Brentwood Technical Papers Thermal Performance

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Partha Nag, AGM 2015

(CENPEEP),
NTPC Ltd and Dr.
PMV Subba Rao,
Mechanical
Engineering
Department, IIT
Delhi
Abstract: A program code developed for
prediction of performance of NDCT
based on manufacturer's performance
curve. Development of a simulation code
using CFD for detailed zone wise analysis
of air flow and performance of cooling
tower is carried out which is the limitation
of program code. Development of drift
measurement device which is very useful
for measurement of drift as well as DBT
and WBT of outlet air of cooling tower is
carried out. Validation of the simulation
using CFD is carried out with
experimental result like cold water
temperature at bottom, air temperature
and air velocity and amount of drift in air
at measured plane shows a good accuracy
of the present simulation. Development of
modified water flow distribution is done
which shows improved performance.
Simulation of
Air Flow
Distribution
and
Performance of
Cooling Tower
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Off-design performance analysis of

cooling tower shows a detailed
relationship of performance parameters
with operating parameters. Comparison of
CFD simulation with program code also
shows a good match with design data.
This study, along with the analysis of field
data is expected to result in concrete
recommendation to overcome the field
level problem in performance evaluation
and thus improved performance.
2014
Preventive
Paul Chila,
Maintenance
Quantum
Technical Services,
for Cooling
LLC
Towers
Utilizing
Gamma
Scanning
Technology
Abstract: One of the most common
questions asked concerning high
efficiency cooling towers is how do we
know what is happening inside the fill
section? Quantum Technical Services
has developed and patented a gamma
scanning technical to address this
question directly. Utilizing a gamma scan
of the fill section, we calculate the bulk
density of all material in the fill. This
technology, applied over several scans on
a tower over time, has proven to be the
most informative and cost effective
method to determine the effectiveness of
chemical treatment and help guide
treatment companies in their treatment
strategies.
2013
Good Practices Salvador Avila
Filho and Zara
in Cooling
Marques
Towers:
Rodrigues De
Comparison
Jesus,
Between
Universidade
Industrial
Federal Da Bahia
Audits
Abstract: The integration of cooling
Towers with processes and wastewater
indicates that a better performance in
cooling systems gives benefits for whole
production including thermal energy
targets. The audit in cooling towers and
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systems combines thermal behavior

analysis, mass/energy balances, field
verifications, interviews, and procedures
review. The goal of techniques is
detecting restrictions to the use of entire
capacity of the cooling tower. The
comparison between cooling towers
audit in chemical, metallurgical and
petroleum industry shows potential to
energy recovery by each technology. This
paper presents: method that decrease
energy and water losses; and guideline
good practices for cooling tower
maintenance.
Impact of
Magose Abraham 2013
Cooling Water Eju, Nigeria
Temperature on Liquefied Natural
Gas (NLNG)
Plant
Performance
Abstract: Cooling water play a very vital
role in the performance of a plant in
terms of the energy utilization /
optimization, production and financial
earnings (the bottom-line) of the business.
The water temperature sets the
temperature levels of a water-cooled
plant, process or system and hence, its
energy utilization, operating costs and/or
savings. It is therefore, important to get
the cooling water at the right temperature
to ensure optimal performance /
efficiency of a plant. This paper uses a
real-life problem that occurred at the
Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas plant as a
case study to show how the performance
of a cooling tower impacts the cooling
water temperature and hence the overall
performance of a water-cooled plant
2013
Liu Zhenyan,
Research on
Jiangsu Seagull
Reducing
Recirculation Cooling Tower
Co., Ltd
Influence of
Warm,
Saturated Air
Discharged
from Cooling
Towers
Abstract: The researches show that the
recirculation ratio is related to length of
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cooling tower row, distance between

tower rows, tower structure and wind
velocity and angle included between long
axis of tower row and wind direction.
Aim to defects of present calculated
modes for cooling tower recirculation, a
new formula for the warm, saturated air
recirculation is presented through
simulate experiments and site running test
for cooling tower groups. According to
the new formula, the calculated results
are accordance with tested values at site.
The formula can be used to optimize
layout of cooling tower group.
Experimental Jan Cizek and
2013
Methods for
Michal Stepnicka,
Cooling Tower Czech Technical
University in
Research
Prague
Abstract: The laboratory of CTU in
Prague has for long been focused on
research in the field of cooling
technologies. Several experimental stands
for evaporative and dry cooling have built
with a close collaboration with our
partners from the commercial sphere. All
of those stands can be run simultaneously
in our laboratory, namely a measurement
of the effectiveness of fills in the testing
cell with usable dimensions of 1.5 x 1.5 x
4 meters, a measurement of nozzle
characteristics, measurements of
thermodynamic properties of active
plume abatement systems, an
interferometric (IPI) measurement of the
efficiency of drift eliminators, or optical
(PIV) measurements of velocity fields
near the droplet eliminators and other
cooling tower components.
Mathematical Lukas Dvorak and 2013
Pavol Vitkovic,
and
Experimental Czech Technical
Modeling of a University in
Prague
Rain Zone
Abstract: This paper is aimed at the
description of theoretical and
experimental research in aero- and
thermodynamic processes occurring in
the stream of moist air flowing pass the
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rain zone in cooling towers. The aim of

