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A. BASIC CONCEPTS
1. Definition
Typhoid is an infectious disease in the small intestine, also called the typhoid
paratyphoid fever, enteric fever, typhoid and typhus abdominalis (. Seoparman,
1996).
Etiology is salmonella typhi typhoid. Salmonella typhi A. The B and C. There are
two sources of salmonella typhi infections that patients with typhoid fever and
patients with the carrier. Carrier is a person who recovered from typhoid fever
and salmonella typhi continues mengekresi in feces and urine for more than 1
year.
3. Pathophysiology
Stool and vomiting in patients with typhoid germs can spread salmonella thypi to
others. Germs can be transmitted through the intermediary of flies, which fly will
alight in food that will be consumed by a healthy person. If people are paying
less attention to her hygiene such as washing hands and contaminated food
thypi salmonella bacteria enter the body through the mouth of a healthy person.
Then the bacteria into the stomach, some bacteria will be destroyed by stomach
acid and some into the distal small intestine and reaches limpoid network. Within
this network limpoid breed bacteria, and then enter the bloodstream and reach
the reticuloendothelial cells. Reticuloendothelial cells then release the bacteria
into the blood circulation and cause bacteremia, bacteria then enter the spleen,
small intestine and gall bladder.
4. Clinical Manifestations
a. Sunday I
usually fever gradually rises, especially late afternoon and evening. With
complaints and symptoms of fever, muscle aches, headache, anorexia and
nausea, cough, epitaksis, obstipasi / diarrhea, bad feeling in the stomach.
b. Sunday II
in the second week of the obvious symptoms can include fever, bradycardia,
typical tongue (white, dirty, edges hyperemia), hepatomegaly, meteorismus, loss
of consciousness.
5. Complication
a. Intestinal complications
1) intestinal bleeding
2) Perporasi intestine
3) Ilius paralytic
1) Client rested 7 days until the bone fever or 14 days to prevent the
complications of intestinal bleeding.
3) Once given free of fever for 2 days abrasive slurry and rice team.
4. Proceed with regular rice after the patient free from fever for 7 days.
c. Drugs.
1) Klorampenikol
2) Tiampenikol
3) Kotrimoxazol
How do the prevention of typhoid fever is washing hands after toilet and
especially before eating or preparing food, avoid drinking raw milk (which has
not dipsteurisasi), avoid drinking contaminated water, boiled water to boiling and
avoid spicy
8. Investigations
a. Examination of leukocyte
In some literature states that there is typhoid fever and leukopenia leukopenia
limposistosis relative but the reality is not often encountered. In most cases of
typhoid fever, the number of leukocytes in peripheral blood preparations are in
normal limits sometimes there are leukocytes although no complications or
secondary infection. Therefore, examination of the number of leukocytes is not
useful for diagnosis of typhoid fever.
SGOT and SGPT in typhoid fever is often increased but returned to normal after
recovery of typhoid.
c. Blood cultures
When blood cultures positive it indicates typhoid fever, but if negative blood
cultures do not rule out the possibility of typhoid fever. This is because the
results of blood cultures depends on several factors:
Blood cultures positive for salmonella thypi especially in the first week and
decreased in the following weeks. At the time of recurrence can be a positive
blood culture again.
Vaccination against typhoid fever in the past can cause clients antibodies in the
blood, these antibodies may suppress bacteremia so negative blood cultures.
When the client before the blood culture was get anti microbial bacteria growth
in culture medium inhibited and culture results may be negative.
d. Widal test
1) Aglutinin O, which made for O antigen stimulation (derived from the body of
germs).
Of the three only aglutinin aglutinin O and H are determined titernya for
diagnosis, the greater the higher titernya client suffered typhoid.
2. During examination during the course of the disease: new aglutinin found in
the blood after 1 week sick clients and peaked at week 5 or 6.
3. Disease - specific diseases: there are some diseases that can accompany
typhoid fever which can not give rise to antibodies such as agamaglobulinemia,
leukemia and advanced carcinoma.
b. Technical Factors
2. Antigen suspension concentration: the concentration will affect the test results
widal.
Growth is a process of increasing the size of the various organs of the physical
problems associated with the change in number, large, size or dimensions of the
cell level. Weight gain of 2-4 kg / year and the children have started developing
female secondary sex traits.
