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Volume 270, Number 48, Issue of December 1, 1995 pp. 28495-28498


1995 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Inc.

Protein Kinase C: Structure,


Function, and Regulation (*)
Alexandra C. Newton

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From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California


at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0640
INTRODUCTION
Structure
Function
Regulation
Pseudosubstrate Regulation
Regulation by Phosphorylation in Vivo
Conclusion
FOOTNOTES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
The protein kinase C family of enzymes transduces the myriad of signals promoting lipid hydrolysis.
The prevalence of this enzyme family in signaling is exemplified by the diverse transduction
mechanisms that result in the generation of protein kinase C's activator, diacylglycerol. Signals that
stimulate members of the large families of G protein-coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, or
non-receptor tyrosine kinases can cause diacylglycerol production, either rapidly by activation of
specific phospholipase Cs or more slowly by activation of phospholipase D to yield phosphatidic acid
and then diacylglycerol(1, 2, 3) . In addition, fatty acid generation by phospholipase A2 activation
modulates protein kinase C activity(3) . Thus, multiple receptor pathways feeding into multiple lipid
pathways have the common end result of activating protein kinase C by production of its second
messenger.
Phorbol esters, potent tumor promoters, can substitute for diacylglycerol in activating protein kinase C

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(1, 2, 3) . Unlike diacylglycerol, phorbol esters are not readily metabolized, and treatment of cells with
these molecules results in prolonged activation of protein kinase C. As a result, phorbol esters have
proved invaluable in dissecting out protein kinase C-catalyzed phosphorylations in vivo.
In addition to regulation by diacylglycerol or phorbol esters, all isozymes of protein kinase C require
phosphatidylserine, an acidic lipid located exclusively on the cytoplasmic face of membranes, and some
isozymes require Ca for optimal activity (4, 5, 6, 7) . This review discusses the structure of the protein
kinase C family, its enzymatic function, and how structure and function are regulated by 1) cofactors
and 2) phosphorylation.

Structure
Members of the protein kinase C family are a single polypeptide, comprised of an N-terminal regulatory
region (approximately 20-40 kDa) and a C-terminal catalytic region (approximately 45 kDa) (Fig. 1).
Cloning of the first isozymes in the mid-1980s revealed four conserved domains: C1-C4(8) . Each is a
functional module, and many unrelated proteins have one or the other(9) . The function of each of these
domains has been established by extensive biochemical and mutational analysis; the C1 domain contains
a Cys-rich motif, duplicated in most isozymes, that forms the diacylglycerol/phorbol ester binding site
(Fig. 1, orange) (7) ; this domain is immediately preceded by an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate
sequence (Fig. 1, green)(10) ; the C2 domain contains the recognition site for acidic lipids and, in some
isozymes, the Ca -binding site (Fig. 1, yellow) (9) . The C3 and C4 domains form the ATP- and
substrate-binding lobes of the kinase core (Fig. 1, pink and cyan)(11) . The regulatory and catalytic
halves are separated by a hinge region that becomes proteolytically labile when the enzyme is
membrane-bound(6) ; the proteolytically generated kinase domain (protein kinase M), freed of inhibition
by the pseudosubstrate, is constitutively active (12) .

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the primary structure of


conventional, novel, and atypical protein kinase Cs. Indicated are the
pseudosubstrate domain (green), C1 domain comprising one or two
Cys-rich motifs (orange), C2 domain (yellow) in the regulatory half,
and the ATP-binding lobe (C3, pink) and substrate-binding lobe (C4, teal blue) of the catalytic region.
The C2 domain of novel protein kinase Cs lacks amino acids involved in binding calcium but has key
conserved residues involved in maintaining the C2 fold (hence its description as ``C2-like''). Atypical
protein kinase Cs have only one Cys-rich motif, and phorbol ester binding has not been detected.