this work is based on the presumption of
non-uniform log-normal droplets size
distribution in the rain zone. The changes
in the moving air (such as pressure drop
or humidity ratio) occurring in the rain
zone are described as a dependence of
the flow ratings of the air and water, on
the state of both fluids and on the angel
between the trajectory of the air and
water particles. The results from this
research should help with the design and
the increase of cooling performance by
using non-uniform nozzle grids.
Cooling Tower Magose Abraham 2012
Modeling
Eju, Nigeria LNG
Approach
Ltd
Abstract: Various approaches to cooling
tower modeling have been used by
different authors. Some of these modeling
approaches include the work of Lebrun
and Aparecida (2002) titled Cooling
Towers Method and Experimental
Validation which presented a simplified
method for analyzing the combined heat
and mass transfer phenomena in a cooling
tower using Merkels theory as the
theoretical basis for the model. Braun et
al (1989) used the Effectiveness approach
in their work titled, Effectiveness
Models for Cooling Tower and Cooling
Coils. Lastly, in the Toolkit for Primary
HVAC System Energy Calculation,
prepared for ASHRAE by Lebrun et al
(1999), the model of the counterflow
cooling tower was based on the Merkels
theory with the Lewis number assumed to
equal unity. This paper describes the
approach that was used by the author in
modeling cooling tower as part of the
scope of a research study undertaken to
improve the thermal performance of
cooling towers. Two simulation software
tools have been used in the modeling of
cooling tower. The challenges
encountered are also discussed.
Robbie McElveen 2012
Permanent
Magnet Direct and Bill Martin,
Drive Motors: Balldor Electric
Company
Lessons
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Learned
Abstract: In recent years, the authors
have presented several papers concerning
the use of permanent magnet motors for
the direct drive of cooling tower fans. The
goal of this paper is to detail how the
technology has evolved, communicate
lessons learned from field installations
and give the reader a practical guide to
the installation and use of this type of
motor. An in depth case study is
presented detailing installation challenges
and solutions for a large permanent
magnet direct drive motor.
Lee Gillan,
Maisotsendo-Cycle 2011
Idalex; Paul
Enhanced Cooling
Glanvill and Dr. Towers
Aleksandr
Kozlov, Gas
Technology
Institute
Abstract: Following its successful
application in air-conditioning as
marketed by the Coolerado Corporation,
this document summarizes the potential
of the novel thermodynamic cycle, the
so-called Maisotsenko-Cycle
(M-Cycle), as applied to Cooling
Tower Design. Through a review of
existing methods and technologies, this
document discusses how the M-Cycle
Enhanced Open and Closed Circuit
Cooling Tower designs have the potential
in retrofit applications to (1) cool water
down to the ambient air dew point
temperature and (2) reduce system
pressure drop and fan power
consumption, with the potential to reduce
both installed and operating costs. For
readers seeking additional information,
appendices discuss the M-Cycle and the
corresponding psychrometrics in greater
detail.
Improving The Magose Abraham 2011
Eju, Nigeria
Thermal
Liquefied Natural
Performance
Gas Limited
Of Cooling
Towers By
Conditioning
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Of Air
Abstract: Up to the present, attempts at
improving performance of cooling towers
has been focused on the design of the
components such as the packing, nozzles,
fan, etc. This paper presents an
investigation that has been carried out to
assess the viability of a new and novel
approach by conditioning the entering air
to the cooling tower in order to reduce
the wet-bulb temperature, which is the
principal external parameter that affects
performance. The wet-bulb temperature
of the air entering the cooling tower
determines operating temperature levels
throughout a water-cooled plant, process
or system. It is very important to have the
cold water temperature low enough to
exchange heat or to condense vapors at
the optimum temperature level. The
investigation of performance involved the
development of a suite of integrated
computer models which were used along
with real plant data to assess the
performance improvement achievable
with the proposed air conditioning
system. The results of the analysis
indicated the viability of this new and
novel approach.
Crossflow
Robert Fulkerson, 2008
Cooling Tower Fulkerson &
Performance
Associates
Calculations
Abstract: This paper reviews and
explains the Zivi Brand method of
calculating crossflow cooling tower
thermal performance. In addition it
presents a mathematical method which
can be used to predict the performance of
a cooling tower which has a fill height
and fill air travel, which is different from
the test cell from which the rating data
was obtained.
2008
Architectural Toby Daley,
Composite Cooling
Enclosure
Influences on Solutions, L.P.
The
Performance of
Field Erected
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Cooling Towers
Abstract: Architectural enclosures for
cooling towers are not a new phenomena.
Ideal clearances are provided by
manufacturers to achieve the rated
performance. However, understanding
and predicting thermal performance
impacts when less than ideal clearances
are available becomes more complex.
This paper will present a study of an
architectural louver enclosure and its
influence on the performance of the
tower when less than ideal clearances are
achievable.
Seismic Rated Scott Nevins,
2007
Factory
EVAPCO, Inc.
Assembled
Evaporative
Cooling
Equipment
Abstract: The International Building
Code (IBC) is a comprehensive set of
regulations addressing the structural
design and installation for building
systems. As of May 1st, 2006, 47 states
and Washington DC have adopted the
International Building Code. Compared to
previous building codes that solely
examined anchorage, the International
Building Code addresses anchorage,
structural integrity, and operational
capability of a component following a
seismic event. This paper will focus on
the International Building Code as
pertains to factory assembled evaporative
cooling equipment and emphasize the
methodology for determining the
applicability of the code to specific
projects.
2006
Cooling Towers Richard
DesJardins,
Work As A
DesJardins
System
Consulting
Abstract: There are two principal
concepts that often confuse people that
are not familiar with cooling towers and
how they operate. One, the cooling tower
is a part of a bigger system; It does not set
the heat load; the paper will explain how
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the tower interacts with the system. Two,

