A

HANDBOOK OF GUIDELINES
FOR UNDERGRADUATE
PROJECTS

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING,

SHARDA UNIVERSITY
SESSION : 2012 13 & 2013-14
Edited By

: Prof. Pervez Ahmed

Prepared &Published By:

B.Tech Project Committee of Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Program mission statement

To

provide

an

opportunity

to

gain

experience

in

implementation of engineering concepts at application level

towards efficient and effective knowledge development

Course Objective:
a. to produce a professional that has ability to apply the
knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering and its
application.
b. to comprehend how to plan, execute and manage a
project
c. to create an ability to design and conduct experiments,
analyze and interpret data
d.

to synthesize understanding of professional and ethical

responsibility.

Learning outcomes:
a. an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science
and engineering
b. an ability to design and conduct experiments as well as to
analyze and interpret data

c. an ability to design a system, component, or process to

meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as
economics, environmental, social, political, ethical, health
and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability
d. an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams
e. an ability to identify, formulate , and solve engineering
problems
f. an

understanding

of

professional

and

ethical

responsibility
g. an ability to communicate effectively ( g1 orally, g2
written)
h. the broad education necessary to understand the impact of
engineering

solutions

in

global,

economic,

environmental , and societal context

i. a recognition of the need for , and an ability to engage in
life - long learning
j. a knowledge of contemporary issues
k. an ability to use the techniques, skills and modern
engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.
l. an ability to apply knowledge with judgment in critical
situation that the resulting system is efficient and
effective
m. Make a student should be industry ready

1. The Undergraduate Projects

The B. Tech. project is a partial requirement for successful completion of the B.Tech
degree from Sharda University. The final year project is one of the primary
mechanisms used to provide student with an opportunity to gain experience in
application of what they have been studying for the past several years.

The projects can implementation of any application oriented problem, which will be
more or less experimental in nature

2. Conduction of Project
In order to monitor the overall functioning of the activities related to the B. Tech
projects a Departmental B.Tech Project Committee is formed consisting of five
members from the department and will work under the Faculty Council of the
department.

The responsibilities of the departmental project committee are as follows:

Allocation of Projects to all the students of CSE-VII term of the department.
To assign supervisors to all the Project groups.
To provide information and guidance on the assessment process of the
Projects.
To propose the changes if required in B.Tech regulation in the academic
council of the department for smooth conduction or, improvement of quality
of projects.

In order to perform the responsibilities the B.Tech Project Committee reserves

the following rights
The decisions taken on allotment of projects will be final and could not be
challenged/argued.

 The internal assessment process/evaluation decided by the committee/panel

appointed by the Project committee will be final could not be
challenged/argued.
The guidelines approved from faculty council will be final and could not be
challenged ( the supervisors may argue/discuss in the faculty council ).
The committee may inform the departmental HOD/faculty council for
necessary action, if any guideline is violated by anybody regarding project
work.
The committee may ask for approval of regulations/amendment in current
regulations from the faculty council. The committee can take decisions for
any urgent/unavoidable circumstances by informing the HOD, and the same
will be included in the agenda of next faculty council meeting.

2.1 Allocation of projects to the students

Each B. Tech Project has to be carried by a group of students of Sharda
University. In order to ensure participation of each student, the group size
should be preferably at least 2 but not more than 4 students.

The students will be notified with a list of problems/broad area of interest

along with corresponding supervisors before the end of previous term i.e. for
session 2012-13 the previous term is VIIth term.
The students will be asked to form their own group according to their area of
interest/may consult the supervisors to decide the preferred working area and
should provide the details to the member of project committee within the
time period as specified in the notification, failing which the committee may
decide the group for those students and assign supervisor.
In case the project is on multi-disciplinary nature, the Project group can be
formed consisting of the students from other Departments/Programs. But there
must be at least one student from the Department who is offering the Project.

