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Introduction to bolts
Classification of bolting material
Applications of bolts
Dimensional standards for bolts
Introduction to bolts:
The flanges are drilled to receive bolts which, if of the proper material, will develop the full flange strength and
result in a satisfactory joint at the service intended.
The term bolting material covers bolts, studs and stud bolts.
As per ASME B16.5, one can use either square head machine bolts or studs for making a joint. Bolts and studs
are available in either fully threaded or partially threaded condition. The fully threaded structure ensures an equal
distribution of elongation when the bolts are tightened and avoid concentration of stresses that exist in partially
threaded stock due to varying cross-sections.
Also, studs are preferred over bolts due to ease of insertion during assembly. At places, like bolting of two valves
together, there may not be sufficient clearance available for inserting bolts due to valve body contour and use of
studs is the only possible solution
Applications of bolts:
i.
For flanged joints in piping system where one or both flanges are of cast iron, bolts / studs conforming to
ASTM A307 Gr. B and nuts conforming to A194 Gr. 2 are usually used.
Equivalent IS standards for such fasteners is IS 1367 CI. 6.6 / IS 1367 CI. 6.
ii.
For carbon steel flanges having ASME 150 rating on non-critical services, bolts / studs conforming to
ASTM A307 and nuts conforming to ASTM A194 Gr. 2 or fasteners conforming to IS 1367 CI. 6.6 / IS 1367 CI. 6
are usually used.
iii.
For carbon steel flanges on process and critical services involving medium and moderately high pressures
and temperatures, bolts / studs conforming to ASTM A193 Gr. B7 along with heavy hexagonal head nuts
conforming to ASTM A194 Gr. 2H are usually used.
iv.
For very severe service conditions involving high temperatures upto 1100F bolts /studs conforming to
ASTM A193 Gr. B7 along with nuts conforming to ASTM A194 are usually used.
v.
For low temperature carbon steel flanges, studs conforming to ASTM A320 Gr. L7 along with nuts
conforming to ASTM A194 Gr. 4 are usually used.
vi.
For all flange joints in plastic piping, low strength bolts / studs are usually acceptable. Use of washers is
recommended for joints in plastic piping.
vii.
Sometimes in plastic piping, handling corrosive fluids, it is recommended that the fasteners are supplied
with cadmium plating or galvanized coating. This is in order to have corrosion resistance against spillages, etc.
Bolting specifications
General note:
Bolting material shall not be used beyond temperature limits specified in the governing code.
NOTES:
1. Repair welding of bolting material is prohibited.
2. These bolting materials may be used with all listed materials and gaskets.
3. These bolting materials may be used with all listed materials and gaskets, provided it has been verified
that a sealed joint can be maintained under rated working pressure and temperature.
4. These bolting materials may be used with all listed materials that are limited to Classes 150 and 300 joints.
See para. 5.4.1 for required gasket practices.
5. These materials may be used as bolting with comparable nickel and special alloy parts.
6. This austenitic stainless steel material has been carbide solution treated but not strain hardened. Use
A194
7. Nuts may be machined from the same material or may be of a compatible grade of ASTM A194.
8. Maximum operating temperature is arbitrarily set at 500F, unless material has been annealed, solution
annealed or hot finished, because hard temper adversely affects design stress in the creep rupture stage.
9. Forging quality not permitted, unless the producer last testing or working these parts, tests them as
required for other permitted conditions in the same specification and certifies their tensile, yield and
elongation properties to equal or exceed the requirements for one of the other permitted conditions.
10. This ferritic material is intended for low temperature service. Use A194 Grade 4 or Grade 7 nuts.
11. This austenitic stainless steel material has been carbide solution treated and stain hardened. Use A194 nuts
of corresponding material.
12. This carbon steel fastener shall not be used above 400F or below -20F. See also note (4). Bolts with drilled