DISCUSSION

Based on article and case study, the project Smart Grid under NDMC (North Delhi
Municipal Corporation) jurisdiction is aimed to reducing losses through better power
distribution and faults in transmission line system. The project with an estimated cost of Rs
500 crore has been divided into three phases which is replacing old equipment and cables,
installing smart metres in households and institutions and developing software to improve the
efficiency of electricity distribution.
Electricity sector in India is growing at rapid pace. The present Peak Demand is about
1,15,000 MW and the Installed Capacity is 1,52,380 MW with generation mix is thermal
(63%), hydro (25%), Nuclear (9%) and renewables (9%). The projected Peak Demand in
2012 is about 150 GW and in 2017 is more than 200 GW. The corresponding Installed
capacity requirement in 2012 is about 220 GW and in 2017 is more than 300 GW. The
projected Peak Demand and the Installed Capacity Requirement in next 15 years is shown in
Fig below:-

Projected Peak Demand in

India

Projected Installed Capacity Requirement

To overcome based on case studies, there are several solution/method to be discuss in

the whole discussion section. First and foremost is about Improvement of Operational
Efficiency. Power system is required to be operated at the rated capacity with security,
reliability and high availability. This can only be achieved through reliability based on-line
condition monitoring, repair and maintenance in advance and making forced outage as zero.
In view of the above, key technological requirements for development of future power system
are upgrading/uprating of existing transmission system, technology suitable for bulk power
transfer over long distances like high capacity EHV/UHV AC system, HVDC system,
compact tower/substation, mitigating devices to address high short circuit level, intelligent
grid etc. POWERGRID, the Central Transmission Utility in its continuous endeavor has
already integrated many of the above technologies in its power transmission system and many
more are in pipe line/being explored for implementation.
The major amount of losses in a power system is in primary and secondary distribution
lines. While transmission and sub-transmission lines account for only about 30% of the total
losses. Therefore the primary and secondary distribution systems must be properly planned to
ensure within limits. In practically 11 KV and 415 volts lines, in rural areas are extended over
long distances to feed loads scattered over large areas. Thus the primary and secondary
distributions lines in rural areas are largely radial laid usually extend over long distances.

In most of case Distribution Transformers are not located centrally with respect to
consumers. Consequently, the farthest consumers obtain an extremity low voltage even
though a good voltage levels maintained at the transformers secondary. This again leads to
higher line losses. The reason for the line losses increasing as a result of decreased voltage at
the consumers end therefore in order to reduce the voltage drop in the line to the farthest
consumers, the distribution transformer should be located at the load center to keep voltage
drop within permissible limits.
In most LT distribution circuits normally the Power Factor ranges from 0.65 to 0.75. A
low Power Factor contributes towards high distribution losses. For a given load, if the Power
Factor is low, the current drawn in high And the losses proportional to square of the current
will be more. Thus, line losses owing to the poor PF can be reduced by improving the Power
Factor. This can be done by application of shunt capacitors. Shunt capacitors can be connected
either in secondary side (11 KV side) of the 33/11 KV power transformers or at various point

of Distribution Line. The optimum rating of capacitor banks for a distribution system is 2/3rd
of the average KVAR requirement of that distribution system. The vantage point is at 2/3rd
the length of the main distributor from the transformer. A more appropriate manner of
improving this PF of the distribution system and thereby reduce the line losses is to connect
capacitors across the terminals of the consumers having inductive loads. By connecting the
capacitors across individual loads, the line loss is reduced from 4 to 9% depending upon the
extent of PF improvement.
On the other hand, SCADA system which is the sensory organ of grid operator
measures vital system variables through RTU (Remote terminal Unit) or SAS (Substation
automation system) installed at all the important locations in the grid. The recorded data is
transmitted through modern communication channels and displayed in the operator consoles
in load dispatch centers It provides real time control and monitoring of energy management
facilities to optimize system reliability, load dispatch, voltage control, system restoration,
switching operations, planned maintenance outage, data recording, load flow, analyses of
existing & future system conditions and thereby optimize operation to each constituent in
particular and the Region as a whole. Effective visualization techniques and tools are used to
empower the system operator in facilitating quick response under critical conditions.
Techniques used by the Indian grid operators are Tabular presentation, Bus Diagrams,
Flowgate Illustration, Control Area Tie Line Representation, Geographical Displays,
Contouring, Three Dimensional Representations, and Animation.
The complexity of Grid is increasing continuously due to Growing number of
interconnections within and across the regions. The real time information available today
through conventional SCADA/EMS system is limited to analog and status data from the
remote terminal units. Information, such as indications of protective control actions,
event/fault records, device settings are not available. System dynamics are not taken in real
time evaluations. Emergency controls such as load shedding do not consider system-wide
conditions. Protective relay settings are static no intelligence is embedded to allow
adaptation to the changing system conditions.

To take care of above complexities and to ensure safe, secure and reliable operation of
large interconnected Indian Grid, system operation in future would be equipped with an
Intelligent/Smart Grid with placement of Phasor Measurement Unit, Wide Area Monitoring,
Self Healing, and adaptive islanding features etc with an intent to quickly evaluate system
vulnerability with respect to cascaded events involving faults, device malfunctions and
provide remedial action. Initiatives have been taken to implement Smart Grid pilot projects
for grid security of Indian grid. To keep track of new technology & development
POWERGRID is also a member of International group VLPGO (Very Large Power
Grid Operators) with other international utilities .VLPGO is a common platform where world
wide large Grid Operators come together for mutual benefit, sharing common problems and
solution.