Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PII:
S0263-8231
ABSTRACT
During the development of Eurocode 9 for aluminium alloy structures a
number of design methods for the shear buckling resistance of plate
girders were appraised, by comparison with experimental data. Among
studied methods the so-called rotated stress fieM method [H6"glund, T.,
Design of thin plate I girders in shear and bending with special reference
to web buckling. Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Building
Statics & Structural Engineering, Stockholm, 1972], with some
modifications, was found to give the best agreement with 366 tests on steel
plate girders as well as 93 tests on aluminium alloy plate girders in shear.
The method is simple to use and is applicable to unstiffened, transversally
and longitudinally stiffened and trapezoidally corrugated webs. This paper
presents the rotated stress field method and summarizes the result of the
comparisons, including the design methods in Eurocode 3, Part 1.1,
version April 1992, for steel plate girders. The rotated stress field method
is also adopted in Eurocode 3, Part 1.5: plated structures, draft July 1996.
1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
INTRODUCTION
The rotated stress field method is based on H6glund.l Originally it was
developed for girders with web stiffeners at the supports only, a structure
for which other tension field methods are very conservative.
In the design proposal I the allowable shear force was reduced for large
slenderness ratios hw/tw because of limited number of tests, at that time only
two for hw/tw > 210 for girders with no intermediate stiffeners. Since then a
number of tests have been made, showing that this reduction is not needed.
13
T. HSglund
14
(1)
~l--t*-t~-t~t--t
V
V
o - 2 ~ o 1
(a)
Cry
(b)
Fig. 1. State of stress in a very thin web with transversely restrained edges (ideal tension
field).
,u_O.Sfyw_V~
--for
f.
fv
15
q~ = 450
(2)
where
_ fyw
fv -- x/~"
(3)
This theory, often called ideal tension f i e l d theory, is valid only if the
flanges are prevented from moving towards each other by an external
structure, for instance, an inner panel in a plate with rigid cross
beams and stringers.
In a long beam, with transverse stiffeners at the ends only, nothing but
the web prevents the flanges moving towards each other, this is why the
membrane stresses in the transverse direction are zero. Equilibrium for a
triangle according to Fig. 2(g) gives
0.1
--
17
(4)
tan ~b
02 = - ~ tan q$
(5)
0"h
z (ta~ ~b
tan q~ )
(6)
)/"d
i"v
/;',',\~
.__._
(a)
(b~j/
,X
(C)
(d)
li
(e) shear
stresses only
Gh
h
(h)
(
l
O-h
(g) principal
stresses
Fig. 2. State o f stress in the web o f a b e a m with transverse stiffeners at the ends only
(rotated stress field).
16
T. H6glund
Nh = 0.hh+tw
(7)
because close to the flanges there is more or less a pure shear state of
stress.
This force has to be anchored at the ends of the beam by a transverse
short beam called rigid endpost, in order to fully develop the rotated stress
field (see Fig. 2(a)). This end post is supported by the flanges, which
results in compressive forces in the flanges at the ends of the beam.
The ultimate shear strength of the beam can be derived using the yon
Mises yield criterion
4
(8)
and assuming that the compressive stress remains equal to the shear
buckling stress after buckling, but acting in a smaller angle than 45
0"2 :
(9)
--'~cr"
,F
(10)
424
(11)
f+
2w
(12)
The inclination of the tension stress 0.1 defined by the angle ~b is decreased
when the ratio "Cu/Zc+is increased. That is why the theory is called the
rotated stress field theory.
In the diagram in Fig. 3 z,,/f~ is given as a function of the slenderness
parameter kw. The shear stress corresponding to the buckling load, 1/2w2,
is also given in the diagram, as well as a line corresponding to the ideal
tension field and some test results on plate girders with stiffeners at the
supports only.
The solid circles are tests on beams with rigid end posts. These tests
agree very well with the curve for the rotated stress field theory.