 Students will be informed about their groups and respective supervisor

before the end of previous term (i.e. for session 2012-13 the previous term is
VIIth term) and can start their work along with their supervisor.
After the allocation of projects is finalised and notified the student group
cannot be changed in any circumstances.

2.2 The assessment process of Projects

To ensure proper conduction of each project, approval of synopsis & progress of
each project should be monitored on continuous basis. In order to do so, the projects
will be evaluated in Four Phases.

During evaluation in Each Phase the following criteria regarding the project
should be Satisfactory, otherwise the DEC may suggest amendments/ remark
Unsatisfactory.

1. Is the Project substantial & complete in nature

2. Originality
3. Degree of Involvement
4. Presentation
5. Usefulness of work
6. Performance in Q & A session

2.2.1 Synopsis Approval (Project Evaluation Phase-1)

The students have to prepare a synopsis in the guidance of the supervisors &
have to present it before a panel ( Departmental Evaluation Committee
abbreviated as DEC ) on specified dates as decided by the Project
Committee. The supervisor will be the one of the members of the DEC. The
format of synopsis is given in Annexure-1.
The synopsis must be duly signed by the supervisor/s and submitted to the
DEC before the presentation.

 In this presentation the project group is required to present a brief power point
presentation describing the main Aim/ Objective of the project, the state of art (
if applicable), the methodology to be used and the references.

The project is considered to be approved only if the criteria mentioned in the

evaluation sheet are remarked as satisfactory. If the presentation is not up to the
mark either the DEC will ask the students along with their supervisor to modify
the project slightly within a week and present again or change the project (in
case the committee finds the project not of sufficient standard or not feasible).

After approval of the project the student should start working in the guidance
of the supervisors and should maintain a diary ( Supervisor-Student Meeting
Record, the format is given in Annexure-2) which will be produced in the
subsequent phase of evaluation.

2.2.2 Progress Review (Project Evaluation Phase-2)

In this phase of evaluation the progress of the projects are reviewed by the
Supervisor.

The progress review presentation dates will be notified to the students by the
project committee which will be scheduled about one month from the first
presentation.
The supervisors are asked to submit the evaluation sheet (already provided
by the project committee) after the presentation to the Project committee.
If the report of progress review is not satisfactory then it warns that the
project may not be completed in time and the students of the group will be
notified the same.
Incomplete projects without recommendation of the Supervisor & DEC
( to the project committee)

cannot be submitted

for Open

defence/External Examination.

2.2.3 Open Defense (Project Evaluation Phase-3)

All the project groups are expected to complete the project work after about
one month from the progress review evaluation. Then the students should
prepare the project report ( the guidelines of project report is given in

Annexure-3 ) and the spiral bound copy of the report duly signed by the
supervisor should be submitted to the Project committee before the open
defence.
The supervisor will inform the project committee regarding the completion of
project and schedules the open defence date of the corresponding group.
( the dates will be decided mostly from the second & third week of April )
After scheduling the dates of open defence with the supervisors, the project
committee will notify a compiled schedule of open defence.
This evaluation will be taken by DEC, the supervisor and co-supervisor, a
member from Project Committee, after the satisfactory recommendation of the
panel the project can be submitted for external examination.

Faculties, students & executives of the university should be notified regarding

the presentation & may be present in this presentation.

A Remark book should be kept in the presentation & remarks can be made
by the panel/audiences.
The supervisor will decide the consideration of remarks and may suggest
amendments in the project work.

2.2.4 External Examination (Project Evaluation Phase-4)

After successful evaluation of the three phases a list of project groups will be
prepared and asked for submission of project reports ( hard bound ) both in
soft copy & hard copy form within the last week of April.
The project reports ( both soft & hard copy ) will be categorized according to
broader working area & will be submitted to the Examination department of
University within first week of May.

