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Section 2b Earthworks
SECTION 2b - EARTHWORKS
2b.01
Terminology
The terms listed below shall have the meaning assigned to them
as follows:
(a) Formation
Formation is that part of the earthwork final surface on which
a structure, foundation, pavement or utility, or the
blinding/bedding therefor, is constructed or placed.
(b) Topsoil
Topsoil is soil that is capable of supporting vegetable growth.
(c) Rock
Rock is hard material that can only be removed, in the
opinion of the Engineer, by the use of blasting, wedges or
pneumatic drills, but excludes individual lumps of mass
smaller than 0.20 m3 in size.
(d) Rock Fill
Rock fill shall consist of hard, durable rock with not more
than 30% by weight showing, in the opinion of the Engineer,
discoloration or other signs of decomposition. The material
shall be well graded with no individual lump exceeding 0.1
m3 in size or the thickness of the filling, whichever is smaller.
(e) Hardcore
Hardcore is either rock fill or broken stone, hard brick,
concrete or other similar hard, inert and approved material.
Hardcore must be free from dust, rubbish or deleterious
matter.
(f) General Filling Material
General filling material is approved material consisting of
naturally occurring or processed material that is capable of
being adequately compacted in accordance with the
Specification. It may contain a maximum of 25% rock
distributed evenly throughout the mass of the material but
must not contain material greater than 200 mm in size.
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General Specification
Section 2b Earthworks
Nature of Excavation
The Contractor shall be responsible for all excavations being
carried out in accordance with all relevant Ordinances, By-Laws
and Regulations.
The onus is on the Contractor to inspect the Site, prior to
tendering, to form his own opinion of the nature of the ground to
be excavated and to estimate the percentage of rock to be
removed. This estimate will be at the Contractors sole risk and
will not be subject to any adjustment.
2b.03
Ground Investigation
If ground investigation reports are provided to the Contractor or
made available for inspection, such information is given entirely
in good faith. No warranty as to the accuracy of the information
shall be assumed.
Boulders encountered in the course of excavation must be
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2b.05
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2b.06
Protection of Earthworks
The Contractor shall carry out the works in a safe manner so as
not to cause erosion or slips. Working faces shall be limited to a
safe gradient and height and, to prevent landslides, materials
shall not be stockpiled on top of slopes and retaining walls.
Planning for the works shall be aided by the regular monitoring
of weather forecasts. During periods of heavy or sustained rain,
the site shall be frequently inspected.
When heavy rain is expected, all exposed earthwork faces shall
be covered with impermeable plastic sheeting or similar material
securely tied down.
The Contractor shall adopt a method of working that exposes the
minimum area of bare soil at any given time. He shall also
provide sufficient falls on the earthworks to prevent the
collection of water.
Water shed on the site or flowing from outside the site shall be
rapidly and safely discharged with a system of channels, drains
and catchpits, assisted by pumping if necessary. Whenever
possible, the discharge shall be to the piped drainage system,
but not before any silt is intercepted by sand traps.
The temporary drainage system shall be properly maintained so
as not to be blocked by rubbish and debris.
2b.07
Site Clearance
The Contractor shall remove general vegetation and topsoil
before commencing earthworks. Unless otherwise stated, topsoil
shall be deposited on site in temporary heaps to be reused.
He shall also verify with the Architect about which trees are to be
transplanted, felled or retained and clearly mark them on site.
Tree transplantation shall be carried out by an approved
Landscape Contractor and the Contractor shall not fell any trees
larger than 150 mm diameter without prior approval from the
Architect.
2b.08
Excavation Generally
Excavation shall be carried out in such a manner as to ensure
the stability of the excavations and the prevention of undue
movement and settlement of the adjoining structures and
utilities.
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Tolerance for
excavation except in
rock (mm)
Tolerance for
excavation in rock
(mm)
Formations for
150
foundations and
+0
-25
+0
utilities
Formations for
+0
-50
+0
150
pavements
Cut slopes
75 mm measured at right angles to batter
Note: Positive tolerance refers to under excavation; negative
tolerance over excavation.
In the event of the Contractor excavating below the levels shown
on the drawings without written instructions, the Contractor shall
at his own expense to fill up the part so excavated with a
minimum concrete Grade of 15P or as specified for foundations.
2b.10
Obstructions in Excavation
The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of the location and
nature of any underground obstructions encountered during
excavation.
If serviceable drains and other utilities are encountered, the
Architect and the relevant authorities shall be notified as well
and further instructions awaited. Any disturbance or damage to
these drains and utilities shall be rectified at the Contractors
expense.
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2b.13
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2b.14
2b.15
Blasting
The use of explosives in earthworks is not permitted unless
authorized in writing by the Engineer.