the cooling tower and its components
work as a system. The paper will explain
how changes to one part of the tower can
affect all the other parts of the tower:
Such as selecting the economic size of the
tower, affect of changing fill dimensions
and type, heights, fan or stack size or
type, inlet heights, location of louvers,
nozzle type, choice of materials,
temperature limits, definition of "tough"
and "easy duties", and many more. It will
define normal limits for air velocities
throughout the tower, water loadings, fan
power, and other good practice
limitations. It will explain how pressure
drop changes performance. It will discuss
aftermarket changes that make things
worse, not better. Comments will be
general, not specific to any one product
or type.
Responding to Billy Childers,
a Cooling
Aggreko LLC
Tower
Emergency
2006
Abstract: This paper is intended to

explore the "typical" path that businesses
go down when an unexpected cooling
tower failure occurs. Review the time and
resources spent in planning and executing
a recovery plan. Then review an
alternative path that could be chosen to
expedite the recovery and avoid any
needless losses. The paper will also
explore the need for, and the value of
having a good executable contingency
plan in place.
Guidelines for Frank T Morrison, 2006
Baltimore Aircoil
Successful
Cooling Tower Company
Installations for
Campus
District Energy
Systems
Abstract: Water-cooled systems provide
many advantages for campus-type district
energy systems, including low first cost,
low operating cost, and reduced space
requirements. Cooling towers are often
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the forgotten "back-end" of the cooling

system, yet play a key role in the
operation of the entire system. A
well-designed evaporative cooling tower
installation is critical to achieving the
maximum benefit from the system
investment. This paper provides insight
into key considerations for these large
cooling tower installations, including
tower configurations, proper selection,
layout, sound, plume, water use, control
strategies, and maintenance.
Online
Refurbishment
of four Large
Natural Draft
Cooling Towers
Alex Dreyer 2005

GEA Aircooled
Systems
Gerrit Putter SASOL
Technology
Abstract: Many large
power/petrochemical plants have older
cooling towers which are in need of major
repairs but shutting down these towers
will result in large production losses. A
project was started in which the water
distribution system and the splash pack
grids of four existing natural draft cooling
towers at a large petrochemical plant
were to be replaced without shutting
down the water flow to the cooling
towers. The water flow to typically 10%
of a given tower was shut off after the
installation of butterfly valves. The
existing packing in this area was then
removed and replaced with new high
performance slash packing. The work on
the first two towers is scheduled for
completion in July 2004. Performance
tests on these two towers are scheduled
for the southern hemisphere summer
2004/2005. The work on the remaining
two towers is scheduled for completion at
the end of 2005.
Dynamic Load David M. Suptic, 2005
Considerations David M. Suptic
P.E. LLC
in Cooling
Tower Water
Distribution
Piping
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Abstract: Cooling tower water