3. Students Responsibilities
The students shall be reminded that they have the sole responsibility during the
duration of the project and should note that they are responsible for their work and
that the role of the supervisor is to provide guidance and advice.
The students roles shall include the following:

 To follow the guidelines made by the University & Departmental Project

committee/ supervisor.
To follow the notification made by the Project committee/supervisor.
To agree with the supervisor the type of guidelines and form of comments
found most helpful.
To agree with the supervisor a suitable topic for the Project and to proceed to
work on the topic.
To discuss with the supervisor the type of guidance and comment he or she
finds most helpful and agree on a schedule of meetings and to attend such
meetings.
To produce written work in accordance with the agreed schedule agreed with
the supervisor to allow time for comments and discussion before proceeding
to the next stage of the project.
To take initiative in raising problems or difficulties, however elementary
they may seem.
To complete the consultation/progress report forms and any other documents
when requested to do so.
To discuss with the supervisor the preparation of the project and to decide,
taking due account of the advice from the supervisor, when it is ready for
submission.
Need not confine their requests for advice to their supervisor and they are
encouraged to approach anyone who can help. They should, however, keep
their supervisor informed of any other person they have been discussing the
work with.
To attend any seminars or workshops provided to assist them in carrying out
their research or presenting it appropriately To submit the Project by the
scheduled deadline as stipulated in the regulations.
The student shall not change the supervisor once allocated at will.

4. Guidelines for Synopsis:

A brief outline or general view, as of a subject or written work; an abstract or a
summary.

contents of Synopsis:
The content should be as brief (preferably 15 20 pages in A4 sized paper) as is
sufficient enough to explain the objective and implementation of the project that the
candidate is going to take up.
The write up must adhere to the guidelines and should include the following :

Title
This should be explicitly mentioned at the beginning of the Synopsis. Since
the topic itself gives a peep into the project to be taken up, candidate is
advised to be prudent on naming the project. This being the overall
impression on the future work, the topic should corroborate the work.
Introduction, Objective & Scope
This should give a clear picture of the project. Objective should be clearly
specified. What the project ends up to and in what way this is going to help
the end user has been mentioned..
Process Description including DFDs and ER diagram
The process of the whole software system proposed, to be developed,
should be mentioned in brief. This may be supported by DFDs /
Flowcharts to explain the flow of the information and ER diagram.
Testing Technologies and Security Mechanisms
Resources and Limitations
The requirement of the resources for designing and developing the
proposed system must be given. The resources might be in form of the
Tools / Platform, hardware / software or the data from the industry. The
limitations of the proposed system in respect of a larger and comprehensive
system must be given.
Future scope and further enhancement
Conclusion
The write-up must end with the concluding remarks-briefly describing
innovations in the approach for implementing the Project, main

achievements and also any other important feature that makes the system
stand out from the rest.
Bibliography
The references should be numbered serially in the order of their occurrence
in the text and their numbers should be indicated within square brackets for
e.g. [3]. The section on references should list them in serial order in the
format given in Annexure-1.

5. Guidelines and format for Project Report

5.1 Arrangement of contents:
The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound
should be as follows:

1.

Cover Page

2.

Inside cover page

3.

Certificate from external guide (if any)

4.

Certificate from the college

5.

Acknowledgements

6.

Abstracts

7.

Table of contents

8.

List of tables

9.

List of figures

10.

Abbreviations (if any)

11.

Nomenclature ( if any)

12.

Chapters

13.

Appendices

14.

References

15.

List of papers published, based on the report ( if any)

5.2 Page dimension and binding specifications:

The project report should be prepared in A4 size, and should be hard bound with navy
blue colour wrapper.

5.3 Preparation format:

5.3.1 Cover Page & Title Page A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page
of the project report are given in Annexure. The fonts and locations of various
items on this page should be exactly as shown in Annexure 1.

5.3.2

Inside cover page

Same as cover page

5.3.3

Acknowledgement

This should not exceed one page.

