal record of Rousse containing notes about various crimes allegedly committed by her. The document would have been part of
the le of the Department of Political and Social Order
(Portuguese: Departamento de Ordem Poltica e Social
DOPS), the military regimes political police. Rousse
questioned the veracity of the le, claiming that it was
a forged document, which led the newspaper to declare
that it had not obtained the document from DOPS' le,
but rather via e-mail and, thus, could not guarantee its
veracity.[35][36][37][38] The record can be found on a far
right-wing website which supports the regime.[39]

1.4

Life in Porto Alegre, 197280

Dilma Rousse after voting in Porto Alegre, in 2010.

of his sentence in the Presdio Central. The prominent

lawyer, Afrnio Arajo, Carlos father, died in June 1974,
prompting his friends to pressure the regime for the release of Carlos, which happened just a week later.[13][40]
Punished for subversion in accordance with the decree
number 477, considered the AI-5 of universities, Rousse was expelled from the Minas Gerais Federal University and barred from resuming her studies at that university in 1973.[41] She decided to attend a preparatory
course in order to take the vestibular test for Economics
at the Rio Grande do Sul Federal University. She was admitted in the university and graduated in 1977, this time
not participating actively in the students movement. The
year before, in March, she gave birth to her only child,
daughter Paula Rousse Arajo. After graduation, she
got her rst paid job after serving her prison sentence
as an intern at the Foundation of Economics and Statistics (Portuguese: Fundao de Economia e Estatstica
FEE), an organization linked to the government of Rio
Grande do Sul.[40]
Her political activism, this time within the law, was resumed at the Institute of Social and Political Studies
(Portuguese: Instituto de Estudos Polticos e Sociais
IEPES) linked to the only legalized opposition party, the
Democratic Movement (MDB). Even though she was not
aliated with the party, Rousse organized debates at
the institute, which received lectures from scholars such
as Francisco de Oliveira, Fernando Henrique Cardoso,
and Francisco Weort. In 1976, Rousse and Arajo
worked in the campaign of Glnio Peres, a MDB candidate for the city council. Although elected, Peres term
was revoked for denouncing the regimes torture in a
speech. In November 1977, Rousse was reported by
the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo as one of the 97
subversives inltrated in the public administration. The
list was made by resigned Army Minister, Silvio Frota,
who had summarized the political background of those he
listed. Rousse, characterized as a Colina and VAR Palmares militant cohabitating with the subversive Carlos
Arajo, was discharged from her job at the FEE, being
pardoned later.[40]

Rousse left jail at the end of 1972. She was ten kilograms (22 pounds) thinner and had acquired a thyroid
disease.[40] She spent some time with her family in Minas
Gerais in order to recover, visited an aunt in So Paulo,
and then moved to Porto Alegre, where Carlos Arajo
was nishing the last months of his sentence. She stayed
in her in-laws house, from where they could see the
prison where Arajo was. Rousse frequently visited her
partner, giving him newspapers and political books disguised as novels. The Presdio da Ilha das Pedras Brancas was deactivated, and Arajo fullled the remainder In 1978, Rousse attended the Campinas State Univer-

EARLY LIFE

sity, with the intention of receiving a masters degree Prado as her favorite authors.[45]
in Economics. At that time, she began attending a discussion group formed by other VAR Palmares former
members, such as Rui Falco, Antonio Roberto Espinosa, 1.5.1 Paula Rousse
and eventually Carlos Arajo. Meeting once every three
months, the group lasted a couple of years. They would
read the works of Karl Marx, Nicos Poulantzas, and Louis
Althusser, discussing what would be the right moment to
resume their political activity. Rousse declared that she
attended the masters degree program, but did not nish
it, failing to present her thesis. Thats why I returned to
university to pursue a doctorate. And then I became minister and did not nish the doctorate, she said. Her academic credentials have been the subject of controversy as
her ocial biography listed these masters and doctoral
degrees that she had never earned. She was, however,
twice enrolled in the graduate program in economics at
the State University of Campinas, without ever fullling
Dilma Vana Rousse at the christening of grandson Gabriel, with
the requirements for those degrees.[42][43]

daughter Paula and son-in-law Rafael Covolo and Dilma Jane

Rousse, the great-grandmother (far left).

1.5

Private life

Paula Rousse, born on 27 March 1976, in Porto Alegre,

Rio Grande do Sul, is the only daughter of Dilma Rousse and her former husband, Carlos Arajo. Paula is a
law graduate and holds the oce of Labor Prosecutor in
Porto Alegre.[46]
Paula Rousse married business administrator Rafael
Covolo, three years her junior, in Porto Alegre on 18
April 2008.[47]

Dilma Rousse with Lula during the 2010 presidential campaign.

In 1968 she married journalist Cludio Galeno de Magalhes Linhares, who introduced 20-year-old Rousse
to the underground resistance movement against the dictatorship. In the early 1970s, Rousse separated from
Galeno and started a relationship with Carlos Franklin
Paixo de Arajo. She legally divorced Galeno in
1981.[44] (divorce was legalized in Brazil in 1977)
Rousse and Arajo have a daughter named Paula Rousse de Arajo born in 1976. Rousse divorced Arajo in
2000.[44]
According to Rousse, she enjoys history and is interested in opera. In the early 1990s, she enrolled in a
course in Greek theater taught by playwright Ivo Bender. Greek mythology then became an obsession for her,
and, inuenced by Penelope, she decided to learn how to
embroider. Her favorite actress is Fernanda Montenegro.
Her website claims she is an avid reader, citing Machado
de Assis, Guimares Rosa, Ceclia Meireles, and Adlia

On 9 September 2010, Paula Rousse gave birth to

Rousses rst grandchild, a boy named Gabriel Rousse Covolo, in the city of Porto Alegre, during the 2010
presidential campaign of her mother. After the last debate with four other candidates, on 30 September 2010,
in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which was aired on national
TV, Rousse ew to Porto Alegre for the christening of
Gabriel in the Roman Catholic Cathedral on 1 October
2010.[48]
1.5.2 Health issues
At a press conference on 25 April 2009, Rousse revealed that she was undergoing treatment to remove an
early-stage axillar lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic
system, which was detected in her left armpit during
a routine mammogram. It was diagnosed as a diuse
large B-cell lymphoma, an intermediate grade type, but
her chances of being cured were up to 90%. She was
submitted to curative chemotherapy treatment for four
months.[49]
In mid-May 2009, she was hospitalized in the Hospital
Srio-Libans in So Paulo, with severe pains in her legs.
The diagnosis was a myopathy, a muscle inammation
resulting from the cancer treatment. In early September that same year, she revealed she had completed her
radiotherapy treatment, claiming to be cured, which was

7
later conrmed by her doctors. She began to wear a wig Veja, which emphasized Rousses past and current podue to hair loss caused by the chemotherapy.
sitions on its cover.[54] The subject only faded away from
After seven months of wearing a wig, Rousse wore her the news after the information became public that Jos
Serra, had reportedly had an abornatural dark brown hair at the launch of the 3rd Hu- Serras wife, Monica
[55][56]
tion
in
her
youth.
man Rights Program on 21 December 2009. She had
announced in November that she would be retiring her
wig as soon as her hair became more even. According
to her, it was still full of holes, the reason why she
couldn't take [the wig] o there in Copenhagen, Denmark. She rst publicly admitted of wearing a wig back
in May, when she jokingly referred to it as a basic little
wig.[50][51]

Political positions

President Dilma Rousse in 2014, signing a law that made abuse

and sexual exploitation of children and adolescents a heinous
crime.

