IEEE- Fourth International Conference on Advanced Computing, ICoAC 2012

MIT, Anna University, Chennai. December 13-15, 2012

FINGERPRINT BASED LICENSE

CHECKING FOR AUTO-MOBILES
J.Angeline Rubella, M.Suganya1, K.Senathipathi, 2
B.Santhosh Kumar, K.R.Gowdham, M.Ranjithkumar3
1
Assistant Professor, K.P.R Institute of Engineering and Technology,Coimbatore.
2
Assistant Professor, V.S.B College of Engineering Technical Campus,Coimbatore.
3
U.G. scholar, K.P.R Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore.
Abstract: Driving license system is a very difficult
task for t h e g o v e r n m e n t t o m o n i t o r . In
t h i s project, all the citizens images will scan
and recorded. Whenever a citizen crosses the
traffic rules, the police can scan his image
and can collect penalty / fine from the
defaulter. Using this method, the police can track
the history of the driver. This biometric based
driving license monitoring system is very easy
and convenient to monitor. According ancient
Greek
scripts
BIOMETRICS
means study of
life.
Biometrics studies
commonly include fingerprint, face, iris, voice,
signature, and hand geometry recognition and
verification. Many other modalities are in
various stages of development and assessment.
Among these available biometric traits
Finger Print proves to be one of the best traits
providing good
mismatch
ratio and
also reliable. Registering the attendances
of students has become a hectic work as
sometimes their attendance may be registered
or missed. To overcome this problem i.e. to get
the attendances registered perfectly we are taking
the help of two different
technologies viz.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS and BIOMETRICS.

When this module is interfaced to the

microcontroller, we will be using it in user
mode. In this mode we will be verifying the
scanned images with the stored images. When
coming to our application the images of the
citizens will be stored in the module with a
unique id. Citizens have to scan their image on
demand by police, which is then verified with
the image present in fingerprint module and
their record will be updated.
This scanner is interfaced to 8051
microcontroller through max232 enabling
serial communication. By using this controller
we will be controlling the scanning process.
After the scanning has been completed the
result is stored in the microcontroller. By
simply pressing a switch we can get the details
of the polling.
This project uses regulated
5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal
voltage regulator is used for voltage
regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is
used to rectify the ac output of secondary of
230/12V step down transformer.

Index T e r m s : Authentication, Fingerprint,

License, Matching, Minutiae, Sensor.

2. Block Diagram:

1. Introduction
Recently while us discussing about
Biometrics we are concentrating on
Fingerprint scanning. For this we are using
FIM 3030N high voltage module as a scanner.
This module has in-built ROM, DSP and
RAM. In this we can store up to n no of
users fingerprints. This module can operate in
2 modes they are Master mode and User
mode. We will be using Master mode to
register the fingerprints which will be stored
in the ROM present on the scanner with a
unique id.
978-1-4673-5584-1/12/$31.002012 IEEE

IEEE-ICoAC 2012
3. Sensor:
In this we are using U 4000B
sensor for getting the Fingerprint image and to
store that in the database. It is an excellent
fingerprint input device can be widely applied
in social security, public security, attendance,
fingerprint encryption, embedded, and many
other applications.
U 4000B miniature
fingerprint scanner to automatically read the
fingerprint image, and through USB interface
to transfer digital fingerprint images to the
computer-controlled technology to support the
Biokey SDK development tools. Require
authentication for laptop computers, desktop
computer or other personal computing
devices, it is the ideal accessory.

U 4000B

3.1. Sensing:
Fingerprints can be sensed
using numerous technologies. The traditional
ink and paper method, still used by many
law enforcement agencies, involves applying
ink to the finger surface, rolling the finger
from one side of the nail to the other on a
card, and finally scanning the card to generate
a digital image.
In the more popular live-scan method,
a digital image is directly obtained by placing
the finger on the surface of a fingerprint
reader as shown in Figure 2. Optical sensors
based on the frustrated total internal reflection
(FTIR) technique are commonly used to
capture live-scan fingerprints in forensic and
government applications, while solid-state