5.3.4

Certificate of external guide (if applicable )

5.3.5

Abstract Abstract should be a one page synopsis of the project work,

typed in double line spacing (about 300 words with max 6 key words). Font
Style Times New Roman and Font Size 12.

5.3.6 Table of Contents The table of contents should list all headings, sub
headings after the table of contents page, as well as any titles preceding it.
The title page and Bonafide Certificate will not find a place among the items
listed in the Table of Contents. One and a half spacing should be adopted for
typing the matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents
of the project report is given in Annexure.
5.3.7 List of Tables The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear
above the tables in the body of the report. One and a half spacing should be
adopted for typing the matter under this head.
5.3.8 List of Figures The list should use exactly the same captions as they
appear below the figures in the body of the text. One and a half spacing

should be adopted for typing the matter under this head.

5.3.9 Table and figures - The word Table means tabulated numerical data in the
body of the project report as well as in the appendices. All other non-verbal
materials used in the body of the project work and appendices such as charts,
graphs, maps, photographs and diagrams should be designated as figures.
5.3.10 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature One and a half
spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. Standard
symbols, abbreviations etc. should be used.
5.3.11 Chapters The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 or 4 parts with
minimum total pages 50, (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Literature Review (if
any) (iii) Chapters developing the main theme of the project work
(iv) Experimental setup, Analysis of results (if any) and (v) Conclusion &
Future work.

The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be
further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions.

Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.

Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of

the reference where they are cited.

Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and
placed directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the
material they annotate.
5.3.12 Appendices - Same format as Chapters
5.3.12 List of References The listing of references should be typed 4 spaces
below the heading REFERENCES in alphabetical order, in single spacing
and left justified. The reference material should be listed in the alphabetical
order of the surname of the first author. The name of the author/authors
should be immediately followed by the year and other details.

5. 3.13 List of papers published based on the report - See Annexure

5.4

Typing Instructions

The impression on the typed copies should be black in colour.

One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text. The general text
shall be typed in the Font style Times New Roman and Font size 12. Use A4 (210
mm X 297 mm) bond un-ruled paper (80 gsm) for all copies submitted. Use one
only side of the paper for all printed/typed matter.

5.4.1.

Numbering

Every page in the seminar/project report, except the seminar/project report title page,
must be accounted for and numbered.

The page numbering, starting from acknowledgements and till the beginning of the
introductory chapter, should be printed in small Roman numbers, i.e, i, ii, iii, iv......

The page number of the first page of each chapter should not be printed (but must be
accounted for). All page numbers from the second page of each chapter should be
printed using Arabic numerals, i.e. 2,3,4,5...

All printed page numbers should be located at the bottom centre of the page.

5.4.2

Chapters

Use only Arabic numerals. Chapter numbering should be centered on the top of the
page using large bold print. < size 15> <Times new Roman>

5.4.3

Sections

Use only Arabic numerals with decimals. Section numbering should be left justified
using bold print. Example: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc.

5.4.3.1

Subsections

Use only Arabic numerals with two decimals. Subsection numbering should be left
Justified using bold print. Example: 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, etc.

5.4.4

Equation(S)/Formula

Use only Arabic numerals with single decimal. Equation numbers should be right
justified using normal print.

Format: (<Chapter number>.<Equation serial number>).

Example

5.4.5

(1.1)

References

Follow Annexure-2.12
5.4.6
TEXT COLOR

- Black

FONT

5.4.7

- Times New Roman 12pts and normal

REGULAR TEXT

5.4.7.1 CHAPTER HEADING - Times Roman 15 pts., bold print and all capitals.
5.4.7.2 SECTION HEADINGS - Times Roman 12 pts., bold print and all capitals
5.4.7.3 SUBSECTION HEADINGS - Times Roman 12 pts., bold print and leading
capitals. ie. Only first letter in each word should be in capital Italics/Superscript /Subscript/Special symbols, etc., as per necessity.
5.4.7.4 SPECIAL TEXT- Special text may include footnotes, endnotes, physical or
chemical symbols, mathematical notations, etc.
5.4.7.5 REFERENCES Same font as regular text. Serial number and all authors'
names to be in bold print. Journal names and book titles should be in italics.
5.4.8 PARAGRAPH SPACING

Use 6 pts before & 6 pts after paragraphs.