distribution piping is typically designed
for normal water flow rates and low
operating pressures. Actual operating
conditions can produce pressure and flow
conditions that create significant dynamic
piping loads. This paper identifies cooling
tower operating practices that may create
increased piping loads and provides deep
considerations that can help prevent
catastrophic pipe failures.
Hybrid Closed- David Hutton,
2005
Circuit Cooling Baltimore Aircoil
Tower Solves a Company
Water
Availability
Problem
Abstract: The owner/operator of a
Canadian air-separation plant had
planned to install an open cooling tower
for summer heat rejection, and an
air-cooled heat exchanger for winter
operation, because water for evaporation
is unavailable at the plant site in the
winter. By taking advantage of hybrid,
wet-dry closed-circuit cooling tower
technology, the owner is now able to
handle the heat rejection requirements
with a single piece of equipment that
provides the advantages of evaporative
cooling in the summer, uses no water in
the winter, and consumes less energy and
less water than either of the other options.
Supplemental Billy Childers,
2004
Cooling
Aggreko
Abstract: The paper will cover the
benefit and pitfalls of supplemental
cooling. 1: Information required and
process to determine proper sizing. 2:
Location and considerations
(recirculation pitfalls). 3: The importance
of proper water balancing between
existing and supplemental cells/towers. 4:
Discuss the pros and cons of
supplemental water should be returned
within the existing towers basin. 6:
Provide drawings and photos of actual
installations.
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Thorough
Terry McCoy 2004
Inspections
ChemTreat, Inc.
Reduce Cooling Robert Strandberg
Tower
- Covanta, Inc.
Mechanical and
Performance
Risks
Abstract: Identification of cooling tower
problems prior to resultant failures allows
avoidance of unexpected major repair
costs. Periodic inspections of mechanical
and structural components by
knowledgeable personnel are critical in
maintaining and performance of the
tower. By performing thorough annual
inspections as described, corrective
action can be initiated and repairs can be
budgeted.
Innate
Hector L. Cruz,
2003
Recirculation Bechtel Power
of Cooling
Corporation
Towers
Abstract: In today's power market there
is an overall decrease in available plot
area in which to build a power plant. For
this reason larger projects are requiring
more back-to-back cooling tower
configurations. Previous CTI publications
show that certain cooling tower
configurations and designs are more
responsible than others for creating
recirculation environments, and indeed,
back-to-back configurations create more
recirculation than in-line. In-line and
back-to-back counter-flow configurations
makeup the bulk of new cooling tower
installations. However, this report deals
exclusively with back-to-back
counter-flow cooling towers. It will also
develop 1) the upper limit for design
variables that create recirculation, and 2)
answer which variables have a greater
affect on the cooling towers' thermal
performance, auxiliary power, and cost.
Buddy Lee,
2002
Wireless
MAARS, Inc.
Condition
Monitoring of
Industrial
Cooling
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Towers.
Abstract: A new method of wireless
condition monitoring for cooling tower
applications will be presented. The
development of Spread Spectrum
communications technology now makes
real-time vibration and process analysis
available over plant ethernet or the
internet. Remote diagnostics of cooling
tower condition may be implemented at
low cost using off the shelf components.
A Temporary Billy Childers,
2002
Cooling Tower Aggreko, Inc.
CAN Work For
You.
Abstract: Temporary cooling towers
allow for a contingency plan of the heart
of the plant that will save time and money
in the event of an unexpected loss. They
provide increased worker safety during
reconstruction as well as protecting the
environment and "keeping the lights on"
at the power plant. The plant can "try
before you buy" to provide undisputable
evidence of the impact of cooler water.
Add to all of this the ability to maintain
full production during the summer heat
and one can see how a temporary system
will solve plant worries and increase
profits.
Vibration
Robert Simmons, 2002
Control for
Amber/Booth
Cooling
Company
Towers.
Abstract: Cooling towers can be a major
source of objectionable vibration and
vibration induced noise in buildings. This
presentation will examine vibration
control issues for cooling towers, why
vibration from cooling towers is a
problem, how to isolate the vibration, and
some practical installation guidelines will
be discussed.
Sushil Aggarwal, 2002
Network
Analysis Helps Fluro Daniel Inc.
Increase
Cooling System
Capacity.
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Abstract: A planned refinery expansion

required 1500 GPM of additional cooling
water. The refinery has undergone several
expansions in the past where either the
capacity of existing units increased or
new processing units were added. The
original cooling water system was
straining to meet the increasing demands
placed on it. Further the pressure loss in
the piping had increased over time due to
settlement of dirt and scaling. While the
cooling tower had additional thermal
capacity, the circulation pumps and
distribution piping system were
hydraulically limited. Alternatives were
explored to avoid installing additional
circulation pumps and dedicated supply
and return piping for the new process
unit. A hydraulic network analysis helped
in identifying pinch points in the large
piping network with over 120 pipe
segments and more than 18 process units.
A solution to supply the new unit without
installing new pumps and dedicated
headers was identified by reducing flow
resistance in the pinch points with
significant cost savings.
On-Line
Frank L. Michell, 1997
Performance
Dan H Drew
Monitoring of American Electric
the 1300 MW Power
Natural Draft
Cooling Towers
on American
Electric
Power's
General James
M. Gavin Plant
Abstract: American Electric Power's past
and current approach to determining and
monitoring performance of natural draft
cooling towers on coal fired generating
units from 260-1300MW size will be
discussed in the paper. The paper will
focus on the Gavin Plant on-line
performance monitoring system approach
with prior testing activities on AEP
System cooling towers included from a
historical perspective.
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Enhancing
Tower
Performance
Using
Non-Uniform
Water
Distribution
Adriaan J. de
Villiers, Peter B.
Bosman, Knight
Piesold Energy
1996
Abstract: The paper will examine the