touch and sweep sensorssilicon-based

devices that measure the differences in
physical properties such as capacitance or
conductance of the friction ridges and
valleysdominate
in
commercial
applications.
Latent fingerprint impressions left at
crime scenes require manual lifting
techniques like dusting.3
The most significant characteristics of
fingerprint readers are their resolution and
capture area. The standard fingerprint image
resolution in law enforcement applications is
500 pixels per inch (ppi), but some readers
now have dual-resolution capability (500 and
1,000 ppi). The sensing surface of readers
used by law enforcement tends to be large so
that they can capture palm prints and all four
fingers simultaneouslysuch sensors are
referred to as 10-print scanners.
Low-resolution and small-area readers
are preferred in commercial applications so
that they can be easily embedded in consumer
devices. Sweep sensors are popular in mobile
phones, PDAs, and laptops because of their
small size (for example, 14 mm 5 mm) and
low cost (under $5). However, such sensors
require users to sweep their finger across the
sensing surface; the reader fuses overlapping
image slices obtained during sweeping to form
a full fingerprint. Fingerprint sensors
embedded in mobile phones or PDAs are also
used to support navigation and hot-key
functions, with each finger assigned to a
specific functionality.
3.2. Feature extraction:
Features extracted from a fingerprint
image are generally categorized into three
levels, as shown in Figure 3a. Level 1 features
capture macro details such as friction ridge
flow, pattern type, and singular points. Level 2
features refer to minutiae such as ridge
bifurcations and endings. Level 3 features
include all dimensional attributes of the ridge
such as ridge path deviation, width, shape,

IEEE-ICoAC 2012
pores, edge contour, and other details,
including incipient ridges, creases, and scars.
Level 1 features can be used to
categorize fingerprints into major pattern
types such as arch, loop, or whorl; level 2 and
level 3 features can be used to establish a
fingerprints individuality or uniqueness.
Higher-level features can usually be extracted
only if the fingerprint image resolution is
high. For example, level 3 feature extraction
requires images with more than 500-ppi
resolution.
Figure 3b shows the flow chart of a
typical minutiae feature extraction algorithm.
First, the algorithm estimates the friction ridge
orientation and frequency from the image.
4. How the fingerprint is recognized and
stored in the database:
During the enrollment phase, the
sensor scans the users fingerprint and
converts it into a digital image. The minutiae
extractor processes the fingerprint image to
identify specific details known as minutia
points that are used to distinguish different
users.

actual number depends on the size of the

sensor surface and how the user places his or
her finger on the sensor. The system stores the
minutiae
informationlocation
and
directionalong with the users demographic
information as a template in the enrollment
database.
During the identification phase, the
user touches the same sensor, generating a
new fingerprint image called a query print.
Minutia points are extracted from the query
print, and the matcher module compares the
query minutia set with the stored minutia
templates in the enrollment database to find
the number of common minutia points. Due to
variations in finger placement and pressure
applied on the sensor, the minutia points
extracted from the template and query
fingerprints must be aligned, or registered,
before matching. After aligning the
fingerprints, the matcher determines the
number of pairs of matching minutiaetwo
minutia points that have similar location and
directions. The system determines the users
identity by comparing the match score to a
threshold set by the administrator.
5. How the database accept the Fingerprint
image:

Minutia points represent locations

where friction ridges end abruptly or where a
ridge branches into two or more ridges. A
typical good-quality fingerprint image
contains about 20-70 minutiae points; the

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

At first the Fingerprint image i.e.,

the Grayscale image (a) is converted into
Orientation Field (b) and then into binary

IEEE-ICoAC 2012
image (c) and at last the minutiae (d) is
matched and stored in the database.
6. Matching:
A fingerprint matching module
computes a match score between two
fingerprints, which should be high for
fingerprints from the same finger and low for
those from different fingers. Fingerprint
matching is a difficult pattern-recognition
problem due to large intraclass variations
(variations in fingerprint images of the same
finger) and large interclass similarity
(similarity between fingerprint images from
different fingers). Intraclass variations are
caused by finger pressure and placement
rotation, translation, and contact areawith
respect to the sensor and condition of the
finger such as skin dryness and cuts.
Meanwhile, interclass similarity can be large
because there are only three types of major
fingerprint patterns (arch, loop, and whorl).
Most fingerprint-matching algorithms
adopt one of four approaches: image
correlation,
phase
matching, skeleton
matching, and minutiae matching. Minutiaebased representation is commonly used,
primarily because
Forensic examiners have successfully
relied on minutiae to match fingerprints for
more than a century,
Minutiae-based representation is
storage efficient, and expert testimony about
suspect identity based on mated minutiae is
admissible in courts of law.
The current trend in minutiae matching
is to use local minutiae structures to quickly
find a coarse alignment between two
fingerprints and then consolidate the local
matching results at a global level. This kind of
matching algorithm4 typically consists of four
steps, as Figure 4 shows. First, the algorithm
computes pair wise similarity between
minutiae of two fingerprints by comparing
minutiae descriptors that are invariant to
rotation and translation. Next, it aligns two
fingerprints according to the most similar

minutiae pair. The algorithm then establishes

minutiae correspondenceminutiae that are
close enough both in location and direction are
deemed to be corresponding (mated) minutiae.
Finally, the algorithm computes a similarity
score to reflect the degree of match between
two fingerprints based on factors such as the
number of matching minutiae, the percentage
of matching minutiae in the overlapping area
of two fingerprints, and the consistency of
ridge count between matching minutiae.

