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Lab Report # 04

To construct a Common Emitter amplifier and calculate


its voltage gain with & without feedback

Theory:
A common emitter is a type of electronic amplifier stage based on
a bipolar transistor in series with a load element such as a resistor. The
term "common emitter" refers to the fact that the emitter node of the
transistor (indicated by an arrow symbol) is connected to a "common" power
rail, typically the 0 volt reference or ground node. The collector node is
connected to the output load, and the base node acts as input.

Explanation of circuit:
The electronic circuit diagram given below shows
a common emitter configuration with voltage divider bias (CEVDB). In the
figure, the common emitter circuit comprises the load resistor R C and NPN
transistor with the output connected as shown; the other circuit elements
are used for biasing the transistor and signal coupling/decoupling.
The resistor RE between the emitter node and the shared ground appears at
first glance to contradict the strict definition of "common emitter", but the
term is still appropriate here because, for all frequencies of interest, the
capacitor CE acts as low impedance by decoupling the emitter to ground. The
emitter resistor provides a form of negative feedback called emitter
degeneration, which increases the stability and linearity of the amplifier,
especially in response to temperature changes.
For the common emitter circuit on the right this is necessary to ensure the
transistor is in the active mode and thus prevent it from acting as a
rectifier which would cause clipping on the negative portion of the input
signal, resulting in a distorted output.

The resistors R1 and R2 are chosen to ensure the base-emitter voltage is


approximately 0.7 volts, which is the "on" voltage for a BJT transistor.
These resistors, along with RE, also determine the quiescent current flowing
through the transistor and therefore its gain.

Feedback concept:
If some percentage of an amplifier's output signal is
connected to the input, so that the amplifier amplifies part of its own output
signal, we have what is known as feedback. Feedback comes in two varieties:
positive (also called regenerative), and negative (also called degenerative).
Positive feedback reinforces the direction of an amplifier's output voltage
change.
Negative feedback, on the other hand, has a "dampening" effect on an
amplifier: if the output signal happens to increase in magnitude, the
feedback signal introduces a decreasing influence into the input of the
amplifier, thus opposing the change in output signal. While positive feedback
drives an amplifier circuit toward a point of instability (oscillations),
negative feedback drives it the opposite direction: toward a point of
stability.
An amplifier circuit equipped with some amount of negative feedback
is not only more stable, but it tends to distort the input waveform to a
lesser degree and is generally capable of amplifying a wider range of
frequencies. The tradeoff for these advantages (there just has to be a
disadvantage to negative feedback, right?) is decreased gain. If a portion of
an amplifier's output signal is "fed back" to the input in such a way as to
oppose any changes in the output, it will require a greater input signal
amplitude to drive the amplifier's output to the same amplitude as before.
This constitutes a decreased gain. However, the advantages of stability,
lower distortion, and greater bandwidth are worth the tradeoff in reduced
gain for many applications.

Circuits
Without feedback

With feedback

Procedure:
The circuit was set up as shown in the circuit diagram. The
1K resistor was connected to Collector. The emitter terminal was
connected to 100 resistor and on its way to the ground, which provides a
feedback path to input. Two additional resistances of 10K were inserted
between the base terminals to produce the voltage divider bias. The
coupling capacitors were inserted as well to ensure the maximum gain. To
measure the output & input voltages (Vin & Vout) an oscilloscope was connected
across the transistor, the readings were reconfirmed using voltmeter
.Finally after taking all precautions into account I got up the readings and
calculated the voltage gain (Av).
The readings are plotted in the observation chart below:

Observations & Calculations


VCC (V)

VIN (V)

VOUT (V) with


f/b

without f/b

15
15
15

12mV
10mV
08mV

0.12
0.066
0.064

15

14mV

0.13

AV with

AV without

f/b

f/b

0.81
0.48
0.46

-10
-6.6
-8

-67.5
-48
-57.5

0.91

-9.2

-65

VOUT(V)

Applications:
Common emitter circuits are used to amplify weak voltage
signals, such as the faint radio signals detected by an antenna. They are also
used in a special analog circuit configuration known as a current mirror,
where a single shared input is used to drive a set of identical transistors,
each of whose current drive output will be nearly identical to each other,
even if they are driving dissimilar output loads.

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