2) Badminton
3) Hit
4) gross motor skills and cognitive under control by gradually increasing rhythm
and flexibility.
b. Fine motor
3) Can buy and keep track of how the sequence of events since early
Hospitalization or illness and being treated in hospital for children and families
will lead to stress and did not feel safe. The amount and effect of stress depends
on the perception of children and families against the damage the disease and
treatment.
a. Psychosocial
Separated from their parents, other family members, friends and the changing
role
b. Physiological
Lack of sleep, feelings of pain, immobility and does not control myself
c. Foreign environment
The reaction of the child while being treated at the hospital school age (6-12
years)
a. Anxiety and fear due to the seriousness of the disease, procedure, treatment
and its impact on a child's future
1. Assessment
through food, fingers, flies and feces, and vomit compounded when clients do
not eat regularly. Factors predisposisinya are drinking contaminated water,
eating food that is not clean and spicy, do not wash their hands before and after
eating, from wc and prepare food.
2. Nursing Diagnosis
3. Plan
Resti imbalance disorders of fluid and electrolyte volume, less than the needs
associated with hyperthermia and vomiting.
Destination
Expected outcomes
Mucous membranes moist lips, vital signs (BP, S, N and RR) in the normal range,
signs of dehydration no
Intervention
Assess for signs of dehydration such as dry mouth mucosa, inelastic skin turgor
and increased body temperature, monitor fluid intake and output in 24 hours,
measure the BB every day on time and at the same time, record or report things
like nausea, vomiting, pain and hull distortion. Encourage clients to drink plenty
of approximately 2000-2500 cc per day, collaboration in laboratory tests (Hb, Ht,
K, Na, Cl) and collaboration with doctors in addition to via parenteral fluids as
indicated.
Diagnosis. 2
High risk of nutrition: less than body requirements related to inadequate intake
Destination
Expected outcomes
Intervention
Assess the client's nutritional patterns, assess eating likes and dislikes on the
client, advise bed rest / activity restrictions during the acute phase, weights
every day. Encourage clients to eat little but often, record or report things like
nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and distention, collaboration with a nutritionist
for dietary administration, collaboration in laboratory tests such as hemoglobin,
hematocrit and albumin and collaboration with physicians in the delivery of antiemetics such as (ranitidine).
Diagnosis 3
Destination
Hipertermi resolved
Expected outcomes
Temperature, pulse and respiration within normal limits free of frost and no
complications related to the problem of typhoid.
Intervention
Destination
Expected outcomes
Able to perform the activity, move and showed an increase in muscle strength.
Intervention
Provide quiet environment by limiting visitors, assist clients daily needs such as
bathing, bowel and bladder, help clients mobilization gradually, bring stuff to the
table is always in need of the client, and collaboration with doctors in vitamins as
indicated.
Diagnosis 5
Destination
Expected outcomes
Intervention
Observation vital signs (S, N, RR and RR). Observation smooth drip infusion,
monitor for signs of infection and in accordance with the conditions antiseptic
bandage infusion, and collaboration with the physician in the delivery of
antibiotics as indicated.
Diagnosis 6
Destination
Expected outcomes
Intervention
Assess the extent of knowledge of the client's family about her illness, give
health education about the disease and treatment of clients, give keluaga
opportunity to ask if there is not yet understood, give positive reinforcement if
the client responded appropriately, select a variety of learning strategies such as
engineering lectures, question and answer and demonstrations and ask what is
not known clients, involve the family in any action taken on the client
4. Evaluation
DEFINITION
Pathophysiology
Acidosis and atelectasis will cause disruption of the hea, keparum decreased
blood flow and lead to the formation of surfactant resistance, which leads to
atelectasis.
Cell type II is very sensitive and is reduced in infants with asphyxia in the
perinatal period, and a maturity driven by the presence of intrauterine stress
such as hypertension, IUGR and multiple pregnancies.
CLINICAL
Dispnue / hipernue
Cyanosis
Grunting expirasi
bradycardia
Hypotension
Cardiomegaly
hypothermia
Nursing Diagnosis
No.
Nursing Diagnosis
Destination
Plan
1.
RR 30-60 x / mnt
Cyanosis (-)
Shortness of (-)
Ronchi (-)
Whezing (-)
Perform suction.
RR 30-60 x / mnt.
Temperature 36.5 to 37 C
Cyanosis (-)
extremities warm
Observation TTV
3.
Expected outcomes:
No BB decline> 15%.
Vomiting (-)
4.
Expected outcomes:
5.
Criteria results:
Temperature 36-37 C
Perform aseptic and antiseptic techniques when cutting the umbilical cord.
Wash the umbilical cord immediately with soap and dry when the umbilical cord
is dirty or exposed to feces.
6.
Expected outcomes:
Temperature 36-37 C