ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING

Some approximations:

Hyp(N, n, p)

n>10
n
p+ <0.1
N

n
< 0. 1
N

n>10
p<0.1
Bin(n, p)

Po()

Ex. Suppose we have a large lot. To control the quality we pick 10 units randomly. If
at most one of them is defect then the lot is accepted otherwise it is rejected. The
fraction defective is p. Calculate the acceptance probability for 6 different values of p
and use these to draw the corresponding OC Curve.
Solution: Since the lot is big we approximate the number of defective units in the
sample with a binomial distribution.

10
10
Pa = p 0 (1 p)10 + p1 (1 p)9
0
1
We calculate the acceptance probability for p = 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%.
10
10
p = 0.01
Pa(0.01) = 0.010 0.9910 + 0.011 0.99 9 0.996
0
1
p = 0.05
p = 0.10
p = 0.15
p = 0.20
p = 0.30

10
10
Pa(0.05) = 0.05 0 0.9510 + 0.051 0.95 9 0.914
0
1
10
10
Pa(0.10) = 0.10 0 0.9010 + 0.101 0.90 9 0.736
0
1
10
10
Pa(0.15) = 0.15 0 0.8510 + 0.151 0.85 9 0.544
0
1
10
10
Pa(0.20) = 0.20 0 0.8010 + 0.201 0.80 9 0.376
0
1
10
10
Pa(0.30) = 0.30 0 0.7010 + 0.301 0.70 9 0.149
0
1

Pa
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0.2

0.4

The slope will be different for different situations.

0.6

0.8

Double sampling plans

Ex. Suppose that a lot contains 1000 units. We have decided to use the following
double sampling plan:
1) Pick 30 units randomly.

if all are correct then accept the lot,

if three or more are defective then reject the lot,
if one or two units are defective go to point 2.

2) 60 new units are selected at random.

if the number of defectives totally in both samples add up to at most two then
accept the lot,
if the number of defectives totally in both samples add up to three or more
then reject the lot.

Suppose that the lot contains 2% defective units. How big is the acceptance
probability?

Solution: In this example the acceptance probability is quite as easy to calculate

exact. Since the conditions for both a binomial approximation (n/N = 30/1000 0.03
< 0.1) and a Poisson approximation are fulfilled we can use the approximation that
feels easiest.
In the solution that follows the binomial approximation is used:
n1 = 30, n2 = 60, c1 = 0, c2 = 2, r1 = r2 = 3
Let di denote the number of defectives in sample i.
This means that
Sample 1
if d1 = 0
if d1 3
if d1 = 1 or 2
Sample 2
if d1 + d2 2
if d1 + d2 3

accept the lot,

reject the lot,
take a new sample.
accept the lot
reject the lot

The we will accept the lot in the following situations:

Sample 1
d1=0
d1=1
d1=1
d1=2

Sample 2
d2=0
d2=1
d2=0

This gives the acceptance probability:

Pa = P(d1=0) + P(d1=1 d2=0) + P(d1=1 d2=1) + P(d1=2 d2=0)
The probabilities that contain the intersection between the number of defectives in
sample 1 and sample 2 are solved by using conditional probabilities.

30
Accept the lot in sample 1: P(d1 = 0) = 0.020 0.98 30 0.5455
0
Accept the lot in sample 2 when d1 = 1:
In sample 1: Take 30 observations
30
P(d1 = 1) = 0.021 0.98 29 0.28736
1
In sample 2: Take 60 observations
60
P(d2=0 | d1=1) = 0.020 0.98 60 0.2976
0

60
P(d2=1 | d1=1) = 0.021 0.98 59 0.3644
1
Accept the lot is sample 2 when d1 = 2:
In sample 1: Take 30 observations
30
P(d1 = 2) = 0.02 2 0.98 28 0.0988
2
In sample 2: Take 60 observations
60
P(d2=0 | d1=2) = 0.020 0.98 60 0.2976
0

These calculations are put together:

Pa = P(d1=0) + P(d2=0 | d1=1) P(d1=1) + P(d2=1 | d1=1) P(d1=1) +
+ P(d2=0 | d1=2) P(d1=2) =
= 0.5455 + 0.2976 0.3340 + 0.3644 0.3340 + 0.2976 0.0988 0.7960

Double sampling plans with the OC curve going through the points
(p1, 1 ) and (p2, ) where = 5% and = 10%
n1 = n 2
Samplingplan no

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

p2
p1

11.90
7.54
6.79
5.39
4.65
4.25
3.88

Acceptance
number

c1

c2

0
1
0
1
2
1
2

1
2
2
3
4
4
5

Approximate value of n1p

when Pa =
0.95
0.21
0.52
0.43
0.76
1.16
1.04
1.43

0.50
1.00
1.82
1.42
2.11
2.90
2.50
3.20

0.10
2.50
3.92
2.96
4.11
5.39
4.42
5.55

Approx.
value of
ASN(p)/n1 for
p95

1.170
1.081
1.340
1.169
1.105
1.274
1.170

2n1 = n2
Samplingplan no

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

p2
p1

14.50
8.07
6.48
5.39
5.09
4.31
4.19

Acceptance
number

c1

c2

0
0
1
0
1
0
1

1
2
3
3
4
4
5

Approx.
Approximate value of n1p value of
ASN(p)/n1 for
when Pa =
p95
0.95
0.16
0.30
0.60
0.49
0.77
0.68
0.96

0.50
0.84
1.07
1.80
1.35
1.97
1.64
2.18

0.10
2.32
2.42
3.89
2.64
3.92
2.93
4.02

1.273
1.511
1.238
1.771
1.359
1.985
1.498

Ex. In a factory you buy large lots of bolts. When the lots arrive to the factory the
quality is controlled using the following double sampling plan.
Pick 30 bolts at random. If all are correct then accept the lot. If 3 or more are
defective then reject the lot. If the sample consists of one or two defective bolts then
you pick another 50 units. If both samples sum up to two or less defectives then the
lot is accepted. Otherwise it is rejected.
Draw an OC curve for this sampling plan.