effects of special variations of L/G within
a cooling tower, on the overall thermal
performance of the tower. Air
temperature profiles above the fill,
resulting from non-uniform water
distribution profiles will be presented.
Theoretical vs. actual results for the
return water temperature will be
compared.
Tower
Demolition
safety
Techniques For
The 90's
Michael F. Talley
& John Elrod
Martin Marietta
Utility Services,
Inc.
1995
Abstract: In 1987, a comprehensive

reliability study was made to ascertain the
ability of the present 42-year-old
recirculating water system to meet the
anticipated load demand through the year
2010. The study determined that the
deterioration of the cooling tower over
the years necessitated replacement of the
structures from the ground up. This
project posed many hazards related to
worker safety. This paper will deal with
the safety techniques used during the
project. Portions of the paper will deal
with Personal Protection Equipment, fall
protection, and lifting and rigging
methods used during the demolition of the
cooling tower.
Computerized Branislav Korenic, 1995
Simulation of Ph.D., Aircoil
Closed Circuit Company
Cooling Tower
With Parallel
and
Counterflow
Spray
Water-Air Flow
Design
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Abstract: An exact analytic method for

evaluating heat and mass transfer in
closed circuit cooling towers, previously
developed by the author, has been
expanded and revised to provide a
computerized means to predict the
thermal performance and determine the
associated energy requirements for a
specified tower design. The validity of the
model has been verified and fine-tuned
by extensive laboratory testing. After a
brief overview of the analytical model, it
is demonstrated how this model can be
effectively applied to both counterflow
and parallel flow spray water-air flow
arrangements in actual tower designs. The
main computer program options are then
discussed, with emphasis on the iterative
nature of the solution. Finally, the
temperature profiles of the process fluid,
spray water, and air wet bulb temperature
are presented and discussed for both flow
arrangements. An overview of the
laboratory test program is also presented.
In summary, this paper reports on the
successful combination of the latest
state-of the-art analytical procedures with
advanced programming techniques and
extensive laboratory testing to create a
workable and powerful engineering
software package for evaluating the
thermal performance of large closed
circuit cooling towers.
Richard J.
1992
Using The
EPRI Test Data DesJardins,
DesJardins and
to Verify a
More Accurate Associates
Method of
Predicting
Cooling Tower
Performance
(TP-92-01)
Abstract: Cooling tower performance
test data published by EPRI and others is
re-examined using a full compliment of
modifications suggested by others to the
standard Merkel method of analysis. The
purpose of the paper is to verify a
theoretical way of eliminating the need to
use an empirical "hot water correction
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factor" to obtain accurate cooling tower

performance predictions. Data analysis is
graphically presented for both the
standard CTI method and the modified
"off-set" method to demonstrate the
significant improvements that can be
made.
1991
A More Nearly Allen E. Feltzin,
Exact
Airco Industrial
Representation Gases/The BOC
of Cooling
Group, Dudley
Tower Theory Benton, Tennessee
(TP-91-02)
Valley Authority
Abstract: Merkel theory relied on several
basic assumptions to simplify the
mathematical calculations involved in the
determination on KaV (cooling tower
demand). Sixty-five years later,
computers and numerical methods allow
for more precise determinations. A
description of the history and current
status of this development is presented.
Necessary formulas and computational
methods are presented in their entirety.
Development
of Cooling
Tower
Performance
Impacts on
Utility and
Process Plants
(TP-91-07)
Ken Quigley,
Ecodyne Cooling
Tower Services
and Karl Wilber
Research Cottrell
Companies
1991
Abstract: The development of accurate

and representative cooling tower
performance penalties is critical to the
optimization of cooling systems design
and the assessment of associated
performance penalties. This paper
provides economic penalties for typical
fossil power plants. Additionally, a cross
section of process industry plants are
reviewed in the terms of the impact of the
cooling tower return temperatures on
recovered products. Finally, the issue of
fan power and pumping head penalties
will be revisited with the objective of
assessing total tower economic evaluation
as well as systems optimization.
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Cooling Water
Operational
Experiences at
an Ammonia
Plant
(TP-89-17)
Guy A. Crucil &