When asked about the criminal prosecution against

Flamengo goalkeeper Bruno Fernandes de Souza, accused of killing his former girlfriend Eliza Samudio,
Rousse said that she opposes the death penalty.[57] According to her, if it were eective, there would not be
such crimes in the United States.[57]
Rousse opposes gay marriage, but supports same-sex
civil union.[58] She said, Marriage is a religious issue. I,
as an individual, would never say what a religion should
or should not do. We have to respect them.[58] On the
subject of same-sex civil union, Rousse said that basic civil rights should be recognized within the civil legal
framework.[58] She also opposes the legalization of illegal drugs, stating that Brazil today is in no condition to
propose the decriminalization of any drug.[59]
As a member of the Workers Party, a social-democratic
party which opposes Third Way politics, Rousse was expected to be against privatization and neoliberalism. The
Nation, as an example of this rationale, described Rousses victory as a defeat for the Washington Consensus.[60]
Rousse, however, has had an ambiguous stance on issues
that involve privatization. She is, for instance, in favor
of granting to private enterprises the construction of new
power plants and roads, should it be cheaper to do them
through grants than through public works.[61] Additionally, she favored the privatization of airports in order to
prepare Brazils infra-structure for the 2014 FIFA World
Cup.[62]
She also pledged to deepen the social welfare network inaugurated by the Lula administration, saying that, under
her rule, Brazil will continue to grow, with social inclusion and mobility.[61]
In 2014, during the presidential elections, the President Dilma Rousse supported the criminalization of
homophobia, citing the high rate of acts of violence
against homosexuals in the country.[63]

Dilma Rousse in a meeting with evangelical singers and bishops,

at the Planalto Palace.

3 Political career

Although Rousse states that her political thinking has

changed drastically from Marxism to pragmatic capi- With the end of the mandatory two-party system, in
talism she remains proud of her radical roots.[3]
the early 1980s, Rousse participated, along with CarRousses views are mostly pro-life, supporting abor- los Arajo, in Leonel Brizola's eorts for restructuring
tion only for pregnancies which endanger the life of the the Brazilian Labor Party (of social-democratic Presimother or are the result of rape, cases in which the dent Joo Goulart, overthrown by the 1964 coup). After
current Brazilian legislation allows women to terminate the Supreme Electoral Court gave the name registry to
their pregnancies.[52][53] However, she was criticized by the group linked to Ivete Vargas (Getlio Vargas' niece),
sectors of the Roman Catholic Church in Brazil and other Rousse and the group linked to Brizola founded the
religious groups, due to her past support for the legaliza- Democratic Labour Party (Portuguese: Partido Demotion of abortion. It was also a main target of criticism crtico TrabalhistaPDT).[40] Arajo was elected state
by Jos Serra's campaign as well as the newsmagazine deputy three times for this party, in 1982, 1986, and

3 POLITICAL CAREER
tive branch. In 1989, however, Rousse was appointed
director-general of the City Council, but was dismissed
by councilman Valdir Fraga, president of the local legislature, after arriving late for work. As Fraga later said, I
dismissed her because she had a problem with the time
clock.[40]

3.2 State Secretary of Energy (199394

and 19982002)

Dilma Rousse and Leonel Brizola.

1990. He was also the partys candidate for Porto Alegre

mayor twice, losing to Workers Party members Olvio
Dutra in 1988, and Tarso Genro in 1992. Rousse
got her second job in the mid-1980s as an adviser for
the PDT members of the Rio Grande do Sul Legislative
Assembly.[40]

3.1

Municipal
(198588)

Secretary

of

In 1990, Alceu Collares was elected Governor, appointing Rousse as president of the FEE, where she had been
an intern in the 1970s. She remained in oce until the
end of 1993, when she was appointed Secretary of Energy and Communication through the inuence of Carlos
Arajo and his group. She remained in oce until the end
of 1994, the same time when her relationship with Arajo
had ended, shaken by the discovery that another woman
was pregnant with his child, Rodrigo (born in 1995).
They later reconciled and remained together until 2000,
when Rousse moved alone to a rented apartment.[40]

Treasury

Rousse and Arajo devoted themselves to Alceu Collares campaign for mayor of Porto Alegre in 1985. Much
of his campaign and government plan was prepared at
their home. After elected, Collares appointed Rousse as
the Municipal Secretary of Treasury; this was her rst job
in the Executive branch. According to Collares, Arajo
inuenced him on Rousses appointment, but her competence also contributed on his choice.[40]
In the gubernatorial campaign of fellow PDT member Aldo Pinto in 1986, Rousse had an advising role.
Pintos running mate was Nelson Marchezan, one of the
most prominent civilians during the Brazilian military
government. They would be defeated by the PMDB candidate Pedro Simon. Twenty years later, in an interview,
Rousse attempted to justify the controversial alliance:
Marchezan was a leader of the dictatorship, but he was
never an enrag (enraged). The Marchezan wing was the
wing of the radicalized small (rural) owners. And he was
an ethical guy.[40]
Rousse remained as Treasury Secretary until 1988,
when she stepped out to dedicate herself in Arajos campaign for mayor of Porto Alegre. She was replaced by
Polbio Braga, which says that Rousse persuaded him
not to take oce. She would have said that she could
not control these crazy people and that she was leaving
before it taints my biography. While Collares remembers Rousse as an example of competence and public
transparency, Braga disagrees, stating that she did not
even leave us a single report, and the Treasury Secretary
was a chaos.[40]

Dilma Rousse in 2009.

In 1995, after the end of Collares term, Rousse departed from her political oce and returned to the FEE,
where she was the editor of the magazine Economic Indicators (Portuguese: Indicadores Econmicos). It was
during this break from public oces that she ocially
enrolled in the Campinas State University PhD program,
in 1998. That same year, the Workers Party won the Rio
Arajos defeat jettisoned the PDT of the local execu- Grande do Sul gubernatorial election with the support of

3.3

Minister of Energy (200305)

PDT in the second round. Once again she was appointed

Secretary of Energy, this time by Governor Olvio Dutra.
As he later recalled, I already knew and respected her. I
also appointed her because she was in a more left-leaning
stance inside the PDT, less populist.[40]
During the rst year of the Dutra administration, the PDT
had gained some high-ranking oces, but Brizola felt
that his party had very little space in the government, responsible for a tiny portion of the budget. Unable to get
more space inside the administration, PDT members of
the government were pressured by the party leadership to
step down. The formation of the political alliance for the
2000 Porto Alegre mayoral election was also a cause of
friction among the two parties. They ended up launching
each own a dierent candidate; PDTs was Collares and
PTs was Tarso Genro. Rousse defended the maintenance of the alliance which had elected Dutra, supporting Genros candidacy, and claiming she would not accept
"neoliberal alliances with the right-wing. Her critics said
that she was being hypocritical, once she defended an alliance with Marchezan in the 1986 election. Genro defeated Collares in the second round and Rousse, among
other fellow PDT members, joined the Workers Party.
Brizola accused them of being traitors.[40]
During Rousses management of the Secretariat of Energy in the Dutra administration, the service capacity of
the electricity sector rose by 46%.[40] due to an emergency program attended by state and private companies.
In January 1999, Rousse traveled to Braslia in order
to alert the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration
that if the authorities responsible for the power sector
did not invest in generation and transmission of energy,
the power cuts that Rio Grande do Sul faced early in
her administration would take place in the rest of the
country.[64] Therefore, the electricity crisis at the end of
the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration aected
millions of Brazilians, with the exception of those from
the three southern states, where no rationing was imposed, as there was no drought. There was a voluntary
energy saving, and Rousse tried to obtain compensation
from the federal government, as it was granted to other
regions. The federal government did not grant it, and
Rousse had to compromise with the private sector. According to Pedro Parente, Chief of Sta during the Cardoso administration, she was pragmatic, objective and
showed that she had a uid dialogue with the business
sector.[40]