The unfilled circles correspond to beams with only one stiffener at the
girder end, non-rigid end post. Such end posts have only limited ability to
serve as anchors for the longitudinal membrane stresses, and hence the
1
Vu
~ o
/.~S'id.._ealten_..
siOnfield'L
0,8
~ ; stress field"
o,6
0,4
0,2
17
critical
stress
1 ~,~
"~w" ~
vl '
slenderness parameter
Aw
Fig. 3. Shear force resistance according to tension field theories and tests.
ultimate load is less than for beams with rigid end posts. But there is still a
substantial post buckling strength.
In drafts of Eurocode 3, Part 1.5 (plated structures) and Eurocode 9
(aluminium structures) design formulas for the reduction factor
z,,
pv --L7
(13)
are given. The value of Pv (denoted Xv in Eurocode 3, Part 1.5) is somewhat reduced compared to the rotated stress field theory to allow for
scatter in test results as a result of initial imperfections and plastic buckling.
The shear force capacity is
(14)
Vw = p~fywhwtw.
Aluminium
r!
0.48/2w
0-48/2w
0.79/(0-7 + 2 ~ , )
r1
0.48/2w
1-32/(1.66 + 2.,)
1.32/(1-66 + 2w)
T. H6glund
18
r/
0,
/\
0,6
........
-- - aluminium
Pv
~ ~ ' ~
o,3
0,2
0,1 . . . .
"--
~,~
00
1.0
Fig.
2.0
3.0
(15a)
(15b)
L O N G I T U D I N A L L Y S T I F F E N E D WEB
Longitudinal stiffeners also protect the web from out-of-plane deflections.
If they are rigid enough they divide the web panel between transverse
19
k, = 5.34 + 1.36
(see Fig. 5). This value of ks cannot directly be used in design because the
post-buckling strength is much less in a stiffened web than in an unstiffened one. Therefore, the stiffness I of the stiffener is reduced with a factor
of I/3. Inserting the reduced value I = Ist/3 and D = Et3/(12(1
V2)) into
(16) and using v=0.3 gives
-
(17)
3.45),y 4
(a/hw) 2 "
(18)
40
kr
3O
E/
--
10
~l~hw
~!
I I 1/111
- - k r = 21. 4
I1[I
//IIII
1
//I
20
Eq (16)
]]1
100
1000
,,: . . . . . .
10
!/
~t
10000
Fig. 5. Buckling coefficient k~ for a plate with one centric longitudinal stiffener.
T. HSglund
20
TABLE 2
Buckling Coefficient ks
~St
50
100
200
500
600
75
75
120
119
190
193
375
375
430
428
k~= 5 . 3 4 + 4 ( k ~ ) +9.1 ( ~ ) 2
(ist~3/4
(19)
v - wj
The largest ks according to eqn (17) and eqn (19) should be used, but Zcr
should not be larger than that of the sub-panel giving the smallest value of
~Ccr.
It is assumed that the increase in ~cr associated with a low value of the
aspect ratio, a/hw, causes an increase in the load-carrying capacity, Vw,
which corresponds to the increase in Zcr. Therefore, ks given by eqns (17)
and (19) is substituted in eqn (10).
i~ bf
(a)
VwI
-'-n
(b)
Vf'
(c)
Fig. 6. Model of web in the post-buckling range. (a) Shear force carried by the web by
rotated stress field. (b) Shear force carried by truss action, the development of which is
dependent on the rigidity of the flanges. (c) Notations for the cross section.
21
the rotated stress model shown in Fig. 6(a). The shear force, Vf, which is
transmitted by the tension stress field is obtained from the equation of
equilibrium of the flange portion c. This equation gives
VU- 4Zffyf
c
(20)
The tensile stresses in the tension stress field produce a stiffening effect on the
web (this effect is favourable to the load-carrying capacity) at the same time
as the effective stress increases in the web (this effect is mostly unfavourable).