All paragraphs in the seminar/project report should be left justified completely,

from the first line to the last line.

Use 1.5 spacing between the regular text and quotations.

5.4.8.1 Provide double spaces between:

(a) Chapter title and first sentence of a chapter, Use single spacing

(b) in footnotes and endnotes for text.

(c) in explanatory notes for tables and figures.

(d) in text corresponding to bullets, listings, and quotations in the main body
of seminar/project report .

Use single space in references and double space between references.

5.4.8.2 Justification

The text should be fully justified

5.4.8.3 Margins
The margins for the regular text are as
follows:
LEFT

= 1.50"

RIGHT

= 1.00"

TOP

= 1.00"

BOTTOM

= 1.00"

5.4.9 TABLES

All tables should have sharp lines, drawn in black ink, to separate rows/columns as
and when necessary. Tables should follow immediately after they are referred to for
the first time in the text. Splitting of paragraphs, for including tables on a page,
should be avoided. Provide double spaces on the top and the bottom of all tables to
separate them from the regular text, wherever applicable.

The title of the table etc. should be placed on the top of the table

The title should be centered with respect to the table. The titles must be in the same
font as the regular text and should be single spaced. The title format is given below:
Table<blank><chapter number>.<serial number><left indent><table title>.

5.4.10 FIGURES

All figures, drawings, and graphs should be drawn in black ink with sharp
lines and adequate contrast between different plots if more than one plot is
present in the same graph.

The title of the figure etc. should be placed on the bottom of the figure.

Figures should follow immediately after they are referred to for the first time in the
text. Splitting of paragraphs, for including figures on a page, should be avoided.
Provide double spaces on the top and the bottom of all figures to separate them from
the regular text, wherever applicable. Figures should be centered with respect to the
figure. The titles must be in the same font as the regular text and should be single
spaced. The title format is given below:

Fig. <blank><chapter number>.<serial number> <left indent><figure title.

Annexure-1.1

PROJECT SYNOPSIS
(16 Pt Bold)

TOPIC
(18 Pt Bold)

Submitted to Sharda University

(14pt Bold)

B. Tech Degree
(16pt Bold)

in
Computer Science & Engineering
(14pt)

(14pt Bold)

Name & Signature:

Address:
Email:
Mob.
(14pt Bold)

Name & Signature:

Address:
Email:
Mob.

(14pt Bold)

Name & Signature:

Address:
Email:
Mob. (14pt)
(14pt Bold)

Name & Signature:

Address:
Email:
Mob
Signature of supervisor
(Name of Supervisor)

Annexure-1.2

SYNOPSIS
(16pt Bold)
1 Motivation & Introduction of the question / research problem
(All headings 12 pt, text in 11pt)

2 Project objectives defining flow of work in details

3 Literature on recent research at conceptual level related to the problem

4 Status / literature of recent research at application level related to the problem

5 Methodology with design / development

Evaluation criterion of hypothesis

7 Expected outcomes / Results & Analysis (in terms of prototype, patent, research papers,
etc.)
8 List no less than 10 recent (with in last 3 years) research publications related to the
proposed topic

REFERENCES:
Follow the Annexure-2.12
Note:
All the references must be given at the end in the following form in Times New Roman 12
Pt. (single spacing)
Document should not exceed more than 2500 words
Relevant diagrams should be provided as per the need
Plagiarism will be dealt seriously and may leading to document withdrawal

Type Set:
Paper Size -

A4

Font size Times New Roman 12 pt

Footer: Page number and Name of Candidate
Header: Title of Project &
Leave:
Top Margin1.9

Bottom Margin 1.9

Left Margin
1.9
Right Margin
1.5
All the flow matter will be in double spacing

Signature of supervisor
(Times New Roman 14pt Bold)

Name:
Address:
Email:
Mob.