3.3

Minister of Energy (200305)

The issues related to the area of energy on the government plan of candidate Luiz Incio Lula da Silva were discussed in meetings coordinated by physicist and nuclear
engineer Luiz Pinguelli Rosa. Another highlighted member of the group was Ildo Sauer. Both of them were completely opposed to the privatization of the sector, which
was, in their opinion, responsible for the energy problems

Dilma Rousse in Braslia, March 2009.

that the country was facing. Pinguelli invited Rousse to

join the group meetings in June 2001, where she arrived
as a shy participant in a team formed by several professors, but soon stood out with her objectivity and good
knowledge of the area. However, it was clear for everyone in the group that Pinguelli would become the Minister
of Energy if Lula won the election.[40]
It was a great surprise for everyone that, after elected,
Lula chose Rousse as the incumbent Minister. The
President elect declared: Already near 2002, it appears
there a comrade with a little computer in her hand. We
started debating and I realized she had a dierential characteristic from the others who were there, because she
came in with the practicality of the assignment of running
the Secretary of Energy of Rio Grande do Sul. Then I was
like: I think I found my Minister here.[40] Another factor
which would have weighed heavily on Lulas choice was
the sympathy that Antonio Palocci had for Rousse, recognizing that she would have a much easier dialogue with
the private sector than Pinguelli, in addition to her support of the Carta aos Brasileiros (Letter to the Brazilian
People), agreeing with several market friendly changes
in the Workers Party. Dutra said he was consulted by
Lula, and praised Rousses technical merits while Secretary of Energy during his administration. I could have
weighted the scale in her favor at that time, but from the
transition government forward the merit is all hers, he
recalled. After her appointment, she became very close
to Jos Dirceu, appointed by Lula as the new Chief of
Sta of Brazil.[40]

10
Her management of the Ministry was marked by the respect of contracts made by the previous administration,
by her eorts to prevent further blackouts and by the implementation of an electric model less concentrated in the
hands of the state, dierently from what Rosa and Sauer
desired. Regarding the free market of energy, Rousse
not only kept it as she expanded it as well. Jos Luiz
Alqures, president of Light S.A., praised the approach
taken by Rousse, which is, accordind to him, helping
the segment as a whole. He criticized, however, the delay in the implementation of the new model, but said that
this is the fault of the bureaucratic government machinery. Convinced that urgent investments in power generation were required so that the country would not face
a general blackout in 2009, Rousse entered in a serious clash with then Minister of Environment, Marina
Silva, which defended the embargo on several construction sites, concerned with the ecological imbalance that
they could cause. Dirceu had to create a team of mediators between the two ministers in order to try to resolve
their disputes.[65]

3 POLITICAL CAREER
world, as long as you agree 100% with her.[40] He recently left PT and joined the Green Party along with Marina Silva.
After becoming a Minister, Rousse defended a new industrial policy from the government, ensuring that Petrobras platforms had a minimum domestic content, what
could generate 30 thousand new jobs in the country. She
argued that it was unthinkable that a billion dollar building was not being made in Brazil.[66] The bids for the P51 and P-52 platforms were then the rst in the country
to require a minimum domestic content.[67] The requirement was heavily criticized, on the grounds that it would
increase the costs of Petrobras,[68] but Rousse defended
the countrys ability to produce ships and platforms, stating that the nationalization rates of the platforms, which
varied between 15% and 18% rose to more than 60%
after the requirement.[69] Lula acknowledged that, from
the perspective of the company, the costs did in fact go
higher, but that Petrobras should not only target the immediate costs, but also the strengthening of national science and technologies.[70] In 2008, the shipbuilding industry as a whole employed 40 thousand people, compared to 500 people in the mid-90s, in part because of
the nationalization requirement.[70] Brazil now has the 6th
largest shipping industry in the world.[71]
3.3.1 Light for All program

Dilma and Lula during the Growth Acceleration Program.

A close friend of Lula, Pinguelli was appointed as president of Eletrobrs, and found himself at odds with Rousse on several occasions, considering an early resignation once. He was ironic about Rousses alleged mood
swings, being quoted as saying that this lady formats
her disk every week. Pinguelli eventually left the federal
government in 2004. Mauricio Tolmasquim, a member
of the transition government which shared a vision of the
energy sector similar to Rousses, was invited by her to
be the executive secretary of the ministry. He stated that
once they got to know each other better, Rousse started
shouting with him occasionally. Its her way. Its not personal. And in ve minutes everything is okay, he said.
Sauer, who took over the gas and energy department of
Petrobras, also clashed with the minister, who repulsed
his ideas of a statist model. Sometimes the clashes between them were so serious that Lulas intervention was
necessary. Sauer left the state oil company in 2007. Another one which had disagreements with the minister on
energy issues was the former Congressman Luciano Zica.
For him, Dilma is the most democratic person in the

Luz para Todos program.

Rousse proposed to accelerate the goals of universalizing the access to electricity, which had a deadline of
2015, suggesting that 1.4 million rural households would
get electricity access by 2006. She argued that it was a
social inclusion goal that should be a part of Fome Zero,
(Zero Hunger) and that it was not possible to assume that
such a program would provide a nancial return. During
the Fernando Henrique Cardoso administration, a similar program, called Luz no Campo (Rural Electrication),
was created to encourage agribusiness providing the funding by the recipient. The goal of the program was to
provide electricity to over a million households, but as

11
of early 2003 only half of them had been electried.[72]
According to Rousse, the results of this program were
higher in states where local governments subsidized it for
the population.[73] She defended, then, a program heavily
subsidized by the federal government, which should not
only subsidize, but cover the costs for the universalization
of electricity.[74] The subsidy, however, should be for the
consumer, and not for the electric companies.[73]
The program was launched in November 2003, under the
name Luz para Todos (Electricity for All), focused in regions with a low Human Development Index and toward
families with total incomes equaling, up to, three times
the minimum wage. The goal of the program was to
provide electricity for 2.5 million rural households (approximately 12 million people) by the end of 2008. In
October 2008, Rousse acknowledged that the government would not be able to fulll its goal in time, leaving
100,000 households behind. In April 2008, the government extended the program until 2010, in order to benet another 1.17 million families. 49% of the programs
connections are concentrated in the Northeastern region
of Brazil, which represented, from January 2005 to May
2008, 37.8% of all new wiring in the region, making the
Northeast surpass the Southern region in power consumption for the rst time. Despite being initially advertised
as being funded by the Federal Government, 90% of its
cost is actually paid for by electricity consumers, through
several taris on energy prices.[75]

3.4

Chief of Sta (200510)

secretary, Rousse caught the attention of Lula for her

courage to face dicult situations and for her technical
skills. Franklin Martins, another guerrilla ghter-turnedminister, said Lula was very impressed with Rousses
management of the Ministry of Energy, where she prevented another blackout. Lula realized that she kept
things moving, he said. By choosing Rousse, Lula
also prevented the political dispute between Palocci and
Dirceu to succeed him, while Rousse did not have such
ambition for being a new member of the Workers Party,
and not belonging to any party faction, she moved about
well in all of them. Rousse said to Carvalho that being
appointed as Chief of Sta was a much bigger surprise
for her than being appointed as Minister of Energy.[40]
In the opinion of Rio Grande do Sul Senator and former
Governor Pedro Simon, since Rousse took oce, seriousness is being imposed in the Presidential Sta.[77]
After Rousse took oce, the U.S. Consulate General
in So Paulo sent a long prole of her to the U.S. Department of State.[78] It detailed several aspects of her
life, talking about her past activity in guerrilla organizations, her tastes and habits, and professional characteristics, being described as a prestigious and detailed technician, with the reputation of a workaholic and a great
ability to listen, but lacking political tact, turning directly
to technicians rather than her superiors.[79][80]

4 2010 and 2014 presidential campaigns

Main articles: Brazilian presidential election, 2010 and
Brazilian presidential election, 2014
On 13 June 2010, after more than two years of

Dilma Rousse and Barack Obama at the White House, April

2012.