To date, 11 protein kinase C isozymes have been identified and classified into three groups based on
their structure and cofactor regulation(3) . The best characterized and first discovered are the
conventional protein kinase Cs: , two alternatively spliced variants I and II, and . This class
distinguishes itself from the others in that function is regulated by Ca ; its C2 domain contains a
putative Ca -binding site (see below). The next well characterized are the novel protein kinase Cs: , ,
(L), , and . These isozymes are structurally similar to the conventional protein kinase Cs, except that
the C2 domain, while maintaining structural residues, does not have the functional groups that appear to
mediate Ca binding (see below). The least understood isozymes are the atypical protein kinase Cs:
and (I). These differ significantly in structure from the other two classes; first, the C1 domain contains

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only one Cys-rich motif (not two), and second, key residues that maintain the C2 fold do not appear to
be present. Furthermore, these isozymes have been reported not to respond to phorbol esters in vivo or in
vitro(3) . Perhaps adding to the three groups, two kinases with a C2 domain similar to that of novel
protein kinase Cs, but with no C1 domain, have been identified(13, 14) .
The crystal structure of the second Cys-rich repeat from the C1 domain of protein kinase C was solved
recently with (Fig. 2A) and without bound phorbol ester by Hurley and co-workers(15) , as was the
NMR structure of the corresponding repeat from protein kinase C , in the absence of ligand(16) .
Strikingly, this sheet-rich domain undergoes no conformational change upon ligand binding. Rather,
binding of phorbol ester plugs the hydrophilic binding site (a groove formed by two unzipped strands),
so that the top third of the domain displays a contiguous hydrophobic surface(15) .

Figure 2: Structures of protein kinase C's domains. A, C1 domain. The


ribbon and surface diagram of amino acids 231-280 in the second Cysrich domain of protein kinase C with bound phorbol ester (green) based
on the coordinates of Zhang et al.(15) is shown. Conserved Cys (yellow)
and His (purple) that coordinate the two zinc atoms of each cysteine-rich
repeat (78) (green balls) are indicated. The arrow indicates the C12
position of the phorbol ester that is fatty acylated in bioactive phorbol
esters(51) . B, C2 domain. The ribbon diagram of residues 167-240 from
the C2 domain of synaptotagmin based on the coordinates of Sutton et al.
(17) is shown. The five aspartates in the Ca -binding site are indicated in
pink, the bulky hydrophobics on the back face in purple, and the adjacent
two strands that are positively charged and likely constitute the acidic lipid-binding surface are in blue.
Residues shown in orange are conserved in all C2 domains(9) . C, catalytic (C3 and C4) domain. The
modeled structure of residues 340-632 of protein kinase C II with bound pseudosubstrate (residues 928) (20) is shown. The upper lobe, involved primarily in nucleotide binding, is mainly sheet (pink) and
the lower lobe, containing the substrate-binding cavity, is predominantly helix (teal blue). Indicated
are ATP (cream), two Mn atoms (red dots), and the pseudosubstrate (green) with the orange dot
representing the alanine at the phosphoacceptor position. The yellow loop at the entrance to the catalytic
site (below ATP) is the activation loop(11) ; phosphorylation here aligns residues for catalysis(75) .
Reproduced from (20) .

The crystal structure of the C2 domain of synaptotagmin, elucidated by Sprang and co-workers(17) ,
reveals how the other half of the regulatory region of protein kinase C folds. Fig. 2B shows the core of
this domain (``C2 key''): 5 aspartate residues form the Ca -binding site (pink); on the back face of this
cleft are bulky aromatics (purple) adjacent to a basic surface formed by two strands (blue). Sossin and
Schwartz (18) noted that novel protein kinase Cs contain a C2 domain. The solved structure elucidates
how these protein kinase Cs can have this domain without being Ca -regulated; the C2 domain of novel
protein kinase Cs has the conserved residues that maintain the fold of the domain (e.g.Fig. 2B, orange),
but the coordinating oxygens in the Ca -binding site are mainly absent(9) .
A modeled structure of the catalytic domain of protein kinase C II, with bound pseudosubstrate, based
on the crystal structure of protein kinase A with bound inhibitory peptide (19) is shown in Fig. 2C(20) .
The primary sequence of the kinase core of conventional protein kinase Cs is approximately 40%
identical to that of protein kinase A's core. The N-terminal residue of the model is just before the hinge

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region; the peptide chain would continue on to the C2 and then C1 domains and then connect to the
pseudosubstrate. Modeling of the latter in the substrate binding cavity reveals that it is held there, in
part, by a cluster of acidic residues that is unique to the protein kinase C family(20) . The
pseudosubstrate sequence was identified by House and Kemp (10) based on the ability of a synthetic
peptide of this sequence to inhibit protein kinase C.