IEEE-ICoAC 2012
6.1. How it matches with the stored image
6.1.1. Sensors identification process:

6.1.4. Work of matching process:

6.1.2. Recognition Algorithm:

6.1.3. Image Processing:

This part consists of six stages. At the
image enhancement stage, noise on the input
fingerprint image is eliminated and contrast is
fortified for the sake of successive stages. At
the image analysis stage, area where
fingerprint is severely corrupted is cut out to
prevent adverse effects on recognition. The
binarization stage is designed to binaries a
gray-level fingerprint image. The thinning
stage thins the binaries image. The ridge
reconstruction stage reconstructs the ridges by
removing pseudo minutiae. At the last stage,
minutiae are extracted from the reconstructed
ridge image.

Matching stages show big differences

according to their types although they are
based on the same minutiae. Here, the most
well-known matching algorithm will be
briefly explained. The matching process
consists
of
four
main
stages.
First of all, the minutiae analysis stage
analyzes the geometric characteristics such as
distance and angle between standard minutiae
and its neighboring minutiae based on the
analysis of the image-processed feature data.
After the analysis, all the minutiae pairs have
some kind of geometric relationship with their
neighboring minutiae, and the relationship
will be used as basic information for local
similarity measurement.

IEEE-ICoAC 2012
7. How to over come Duplication:
7.1. Altered/fake fingerprints:
People may alter their fingerprints in
different ways for many reasons. For example,
an unauthorized user may use a fake finger
that imitates a legitimate users fingerprint
template to access a computer system.
Criminals may cover their fingers with fake
fingerprints made of substances like glue or
they may intentionally mutilate their fingers to
avoid being identified by automated systems
or even human experts.
An essential countermeasure to thwart
the use of inanimate or fake fingers is liveness
detectionchecking if the finger is live by
measuring and analyzing various vital signs of
the finger such as pulse, perspiration, and
deformation. While software-based liveness
detection solutions that complement existing
fingerprint scanners may be more costeffective, they have not yet shown much
promise.
To deal with mutilated fingers, a
mutilation detector should be added, and, once
mutilation is detected, effort should be made
to identify the subject either by restoring the
original fingerprints or using only the
unaltered areas of the fingerprint. With the
adoption of multiple biometric traits in largescale identification systems such as the FBIs
NGI, multi-biometrics will be a powerful tool
to handle altered fingerprints.
Duplication can be avoided since each and
every Fingerprint has its uniqueness in
nature

7.2. Uniqueness of the Fingerprint:

The "fingerprint" which is formed on
the tip of the finger by the visible pattern the
skin takes is absolutely unique to its owner.
Every person living on the earth has a
different set of fingerprints. All the people

who have lived throughout history also had

different fingerprints.
These prints remain unchanged
throughout one's lifetime unless a great injury
occurs. That is why the fingerprint is accepted
as a very important identity card and used for
this purpose around the world.
However, two centuries ago, the
fingerprint was not so important, because it
was only discovered in the late 19th century
that all fingerprints are different from one
another. In 1880, an English scientist named
Henry Faulds stated in an article published in
Nature that the fingerprints of people did not
change throughout their lives, and that
suspects could be convicted by the
fingerprints they left on surfaces such as
glass.32
In 1884, for the first time a murder was
solved by means of identifying fingerprints.
Since then, fingerprints have become an
important method of identification. Before the
19th century, however, people most probably
had never thought that the wavy shapes on
their fingertips had any meaning or considered
them worthy of note. In the 7th century, the
Qur'an pointed out that the fingertips of
human
beings
bore
an
important
characteristic.
7.3. How to overcome for injured
fingerprint:
Thus, the accidental injuries are
common. The injured fingerprint will get its
own true image after it get cured. But for our
security purpose we should take 2 images of
the fingerprint from 2 different fingers.
7.4. Here are some general tips:
Because it is possible to damage one
or all the fingers on one hand, users are
encouraged to enroll at least one finger from
each hand.
Careful enrollment is essential. Once
a fingerprint is enrolled, its template will be
used for future authentication, and careful
enrollment helps obtain better (beyond the

IEEE-ICoAC 2012
threshold quality) templates and hence will
help to avoid false matches in the future.
Attention should be paid to the
sensor surface as the eye of the system. It
should not be touched or scratched with dirty
fingers or anything hard. If the sensor is dirty,
wet, or fails to work, it should be gently
cleaned with a dry, soft, lint-free cloth.
If someone has difficulty enrolling or
authenticating, the hands should be cleaned or
a different finger used. If the hands are too
dry, lotion can be applied, but not too much
because that can have the opposite effect. If
appropriate, the user might rub the finger to be
matched on his or her forehead to moisten it
with the skins natural oil.