However, it is assumed that the shear resistance of the web, Vw, is not
changed by the formation of the tension field between flanges. Then the
shear resistance of the girder, Vu, is the sum of the shear resistance of the
web, Vw, and the shear resistance contributed by the flanges, VT,
Vu = Vw + Vf.
(21)
As has been shown by the test series carried out by Rockey and Skaloud 47
and by Skaloud 17 the distance, c, between the plastic hinges in the flanges
varies from 0.16 to 0.55 times the spacing, a, of the stiffeners, depending
on the rigidity of the flanges. The distance c is estimated by means of eqn
(22) for steel plate girders
1.6bft~fyf~
c=
0.25 -+ twh~fy------7)a.
(22)
E F F E C T OF B E N D I N G M O M E N T
If the girder is subjected to a shear force and at the same time to a bending
moment of small magnitude (M < My, where Mf = AFlfyf is the moment
capacity of the flanges, dis the distance between centroides of flanges), then it
is assumed that the stresses in the web which are caused by the bending
moment do not influence that portion, Vw, of the shear force which is resisted
by the web. On the other hand, these stresses influence that portion, Vf, of the
shear force which is resisted by the tension field between the flanges.
Vrea = V,, + Vf 1 -
(23)
If M > Mr, then the flanges cannot contribute to the shear capacity of the
girder, and the capacity of the web to carry shear forces is reduced. The
T. H6glund
22
V w + Vf
23)
/(24)
C
I
I
!
!
I
ID
!
Mpt
Mof
Fig. 7. Interaction diagram for a girder subjectedto a shear force and a bending moment.
interaction formula published by Basler48 is applied (see the curve portion BD in the interaction diagram, Fig. 7)
M=My+(Mp-My)
1-
(24)
O T H E R DESIGN METHODS
Many other design methods have been proposed for a plate girder in shear
(see e.g. the survey in Galambos49). Most of these theories start with the
elastic buckling load Vc,. and add a load corresponding to different types
of diagonal tension fields. Many of these theories give good results for
beams with small web panel aspect ratios, but conservative results when
the distance between the transverse stiffener is large, because the contribution from the tension field is small. To meet this disadvantage, the
tension field method in Eurocode 3, Part 1.1 (version April 1992) is
supplemented with a so-called simple post-critical method, which is actually very similar to the rotated stress field method (Vw) presented here.
As is shown in the comparisons with the tests the rotated stress field
method (including Vf) gives good agreement with tests. The method is also
much simpler to use.
23
with
with
with
with
The total number of tests is 366, 93 in aluminium and 273 in steel. For
some of these types of girder the number of tests is few. For instance, there
are only three tests on aluminium girders with corrugated webs 9 and eight
tests on longitudinally stiffened webs of aluminium. 5' 6
Especially the few aluminium girders with trapezoidally corrugated webs
make the design method for aluminium girders uncertain. The method,
proposed in the very first draft of Eurocode 9 for aluminium, is therefore
much more conservative than the method used in this comparison.
A few of all tests in the reports are omitted in the diagrams and in the
statistical evaluation. These tests are those where, according to the
authors, failure was initiated by none of the modes mentioned in the
following. Some tests were omitted because of failure due to insufficient
lateral bracing of the flange or failure in a weld. Some of the tests 9 which
failed in an overall web buckling mode failed at a load substantially larger
than the theoretical ultimate load. The reason is probably initial web
deflections in a different pattern than the overall buckling pattern which
prevented long buckles forming. 9 Finally, some of the tests by Granholm 22
are omitted because of unclear support conditions.
F A I L U R E MODES
The resistance of plate girder webs depends on many parameters, for
instance depth-to-thickness ratio hw/tw and web stiffener arrangements. In
the test reports failure modes illustrated in Fig. 8 are observed.