Function
Enzymology
The chemistry of protein kinase C's catalytic core is similar to that of the archetypal kinase, protein
kinase A. The kinase uses MgATP as substrate, with a K for ATP in the low M range(21) . The
enzyme's maximal catalytic rate and K for a peptide substrate based on its pseudosubstrate have been
reported to be 8 mol of phosphate hydrolyzed per min per mg of protein (corresponding to 10
reactions/s) and 0.2 M, respectively(10) . This corresponds to a k /K of 5 10 s M , revealing
remarkable efficiency. Most other synthetic peptides have K values in the low M range and V
values typically ranging from 1 to 8 mol min mg (22, 23, 24, 25, 26) , suggesting that a k /K of
10 s M is more representative of this family of enzymes. The k /K of protein kinase A for
kemptide, a synthetic peptide based on the kinase's consensus phosphorylation sequence(27) , is
comparable(28) .
Protein kinase C typically phosphorylates serine or threonine residues in basic sequences but displays
significantly less specificity than protein kinase A(29) . First, unlike protein kinase A(29) , no clear
requirements for positive charge at specific positions are apparent from analysis of sequences around
phosphorylation sites (30, 31, 32) or from analysis of synthetic peptide substrates(23, 26, 33) . Second,
protein kinase C displays lower stereospecificity than protein kinase A (25) , phosphorylating both Dand L-stereoisomers of configurational isomers of a number of alcohols(24) . Lawrence and coworkers (24) have suggested that protein kinase C's lack of stereospecificity could reflect substrate
binding in either direction (i.e. C to N or N to C) in the substrate-binding cavity(24) .
Protein kinase C also autophosphorylates in vitro(34, 35) by an intramolecular mechanism (36) at the N
terminus, hinge, and C terminus(37) ; the latter site is a poor in vitro site because it is almost
quantitatively phosphorylated in vivo (see below).
In addition to catalyzing phosphorylation reactions, protein kinase C has ATPase and phosphatase
activity. The enzyme catalyzes a cofactor-dependent and substrate-stimulated hydrolysis of ATP(38) ,
and it can work backwards (i.e. as a phosphatase) in the presence of excess ADP. ( )
Biological Function
Given the plethora of substrates and the effectiveness of phorbol esters in modulating diverse cellular
responses, a multiplicity of functions have been ascribed to protein kinase C(4) . Recurring themes are
that protein kinase C is involved in receptor desensitization, in modulating membrane structure events,
in regulating transcription, in mediating immune responses, in regulating cell growth, and in learning
and memory among many other functions. These and the functions of specific isozymes are described in
a number of excellent reviews(1, 2, 3, 4, 39) .
A key regulator of protein kinase C function in vivo is likely to be subcellular distribution of both the

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enzyme and substrate (40) . Protein kinase C isozymes are distributed differentially throughout the cell
(and differently among many cell types)(39) , and a number of targetting proteins have been described
(40) .
Deciphering the specific functions of isozymes likely awaits the development of isozyme-specific
inhibitors(41) . The application of combinatorial chemistry toward this goal has provided the first
isozyme-specific inhibitor(42) ; similar specificity using antisense DNA has been demonstrated for in
situ studies(43) .

Regulation
The function of protein kinase C is regulated by two equally important mechanisms. First, the enzyme is
rendered catalytically competent by phosphorylations that correctly align residues for catalysis and
localize protein kinase C to the cytosol. Second, binding of ligands or, in some cases, substrate activates
the enzyme by removing the pseudosubstrate from the substrate-binding site.

Pseudosubstrate Regulation
Biochemical experiments have established that, as predicted(10) , activation of protein kinase C is
accompanied by removal of its pseudosubstrate from the kinase core(20, 44) . Specifically, the basic
pseudosubstrate is protected from proteolysis when the enzyme is not catalytically active but becomes
highly sensitive to proteolysis by trypsin or endoproteinase Arg-C upon activation(44) . Importantly, the
pseudosubstrate is unmasked whether protein kinase C is activated by conventional (phosphatidylserine,
diacylglycerol, and Ca ), non-conventional (e.g. short chained phosphatidylcholines(45) ), or cofactorindependent substrates (e.g. protamine(46) )(20) . Consistent with this, incubation of protein kinase C
with an antibody directed against the pseudosubstrate was shown to activate the enzyme, presumably by
removing the pseudosubstrate from the active site(47) .
Diacylglycerol and Phorbol Esters
Since the discovery that phorbol esters cause protein kinase C to ``translocate'' to membranes (48, 49,
50) , this and the accompanying activation by these molecules and diacylglycerols have been the subject
of extensive investigations(7, 51) . Taken together with recent molecular biological(52, 53, 54, 55, 56) ,
structural(15) , and biophysical studies(57, 58, 59) , a fairly good understanding of the mechanism for
the effects of these C1 ligands on protein kinase C function has emerged.
Diacylglycerol and phorbol esters serve as hydrophobic anchors to recruit protein kinase C to the
membrane; they cause a dramatic increase in the enzyme's membrane affinity ( )that is linearly related to
the mol fraction C1 ligand in the bilayer, is reversible, and can occur in the absence of acidic lipids and
C2 domain interactions( )(55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61) . Differences in the biological action of these two
classes of ligands are accounted for by the 2 orders of magnitude increased potency of phorbol esters
compared with diacylglycerol (58) and the long life of phorbol esters in cells. The phorbol ester domain
structure suggests how the membrane anchor works; by capping the hydrophilic ligand groove, phorbol
ester binding alters the surface hydrophobicity of the domain, thus promoting the membrane interaction
in the absence of conformational changes(15) .

