Chapter 7: Respiration (Revision Pack)

List of Topics
1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic respiration
a. In Human Muscles (lactic acid & E)
b. In Yeast (Ethanol, CO2 & E)
3. Respiratory structures & Breathing mechanisms
a. Protozoa (Plasma Mbrane)
b. Insects (Tracheal System)
c. Fish (Gill Filament)
d. Amphibians (Skin, Lungs, Mouth)
e. Humans (Lungs & Alveoli)
4. Gaseous Exchange & Transport of Gases
5. Regulatory Mechanisms of O2 & CO2 in the body
6. Effects of Smoking
7. Respiration in plants
------------------------------------------------------

Respiration: Breakdown Glucose Release Chemical E

Chemical E in the form of ATP
Equation:
1. Aerobic (in presence of oxygen)
Occurs in Mitochondria
Slowly, in staged
Glucose completely oxidised
Equation:

2. Anaerobic (in the absence of

oxygen)
Occurs in Cytoplasm
Rapid, to supply E for Muscle Contraction
Glucose not completely oxidised
Equation:

38 ATP / 2898kJ

2 ATP / 150 kJ

Vigorous exercise
Breathing & heartbeat rate => supply more O2 for rapid muscle contraction
Not enough anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid accumulates in muscle cells -> cause muscular ache
Incurs oxygen debt (O2 used < O2 supply)
Rapid breathing continues (payback)
O2 used to oxidise lactic acid CO2 + water + E
When all lactic acid is oxidized, oxygen debt paid
In YEAST Anaerobic = Fermentation
Equation: Glucose
ethanol + CO2 + E (210kJ)
(enzyme Zymase)

3. Respiratory structures & Breathing mechanisms

RESPIRATORY SURFACE adapted for MAX gaseous exchange

1) Large total surface increase Surface area to Vol ratio, rate of diffusion
2) Moist Respiratory Surfaces facilitate oxy to dissolve
3) Thin wall (one cell thick) allows gases to diffuse across easily (simple diffusion)
4) Covered / filled with Blood Capillaries (some) rate of gaseous exchange
Organism
Protozoa
microrg:
Fish
Gill arch: 1
pair of gill
filaments
Operculum
- cover gills
Gill rakers
strain food
particles

Insects
Tracheal
System
1) Trachea
branched
into
2) Tracheols

Amphibians
(In water)
Skin: Thin &
moist &
supplied w
capillaries
Mouth:
Lining of
mouth cavity
many
capillaries

Breathing
Inhalation
Cell Mbrane, large O2 In: Simple diffusion
total surface area
down concentration
to volume ratio
gradient
1) Plate like
Mouth open > floor of
projections:
mouth lowered >
Lamella = increase volume of pharynx
surface area
cavity increase >
2) Gill filaments
Pressure in cavity
richly supplied by
decrease > outside
capillaries
higher water pressure
3) Thin epithelial
close operculum >
cells of gill
water enters mouth
filaments
Adaptation

Mechanism
Exhalation
CO2 Out: Simple
diffusion down
concentration gradient
Mouth close > Floor of
mouth raised > vol of
pharynx cavity
decrease > pressure in
cavity increase > high
water pressure inside
open operculum >
water leaves mouth

Direction of water flow over gill lamella = opposite of blood flow

- To max rate gaseous exchange diffusion
Tracheols close
Trachea: connected to pores in abdomen =
end
spiracles
- directly
- supported by rings of chitin (prevent
connected to fluid
collapsing)
round body cells
Breathing through rhythmic movement of body
1) Highly branched Abdominal muscles
Abdominal muscle
fine tubes =
relax
contract
surface area
> Pressure in trachea
> Pressure in trachea
2) Moist tracheal
decrease
increase
walls
> valves of spiracles
> air forced out of of
3) Thin epithelial
open
body through spiracles
walls of tracheols
> air pulled into body
When active, use
2 steps: air into mouth first then lungs & viceLungs:
versa
1) inner walls
- Cause lungs no ribs/diaphragm to expand
highly folded
Floor of mouth lowers
Nostrils still closed >
surface area
> vol of mouth cavity
Floor of mouth lowers
2) Thin walls
> pressure > air
> Vol in mouth cavity
3) Layer of
enters mouth through > pressure > glottis
moisture on walls
nostrils > Nostrils
opens > air flows from
of lungs
close> mouth floor
lungs into mouth, lungs
4) Network of
raise up > pressure
shrink > nostrils open,
capillaries on lung increase > glottis
floor of mouth raised >
walls
open > Air push into
air forced out
lungs

Humans
Trachea
(rings of
cartilage)
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveolus

Alveolus
1) Numerous
alveoli:
surface area
2) Moist walls
3) Thin walls
4) Network of
capillaries

Ext intercostal
muscles contract, Int
relax > rib cage move
upwards > diaphragm
muscles contract >
diaphragm flattens >
vol of thoracic cavity
> pressure > air
in the atmosphere
forced into lungs
4. Gaseous Exchange & Transport of Gases

Int intercostal muscle

contract, Ext relax >
rib cage moves inwards
and downwards >
diaphragm muscles
relax > curve inwards
> vol of thoracic cavity
> pressure > air
in the lungs forced out

At alveolus,
Partial pressure of O2 higher in air compared to blood, O2 diffuse from air into blood
Partial pressure of CO2 lower in air compared to blood, CO2 diffuse from blood into air
At body cells,
Partial pressure of O2 higher in blood compared to cells, O2 diffuse from blood into cells
Partial pressure of CO2 lower in blood compared to air, CO2 diffuse from cells into blood
Transport of O2
- RBC contains hemoglobin (4 heme grps, each bind with one O2 molecule)
- Hemoglobin + oxygen oxyhemoglobin
- Unstable complex, will break down and release O2 when lack of O2
Transport of CO2
1) Diffuse into blood plasma
2) Combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
3) As bicarbonate ions in blood plasma
In the RBC, with enzyme carbonic anhydrase,
carbon dioxide + water carbonic acid hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion
Equation:
5. Regulatory Mechanisms of O2 & CO2 in the body
Central chemoreceptors = in breathing control centre = in medulla oblongata =
regulates CO2
- High conc of CO2 form carbonic acid lower pH value in blood stimulates central
chemoreceptors breathing control centre send nerve impulse to intercostal and
diaphragm muscles rate of breathing and ventilation increase removes more CO2
CO2 level returns to normal
Peripheral chemoreceptors = in carotid bodies & aortic bodies = more sensitive to O2
conc level
During rigorous exercise/ high altitude,
low oxygen level stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors send nerve impulse to
breathing control centres which send nerve impulse to intercostal & diaphragm
muscles AND to heart rate of ventilation increase Rate of heart beat increase to
carry more O2 & glucose to muscle cells
6. Effects of Smoking

Tar = carcinogenic = cause lung cancer

Tar deposits = cause persistent cough & shortness of breath
Carbon monoxide = reduction of oxygen supply by binding to hemoglobin = shortness of
breath
Oxides of nitrogen = dissolves in moisture of trachea = form acids and wear away
mbrane of epithelial cells
Respiratory diseases, bronchitis, narrowing & inflammation of air passage ways, etc