As Minister of Energy, Rousse had the support of two

key ministers of the Lula administration: Antonio Palocci
and Jos Dirceu. After Dirceu resigned as Chief of the
Presidential Sta due to his involvement in the so-called
Mensalo scandal, instead of being weakened, Rousse
was chosen by Lula to be the new Chief of Sta. She
took oce on 21 June 2005, becoming the rst female to
assume the position.[40] As a former Energy Minister, she
also holds a seat on the board of directors of Petrobras.[76]

Dilma Rousse in the 2010 Workers Party National Convention.

widespread speculation, Rousse launched her campaign

as the ocial presidential candidate for the Workers
Party in the 2010 presidential election.[81] At that time,
former So Paulo State Governor Jos Serra, candidate
for the center-right opposition bloc, had been at the top of
the polls for over two years. With promises of maintainAccording to Gilberto Carvalho, the Presidents private ing Lulas popular policies, Rousse was able to surpass

12
Serra in all the polls by late July.[82] In spite of maintaining a wide margin over him, she did not receive 50% of
valid votes in the rst round and had to face a run-o
against Serra on 31 October, when she was elected with
over 56% of the valid votes.[83]
Rousses coalition, For Brazil to keep on changing, was
initially formed by nine political parties, which gave her
the largest amount of time for advertisement on television. This was the rst time that PT got more television
time than its main rival, the Brazilian Social Democracy
Party (PSDB). However, according to electoral law, television time had to be equal on the run-o. Rousses
ads were noted for their professionalism and production
quality,[84] being rated as the best electoral program by
56% of voters.[85]

2010 AND 2014 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGNS

Brazilian newspaper Brasil de Fato, as well as magazine CartaCapital both declared support for Rousses
candidacy.[95][96] Rousse won the Presidency by an approximate margin of 56% to 44%, and took oce on
1 January 2011, as the rst woman president of the
country.[97] She became the third female head of government ever in the history of Brazil, and the rst de jure
female head of state since the death of Maria I, Queen of
the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
in 1816.
During her presidential campaign, Rousse underwent a
makeover, replacing glasses with contact lenses, undergoing plastic surgery and adopting a dierent hairstyle.[98]

On 26 October 2014, Dilma Rousse has been re-elected

president of Brazil, after securing more than 51% of votes
Rousses candidacy was also supported by notable in- in the closest election race since 1989. An ocial count
ternational gures, such as Puerto Rican actor Benicio showed her rival, center-right candidate Acio Neves,
del Toro,[86] First Secretary of the French Socialist taking just over 48% of the vote.[99]
Party Martine Aubry,[87] and American lmmaker Oliver
Stone, who recorded a message on her behalf.[88] Singer Bulgarian reaction
Alcione,[89] Portuguese Brazilian economist Maria da
Conceio Tavares,[90] and journalist Hildegard Angel
(daughter of Zuzu Angel and sister of Stuart Angel)[91]
also recorded messages on Rousses behalf. On 15 October, Tom Morello posted a message on his Twitter account supporting her candidacy, seen by him as representing the poor, the working class and the youth.[92]

President Rousse meets with Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov in Soa, October 2011

Rousse gives her rst public speech after being elected Brazils
rst female president.

On 18 October 2010, Brazilian artists and intellectuals

held an event in the Oi Casagrande theatre in Leblon,
Rio de Janeiro, in order to show their support to Rousses candidacy. Among them were Chico Buarque, Beth
Carvalho, Alceu Valena, Elba Ramalho, Emir Sader,
Oscar Niemeyer, Leonardo Bo, and Marilena Chaui.[93]
That same day, she received a letter of support by prominent members of the European Green Party, such as
Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Dominique Voynet, Monica Frassoni, Philippe Lamberts, Nol Mamre, Jos Bov, and
Yves Cochet.[94] According to the letter, Serra represents
the worst in our society: gender bias, sexism and homophobia, along with the most shady and myopic economic
interests.[94]

According to Bulgarian media, Bulgaria experienced

Dilma fever.[100][101] The local media followed the presidential race in Brazil closely, interested in the election of
a half-Bulgarian to rule over the worlds 5th most populous nation and 7th largest economy.[101] In an interview for the 24 Hours newspaper, Rousse said that she
feel[s] tenderness and love for Bulgaria. I can even say
that to a certain extent I do feel like I am Bulgarian, even
though I have never been in the country where my father
was born. My father died when I was only fteen years
old and I did not have the chance to learn Bulgarian.[102]
On November 2010, an exhibition was held in Gabrovo
about Rousses origins.[103]
After Rousses election, Bulgarian Prime Minister
Boyko Borisov promptly invited her for an ocial visit
to the country. During her inauguration, he reiterated the
invitation.[104] Since her inauguration, Rousse has received 21 letters from Bulgarian citizens.[105]
On 4 October 2011, President Rousse visited Bulgaria
for the rst time ever for a state visit as well as for an

5.2

Cabinet

emotional back-to-the-roots visit to the homeland of her

late emigrant father.[106] She paid a visit to the grave of
her Bulgarian half-brother, Lyuben-Kamen Rusev, whom
she never met and who died in 2007 at the age of 78.[107]

5
5.1

Presidency (2011present)
Inauguration

13
of 2,000 guests for the ceremony.[112] As reported by the
press, between 14 and 17 heads of state and government
had conrmed their presence.[113][114] Among them were
Jos Scrates,[115] Juan Manuel Santos, Mauricio Funes,
Alan Garca, Jos Mujica, Hugo Chvez, lvaro Colom,
Alpha Cond, Sebastin Piera, Evo Morales,[113] (later
canceled due to last minute protests in his country) and
Boyko Borisov.[104] U.S. President Barack Obama sent
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton to represent
him.[113][116] Former Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso
also attended.[113]

Main article: Inauguration of Dilma Rousse

Dilma Rousse was inaugurated as President of Brazil In addition to the formal ceremony, Rousses inauguration also featured concerts by ve female Brazilian
singers: Elba Ramalho, Fernanda Takai, Mart'nlia and
Zlia Duncan, and Gaby Amarantos.[117] The Ministry of
Culture organized the cultural part of the event, having
provided a budget of 1.5 million reais (around 0.8 million U.S. dollars) for it.[117] The concerts started at 10:00
am and stopped at 2:00 pm, with the start of the ocial
inauguration ceremony.[118] The concerts continued from
6:00 to 9:00 pm.[118] Rousse did not attend, as she held
a reception at the Itamaraty Palace for foreign authorities attending her inauguration.[118] Each foreign authority had the opportunity to talk to her for 30 seconds.[118]
Dilma Rousse takes the oath of oce of the President of Brazil,
1 January 2011.