Lawrence Aytes
Nalco Chemical
Company, and
Paul A. Lamar,
Farmland
Industries, Inc.
1989
Abstract: With the increasing pressures

placed on various chemical plants to limit
effluent constituents, a greater emphasis
has been placed on the cooling tower
blowdown. Not only is the discharge
concern placed on the commonly used
heavy metal corrosion inhibitors such as
chromate and zinc, but on other
components as well such as ammonia. A
review of cooling tower operational
experiences is presented to illustrate one
plant's method of minimizing the effluent
discharge while observing excellent
corrosion, scale, and microbiological
control in their cooling water systems.
Exhaust Steam Lindsay L. Haman, 1988
Condensing
P.E., Baltimore
With an
Aircoil Company,
Evaporative
David Hutton,
Condenser
P.E.,
(TP-88-01)
BAC-Pritchard
Inc.
Abstract: Presents and discusses the use
of an evaporative steam condenser
system in lieu of the more conventional
steam surface condenser-circulating
water-evaporative cooling tower system
for small to medium steam power
applications. Evaporative condensers
have been used for many years in the
refrigeration, process and air conditioning
industry. Through modifications to the
condensing coils to accommodate the
low-density steam and entrained
non-condensable gases, they can be used
economically with condensing steam
turbines in co-generation and waste heat
recovery plants.
1988
Benjamin R.
Artificial
Intelligence for Crocker & David
Operation of a E. Wheeler,
Environmental
Crossflow
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19 de 28
Mechanical
Draft Cooling
Tower
(TP-88-17)
Systems
Corporation,
Gerald L.
Mroczkowski &
Richard E. Steiner,
Wisconsin Public
Servic
Abstract: Paper describes a data

acquisition/monitoring system that
provides multiple levels of icing alarm for
a crossflow mechanical draft-cooling
tower. System software compares the
current operating status to the optimum
operating status and recommends how
many fans, cells, pumps, etc., to operate
in order to provide the best net plant heat
rate.
An Operations Mary Brakhage
1986
History of W.A. Fuglaar, Houston
Parish Units #7 Lighting & Power
& #8 Main
Company
Cooling Towers
and Associated
Systems
(TP-86-02)
Abstract: The limited cooling capacity of
the HL&P W.A. Parish lake made the
construction of cooling towers essential
with the last two generating units. The
operations history of these two large,
round, concrete cooling towers is
reviewed. In addition to comparing their
design similarities and differences,
specific areas are discussed, including the
dual sources of makeup water and
blowdown control.
1986
Status Report: John A. Bartz &
Cooling Tower Wayne C.
Micheletti, EPRI
Performance
and Margaret C.
Project
McPhail, Houston
(TP-86-03)
Lighting & Power
Abstract: The current status of the EPRI
Cooling Tower Performance Test Facility
Project, described at the 1984 CTI
Annual Conference, is reported.
Operating experience and test results
from the Small Scale Test Facility and
full-scale facilities at Houston Light &
25/09/2015 07:58 a.m.
20 de 28
Power stations are presented. Results

from computer codes to predict tower
performance, including one developed
and validated in Europe, are included.
Elimination of the need for a hot water
temperature correction by use of these
codes is explained. Description of a
project expansion is provided, which
includes a study of fill degradation plus
improved water and airflow rate
measurement techniques aimed at more
accurate heat balances. In addition,
developmental fill configuration proposed
for performance tests are described.
Activation of a W.D. Lansford,
1986
New Tower
P.E., Arnold
Facility
Engineering
Development Ctr.
(TP-86-12)
Abstract: The activation of a new heat
exchanger, pipeline and components, and
cooling tower systems, can present
problems not found in modifications or
additions to existing systems. This paper
will address some of the unexpected
events that surfaced during activation of
the cooling tower systems, piping, and
valving and the steps taken to correct the
occurrences.
Application of John G. Yost &
1986
Uncertainty
David E. Wheeler
Analysis to
Environmental
Cooling Tower Systmes Corp.
Thermal
Performance
Tests
(TP-86-15)
Abstract: The Cooling Tower Institute
has adopted much needed guidelines for
providing meaningful estimates of
measurement uncertainty and the
propagation of these uncertainties into the
determination of cooling tower capability.
Uncertainty analyses can be useful in
determining test validation and
compliance with contractual agreements.
This paper addresses actual and desired
uncertainties associated with specific test
parameters. It addresses how these errors
propagate into the calculation of cooling
25/09/2015 07:58 a.m.
21 de 28
tower capability uncertainty. Specific

examples are given based on multiple
hours of test data acquired on both
natural draft (crossflow and counterflow)
and mechanical draft (rectangular and
circular) cooling towers. The paper will
show how significant uncertainty is
calculated versus predicted capability in
natural draft cooling towers can occur.
Guidelines for reducing uncertainty are
provided for mechanical and natural draft
towers.
Influence of air Marcel R.
LeFevre, MRL
and Water
Temperature on Corporation
Fill
Characteristics
Curve
(TP-85-08)
1985
Abstract: In a paper presented at the

