L7 Tcp-Udp

Telecommunication Engineering Technology, Texas A&M University LAN WAN Lecture Notes - Copyright Jeff M.
McDougall 2001
Transport Protocols
TCP and UDP
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Telecommunication Engineering Technology, Texas A&M University LAN WAN Lecture Notes - Copyright Jeff M. McDougall 2001
Transport Layer
Layer 4 of the OSI model is responsible for
ensuring that packets are properly transported
through a network
IP is a best effort networking protocol and does not
guarantee delivery of a packet.
Two forms of transport for IP packets:
Connection-Oriented
Connectionless
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(TCP)
(UDP)
2
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Application
Application
TCP
UDP
ICMP
IP
ARP
RARP
Physical
network
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Transport Layer Functional Requirements
Flow Control
Error Control
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Flow Control
Ensuring appropriate data rates
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Types Of Flow Control
Flow control
Stop and wait
Sliding window
Send one frame at a time Send several frames at a time
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S to p a n d W a it
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S lid in g W in d o w
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S e n d e r Sliding W in d o w
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R e c e iv e r Sliding W in d o w
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S lid in g W in d o w E x a m p le
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Sender
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R e c e iv e r
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Window Management
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Comparison Between The Two Schemes

Computer 1
send
packet
send
packet
send
packet
Computer 2
Computer 2
Computer 1
send
ack
send
four
packets
send
ack
done
send
four
acks
send
ack
send
packet
send
ack
done
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(a)
(b)
15
Transmission Time In Sliding Window
For networks with high throughput and large delays:
Tw = Tg * W
Tw = Throughput achieved with sliding window
Tg = Throughput achieved with stop & wait
W = widow size
Bandwidth(B) of the network imposes an upper bound :

Tw = min (B, Tg * W)
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Performance Comparison
Stop-and-wait
Slow
Useful only in special cases
Sliding window
Fast
Needed in high-speed network
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Transport Protocol Techniques
Techniques employed by protocols

For bit correction
Parity, Checksum, CRC (discussed earlier)
For data overrun - flow Control

Transmission error and retransmission - error control
Sliding Window
ARQ
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Error Control
Ensuring Integrity of Data
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Types Of Error Control
Error control
Stop-and-wait ARQ
Sliding window
Go-back-n
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Slective-reject
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10
Stop-and-wait ARQ
(Automatic Repeat Request)
Sender keeps copy of last frame transmitted until it
receives an ACK for it
Data and ACK frames are numbered alternately 0 and 1
For an error in data frame a NAK frame is returned
If expected ACK not received within an allotted time
period, data frame is assumed lost (timeout)
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S to p -an d - w a i t A R Q
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Damaged Frames
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11
S to p -an d - w a i t A R Q
Lost Frame
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Stop-and-wait ARQ
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Lost ACK
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12
Sliding Window ARQ
Sending device keeps copy of all transmitted frames until

they have been acknowledged
Both ACK and NACK frames must be numbered for
identification
Sending device keeps a timer for n-1 frames awaiting
acknowledgement
Where n = window size
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Sliding Window ARQ
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Go-back-n,Damaged Frame
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13
S lid in g W in d o w A R Q
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Go-back-n,Lost Frame
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Go-back-n,Lost ACK
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14
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Selective Reject, Damaged Frame
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Sliding Window ARQ
Lost Frames
If a frame is lost, next frame will arrive out of sequence
Receiver returns a NAK
Lost ACK
Treated similarly as go-back-n ARQ
On sender timeout, it retransmits all the frames that remain
unacknowledged
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15
Congestion
Caused by network traffic

Occurs when input to links exceeds maximum bandwidth
If situation persists, may lead to congestion collapse
(network becomes unusable)
Analogous to congestion on a highway
Principal cause of delay
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Summary
Protocols use a variety of techniques for reliable delivery

of data
7 layer OSI model
Protocol techniques
Flow control (stop and wait, sliding window)
Error control (stop and wait, sliding window ARQ)
Network congestion
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16
TCP : Transmission Control

Protocol
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Introduction
In this lecture we will study TCP, the major transport
protocol in the TCP/IP suite
We will examine
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Key features and header format of TCP

Mechanisms, implementation choices
TCP sliding window
Slow start congestion avoidance
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17
TCP Protocol Suite
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Addressing
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18
Layers And Addresses
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Physical Addresses
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19
Network Addresses
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Port Addresses
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20
TCP vs IP
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Port Numbers
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TCP Features
Connection oriented
Point-to-point communication
Provides reliable data delivery
Full duplex communication
Stream interface
Reliable connection startup: Three-way handshake
Graceful connection shutdown
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TCP Segment
TCP stream divided into segments for transmission

Each segment encapsulated in IP datagram
Segment can carry both data and acks
Segment divided in two parts
Header
Payload area (zero or more bytes of data)
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TCP Segment Format
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TCP Segment Format (Cont..)