5.2 Cabinet

Cabinet of Brazil in Braslia.

Main article: Cabinet of Brazil

Dilma Rousse receiving the presidential sash from Luiz Incio
Lula da Silva, 1 January 2011.

on 1 January 2011. The event which was organized

by her transitional team, the Ministries of External Relations and Defense and the Presidency of the Republic[109]
was awaited with some expectation, since she became
the rst woman ever to preside over the country. Important female gures in Brazilian history were honored with
panels spread across the Monumental Axis.[110] According to the Military Police of the Federal District, around
30,000 people attended.[111]
Until 21 December 2010, the publishing house of
the Senate had printed 1,229 invitations for Rousses
inauguration.[112] The National Congress expected a total

On 17 December 2010, Rousse received from the

Supreme Electoral Court a diploma attesting her victory in the 2010 presidential election, becoming the rst
woman in the history of Brazil to receive it.[119] She was
unable to name all members of her cabinet until that ceremony, as she had desired.[120] Rousse completed the
appointment of all 37 members of her cabinet on 22 December 2010.[121] Although she had projected that 30%
of her cabinet would be composed of women,[122][123] the
females appointed eventually made up 24% of her cabinet. Rousses own Workers Party (PT) comprised 43%
of her cabinet, with 16 members, while 12 other oces
were handed out to six out of ten political parties that
formed her winning electoral coalition. The remaining 9
cabinet oces, among which were key oces such as the

14

5 PRESIDENCY (2011PRESENT)

Presidency of the Central Bank of Brazil, the Ministry of

External Relations and the Ministry of the Environment,
were handed out to non-partisan technical names.[121]
Since she took oce, Rousse has changed the members
of her cabinet members four times.[124] She has become
the president which promoted the highest number of cabinet changes in the rst six months of government.[124] On
7 June 2011, Rousses then Chief of Sta and inuential PT leader, Antonio Palocci resigned from oce due
to a scandal involving his personal wealth evolution.[124]
On the same day, Paran Senator Gleisi Homann (also
from PT) replaced him.[124] Three days later, Ideli Salvatti former Santa Catarina Senator for PT and Minister of Fishing and Aquaculture up until then traded ofce with Luiz Srgio former mayor of Angra dos Reis
and licensed federal deputy for Rio de Janeiro (both for
PT) and Secretary of Institutional Relations up until that
moment.[124] On 6 July, Alfredo Nascimento, then Minister of Transportation, left oce after allegations that public works were being overbilled.[124] On 4 August, Nelson
Jobim left the Ministry of Defense after an interview he
gave to the Piau magazine criticizing both Homann and
Salvatti.[125] Rousse named Celso Amorim to replace
him.[125] Jobim had previously declared to have voted on
Jos Serra for president.[125] With the changes, the female presence in the cabinet increased to 26%, while the
PT presence increased to almost 45%.

5.3

Rousse grati in Saint-Romain-au-Mont-d'Or, France.

Popularity

a new low (9%), while her disapproval rating reached

64%.[131] By late 2015, thousands of Brazilians began to
Rousse maintained a majority approval rating through- protest, demanding Rousses impeachment. [132]
out her rst term.[126] In late March 2013, her government
was approved by 63% of Brazilians, while her personal
approval rating was of 79%, a personal high. Rousse 5.4 Controversies
was also cited as the preferential candidate for 58% of the
voters in the 2014 presidential election, in which she was 5.4.1 Petrobras scandal
reelected. Rousses popularity is attributed to popular
measures of her government, such as the reduction of the In March and April 2015 millions of protesters took to the
federal tax in the energy bill and the exemption of federal streets during the 2015 protests in Brazil against Rousstax in the products of the consumer basket (meat, milk, es alleged involvement in the Petrobras scandal which
beans, rice, our, potatoes, tomatoes, bread, sugar, coee involved kickbacks and corruption. When the allegapowder, cooking oil, butter, bananas and apples).[127] The tions that graft occurred while President Rousse was
lowering of the overnight rate conducted by the Central part of the board of directors of Petrobras, between 2003
Bank of Brazil is also mentioned as a cause for Rouss- to 2010; Brazilians became upset with the government
es high popularity.[128] This has caused some to con- and called for Rousses impeachment.[133] No evidence
sider her populist, a consideration shared by her prede- that Rousse herself was involved in the scheme has been
cessor Luiz Incio Lula da Silva.
found, and she denies having any prior knowledge of
[134]
In early 2015, Rousses popularity began to decline and it.
in February 2015, a month before the 2015 protests in
Brazil began, Rouses approval rating dropped 19 points
to 23% with 44% disapproving of her.[129][130] Following
the 15 March protests, Rouses approval rating fell even
further to only 13% with a 62% disapproval rating, one
of the highest disapproval ratings in the past 20 years of
any president.[130]

5.4.2 Amazon Basin hydroelectric dams

Rousses presidency has seen a concerted push to complete a number of hydroelectric dam projects in the
Amazon River Basin, despite appeals from residents of
areas that would be ooded, drained or otherwise adIn July of the same year, her approval rating reached versely aected, including indigenous tribes, and pres-

5.4

Controversies

sure from both domestic and international groups to abandon such projects. Opposition to the dam projects, especially the Belo Monte Dam project, is driven by environmental, economic and human rights concerns, the latter
concerning both the people to be displaced by the projects
and the workers brought in from other parts of Brazil to
build the dams. Xingu (Kayapo) Chief Raoni Metuktire, along with members of other tribes that will be affected by hydroelectric dam projects proposed or already
under construction;[135] NGOs based both in Brazil[136]
and internationally, including Greenpeace,[137] Amazon
Watch[138] and International Rivers;[139] and international
celebrities including director James Cameron, actress
Sigourney Weaver, and musician Sting[140] are all calling
for the Amazon Basin hydroelectric projects to be halted.
Working conditions for laborers involved in these projects
(which Rousse has insisted should continue, and even be
accelerated, with some sites seeing multiple work shifts
so that construction can continue more than twenty hours
per day) are harsh, while pay is low despite high cost of
living at the remote construction sites. This has led to
strikes and other worker actions at the sites of several
hydroelectric projects. In spring of 2012, 17,000 workers at the Jirau Dam site went on strike for over three
weeks, and later some began setting re to dam structures and looting company stores, and even destroying
some worker housing. Military troops were eventually
deployed to quell the rioting and end the labor strike.[141]

President Dilma Rousse during the nal draw for the 2014
FIFA World Cup.