8.4. Collectability:
Fingerprints are easy to
acquisition, the cheapest fingerprint readers
available use a digital camera. Fingerprint
readers that are more difficult to fool, such as
CMOS readers, are even not overly expensive.
In some environments, where for example
people are unable to wash their hands, more
expensive means might be necessary to
acquire a useable fingerprint image.
8.5. Acceptability:
Fingerprints
are
easily
accepted as soon as people reflect that they
leave their fingerprints everywhere and that no
sensitive information, such as medical
conditions, can be derived from fingerprints.

8. Suitability of fingerprint recognition:

8.6. Circumvention:
There are a number of
concerns when using fingerprint recognition.

8.1. Universality:
Only very few people miss all
10 fingers. Most fingerprint recognition
software allows enrolling multiple fingers
which avoids that an individual is no longer
granted access after injury.

8.2. Uniqueness:
It is generally accepted that
fingerprints are unique to an individual.
However, there is a risk that fingerprints of
two different individuals match if the
fingerprint image is of insufficient quality.
Therefore the False Acceptance Rate (FAR) is
highly dependent on the quality of the
fingerprint reader.
8.3. Permanence:
Fingerprints do not change with
ageing, but as people age they lose collagen
which makes their fingerprint harder to read
and this can lead to significantly more false
rejects with elderly people. Injuries, such as
fire wounds, can damage a fingerprint but if
multiple fingers are enrolled the likelihood of
an authorized individual being denied access
is reduced.

A finger can be cut off, this is no joke

it already happened. Fingerprint
sensors with liveliness detection can
resolve this issue.
Fingerprint dummies are not too
difficult to make, the effort is highly
dependent of the biometric device to
be fooled. Some of the cheapest
devices can even be fooled by a
fingerprint image that is printed on
paper or transparency. Dummies can
be created for each type of sensor,
however in general the more
complicated (and thus expensive)
sensors are more difficult to fool.
Liveliness
detection
do
make
fingerprint readers a lot more difficult
to fool.

Make
a
thorough
analysis
before
implementing fingerprint recognition as a
means for authentication or identification in a
high securityenvironment. Avoid
using
fingerprint
readers
without
liveliness
detection.

IEEE-ICoAC 2012
8.7. Performance:
In terms of speed, accuracy and
robustness the devices actually on the market
should cover any need, except maybe for big
corporations and government applications
where matching algorithms might become a
bottleneck.
9. Some of the advantages of our proposed
Method:
1. Since fingerprints are the composition
of protruding sweat glands, everyone
has unique fingerprints.
2. They do not change naturally.
3. Its reliability and stability is higher
compared to the iris, voice, and face
recognition method.
4. Fingerprint recognition equipment is
relatively low-priced compared to
other biometric system and R&D
investments are very robust in this
field.
5. Very high accuracy.
6. It is one of the most developed
biometrics.
7. Easy to use.
8. Small storage space required for the
biometric template, reducing the size
of the database memory required
9. It is standardized.
10. No need to carry License
11. It avoids Fraud & Duplication.
12. More economical and effective
method.
10. Conclusion:
Automated
fingerprint
identification systems
have
been
successfully deployed around the globe
for both law-enforcement and civilian
applications, and new fingerprintmatching applications continue to
emerge. The fingerprint will continue to
be the dominant biometric trait, and many
identity management and access control

applications will continue to rely on

fingerprint recognition because of its
proven performance, the existence of
large legacy databases, and the
availability of compact and cheap
fingerprint readers. Further, fingerprint
evidence is acceptable in courts of law to
convict criminals. In this paper we have
proposed method based on Minutiaebased algorithm for efficient and more
secured becauseof these features
Universality, Uniqueness, Permanence,
Collectability,
Acceptability,
Circumvention and Performance when
compared to the existing system. The
security can be further increased using
some modern technologies like advanced
sensors, e.g. Retina Sensors, but these
increases the cost of the project.
11. References:
1. National Science and Technology
Council
Subcommittee
on
Biometricsand
Identity
Management,
Biometrics
in
Government Post-9/11: Advancing
Science, Enhancing Operations,
Aug 2008.
2. A.K. Jain, P. Flynn, and A.A.Ross,
eds., Handbook of Biometrics,
Springer, 2007.
3. H.C.Lee and R.E.Gaensslen. eds.,
advences
in
FringerprintnTechnology,
2nd.,
CRC press 2001.
4. J. Feng, Combining Minutiae
Descriptors
for
Fingerprint
Matching, Pattern Recognition,
Jan. 2008, pp. 342-352
5. A.A. Ross, K. Nandakumar, and
A.K.
Jain,
Handbook
of
Multibiometrics, Springer,2006.
6. S. Pankanti, S. Prabhakar, and
A.K. Jain, On the Individuality
of
Fingerprints,
IEEE
Trans. Pattern Analysis and
Machine
Intelligence,
Aug.
2002, pp.1010-1025.