This appraisal covers test beams with stiffened and unstiffened webs which
failed due to shear buckling (failure modes b, e, f, h, i, j, k and 1) and overall
web buckling caused by transverse forces and curvature-induced transverse
stresses in the web (failure mode c). Girders failed due to patch loading
(failure mode d or g) are, among others, appraised by Lagerqvist. 34
THEORIES
The tests are compared with two sets of design formulae
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures--Part 1.1. General rule and rules
for buildings. ENV 1993-1-1:1992 April 1992.
24
T. H6glund
~,
]~(e(~)] (g)
"~(k)
(f)
~, no stiffener
(j)
(m)
(i)
(h)''~'
(I)
(o)
(P)
(q)
25
Q
0
1.5
;e
~d~.J
1.0
t, ~ ~ o Oo . +
~0 ~ / x
Q
"
~.
+~
~
~,
~"
o Rockey/Ev. T,A
zx Hamoodi
T,A
o Burt 7019
T,A
~, Basler
Cooper
Benson
N,A " Carskaddan
Benson
O,A Rockey/S I1
Benson
Y,A m Skaloud
* HOglu/Frey
,, Seah
T,A * Okumura &
Brown 7019 T,A : Oral~olmFujii
& at
+ Evans/Lee T,A o Roekey/S I
,~ Evans/Lee 7 T,A
I
I Eurocode 3 I
Combined method
0.5
Number of tests
187
Average value m
1.394
Coeff. of variation s 0.191
m - 2s
0.863
I
1
06
1"5 /
I
2
I-
f
3
,,
1.0
/.,
o
O
~7
N u m b e r o f tests
Average value m
Coeff. o f v a r i a t i o n s
m - 2s
0
~1
A = aluminium
S = steel
C = corrugated web
Fig. 9. C o m p a r i s o n
-2
Xw
~ 0
<>
I H~glund I
0.5
J
7
t,
' IIWA
i
6
*+
.,<~f#~ ,,I ~1,
i ....
5
o-~
"_W,-'.; ,
,e,J.
I
4
T,S
T,S
T,S
T,S
T,S
N,S
T,S
T,sT'S
T,S
363
1.172
0.102
0.933
a__1
3
4
v
v
x
+
Rockey/Ev.
Hamoodi
Burt 7019
Hamoodi
Benson
Benson
Benson
Benson
Seah
Seah
Brown 7019
Evans/Lee
Evans/Lee 7
T,A
T,A
T,A
L,A
N,A
O,A
Y,A
C,A
T,A
L,A
T,A
T,A
T,A
Apiee/Komat L,S
PWRI + + L,S
t, Basler
T,S
* Cooper
T,S
m Carskaddan T,S
*, Rockey/S II T,S
m Skaloud
T,S
o H6glu/Frey N,S
* Okumura & T,S
t Fujii & al
T,S
~ Granholm T,S
o Roekey/S I T,S
Leiva & al C,S
i
j
Xw
o f r e s u l t s f o r p l a t e g i r d e r s as f u n c t i o n o f w e b s l e n d e r n e s s ratio.
A l u m i n i u m a l l o y a n d steel p l a t e girders.
26
T. H6glund
1.5
a)
1.0
V~p
local buckling
not reduce
00
--.....
..
no
I I I II
I~
t 2~I
30O
400
1.5
b)
s*
"
1.0 f
IIdOCualu
buckling)
eea)
00t
0.5
.0
Fc
1.5
c)
hc
10 -
ocal buckling)
tw
0.5
Number of tests
Average value m
Coeff. of variation s
m - 2s
1
63
1.1"/9
0.104
0.935
3
# Benson
L e i v a & al
C,A
C,S
h w (local buckling)
Fig. 10. Girders with trapezoidally corrugated webs; s,24-30,43,44 (a) not reduced, (b) and
(c) reduced local buckling resistance.
