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In a power system different power equipment with different voltage and power levels are connected together through various step up
or step down transformers. However the presence of various voltage and power levels causes problem in finding out the currents (or
voltages) at different points in the network. To alleviate this problem, all the system quantities are converted into a uniform
normalized platform. This is called the per unit system . In a per unit system each system variable or quantity is normalized with
respect to its own base value. The units of these normalized values are per unit (abbreviated as pu) and not Volt, Ampere or Ohm.
The base quantities chosen are:
VA base ( Pbase ): This is the three-phase apparent power (Volt-Ampere) base that is common to the entire circuit.
Voltage Base ( Vbase ): This is the line-to-line base voltage. This quantity is not uniform for the entire circuit but gets
changed by the turns ratio of the transformer.
Fig. 1.20 Three balanced sources supplying two balanced load through balanced source impedances.
Fig. 1.21 Per phase equivalent circuit of the network of Fig. 1.20.
(1.119)
(1.120)
Based on the above two quantities the current and impedance bases can be defined as
Assume that an impedance Z is defined as Z1 per unit in a base impedance of Zbase _ old . Then we have
(1.121)
The impedance now has to be represented in a new base value denoted as Z base_new . Therefore
(1.122)
(1.123)
From (1.120) Z2 can be defined in terms of old and new values of VA base and voltage base as
Example 1.1:
Let us consider the circuit shown in Fig. 1.19 (a) which contains the equivalent circuit of a transformer. Let the transformer rating be
500 MVA, 220/22 kV with a leakage reactance of 10%.
The VA base of the transformer is 500 MVA and the voltage bases in the primary and secondary side are 200 kV and 22 kV
respectively. Therefore the impedance bases of these two sides are
and
where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the primary (high tension) and secondary (low tension) sides respectively. Assume that the
leakage reactance is referred to the primary side. Then for 10%, i.e., 0.1 per unit leakage reactance we have
Hence the per unit impedance in the secondary side is 0.0968/0.968 = 0.1. Therefore we see that the per unit leakage reactance is
the same for both sides of the transformer and, as a consequence, the transformer can be represented by only its leakage
reactance. The equivalent circuit of the transformer is then as shown in Fig. 1.22. Since this diagram only shows the reactance (or
impedance) of the circuit, this is called the reactance (or impedance ) diagram .
Example 1.2:
Consider the 50 Hz power system the single-line diagram of which is shown in Fig. 1.23. The system contains three
generators, three transformers and three transmission lines. The system ratings are
Generator G1
Generator G2
Generator G3
Transformer T 1
Transformer T 2
Transformer T 3
The transmission line reactances are as indicated in the figure. We have to draw the reactance diagram choosing the
Generator 3 circuit as the base.
Generator G1
Generator G2
Generator G3
Transformer T 1
Transformer T 2
Transformer T 3
Therefore the per unit values of the line impedances are
pu
and
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pu