Solution: The sampling plan can be summarized as

n1 = 30, n2 = 50, c1 = 0, c2 = 2 and r1 = r2 = 3.
Acceptance probabilities for the fraction defectives 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20
are calculated:

Acceptance probabilities in sample 1 and

sample 2

Pa

Sample 1:

0.01

30
0.010 0.99 30 0.7397
0

P(d1 = 0) =
Sample 2:

0.7397 + 0.2240 =

P(d1=1 d2=0) + P(d1=1 d2=1) +

+ P(d1=2 d2=0) =
50
30
0.010 0.99 50 0.011 0.99 29 +
0
1

50
30
0.011 0.99 49 0.011 0.99 29 +
1
1

50
30
0.010 0.99 50 0.012 0.99 28 0.2240
0
2

p = 0.02 Pa 0.827

p = 0.05 Pa 0.329

p = 0.10 Pa 0.048

p = 0.20 Pa 0.001

= 0.9637

The OC curve will obtain the following appearance:

Pa
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

p
0.025

0.05

0.075

0.1

0.125

0.15

Suppose you want to find a simple sampling plan with almost the same OC curve as
the double sampling plan. Use the fraction defectives 0.05 and 0.20 to determine
such a plan.

Ex. Determine the sequential sampling plan with an OC curve that goes through the
points (p1, ) = (0.02, 0.05) och (p2, ) = (0.10, 0.10).

Solution:
The constants h1, h2 and s in the rejection line and the acceptance line are
calculated. (The value of the constant K will be found in the denominator of all three
constants.

p (1 p1 )
0.10 (1 0.02)
0.098
= ln (
K = ln 2
) = ln (
)

p
(
1
p
)
0
.
02

(
1

0
.
10
)
0
.
018
2
1
We use this expression in the equations for h1, h2 and s:
ln (
h1 =

ln (
h2 =

ln (
s=

1
1 0.05
)
ln (
)

0
.
10
=
1.329
0.098
K
ln (
)
0.018

1 0.10
1
ln (
)
)
0
.
05

=
1.7056
0.098
K
ln (
)
0.018

1 p1
1 0.02
)
ln (
)
1 p 2
1 0.10
=
0.0503
0.098
K
ln (
)
0.018

The acceptance line becomes d1 = -h1 + sn = -1.329 + 0.0503n

The rejection line becomes d2 = h2 + sn = 1.7056 + 0.0503n

If we calculate ASN(p) for different values of the fraction defective , p, then we obtain
the following ASN-curve.

1B

ASN(p) = 30 + 50 (1 B)

30
30
0.011 0.99 29 + 0.012 0.99 28 0.2570
1
2
30
30
0.021 0.98 29 + 0.02 2 0.98 28 0.4328
1
2

0.01
0.02

30
30
0.031 0.97 29 + 0.03 2 0.97 28 0.5390
1
2
30
30
0.051 0.95 29 + 0.05 2 0.95 28 0.5975
1
2

0.03
0.05

30
30
0.071 0.93 29 + 0.07 2 0.93 28 0.5354
1
2
30
30
0.091 0.9129 + 0.09 2 0.9128 0.4265
1
2

0.07
0.09

30
30
0.121 0.88 29 + 0.12 2 0.88 28 0.3494
1
2
30
30
0.151 0.85 29 + 0.15 2 0.85 28 0.1438
1
2

0.12
0.15

30 + 50 0.2570 42.85
30 + 50 0.4328 51.64
30 + 50 0.5390 56.95
30 + 50 0.5957 59.88
30 + 50 0.5354 56.77
30 + 50 0.4265 51.32
30 + 50 0.3494 47.47
30 + 50 0.1438 37.19

60
55
50

ASN for the simple

sampling plan

45
40
35

ASN for the double

sampling plan

30
25
0.1

p = 0.013

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

p = 0.114

In an earlier example we saw that the OC-curve for this double sampling plan almost

The values of x m and y m are found in the following table.

A Dodge & Roming table

1 1
AOQL = y m ( )
n N

pm =

xm
n

where p m is the fraction value that gives the maximum value of AOQ(p)

xm

ym

xm

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1.00
1.62
2.27
2.95
3.64
4.35
5.07
5.80
6.55
7.30
8.05

0.3679
0.8400
1.371
1.942
2.544
3.168
3.812
4.472
5.146
5.831
6.528

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

8.82
9.59
10.37
11.15
11.93
12.72
13.52
14.31
15.12
15.92

ym
7.233
7.948
8.670
9.398
10.13
10.88
11.62
12.37
13.13
13.89