27
Reference
7M*
Non-rigid end post
Stiffeners at support
23, 22,35
only
Transverse stiffeners
J3.16
Rigid end post
Stiffeners at support
23,35
only
Transverse stiffeners
ll, 13,16-21,35,39-41
Longitudinal stiffeners
ll, 12,31,35--42 42
Interaction between shear and bending moment
Transverse stiffeners
18, 21
0'063
0"88
26
0.073
0.99
0-060
1.04
52
67
0-084
0.030
1.01
1.08
0-01
1' 10
C O M P A R I S O N W I T H E U R O C O D E 3, P A R T 1.1
In the upper diagram o f Fig. 9, the tests are compared with Eurocode 3,
Part 1.1. The larger o f the resistance according to the simple post-critical
method and the tension field m e t h o d is used, in the figure called
'combined method'. In the tension field method, iteration is used to find
the optimum value o f the inclination o f the tension field. As longitudinally
stiffened webs and trapezoidally corrugated webs are not covered in
Eurocode 3, Part 1.1, tests on girders with such webs are omitted.
For a single test series the scatter is small, but the average values of
V~xp/VR for the different series is different, resulting in larger total scatter,
the coefficient o f variation being 0.19.
The simple post-critical method gives in itself conservative results if aspect
ratio web panel a/bw is small and the flanges are large. On the contrary the
tension field method is conservative for girders with large a/bw.
Details of the appraisal is given in H6glund. 5 The tests on steel girders
are statistically evaluated in a background document to Eurocode 3, 51
showing that a safety factor 7~t-- 1.1 can be used (see Table 3).
REFERENCES
l. H6glund, T., Design of thin plate I girders in shear and bending with special
reference to web buckling. Royal Institute of Technology, Department of
Building Statics & Structural Engineering, Stockholm, 1972.
2. Evans, H. R. and Hamoodi, M. J. The collapse of welded aluminium
plate girders--an experimental study. Thin-Walled Structures, 5 (1987)
247-275.
28
T. H6glund
3. Evans, H. R. and Burt, C., Ultimate load determination for welded aluminium plate girders. In Aluminium Structures: Advances, Design and
Construction (Edited by R. Narayanan), pp. 70-80. Elsevier Applied Science,
London, 1990.
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capacity of welded aluminium plate girders loaded in shear. Research Report,
University of Wales, College of Cardiff, 1970.
5. Hamoodi, M. J., The behaviour of reinforced aluminium web plates in a
shear loading. MSc thesis, University of Wales College of Cardiff, 1983.
6. Seah, M. H., The behaviour of welded aluminium alloy plate girders reinforced with carbon fibre reinforced plastic. MSc thesis, University of Wales,
College of Cardiff, 1984.
7. Burt, C. A., The ultimate strength of aluminium plate girders. Ph.D thesis,
University of Wales, College of Cardiff, 1987.
8. Brown, K. E. P., The post-buckling and collapse behaviour of aluminium
girders. Ph.D thesis, University of Wales, College of Cardiff, 1990.
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Institute of Civil Engineers, Structures & Buildings, February 1995.
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models. Structural Engineering Laboratory Report, Department of Civil
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and the experimental results. Contribution to the prepared discussion. In
IABSE Colloquium, Vol. 11, pp. 161-172. IABSE, London, 1971.
29
30
T. HO'glund
40. Cooke, N., Moss, P. J., Walpole, W. R., Langdon, D. W. and Mervyn, H. H.
Strength and servicebility of steel girder webs. Journal ASCE, 109 (1983)
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upon the collapse behaviour of plate girders. Journal of Construction Steel
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Blechtr~igern. Acier-Stahl-Steel, 3 (1980) 108-117.
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corrugated webs. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 4 (1996) 390-398.
45. Crate, H. and Lo, H., NACA Tech Note, No. 1589, June 1948.
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New York, 1968.
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ASCE Journal, 7 (1961) 181-197.
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Technology, Department of Structural Engineering, Technical Report No. 4,
Stockholm, 1995.
51. Sedlacek, G., Schneider, R. and H6glund, T., Evaluation of test results for
the design of shear buckling resistance for stiffened and unstiffened webs.
Background document to Eurocode 3 Document 11.5.1, Aachen, March
1996.