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In addition to increasing protein kinase C's membrane affinity, C1 ligands may also stabilize the active
conformation of protein kinase C. Diacylglycerol doubles the catalytic efficiency of enzyme that is
bound to phosphatidylserine(57, 59, 62, 63) ; it also stimulates the activation promoted by fatty acids (3)
and short chained phosphatidylcholines(45) .
C1 ligands markedly reduce the concentration of Ca required for the phosphatidylserine-dependent
activation of protein kinase C (64) . The molecular basis for this does not arise from allosteric
interactions between the C1 and C2 domain sites; Ca has no effect on protein kinase C's affinity for
either C1 ligand (59, 65) . Rather, the apparent synergy between these two activators arises because
each, by separate mechanisms, increases the affinity of protein kinase C for membranes. Consistent with
no allosteric interactions, the structure of the phorbol ester-binding domain is unchanged by phorbol
ester binding (15) .
Phosphatidylserine
The requirement for a ``membrane factor'' to activate protein kinase C was established shortly after the
discovery of the enzyme(46) . Pioneering work by Bell and co-workers in the mid-1980s established the
remarkable specificity for the serine headgroup for activation(7) . The mechanism for the
phosphatidylserine-dependent stimulation is now well characterized as a result of binding measurements
that have allowed the effect of phospholipid headgroup structure, diacylglycerol, and Ca on the
interaction of protein kinase C with membranes to be dissected out(6) . Studies with lipid in bilayers or
detergent-lipid mixed micelles have established that the phospholipid regulation and accompanying
conformational changes depend on phospholipid structure rather than membrane structure(6) , although
the latter does modulate enzyme activity(5, 66) .
In the absence of C1 ligands, protein kinase C binds acidic lipids with little selectivity for the headgroup
beyond the requirement for negative charge (59) (this interaction is Ca -regulated for conventional
protein kinase Cs; see next section). This binding is of relatively low affinity, is sensitive to ionic
strength, is accompanied by a conformational change that exposes the hinge region to proteolysis, and is
typically not accompanied by much activation or pseudosubstrate exposure (Fig. 3, top middle)(44, 59,
60) . Note that the hinge exposure is independent of the active state of the kinase, reflecting rather the
``membrane-bound conformation'' of the enzyme (67) .

Figure 3: Model for the regulation of protein kinase C by 1)


phosphorylation and 2) membrane binding and pseudosubstrate
release. Newly synthesized protein kinase C (PKC) associates with
the detergent-insoluble fraction of cells (72) (bottom left). It is
processed to the mature, cytosolic form by three functionally distinct
phosphorylations: transphosphorylation at the activation loop to
render the kinase catalytically competent (Thr-500 in II); an
autophosphorylation at the C terminus (Thr-641 in II) that stabilizes the catalytically competent
conformation(73) ; and a second autophosphorylation at the C terminus (Ser-660 in II) that releases
protein kinase C into the cytosol(73) . This triple phosphorylated mature form is inactive because the
pseudosubstrate occupies the substrate-binding cavity (middle). Generation of diacylglycerol (DG)
causes the affinity of protein kinase C for membranes to increase dramatically. Membrane translocation
is mediated by diacylglycerol binding to the C1 domain and phosphatidylserine (PS) binding to the C2
domain (top right). The affinity for acidic lipids is increased by Ca for conventional protein kinase Cs,
likely by structuring the lipid-binding surface, but not for novel protein kinase Cs, whose lipid-binding
surface may already be structured. Protein kinase C can bind to membranes with low affinity with either

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C1 domain ligands (not shown) or with C2 domain ligands (top middle). However, it is the high affinity
binding (top left) mediated by both domains that results in pseudosubstrate release and maximal
activation. Asterisks indicate the exposed hinge, which becomes proteolytically labile upon membrane
binding (independently of pseudosubstrate release(67) ), and the exposed pseudosubstrate, which
becomes proteolytically labile upon activation (independently of membrane binding(20) ).