1984 Annual CTI Meeting, the author
reviewed the Merkel theory
approximations and suggested simple
methods to eliminate them in order to
reduce the influence of temperature on
the demand curve. He indicated that a
second influence existed on the fill
characteristic curve side. This paper
addresses this question in detail and
compares theory with actual test results,
answering many of the questions left
open by the first paper.
Application of H. Peter Fay &
1985
Upspray Type Gerhard Hesse,
Water
GEA Power
Distribution
Cooling Systems,
Systems in
Inc.
Cooling Towers
(TP-85-09)
Abstract: Thermal and hydraulic
characteristics of the up-spray system;
performance verification; effects on
tower configuration and fill; operational
and maintenance characteristics.
1984
EPRI Research John A. Bartz &
Wayne C.
on Cooling
Micheletti, Electric
Tower
Power Research
Performance
Institute
(TP-84-01)
25/09/2015 07:58 a.m.
22 de 28
Abstract: One of the primary goals of

EPRI's Heat Waste and Water
Management Program is to improve the
ability of the utility industry to predict
and test the performance of power plant
cooling systems. The object of this work
is to develop uniform methods that will
aid the industry in specifying cooling
systems, evaluating bids, performing
retrofitting studies, and testing system
thermal performance. Current work
includes research on once-through
systems, cooling ponds and lakes, and wet
and dry cooling towers. This paper
describes research on conventional
evaporative cooling towers. The effort
includes the construction of a
laboratory-scale fill test facility and
testing of promising counter flow and
cross flow fill configurations for thermal
and hydraulic performance at both
laboratory scale and full scale.
Integration of
the Cooling
Tower in the
Chemical
Processing
Plant
(TP-84-07)
W. v.L. Campagne 1984

& Lane J.
McDonough, Stone
& Webster
Engineering
Corporation
Abstract: For too long the Chemical

Processing Industry has neglected the
effect of ambient air on total energy
consumption. Cooling water plays an
important role in energy management.
The Paper outlines several operating
considerations to provide a more energy
efficient system, as well as the
information needed to determine the
optimum point of operation.
Recirculation John W. Cooper, 1984
Jr., Zurn Industries,
and
Inc.
Interference
Characteristics
of Circular
Mechanical
Draft Cooling
Towers
(TP-84-13)
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23 de 28
Abstract: The entrainment of hot moist

air from a cooling tower into the tower
inlet air decreases both overall tower and
plant performance. This study
characterizes recirculation on a circular
mechanical draft-cooling tower. Data
taken on this tower are compared to data
from similar tests on rectangular
mechanical draft cooling towers in this
paper.
1984
Eliminating the Marcel R.
Merkel Theory LeFevre, MRL
Approximations Corporation
-- Can it
Replace the
Empirical
"Temperature
Correction
Factor"?
(TP-84-18)
Abstract: The Merkel Theory was
published in 1925 and demonstrated that
heat transfer in evaporative cooling tower
was approximately proportional to a
difference of enthalpies. Approximations
of the theory are very large, mainly when
water temperatures are high. This paper
presents a simple method to eliminate
Merkel's Theory approximations. It is
practically as simple to use as the present
Merkel Theory, and existing data can still
be used with simple corrections.
Hopefully this can be the base for a new
future standard of the cooling tower
industry.
The Use of the Robert Fulkerson, 1983
CTI Blue Book Cooling
at Altitude
Technology
Corporation
(TP269A)
Abstract: This paper discusses methods
to be utilized when using the CTI
BlueBook at any altitude.
Larry D. Howlett, 1982
Evaporative
Heat Transfer &
Cooling
Mechanical Design
Performance
Evaluation
(TP-253A)
25/09/2015 07:58 a.m.
24 de 28
Abstract: A model is presented which