Annexure 2.

PROJECT TITLE
A PROJECT REPORT
submitted to
SHARDA UNIVERSITY
by
NAME OF STUDENT

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

School of Engineering and Technology
Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P
<Month,year>

Annexure 2.2

PROJECT TITLE
<Font Size 16><1.5 line spacing>

A PROJECT REPORT
<Font Size 14><Italic>

submitted to
SHARDA UNIVERSITY
<Font Size 14><Bold

by
<Font Size 14><Italic>

NAME OF STUDENT
<Font Size 14>Bold

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

<Font Size 14><1.5 line spacing><Italic>

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
<Font Size 16><Bold

IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
<Font Size 14><Bold

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

<Font Size 12><Bold

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

<Font Size 16><Bold
SHARDA UNIVERSITY
GREATER NOIDA, U.P.
<Font Size 12><Bold

<Month,year>
<Font Size 14><Bold

Annexure 2.3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
One page maximum. Times New Roman and Font Size 12

Annexure 2.4

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled TITLE OF PROJECT WORK
submitted by NAME OF STUDENT to the Sharda University Greater Noida, U.P in
partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer
Science and Engineering is a bonafide record of the project work carried out by him
under my supervision in the year 2013.

Name
<Name of HOD>
Professor and Head

(Project Guide)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Designation

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

School of Engineering and Technology
Sharda University, Greater Noida, U.P

Annexure 2.5.

ABSTRACT
In-cylinder fluid dynamics exert significant influence on the performance and emission
characteristics of Direct Injection (DI) diesel engines. Detailed simulation of the various
features of the in-cylinder fluid motion including heat transfer and combustion processes
has now become an achievable goal using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
methodology, an area which is developing for more than a decade.
In the present work, computational fluid dynamics investigation on in-cylinder flow for
non-reacting as well as firing condition in a DI diesel engine using different types of
inlet manifolds has been carried out. The employed three-dimensional computational
domains, constitute of the intake manifold, combustion chamber and the exhaust
manifold so that a complete engine cycle can be simulated.
To start with, a study on the effect of manifold configurations on in-cylinder flow and
combustion has been carried out on an engine geometry, for which experimental
measurements are available. Validation of simulated results with experimental data
available in the literature is presented.
KEYWORDS: DI Diesel Engine, Spiral Manifold, Helical Manifold, HelicalSpiral Combined Manifold, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Annexure 2.6

CONTENTS
Title

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ i
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. ii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................iv
ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................v
NOMENCLATURE ..................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1

Flow Through Inlet Manifold ..........................................................................3

1.2

Simulation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics ............................................5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1

Introduction ...................................................................................................8

2.2

Diesel Engine Flow Modeling .........................................................................9

2.2.1

Effect on Engine Configurations .....................................................................9

2.3

Diesel Combustion Model ............................................................................25

...........................................................................................................................................

REFERENCE ..........................................................................................................50
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ......................................................................................55

Annexure 2.7.

List of Tables

Table

Title

Page

3.1

Values Assigned to Standard k- Turbulence Model Coefficients .................... 55

3.2

Values Assigned to RNG k- Turbulence Model Coefficients ......................... 57

4.1

Engine Specifications................................................................................... 90

4.2

Geometrical Details of the Injector ............................................................... 90

4.3

Boundary and Initial Conditions ................................................................... 94

4.4

Grid Independence Study ............................................................................. 99

Annexure 2.8

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure

Title

Page

3.1

Lagrangian Droplet Motion ...............................................................................

70

4.1

Vertical Manifold...............................................................................................

95

4.2

20O Bend Manifold.............................................................................................