The presence of diacylglycerol causes a striking and selective increase in conventional and novel protein
kinase C's affinity for phosphatidylserine that is accompanied by activation and pseudosubstrate release
(Fig. 3, top left)(6) . This high affinity interaction is 1 order of magnitude stronger for surfaces
containing phosphatidyl-L-serine compared with other acidic lipids such as phosphatidyl-D-serine (59) .
Thus, specific structural elements of the L-serine headgroup are required for the high affinity binding of
protein kinase C to membranes containing C1 ligands. Because phosphatidylserine promotes the binding
of phorbol esters to a single recombinant Cys-rich domain(55) , the specificity may arise from additional
interactions of the L-serine headgroup with the C1 domain or with new surfaces created at the C1-C2
interface. Kinetic studies suggest that protein kinase C interacts cooperatively with multiple
phosphatidylserine molecules(6, 7) .
Calcium Ions
Ca increases the affinity of conventional protein kinase Cs for negatively charged lipids(69) , with no
selectivity for headgroup other than the requirement for negative charge(59) . This increase varies
linearly with Ca concentration in the low M to submillimolar range(65) , consistent with the single
Ca -binding site apparent in the C2 domain structure(17) . The dissociation constant of Ca from
membrane-bound protein kinase C has been calculated to be approximately 700 nM, and that from
soluble protein kinase C has been estimated to be 3 mM(65) .
The C2 domain structure provides tantalizing insight into how Ca might increase the affinity of
conventional, but not novel, protein kinase Cs for acidic lipids. For conventional protein kinase Cs,
binding of Ca to the aspartate-lined ``mouth'' (Fig. 2B) might clamp together the upper and lower
lobes, thus orienting the bulky aromatics on the back face of the mouth to interact with the membrane
and orienting the basic face of the sheet behind the site to interact with lipid headgroups. For novel
protein kinase Cs (such as ), the presence of an Arg instead of an Asp at one of the positions in the site
(9) might cause the mouth to adopt the closed conformation, so that the domain is already structured to
bind acidic lipids. C1 ligands would then target novel protein kinase Cs to membranes, with the
reduction in dimensionality promoting the binding of the C2 domain to acidic lipids. Consistent with
this, the lipid regulation of novel protein kinase Cs is the same as that for conventional protein kinase
Cs, except that it occurs in the absence of Ca (70) .
Substrates
Protein kinase C phosphorylates a number of Arg-rich proteins in a cofactor-independent manner(46,
71) . These substrates, alone, are able to displace the pseudosubstrate from the kinase core(20) . One
possibility is that these Arg-rich peptides neutralize the acidic patch that appears to maintain the
pseudosubstrate in the active site(20) , thus releasing the basic pseudosubstrate by competing for
contacts. In this regard, the ability of Arg-rich peptides to promote protein kinase C autophosphorylation
(rather than compete with it) led to the suggestion that Arg-rich molecules bind to a separate site from
the active site(71) . An intriguing possibility is that the acidic cluster interacts with Arg-rich sequences
of cytoskeletal proteins, thus allowing activation distal from the lipid bilayer.

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Regulation by Phosphorylation in Vivo