predicts the performance of an
evaporative cooling system at other than
the tested operation point. The model is
based upon an empirical correlation for
convection heat transfer and a proposed
form for this correlation is introduced.
Effect of
George E. McKee, 1982
Altitude on
Cooling
Cooling Tower Technology
Design and
Corporation
Testing
(TP-251A)
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to
show why altitude is an important factor
that should be taken into consideration
when designing or testing a tower.
Information will also be presented which
should be helpful in doing calculations for
elevations other than sea level. Only
counterflow towers will be discussed in
this paper because of the ease in
performing the calculations but the
principles discussed also apply to
crossflow towers.
Unique
Thomas D. Frey, 1981
Systematic
Union Carbide
Approach
Corporation and
Helps Conquer Albert D. Owens
Multiple
Calgon
Cooling System Corporation
Problems
(TP-230A)
Abstract: A computer program was used
to select a treatment program that
eliminated or reduced problems
associated with changing from
zinc-chromate treatment and makeup
water source.
Glenn F. Hallett, 1980
A Review of
Fluor Engineers
Present and
and Constructors,
Recently
Inc.
Proposed
Methods for
Thermal
Evaluation of
Atmospheric
Water Cooling
Equipment
25/09/2015 07:58 a.m.
25 de 28
(TP224A)
Abstract: Recent methods for predicting
and evaluating tower performance will be
discussed including spray cooling water
systems. Although dimensional analysis
techniques for heat and mass transfer are
used, requirements for this solution are
not always met. Proposed and present
methods are compared.
Common
James L. Willa & 1980
Misconceptions John C. Campbell,
Lilie-Hoffmann
Concerning
Cooling Tower Cooling Towers,
Performance
Inc.
(TP-225A)
Abstract: This paper demonstrates rather
pointedly that cooling tower performance
and operation is not so straightforwardly
simple as it many times is thought to be.
These misconceptions or "Old Cooling
Tower Tales" can cost you money in all
phases of dealing with cooling towers.
Copyright 2012-2015
Cooling Technology Institute
An Evaluation
of Schemes for
the Prediction
of
Recirculation
on Crossflow
Rectangular
Mechanical
Draft Cooling
Towers
(TP-195A)
Abstract:
Handling
Upsets in
Cooling Water
Systems
(TP-196A)
Abstract:
Biofilm
Development
and Destruction
in Turbulent
Flow
(TP-204A)
Abstract:
R.D. Moore, D.E. 1979

Wheeler, K.R.
Wilber & A.E.
Johnson,
Environmental
Systems Corp.
J.R. Townsend,
Drew Chemical
Corporation
1979
W.G. Characklis,
Rice University
1979
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Evaporative
Thomas E. Eaton, 1979
Hat Removal in P.E., University of
Wet Cooling
Kentucky
Towers
(TP-209A)
Abstract:
Next Year's
Profits...From
Your Cooling
Tower
(TP-199A)
Abstract:
Improving
Condenser
Cleanliness by
Using a
Dispersant to
Supplement
Chlorination at
a Nuclear Plant
(TP-189A)
Abstract:
C.J. McCann &

1979
Dennis Moran,
Tower
Performance, Inc.
J.R. Sipp, Vermont 1978

Yankee Nuclear
Power Station, Jeff
R. Townsend,
Drew Chemical
Corp.
Review of
Walter Gloyer,
Cooling Tower Consultant
Calculation
(TP-194A)
Abstract:
Emergency
Shutdown
Cooling Towers
Considerations
in the Evolution
of an Optimum
Tower Design
(TP-152A)
Abstract:
A Blueprint for
the Preparation
of Crossflow
Cooling Tower
Characteristic
Curves
(TP-146A)
Abstract:
Proper Cooling
Tower
Operation
Stuart M. Klein,
United Engineers
& Constructors,
Inc.
1978
1976
Neil W. Kelly, Neil 1976

W. Kelly and
Associates
James L. Willa,
Lilie-Hoffmann
1975
25/09/2015 07:58 a.m.
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Makes Money
(TP-141A)
Abstract:
The Cooling
Tower - Waste
Heat Superstar
(TP-121A)
Abstract:
Estimating
Cooling Tower
Costs
Performance A Tool for
Determining
the Impact on
the HydroThermal
Program
(TP-97A)
Abstract:
Off-Peak
Cooling With
Thermocycle
(TP-70A)
Abstract:
Missapplication
and Incorrect
Location of
Cooling Towers
(TP-73A)
Abstract:
Novel Cooling
Tower Control
System
(TP-48A)
Peter M. Phelps,
Phelps
Engineering, Inc.
1974
Emoy H. Hall,
1972
Bonneville Power
Administration
Robert Reynolds,
York Division
Borg-Warner
Corporation
1969
Robert S. Jones,
Francis Assoc.
1969
H. Feitler & C.R. 1968

Townsend, Magna
Corporation
Abstract:
L.C. Burkhalter,
A Report on
In-Place Spray Union Carbide
Corporation
Treatment of
Cooling Towers
at the Paducah
Gaseous
Diffusion Plant
(TP-20A)
Abstract:
1967
25/09/2015 07:58 a.m.
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Control of Fog J.R. Buss,

1967
From Cooling Monsanto
Towers
Company
(TP-30A)
Abstract:
Neil W. Kelly,
The
1967
Application of Pritchard Products
Corporation
Computer
Techniques to
the Selection
and Evaluation
of Water
Cooling Tower
(TP-29A)
Abstract:
Effect of
Thomas H.
1962
Altitude on
Hamilton
Cooling Tower
Rating and
Performance
(TPR-125)
Abstract:
Sizing Cooling S.D. Clark, Union 1962
Towers to
Carbide Corp.
Optimize Plant
Performance
(TP218A)
Abstract:
Cooling Technology Institute, PO Box 681807, Houston, Texas 77268, Phone 281-583-4087, Fax
281-537-1721, Email vmanser@cti.org
25/09/2015 07:58 a.m.

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