Meanwhile, multiple courts, oces and state governments continue to pursue judicial means of halting dam
projects, with the status of the Belo Monte project
having been reversed so many times via injunctions
and appeals that only the Brazilian Supreme Federal
Court remains[142] along with, theoretically, the InterAmerican Court of Human Rights (CIDH), which is the
judicial body of the Organization of American States
(OAS), and has also called on Brazil to halt Belo Monte
and other projects which are accused of human rights
violations; but President Rousse has already recalled
the Brazilian ambassador to the OAS, and furthermore
is withholding Brazils annual contribution to the CIDH,
approximately US$800,000.[143]

15
5.4.3 LGBT controversies
Rousse is less popular with the Brazilian LGBT social
movements than expected from a left-wing president, and
an often cited reason is that there are many instances in
the governments balance of power where disagreements
with the right-wing factions may have side eects.[144]
(For example, despite the fact that Brazil is a secular
state, religion in politics is openly discussed, with the best
example being the bancada evanglica, a collective for
the Evangelical and Pentecostal Congressmen.) While
LGBT rights in Brazil are developing faster in the last
ten years, including May 2011 Brazilian Supreme Federal Court's rules in a unanimous 100 decision, with one
abstention, to legalise same-sex civil unions,[145] in the
same month a spokesperson for President Dilma Rousse announced that she has suspended an upcoming distribution of sex education videos through the ministries of
health and education, saying that the anti-homophobia
kits, as they are known, are inappropriate for children
and do not oer an objective view of homosexuality.[146]
Most of it were stories about teenagers accepting their
own transexualidade, as transsexualism is called in Brazil,
or bisexuality, and it included a guide for teachers. However, in 2014 during the presidential elections, President Dilma Rousse supported the criminalization of
homophobia.[147]

Rousse and Hillary Clinton.

They were directed at high school classes, so that the average age of the Brazilian students presented to the kit
would be between 14 and 18. Rousse further said in
May 2011 that the government supports education as
well the struggle against homophobic practices. However,
it will not be allowed for any government body to make
propaganda for sexual options", using the common albeit
less educated and politically correct Portuguese term for
sexual orientations.[148]
5.4.4 Public service strikes
Since 25 May 2012, Rousses government has been facing a number of strikes of public service employees, especially University Professors. Rousse has been inexible,

16

REFERENCES

and the strike has left millions of students without classes

for months.[149] According to O Globo, a Rio de Janeiro
newspaper, Dilma believes private sector jobs should be
prioritized by her governments policies.[150]

[4] Dilma Rousse re-elected Brazilian president. BBC Online. 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

5.5

[5] Daniel Schwartz (31 October 2010). Dilma Rousse.

CBC News CBC.ca. Retrieved 27 October 2014.

International recognition

See also: List of presidential trips made by Dilma Rousse

Rousse was ranked fourth in Forbes 2014 list of the

Bradley Brooks, Associated Press, 31 October 2010. Retrieved from Internet Archive 11 January 2014.

[6] PIZZETTO, Renato. Nunca vou falar no para o Lula,

diz Dilma sobre 2010. Folha da Bahia, 20 April 2008.
[7] United States Consulate document about Dilma Rousse,
sent to the U.S. Department of State.
[8] Who Is Who: Bulgarian Origins and Relatives of Brazils
Dilma Rousse
[9] LEITO, Matheus; RAMOS, Murilo (10 November
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[10] " " (in Bulgarian). . 3 October 2010. Retrieved 3
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[11] , (1 September 2004). " .
: " (in
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President Rousse is awarded the Woodrow Wilson Award in

New York City, 21 September 2011.

[12]

at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 June 2007)
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most powerful women in the world.[151] This was down

from the second most powerful woman in the world in [13] Carvalho, Luiz Maklouf (April 2009). As armas e
os vares: A educao poltica e sentimental de Dilma
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In August 2011, Rousse was included in the Forbes'

list of the most powerful women in the world, at the [14] Eliane Cantanhde (2013-03-31). Dilma Roussef, Marina Silva e Crmen Lcia foram educadas em colgios
3rd position, behind Merkel and U.S. Secretary of State
de freiras [Dilma Roussef, Marina Silva e Crmen L[153][154]
Hillary Rodham Clinton.
In October 2010, she
cia studied in Catholics schools ruled by nuns] (in Porwas included in the Forbes list of the most powerful peotuguese). Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved 2015-03-23.
ple in the world, at the 16th position.[155][156] She was
the third highest placed woman on the list, after Angela [15] Constituent assembly vs. Armed struggle
Merkel and Sonia Gandhi, President of the Indian Na[16] Dilma Rousse concede a entrevista da vitria na bancada
tional Congress.
do JN

On 20 September, she received a Woodrow Wilson Pub[17] Oshaughnessy, Hugh (26 September 2010). Former
lic Service Award at the Pierre Hotel in New York City,
guerrilla Dilma Rousse set to be the worlds most powa distinction which was also given to her predecessor in
erful woman Americas, World. London: The Indepen2009. On the following day, she became the rst woman
dent. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
to open a session of the United Nations General Assembly.[157] Rousse was featured on the cover of Newsweek [18] 04-05-2009. Ex-guerrilheira elogiada por militares
e vista como crebro do grupo. Folha de S.Paulo
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[58] (Portuguese) ""Sou a favor da unio civil gay, diz Dilma
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[59] (Portuguese) Arajo, Rosa. Dilma defende unio civil
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[60] Kenneth Rapoza. Brazils First Lady. The Nation. 3
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[61] (Portuguese) AFP. Nos EUA, Dilma se manifesta contra
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18

[62] Portal 2014. Governo Dilma vai privatizar aeroportos

paulistas, diz jornal. Portal 2014. 3 January 2011.
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[65] "''Veja''". Veja.abril.com.br. 17 November 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
[66] Folha Online Dinheiro Plataformas com contedo
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[67] ANP: Contedo nacional pesa mais que lance
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[73] Folha Online Dinheiro Subsdio para universalizao ser para o consumidor, diz ministra 19/09/2003.
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[81] Giraldi, Renata and Loureno, Iolando (Agncia Brasil).

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[83] http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/
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[84] Wheatley, Jonathan. Brazils election: whos your
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[87] (Portuguese) PS francs anuncia apoio candidatura de
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[88] Full interview with Oliver Stone, after meeting
with Dilma Rousse on YouTube. Posted by dilmanaweb.com on 1 June 2010.
[89] Alcione Veja quem j est
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com

Dilma.

[90] Maria da Conceio Tavares Veja quem j est com

Dilma. Dilma13.com.br. 12 August 2010.
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[92] Toptweets for 15 October 2010. ZMarter.com.
[93] Dilma in Rio 2010 Presidential Election. Ultimosegundo.ig.com.br. 18 October 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
[94] (Portuguese) Militantes verdes franceses lanam manifesto de apoio a Dilma. Carta Maior. 21 October 2010.

[74] Folha Online Dinheiro Governo estuda mais ajuda

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[95] " preciso derrotar Serra (in Portuguese). Brasil de Fato.

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[75] http://www.acendebrasil.com.br/archives/files/
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[96] Carta, Mino (2 July 2010). Por que apoiamos Dilma?"

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[76] What Lies Beneath. The Economist. Retrieved 16 April

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[97] Dilma Rousse Becomes First Woman President in

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[98] Dilma Rousse prole: former guerrilla primed to become Brazils rst female president, Daily Telegraph, 31
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[99] Dilma Rousse re-elected Brazilian president (English)

[79] Do G1, em So Paulo. G1 > Poltica NOT- [100] Bulgaria-Descended Dilma Rousse Said to Outshine
CIAS EUA zeram dossi sobre Dilma, diz jornal.
Merkel, Clinton Soa News Agency. Retrieved 2 OctoG1.globo.com. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
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Zero- [101] Eleio no Brasil provoca 'febre Dilma' na Bulgria Folha

de S.Paulo. Retrieved 2010-10-02. Portuguese: icon.