Source port (16 bits): Identifies source process
Destination port (16 bits)
Sequence number (32 bits): Sequences data carried in
segments
Ack number (32 bits): Next byte expected
HLEN (4 bits): Number of 32-bit words in the header
Reserved (6 bits)
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23
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Window (16 bits): Will accept [Ack] to [Ack]+[Window]

Checksum (16 bits): Covers header and data
Urgent pointer (16 bits): Lets receiver know how much
data it should deliver right away
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24
TCP Segment Format (Cont..)- Options
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End of Options
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25
No Operation Option
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Maximum Segment Size Option
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26
Window Scale Factor Option
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Timestamp Option
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TCP Timers
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Using IP For Data Delivery
TCP uses IP for data delivery (like UDP)

Endpoints are identified by ports (like UDP)
Allows multiple connections on each host
Ports may be associated with an application or a process
IP treats TCP like data and does not interpret any
contents of the TCP message

Internet routers only look at IP header to forward
datagrams
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28
Using IP For Data Delivery (Cont..)
Host A
appl.
TCP
IP
net iface.
Communication system
as viewed by TCP
Host B
appl.
TCP
IP
net iface.
router
IP
net iface.
net 1
net 2
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Apparent Contradiction
IP offers best-effort delivery

TCP uses IP
TCP provides completely reliable transfer
How is this possible?
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Achieving Reliability
Reliable connection startup

Reliable data transmission
Graceful connection shutdown
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Startup And Shutdown

Startup/shutdown can be difficult because segments could
be
Lost
Duplicated
Delayed
Delivered out of order
Either side can crash
Need to avoid duplicate shutdown message from affecting

later connection
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30
Startup/Shutdown Solution
Uses three-message exchange (for startup)

Known as 3-way handshake
Uses four-message exchange (for shutdown)
Known as 4-way handshake
Necessary and sufficient for reliable startup & graceful
shutdown
SYN used for startup
FIN used for shutdown
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Three-Way Handshake
(Connection Establishment)
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Four-way Handshake
(Connection Termination)
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TCP And Reliable Delivery

TCP uses many techniques to provide reliable delivery
Recovers from
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Lost packets
Duplicate packets
Delayed packets
Corrupted data
Transmission speed mismatches
Congestion
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32
Reliable Data Transmission

Positive acknowledgement
Receiver returns short message when data arrives
Called acknowledgement (Ack)
Retransmission
Sender starts timer when message is transmitted
If timer expires before Ack arrives, sender retransmits message
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Retransmission
Events at Host 2
Events at Host 1
send message 1
receive message 1
send ack 1
receive ack 1
send message 2
receive message 2
send ack 2
receive ack 2 send

message 3
retransmission timer expires
retransmit message 3
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packet lost
receive message 3
send ack 3
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33
How Long Should TCP Wait Before

Retransmitting?
Inappropriate timeout :
Too long - sender waits longer than necessary
Too short - sender generates unnecessary traffic
Time for Ack to arrive depends on :

Distance to destination
Current traffic condition
Traffic conditions change rapidly
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Solving The Retransmission Problem

Sender keeps estimate of round trip time (RTT) on each
connection
Sender picks retransmission timeout (RTO) based on
previous RTTs
Known as adaptive retransmission
Key to TCPs success
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34
Illustration Of Adaptive Retransmission
est 1
est 1
est 2
est 2
timeout
timeout packet lost
packet lost
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Measuring RTT
Difference between time of transmission and arrival of
Ack
Sender cannot determine whether Ack is from original
transmission or retransmission
Choosing original transmission overestimates RTT
Choosing retransmission underestimates RTT
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Karns Algorithm
Karn's algorithm specifies that sender ignores RTTs for
retransmitted segments
How will RTT get updated if internet round trip time
increases?
Karn's algorithm specifies that RTO is separated from RTT
when retransmission occurs
RTO doubles for each new message until ACK arrives
with no retransmission
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TCP Flow Control

TCP uses sliding window mechanism to control flow of
data
Receiver
Allocates buffer to hold data (called window)
Notifies sender of available buffer space (window advertisement)
with each ack
Sender
Can send up to entire window before ack arrives
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Illustration Of Window Advertisement

Sender Events
Send data octets 1-1000

Receive ack for 1000

Receiver Events
Advertise window =2500
Ack up to 1000, window=1500

Application reads 2000 octets

Application reads 1000 octets
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Slow Start Flow Control

Sender maintains two windows:
Window - flow control avoids receiver overrun
Congestion window (CWND) - congestion control to avoid
network overrun
Congestion window is always less than the receiver

window
Slow-start threshold (ssthresh) = min (CWND, receivers
advertised window) / 2
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Slow Start Flow Control Mechanism