Pulse-chase experiments by Fabbro and co-workers (72) provided the first evidence that protein kinase
C is phosphorylated in vivo. Specifically, they showed that protein kinase C is first synthesized as an
inactive, dephosphorylated precursor with an apparent M of 74 kDa; this was chased to a transient 77kDa phospho-form and then to the final 80-kDa mature form. Mass spectrometry has recently revealed
that protein kinase C is modified by three phosphorylations in vivo (73, 74). The differential
dephosphorylation of these sites by protein phosphatases 1 and 2A(75) , as well as analysis of
phosphorylation site mutants(76, 77) , has allowed the function of each phosphorylation to be identified
(73) .
A model consistent with biochemical data is presented in the lower half of Fig. 3. Newly synthesized
protein kinase C associates with a detergent-insoluble cell fraction(72) ; it is rendered catalytically
competent upon phosphorylation by a putative protein kinase C kinase on its activation loop (Fig. 2C).
Negative charge on this loop at the entrance to the active site correctly aligns residues involved in
catalysis in diverse kinases (11) ; replacement of the phosphorylated residue (Thr-500) with Glu in
protein kinase C II results in activatable enzyme (77) whereas replacement with neutral nonphosphorylatable residues in this isozyme (77) or protein kinase C (76) results in kinase that cannot be
activated. The first consequence of the transphosphorylation appears to be autophosphorylation at the C
terminus of the kinase; this residue is Thr-641 in protein kinase C II (9 residues removed from the C
terminus of the model in Fig. 2C)(73, 74) . Phosphorylation here likely stabilizes the catalytically
competent conformation of the kinase as it replaces the requirement for negative charge at the activation
loop(73) ; this phosphorylation causes the first detectable shift in electrophoretic mobility(73, 75) . Last,
the enzyme autophosphorylates further along the C terminus (Ser-660 in protein kinase C II) in a motif
shared by several other kinases(73) ; this phosphorylation causes the final shift in electrophoretic
mobility and releases the mature enzyme into the cytosol(73, 75) . It is this 80-kDa form, localized to the
detergent-soluble fraction, that has been extensively purified and studied in vitro. Curiously, it is only
half-phosphorylated at the activation loop (but quantitatively phosphorylated at the two C-terminal sites)
(73) , suggesting that dephosphorylation/transphosphorylation at this position may regulate the kinase in
response to stimuli. The mature form then translocates to the membrane and undergoes the
pseudosubstrate regulation discussed above.

Conclusion
Protein kinase C is regulated by two distinct mechanisms: by phosphorylation which regulates the active
site and subcellular localization of the enzyme, and by second messengers which promote protein kinase
C's membrane association and resulting pseudosubstrate exposure. Regulation by two independent
mechanisms may provide exquisite fine-tuning for this family of enzymes, ensuring low basal activity in
the midst of complex intracellular signaling pathways.

FOOTNOTES
*

This minireview will be reprinted in the 1995 Minireview Compendium, which will be available
in December, 1995. This research was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant

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GM 43154, the Searle Scholars Program, and a National Science Foundation Young Investigator
Award.
()

A. C. Newton, unpublished data.

()
The dissociation constant of phorbol myristate acetate from membrane-bound protein kinase C,
separated from all other interactions, has recently been measured as 1.5 10 mol % relative to
membrane lipids; that for diacylglycerol is 250 times higher (M. Mosior and A. C. Newton,
Biochemistry, in press).
()

M. Mosior and A. C. Newton, Biochemistry, in press.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank members of my laboratory for critically reading this manuscript and for many helpful
discussions.

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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Caricasole, E. Bettini, C. Sala, R. Roncarati, N. Kobayashi, F. Caldara,


K. Goto, and G. C. Terstappen
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Human
Diacylglycerol Kinase beta (DGKbeta ) Gene. ALTERNATIVE
SPLICING GENERATES DGKbeta ISOTYPES WITH DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES
J. Biol. Chem., February 15, 2002; 277(7): 4790 - 4796.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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J. P. Godbout, J. Pesavento, M. E. Hartman, S. R. Manson, and G. G.


Freund
Methylglyoxal Enhances Cisplatin-induced Cytotoxicity by
Activating Protein Kinase Cdelta
J. Biol. Chem., January 25, 2002; 277(4): 2554 - 2561.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. A. COPPI, J. LESNIAK, D. ZIEBA, and F. A. X. SCHANNE


The Effects of Lead on PKC Isoforms
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., September 1, 2000; 919(1): 304 - 306.
[Full Text] [PDF]

R. Zeidman, U. Troller, A. Raghunath, S. Pahlman, and C. Larsson


Protein Kinase Cepsilon Actin-binding Site Is Important for
Neurite Outgrowth during Neuronal Differentiation
Mol. Biol. Cell, January 1, 2002; 13(1): 12 - 24.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. ZOUKHRI, R. R. HODGES, C. SERGHERAERT, and D. A. DARTT


Lacrimal Gland Functions Are Differentially Controlled by Protein
Kinase C Isoforms
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., April 15, 1998; 842(1): 217 - 220.
[Full Text] [PDF]