2b.16
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2b.17
Peak Particle
Velocity
25 mm/s
15 mm/s
Waterworks Installations:
Installation
Peak
Particle
Velocity
Service reservoirs,
filters, dams,
conduits, tunnels &
swimming pools
Other surface
Structures and water
mains
Waterwork tunnels
Water retaining
structures
Water mains
*
13 mm/s
25 mm/s
Amplitude of
Vibration
Minimum
Distance
0.1 mm
0.2mm
55m*
50m
20m
25 mm/s
25 mm/s
Filling Generally
For the purpose of this Specification, filling includes backfilling.
Unless otherwise stated, filling shall be carried out using general
filling material obtained from the excavation on site, borrow
areas or other approved sources.
Fill material shall be deposited in layers and adequately
compacted. The end-tipping method of filling shall not be used.
Fill areas shall be kept free from water.
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2b.20
Compaction of Fill
Before commencing filling works, the Contractor shall carry out
controlled tests to determine the optimum placing thickness for
a particular fill and the compacting efforts required for achieving
the specified density. He shall agree with the Engineer the
thickness of each fill layer corresponding to the compacting plant
to be used.
Compacting plant shall be of the approved type. Earth moving
plant will not be accepted for this purpose.
Fill material shall be spread in layers of uniform thickness and
compacted as soon as practicable after deposition. The moisture
content of the in-situ material during compaction shall be within
3% of the optimum moisture content. Water may be added to
the stockpile if necessary before spreading in layers.
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Compaction Tests
The following tests on each type of fill material shall be carried
out by an approved material testing laboratory:
(a) Optimum moisture content and maximum dry density in
accordance with Geospec 3 - Model Specification for Soil
Testing, or whichever is instructed by the Engineer
(b) In-situ moisture content in accordance with Geospec 3 Model Specification for Soil Testing, or whichever is
instructed by the Engineer
(c) In-situ dry density in accordance with Geospec 3 - Model
Specification for Soil Testing.
The relative compaction (RC) of filling material shall be
determined in accordance with the following equation:
RC = (in-situ dry density) / (maximum dry density) x 100%
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2b.22
0 3000 m3
filling
filling
0 15000 m3
Area
of
fill
in
excavations
for
structures
&
foundations pits and
trenches and on
formations
Other areas of fill
Area of fill-in
Batch
0 100 m2
100 500 m2
more than 500
m2
0 1 ha
1 10 ha
more than 10 ha
2b.23
No. of Samples
3
2 for each 100 m2 or
part thereof
1 for each 100 m2 or
part thereof
4 for each 1000 m2 or
part thereof
3 for each 1000 m2 or
part thereof
2 for each 1000 m2 or
part thereof
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Rock fill shall be spread and levelled in layers not exceeding 450
mm thick with a crawler tractor weighing at least 15 tonnes and
systematically compacted by at least 12 passes of one of the
following plant:
(a) Towed vibratory roller with a minimum static load of 1.75 kN
per 100 mm width of roller
(b) Grid roller with a min. load of 7.8 kN per 100 mm width of
roller
(c) Other approved compacting plant
The Contractor shall fill the surface voids of each layer of rock fill
with fragments of rock before placing the next layer. The final
surface of rock fill shall also be blinded with fine filling material.
2b.24
2b.25
2b.26
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Soil-cement Fill
Soil-cement shall consist of ordinary Portland cement, sand and
inorganic soil in the proportions 1:3:12 by weight.
Ordinary Portland cement shall comply with BS 12:1996, sand
with BS 1199 and 1200:1976 and inorganic soil shall be free from
organic matter and contain no more than 30% of soil particles
passing a 63 m BS sieve.
Soil-cement shall be mixed in a concrete mixer but the Engineer
may permit the hand-mixing of small quantities.
Soil-cement shall be deposited and compacted within 30 minutes
of the addition of cement to the mix. A relative compaction of at
least 95% of the soil-cement fill shall be achieved. However, the
optimum moisture content and maximum dry density shall in
this case be tested to the Vibrating Hammer Test Method in BS
1924-1:1990.
2b.28
2b.29
2b.30
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2b.32
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Hardcore
Where specified, a layer of hardcore shall be laid under ground
floor slab and footings. The hardcore is to be composed of clean,
dry, broken brick, stone or concrete, broken to 50mm 70mm
gauge, spread, leveled, well rammed and consolidated to the
thickness as shown.
The upper surface is to be blinded with 25mm layer of sand
watered as necessary and rolled and tamped into the interstices
for the hardcore to provide a fair and partly impervious surface.
Hardcore beds are to be rolled with an approved roller until fully
compacted and a dense close-knit surface is obtained, fine
material to be added if necessary.
2b.34
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***
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