Starts with CWND of 1 segment
For each ack double CWND until a threshold
Exponential growth phase
Also called slow start phase
On reaching ssthresh, increment CWND by 1 every time

an ack is received
Linear growth phase
Also called congestion avoidance phase
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Window Size Increase Strategy
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Slow Start Flow Control Mechanism

(Cont..)
On packet loss CWND is halved

On a timeout CWND is set to 1
This is called exponential backoff
TCP follows multiplicative decrease and additive increase
policy for window adjustment
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TCP Operations
Encapsulation & Decapsulation
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TCP Operations
Queues in TCP
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TCP Operations
Multiplexing & Demultiplexing
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Summary
TCP provides end-to-end reliable byte stream delivery

IP used for delivery to destination host
Protocol ports demultiplex to destination application
Additional techniques develop reliable delivery from IP
messages
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Summary (Cont..)
Positive acknowledgment with retransmission
Sequence numbers detect missing, duplicate and out-oforder data
Three-way & four-way handshake
Sliding window flow control
Congestion control
TCP Operations
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UDP: User Datagram Protocol
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Intro d u c tio n
In this lecture we will study UDP, a transport protocol in

the TCP/IP suite
We will examine
Communication Mechanisms
Key features and header format of UDP
UDP operation
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T C P P r o t o c o l S u ite
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U D P C h a r a c t e r i s t ic s
Connectionless service
Unreliable
No flow-control mechanism
Limited error checking
Provides process-to-process communication
If UDP is so powerless, then why use it?

Very simple - minimum overhead
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U D P v s IP
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P o rt Num b e r s
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IP A d d r e s s e s v s P o r t N u m b e r s
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IA N A R a n g e s
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S o m e W e ll-K n o w n P o rts
PORT PROTOCOL DESCRIPTION

7
Echo
Discard
13
Daytime
Echoes a received datagram

back to the sender
Discard any datagram that is
received
Returns the date and time
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Nameserver
Domain Name Service
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Bootps
161
SNMP
To download bootstrap
information
Simple Network Management
Protocol
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Socket Address
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U D P D a tag r a m F o r m a t
UDP Packets called datagrams

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E n c a p s u latio n & D e c a p s u latio n
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Q u e u in g
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M u ltip l e x i n g & D e m u ltip lex in g
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Use of UDP
For processes that require simple request-response

communication
For processes with internal flow & error control
mechanisms (eg. TFTP)
For multicasting & broadcasting
For management processes (eg. SNMP)
For route updating protocols (eg. RIP)
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S u m m a ry
UDP provides Process-to-process unreliable

Communication
IP used for delivery
Ports have queues for incoming & outgoing packets
Protocol ports demultiplex to destination application
Used by applications such as TFTP, SNMP, etc
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L7 Tcp-Udp

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Telecommunication Engineering Technology, Texas A&M University LAN WAN Lecture Notes - Copyright Jeff M.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Transport Layer Functional Requirements

Types Of Flow Control

Stop and wait

Send one frame at a time Send several frames at a time

Comparison Between The Two Schemes

Transmission Time In Sliding Window

For networks with high throughput and large delays:

Bandwidth(B) of the network imposes an upper bound :

Transport Protocol Techniques

Techniques employed by protocols

For data overrun - flow Control

Types Of Error Control

Sliding Window ARQ

Sending device keeps copy of all transmitted frames until

Sliding Window ARQ

Selective Reject, Damaged Frame

Sliding Window ARQ

Caused by network traffic

Protocols use a variety of techniques for reliable delivery

TCP : Transmission Control

Key features and header format of TCP

TCP Protocol Suite

Layers And Addresses

TCP stream divided into segments for transmission

TCP Segment Format

TCP Segment Format (Cont..)

TCP Segment Format (Cont..)

TCP Segment Format (Cont..)

Window (16 bits): Will accept [Ack] to [Ack]+[Window]

TCP Segment Format (Cont..)- Options

Maximum Segment Size Option

Window Scale Factor Option

Using IP For Data Delivery

TCP uses IP for data delivery (like UDP)

IP treats TCP like data and does not interpret any

contents of the TCP message

Using IP For Data Delivery (Cont..)

IP offers best-effort delivery

Reliable connection startup

Startup And Shutdown

Need to avoid duplicate shutdown message from affecting

Uses three-message exchange (for startup)

TCP And Reliable Delivery

Reliable Data Transmission

receive ack 2 send

How Long Should TCP Wait Before

Time for Ack to arrive depends on :

Traffic conditions change rapidly

Solving The Retransmission Problem

Illustration Of Adaptive Retransmission

TCP Flow Control

Illustration Of Window Advertisement

Send data octets 1-1000

Send data octets 2501-3500

Ack up to 1000, window=1500

Ack up to 3500, window=1000

Slow Start Flow Control

Congestion window is always less than the receiver

Slow Start Flow Control Mechanism

On reaching ssthresh, increment CWND by 1 every time

Window Size Increase Strategy