K. Yoshida and D. Kufe


Negative Regulation of the SHPTP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase
by Protein Kinase C delta in Response to DNA Damage
Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2001; 60(6): 1431 - 1438.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. S. Song, Y. K. Park, J.-H. Lee, and K. Park


Induction of Glucose-regulated Protein 78 by Chronic Hypoxia in
Human Gastric Tumor Cells through a Protein Kinase C{epsilon}/ERK/AP-1 Signaling Cascade
Cancer Res., November 1, 2001; 61(22): 8322 - 8330.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. P. Alexander and T. S. Acott


Involvement of Protein Kinase C in TNF{alpha} Regulation of

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Trabecular Matrix Metalloproteinases and TIMPs


Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., November 1, 2001; 42(12): 2831 - 2838.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. Zhukova, J. Sinnett-Smith, and E. Rozengurt


Protein Kinase D Potentiates DNA Synthesis and Cell Proliferation
Induced by Bombesin, Vasopressin, or Phorbol Esters in Swiss
3T3 Cells
J. Biol. Chem., October 26, 2001; 276(43): 40298 - 40305.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. Takekoshi, K. Ishii, T. Nanmoku, S. Shibuya, Y. Kawakami, K. Isobe,


and T. Nakai
Leptin Stimulates Catecholamine Synthesis in a PKC-Dependent
Manner in Cultured Porcine Adrenal Medullary Chromaffin Cells
Endocrinology, November 1, 2001; 142(11): 4861 - 4871.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Yuan, L. W. Slice, and E. Rozengurt


Activation of Protein Kinase D by Signaling through Rho and the
alpha Subunit of the Heterotrimeric G Protein G13
J. Biol. Chem., October 19, 2001; 276(42): 38619 - 38627.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

O. Rey, S. H. Young, D. Cantrell, and E. Rozengurt


Rapid Protein Kinase D Translocation in Response to G Proteincoupled Receptor Activation. DEPENDENCE ON PROTEIN KINASE C
J. Biol. Chem., August 31, 2001; 276(35): 32616 - 32626.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. Hattori, H. Otani, T. Uchiyama, H. Imamura, J. Cui, N. Maulik, G. A.


Cordis, L. Zhu, and D. K. Das
Src tyrosine kinase is the trigger but not the mediator of ischemic
preconditioning
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2001; 281(3): H1066 1074.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. C. Das, P. M. B. Pahl, X.-L. Guo, and C. W. White

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Induction of Peroxiredoxin Gene Expression by Oxygen in Lungs


of Newborn Primates
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., August 1, 2001; 25(2): 226 - 232.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. G. Stebbins and D. Mochly-Rosen


Binding Specificity for RACK1 Resides in the V5 Region of beta II
Protein Kinase C
J. Biol. Chem., August 10, 2001; 276(32): 29644 - 29650.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. S. Lorenzo, K. Bogi, K. M. Hughes, M. Beheshti, D. Bhattacharyya, S.


H. Garfield, G. R. Pettit, and P. M. Blumberg
Differential Roles of the Tandem C1 Domains of Protein Kinase C
{{delta}} in the Biphasic Down-Regulation Induced by Bryostatin
1
Cancer Res., December 1, 1999; 59(24): 6137 - 6144.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. J. Reddig, N. E. Dreckschimdt, H. Ahrens, R. Simsiman, C.-P. Tseng, J.


Zou, T. D. Oberley, and A. K. Verma
Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Protein Kinase C{{delta}} in the
Epidermis Are Resistant to Skin Tumor Promotion by 12-OTetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
Cancer Res., November 1, 1999; 59(22): 5710 - 5718.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H.-W. Lee, L. Smith, G. R. Pettit, and J. B. Smith


Bryostatin 1 and Phorbol Ester Down-Modulate Protein Kinase Calpha and -epsilon via the Ubiquitin/Proteasome Pathway in
Human Fibroblasts
Mol. Pharmacol., March 1, 1997; 51(3): 439 - 447.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. H. Korzick, D. A. Holiman, M. O. Boluyt, M. H. Laughlin, and E. G.