95

4.3

90O Bend Manifold..................................................................................................

95

4.4

Spiral Manifold ..................................................................................................

95
O

= 225 )
........................................................ 96

4.5

Spiral Manifold Configuration (

4.6

Spiral Manifold with Different Flow Entry Angles (20 O, 32.5O and 45O).......... 96

4.7

Helical Manifold (Helical Angles 30O, 35O, 40O, 45O and 50O) .......................... 97

4.8

Spiral Manifold ..................................................................................................

97

4.9

Helical Manifold ................................................................................................

97

4.10

Helical-Spiral Manifold...................................................................................................

.............. 97

4.11

Grid Independent SR for Validation Model....................................................... 98

4.12

Grid Independent TKE for Validation Model................................................... 99

Annexure 2.9

NOMENCLATURE
English Symbols
A

Pre-exponential constant

Ad

Droplet cross-sectional area, m

As

Droplet surface area, m

A0

Nozzle cross sectional area. m

Cp

Specific heat,J/kg-K

Virtual mass coefficient

am

Reaction progress variable

cd

Coefficient of discharge of nozzle

0
p

Reference specific heat at temperature T0

cp

Mean constant pressure specific heat at temperature

T Droplet specific heat

p,d

Dd

Instantaneous droplet diameter,

Dm

m Vapour diffusivity

Annexure 2.10

ABBREVIATIONS
ATDC

After Top Dead Center

BDC

Bottom Dead Center

BTDC

Before Top Dead Center

CA

Crank Angle

CAD

Computer Aided Design

CCS

Combined Charging System

CFD

Computational Fluid Dynamics

CO

Carbon Monoxide

CTC

CharacteristicTime Combustion

DI

Direct Injection

DME

Dimethyl Ether

DNS

Direct Numerical Simulations

EGR

Exhaust Gas Re- Circulation

FIE

Fuel Injection Equipments

HC

Hydrocarbon

HWA

Hot Wire Anemometer

IC

Internal Combustion

Annexure2.11

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Fuel economy demands and pollution threats have posed serious challenges to the design
and development of new generation diesel engines. The performances of the diesel
engines are enhanced by proper design of inlet and exhaust manifolds. In this, inlet
manifold is mainly responsible for inducting appropriate amount of air into the cylinder.
It should be the endeavor of the designer to see that maximum volumetric efficiency is
obtained. At the same time, the design should be in such a way that it creates larger
turbulence and swirl. Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine with new intake system,
turbocharger and after treatment arrangement to meet latest emission regulations and fuel
economy is found to be very attractive for automotive applications.
Simulation of IC engine using CFD is comparatively quite difficult since it involves
complex

Annexure2.12

REFERENCES
The following format should be followed for different reference materials:

Book with one author

Adair, J. (1988) Effective time management: How to save time and spend it wisely,
London: Pan Books.

Book with two authors

McCarthy, P. and Hatcher, C. (1996) Speaking persuasively: Making the most of
your presentations, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

Book with three or more authors

Fisher, R., Ury, W. and Patton, B. (1991) Getting to yes: Negotiating an agreement
without giving in, 2nd edition, London: Century Business.
Book second or later edition
Barnes, R. (1995) Successful study for degrees, 2nd edition, London: Routledge.

Book by same author in the same year

Napier, A. (1993a) Fatal storm, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
Napier, A. (1993b) Survival at sea, Sydney: Allen and Unwin.

Book with an editor

Danaher, P. (ed.) (1998) Beyond the ferris wheel, Rockhampton: CQU Press.
If you have used a chapter in a book written by someone other than the editor
Byrne, J. (1995) Disabilities in tertiary education, in Rowan, L. and McNamee, J.
(ed.) Voices of a Margin, Rockhampton: CQU Press.

Books with an anonymous or unknown author

The University Encyclopedia (1985) London: Roydon.