19

[102] Dilma Rousse: I Feel Like I Am Partly Bulgarian Soa [121] (22 December 2010). Dilma anuncia ltimos dois nomes
News Agency. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
e fecha ministrio; conra. Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved
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[103] Jornal do Brasil Internacional Bulgria faz exposio
[122] Dilma projeta 30% de mulheres frente de ministrios
sobre origens de Dilma Rousse
Poltica Zero Hora
[104] (Portuguese) EFE. Primeiro-ministro blgaro assistir
posse de Dilma Rousse. Terra. 20 December 2010. [123] Dilma divulga novos ministros e amplia participao das
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[105] Descendente de blgaros, Dilma recebe cartas e presentes [124] G1 Dilma teve mais alteraes em ministrios do que
FHC e Lula notcias em Poltica
do pas Brasil R7
[106] Morning Brieng: Polish Rate Call, Slovakia in View The [125] Jornal do Brasil Pas Jobim deixa a Defesa e Celso
Amorim assume a pasta. O copo encheu, diz lder do
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[107] Dilma Rousse Visits Grave of Her Bulgarian Brother in
[126] http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/
Soa
SB10001424052702303309504579184190318512108
[108] There has been extensive controversy regarding Rousses
preference for presidenta in lieu of presidente. Nonethe- [127]
less, this article reects the ocial usage.
[128]
[109] (Portuguese) Londres, Mariana. Equipe de Dilma marca
[129] Millones de brasileos salieron a la calle para gritar
dois ensaios para garantir perfeio na posse. R7. 19
fuera Dilma (Fotos)". La Patilla. 15 March 2015. ReDecember 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
trieved 16 March 2015.
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pel das mulheres na histria do Brasil. Correio da Bahia.
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20 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
2015.
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enfrentam chuva notcias em Poltica
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vidados para cerimnia de posse de Dilma. Agora MS.
brazil-protests/
21 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
[133] Magalhaes, Luciana; Kiernan, Paul (16 March 2015).
[113] (Portuguese) Posse de Dilma tem 14 chefes de Estado e
Brazilian President Faces More Heat After Protests;
governo conrmados. Terra. 17 December 2010. ReProsecutors le more charges in widening graft scandal
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as public anger grows against government. Dow Jones &
Company. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 March
[114] (Portuguese) Severino Motta. Hillary e 17 lderes inter2015.
nacionais estaro na posse de Dilma. ltimo Segundo.
17 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
[134] Darlington, Shasta (12 April 2015). Protesters in Brazil
push to impeach President Dilma Rousse. CNN. Re[115] (Portuguese) Madeira, Sara (Lusa). Jos Scrates vai estrieved 13 April 2015.
tar presente na posse de Dilma Rousse ocial. Google
News. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010. [135] Hundreds of Indigenous Protest Belo Monte Dam, Brazilian Government Boycotts Talks Indian Country Today
[116] (Portuguese) AFP. Hillary conrma presena na posse
Media Network. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
de Dilma. Google News. 21 December 2010. Retrieved
22 December 2010.
[136] Brazil set to cut forest protection Nature. Retrieved 10
May 2012.
[117] (Portuguese) Andrade, Claudia (Terra). Festa da posse
custar R$ 1,5 mi. Blog do Noblat. 20 December 2010. [137] Belo Monte Dam Project (slideshow) Greenpeace InterRetrieved 22 December 2010.
national ocial site. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
[118] Posse de Dilma ter festa com shows de cantoras Brasil [138] Stop the Belo Monte Monster Dam! Amazon Watch o R7
cial site. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
[119] Diplomada presidenta, Dilma exalta Lula e condio de [139] Belo Monte Dam: A spearhead for Brazils dam-building
mulher. ltimo Segundo. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
attack on Amazonia? International Rivers ocial site.
Retrieved 10 May 2012.
[120] Lima, Maria (13 December 2010). Dilma ser diplomada com Ministrio incompleto. O Globo. Retrieved [140] Brazils Belo Monte dam: a history of celebrity opposition
22 December 2010.
The Telegraph. Retrieved 10 May 2012.

20

[141] Amid Brazils Rush to Develop, Workers Resist The New

York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
[142] Brazil court refuses to stop work on Amazon dam. AFP.
9 November 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2012.

EXTERNAL LINKS

(English) Biography at Portal Brasil at the Wayback

Machine (archived 4 December 2011)
Media

[143] Brazil furious with Human Rights Commission decision cuts all relations. MercoPress / South Atlantic News
Agency. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.

Appearances on C-SPAN

[144] Kit Homofobia (Portuguese)

Works by or about Dilma Rousse in libraries

(WorldCat catalog)

[145] Brazils supreme court recognizes gay partnerships.

Reuters. 5 May 2011.
[146] Brazil sex education material suspended by President
[147] Dilma defende a criminalizao da homofobia (Portuguese)
[148] Government will not make a propaganda for sexual options, says Dilma on kit
[149]
[150]
[151] The Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women.
Forbes. Retrieved 24 June 2014.

Forbes.

[152] Merkel, Dilma Rousse top Forbes powerful women list

Forbes.com. Retrieved 2013-22-05.
[153] Power Women Forbes Magazine
[154] BBC Brasil Notcias Dilma 3 mulher mais poderosa
do mundo, segundo 'Forbes
[155] Em ranking da 'Forbes, Dilma a 16 pessoa mais
poderosa do mundo G1.com.br. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
Portuguese: icon.
[156] Dilma Rousse Forbes magazine. Retrieved 4 November
2010.
[157] Brazilian leader is rst-ever woman to open U.N. speeches
CNN. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
[158] Brazilian president Dilma Rousse ocially welcomed to
Bulgaria The Soa Echo. Retrieved 5 October 2011.

External links

Ocial
(Portuguese) Ocial website of the Presidency of
Brazil
(Portuguese) Ocial website of Dilma Rousse
(Portuguese) Ocial Twitter account
(Portuguese) Ocial YouTube account
(Portuguese) Ocial Facebook page

Dilma Rousse at the Internet Movie Database

Prole at BBC News

Dilma Rousse collected news and commentary at
Bloomberg News
Dilma Rousse collected news and commentary at
The Economist
Dilma Rousse collected news and commentary at
Forbes
Dilma Rousse collected news and commentary at
The Guardian
Dilma Rousse collected news and commentary at
The New York Times
Dilma Rousse collected news and commentary at
The Wall Street Journal
(Portuguese) Interview with Dilma Rousse at Jornal Nacional on 18 October 2010
(English) Video report by Democracy Now!
(English) Video report by Democracy Now!
(English) Slideshow by Der Spiegel

21

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

Dilma Rousse Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff?oldid=685122631 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Michael Hardy,

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MacLean, GoShow, Medo9, BrunoMelo1995, Khazar2, JYBot, Soni, Boozing4u, VIAFbot, Sriharsh1234, Marxistfounder, Vanamonde93,
Magnolia677, AmaryllisGardener, Wuerzele, RaphaelQS, Hedgefall, Zenibus, Judicial89, Sarmstrong123, Quenhitran, Keshetsven, Luis
Eduardo Viana, JaconaFrere, Fuckdilma, Tttt, Vandergay, Filedelinkerbot, Vincius94, Marcelo Armando, AwesomeSky, Liban97, Go
Home Brasil, you're drunk, PKdbz, Tommyboynr1, Misso USA, Challengerrtshaker, Isaiaahm, United Union, Norwoman, Japax.EXE,
Nick.exe, Zibu123, Doutor.Nicolau, Chrisjearl, Gary Hawley Wayne, Dtaylor369, Milnicks, Giuliatommasi, Sambobsambob sbsb, Henry
2K2, 1989 Santa, Sipi9108, Phillip J Henderson, Miltonrue, Leolol123, KasparBot, Ceannlann gorm, Mr.Bob.298, PaulaPAR, Jakeaglass,
DavidStarIsrael7, BulgariaSources, Neve-selbert and Anonymous: 401