Written course material, for example distance learning unit material

Dhann, S. (2001) CAE0001LWR Unit 5: Note taking skills from lectures and
readings, Exeter: Department of Lifelong Learning.

OR, IF THE AUTHOR IS UNKNOWN

Department of Lifelong Learning (2001), CAE0001LWR Unit 5: Note taking skills
from lectures and readings, Exeter: Author.
(NB Author at the end means that the publisher is the same as the author)

Government publications
Department for Education and Employment (DfEE), (2001) Skills for life: The
national strategy for improving adult literacy and numeracy skills, Nottingham:
DfEE Publications.

Conference papers
Hart, G., Albrecht, M., Bull, R. and Marshall, L. (1992) Peer consultation: A
professional development opportunity for nurses employed in rural settings, Infront
Outback Conference Proceedings, Australian Rural Health Conference,
Toowoomba, pp. 143 148.

Newspaper articles
Cumming, F. (1999) Tax-free savings push, Sunday Mail, 4 April, p. 1.

OR, IF THE AUTHOR IS UNKNOWN

Tax-free savings push, Sunday Mail (4 April 1999), p. 3.

Journal article
Muller, V. (1994) Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law, sexual identity,
The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, August, pp. 103-107.

Journal article with both volume and issue number

Muller, V. (1994) Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law, sexual identity,
The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, August, pp. 103-107.

Journal article from CD-ROM, electronic database, or journal

Skargren, E.I. & Oberg, B. (1998) Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of low-back
and neck pain in patients treated in primary care: Comparison between the treatment
strategies chiropractic and physiotherapy, Pain [Electronic], vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 201208, Available: Elsevier/ScienceDirect/ O304-3959(98)00101-8, [8 Feb 1999].

Electronic mail (e-mail)

Johnston, R. (2001) Access courses for women, e-mail to NIACE Lifelong Learning
Mailing List (lifelong-learning@niace.org.uk), 22 Aug. [24 Aug 2001].
OR
Robinson, T. (2001) Re: Information on course structure, e-mail to S. Dhann
(s.dhann@exeter.ac.uk), 12 Jul. [13 Jul 2001].

Discussion list
Berkowitz, P. (1995) April 3, Sussys gravestone, Mark Twain Forum [Online], 3
Apr, Available e-mail: TWAIN-L@yorkvm2.bitnet [3 Apr 1995].

World Wide Web page

Young, C. (2001) English Heritage position statement on the Valletta Convention,
[Online], Available: http://www.archaeol.freeuk.com/EHPostionStatement.htm [24
Aug 2001].

Annexure 2.13

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

I
I

REFEREED JOURNALS

1.

Paul,B and V. Ganesan (2008) Effect of spiral manifold configuration on in-cylinder air
motion and turbulence in DI Diesel engine. Journal of Engineering Application of
Computational Fluid Mechanics. (Communicated).

II
1.

PRESENTATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES

Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2005) Study of air motion inside the cylinder of a DI
diesel engine with spiral intake port. 14

th

International Conference of Indian Society of

Mechanical Engineers in the Knowledge Age, New Delhi, December 2005.

2.

Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2006) Effect of manifold configuration in turbulence inside the
cylinder of a direct injection diesel Engine by CFD Simulation. Third
BSME-ASME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
December 2006.

Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2007) Effect of spiral manifold configuration on swirl and
emissions in a DI diesel engine - A CFD study. Third International Conference on Thermal
Engineering. Jordan, May 2007.

Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2007) Effect of helical-spiral combined manifold configuration

on swirl and emissions in a DI diesel engine A CFD study.
International Conference on Computer Aided Engineering, IIT Madras, India, December
2007.

II

PRESENTATIONS IN NATIONAL CONFERENCES

1.

Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2005) CFD Analysis of the effect of port configurations

on air motion inside the cylinder of a DI diesel engine. 19

th

National Conference on IC

Engine Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Chidambaram, India, December 2005.

36