8.2

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File:Ambox_current_red.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg License: CC0

Contributors: self-made, inspired by Gnome globe current event.svg, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist:
Vipersnake151, penubag, Tkgd2007 (clock)
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:DilmaEleita01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/DilmaEleita01.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br
Contributors:
http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/ultimasfotos?p_p_id=galeria&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&
p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_galeria_railsRoute=%2Fgerenciador_galeria%2Fgaleria%2Fshow%3Fid%3D1743#http:
//agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/galeriaimagens/images/fotos/13512/normal?p_p_id=galeria Original artist: Marcello Casal Jr/ABr
File:Dilma_Clinton_Global_Rio.JPG
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Dilma_
Clinton_Global_Rio.JPG License:
CC BY 3.0 br Contributors:
http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/galeria/2013-12-09/
dilma-participa-da-abertura-do-evento-clinton-global-initiative-latin-america-no-rio-de-janeiro Original artist: Tnia Rgo/Agncia
Brasil
File:Dilma_Lula_Temer_Conveno_PT.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Dilma_Lula_Temer_
Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_PT.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Valter Campanato/ABr
File:Dilma_Roussef_graffiti.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Dilma_Roussef_graffiti.jpg License:
CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/home_of_chaos/5375271808/ Original artist: thierry ehrmann
File:Dilma_Rousseff_2009.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Dilma_Rousseff_2009.jpg License: CC
BY 3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil (Department of Press and Media). Original artist: Wilson Dias
File:Dilma_Rousseff_Leonel_Brizola.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Dilma_Rousseff_Leonel_
Brizola.png License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Biograa Original artist: Dilma Rousse from Brasil

22

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Dilma_Rousseff_and_Barack_Obama_2012.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Dilma_
Rousseff_and_Barack_Obama_2012.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/galeria/2012-04-09/
presidenta-dilma-rousseff-e-barack-obama-durante-encontro-em-washington# Original artist: Roberto Stuckert Filho/Presidncia da
Repblica
File:Dilma_Rousseff_and_Hillary_Clinton_2010.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Dilma_
Rousseff_and_Hillary_Clinton_2010.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Agncia Brasil
File:Dilma_Rousseff_em_reunio_com_cantoras_e_bispas_evanglicas_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/0a/Dilma_Rousseff_em_reuni%C3%A3o_com_cantoras_e_bispas_evang%C3%A9licas_1.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br
Contributors: http://memoria.ebc.com.br/agenciabrasil/galeria/2013-07-15/dilma-rousseff-se-reune-com-cantoras-e-bispas-evangelicas
Original artist: Jos Cruz/ABr
File:Dilma_Rousseff_infancia.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Dilma_Rousseff_infancia.png License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Biograa Original artist: Dilma Rousse from Brasil
File:Dilma_Rousseff_neto.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Dilma_Rousseff_neto.png License: CC
BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Porto Alegre - RS Original artist: Dilma Rousse from Brasil
File:Dilma_e_Lula_no_PAC.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Dilma_e_Lula_no_PAC.jpg License:
CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Fabio Rodrigues Pozzebom/ABr
File:Dilma_in_Brasilia.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Dilma_in_Brasilia.jpg License: CC BY 3.0
br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Roosewelt Pinheiro/ABr

File:Dilma_vota_2010.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Dilma_vota_2010.
jpg
License:
CC
BY-SA
2.0
Contributors:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/redebrasilatual/5133275868/in/
photolist-dtnpmN-bADy3j-9a95aH-8sxmju-96Gr3B-8PBo5m-96ummA-fHi4un-8PKDpF-8xNFyy-nywowc-8RJgTR-dUsDAP-dWiUk9-8sAugH-95jYD2-8
Original artist: Rede Brasil Atual
File:Dilmaoath.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Dilmaoath.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors:
Agncia Brasil Original artist: Jos Cruz/ABr
File:FinalDrawWC2014.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/FinalDrawWC2014.jpg License: CC BY
3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Roberto Stuckert Filho/ABr
File:Flag_President_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Presidential_Standard_of_Brazil.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: symbol stablished by Decree 4, of November 19th, 1889 Original artist: Tonyje, based on
national symbol: http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/o-brasil/estado-brasileiro/simbolos-e-hinos
File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: (Vector graphics by
Dbenbenn)
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/pdf/Simbolos-Patrios.pdf Original artist: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Guyana.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe

8.2

Images

23

File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg License: CC0 Contributors: This le is from the Open Clip Art Library, which released it explicitly into the public domain (see here). Original artist: Republica
del Paraguay
File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License:
CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Suriname.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn according Description of ag and Corporate design guidelines - National ag colours. Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: design of the sun copied from URL [1], which was copied by Francisco Gregoric, 5 Jul 2004 from URL [2] Original artist:
User:Reisio (original author)
File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ocial websites Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Luz_para_Todos_logo.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Luz_para_Todos_logo.png License:
Public domain Contributors: http://luzparatodos.mme.gov.br/luzparatodos/images/luz_topo.jpg Original artist: Governament Brazilians
File:Minc_e_Dilma.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Minc_e_Dilma.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil (cropped by me) Original artist: Antnio Cruz/ABr
File:Order_Stara_Planina_Rib.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Order_Stara_Planina_Rib.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kei
File:Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Order_
of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mimich
File:P_vip.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/P_vip.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Portal_presdio_tiradentes.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Portal_pres%C3%ADdio_
tiradentes.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: FrancisW
File:Posse_Dilma_2010_8.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Posse_Dilma_2010_8.jpg License: CC
BY 3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Fabio Rodrigues Pozzebom/ABr
File:Posse_Ministros_Dilma_2010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Posse_Ministros_Dilma_2010.
jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Agncia Brasil - ABr
File:Rousseff_Conveno_2010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Rousseff_Conven%C3%A7%
C3%A3o_2010.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Valter Campanato/ABr
File:Rousseff_Parvanov_palace_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Rousseff_Parvanov_palace_2.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/dilma-rousseff/6214349617/in/photostream/ Original artist: http:
//www.flickr.com/photos/dilma-rousseff/
File:Rousseff_Receives_Woodrow_Wilson_Award.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Rousseff_
Receives_Woodrow_Wilson_Award.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/galeria/2011-09-20/
dilma-rousseff-se-reune-com-barack-obama# Original artist: Roberto Stuckert Filho/Presidncia da Repblica

24

8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Santadoroteia.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Santadoroteia.JPG License: Public domain

Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hdutra
File:Signature_of_Dilma_Rousseff.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Signature_of_Dilma_
Rousseff.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vectorized by me. [1] Original artist: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
User:Limongi' title='User:Limongi' class='mw-redirect'>Limongi</a>
File:So_Paulo_-_SP_(4743355931).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_SP_
%284743355931%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: So Paulo - SP Original artist: Dilma Rousse from Brasil
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Xuxa,_Dilma_Rousseff_e_a_ministra_Ideli_Salvatti.jpg Source:
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Xuxa%2C_Dilma_Rousseff_e_a_ministra_Ideli_Salvatti.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Sancionada lei que torna crime
hediondo abuso infantil Original artist: Jos Cruz/Agncia Brasil

8.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0