Lakatta
Diminished {alpha}1-adrenergic-mediated contraction and
translocation of PKC in senescent rat heart
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2001; 281(2): H581 - 589.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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W. Li, J. Zhang, D. P. Bottaro, W. Li, and J. H. Pierce


Identification of Serine 643 of Protein Kinase C-delta as an
Important Autophosphorylation Site for Its Enzymatic Activity
J. Biol. Chem., September 26, 1997; 272(39): 24550 - 24555.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. R. James, A. Ingram, H. Ly, K. Thai, L. Cai, and J. W. Scholey


Angiotensin II activates the GFAT promoter in mesangial cells
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2001; 281(1): F151 - 162.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. Mandil, E. Ashkenazi, M. Blass, I. Kronfeld, G. Kazimirsky, G.


Rosenthal, F. Umansky, P. S. Lorenzo, P. M. Blumberg, and C. Brodie
Protein Kinase C{{alpha}} and Protein Kinase C{{delta}} Play
Opposite Roles in the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Glioma Cells
Cancer Res., June 1, 2001; 61(11): 4612 - 4619.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. Giet and C. Prigent


The non-catalytic domain of the Xenopus laevis auroraA kinase
localises the protein to the centrosome
J. Cell Sci., January 6, 2001; 114(11): 2095 - 2104.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D Schmalz, F Hucho, and K Buchner


Nuclear import of protein kinase C occurs by a mechanism distinct
from the mechanism used by proteins with a classical nuclear
localization signal
J. Cell Sci., January 7, 1998; 111(13): 1823 - 1830.
[Abstract] [PDF]

S. Ito, H. Kume, H. Honjo, H. Katoh, I. Kodama, K. Yamaki, and H.


Hayashi
Possible involvement of Rho kinase in Ca2+ sensitization and
mobilization by MCh in tracheal smooth muscle
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2001; 280(6): L1218 - 1224.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Y. Ikeda, G. S. Olsen, E. Ziv, L. L. Hansen, A. K. Busch, B. F. Hansen, E.

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Shafrir, and L. Mosthaf-Seedorf


Cellular Mechanism of Nutritionally Induced Insulin Resistance in
Psammomys Obesus: Overexpression of Protein Kinase C
{varepsilon} in Skeletal Muscle Precedes the Onset of
Hyperinsulinemia and Hyperglycemia
Diabetes, March 1, 2001; 50(3): 584 - 592.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Y.-F. Liu, K. Paz, A. Herschkovitz, A. Alt, T. Tennenbaum, S. R. Sampson,


M. Ohba, T. Kuroki, D. LeRoith, and Y. Zick
Insulin Stimulates PKCzeta -mediated Phosphorylation of Insulin
Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1). A SELF-ATTENUATED MECHANISM
TO NEGATIVELY REGULATE THE FUNCTION OF IRS PROTEINS
J. Biol. Chem., April 20, 2001; 276(17): 14459 - 14465.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. C. Megson, E. M. Walker, and S. J. Hill


Role of Protein Kinase Calpha in Signaling from the Histamine H1
Receptor to the Nucleus
Mol. Pharmacol., April 16, 2001; 59(5): 1012 - 1021.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

E. L. Deszo, D. K. Brake, K. A. Cengel, K. W. Kelley, and G. G. Freund


CD45 Negatively Regulates Monocytic Cell Differentiation by
Inhibiting Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate-dependent Activation
and Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase Cdelta
J. Biol. Chem., March 23, 2001; 276(13): 10212 - 10217.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

B. A. Niemeyer, C. Bergs, U. Wissenbach, V. Flockerzi, and C. Trost


Competitive regulation of CaT-like-mediated Ca2+ entry by
protein kinase C and calmodulin
PNAS, March 13, 2001; 98(6): 3600 - 3605.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. Chiu and E. Rozengurt


PKD in intestinal epithelial cells: rapid activation by phorbol
esters, LPA, and angiotensin through PKC
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2001; 280(4): C929 - 942.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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L. Paolucci and E. Rozengurt


Protein Kinase D in Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells: Rapid Activation
through Protein Kinase C
Cancer Res., February 1, 1999; 59(3): 572 - 577.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

F. Manseau, X. Fan, T. Hueftlein, W. S. Sossin, and V. F. Castellucci


Ca2+-Independent Protein Kinase C Apl II Mediates the
Serotonin-Induced Facilitation at Depressed Aplysia Sensorimotor
Synapses
J. Neurosci., February 15, 2001; 21(4): 1247 - 1256.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

M. M. Monick, J. M. Staber, K. W. Thomas, and G. W. Hunninghake


Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Results in Activation of
Multiple Protein Kinase C Isoforms Leading to Activation of
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
J. Immunol., February 15, 2001; 166(4): 2681 - 2687.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. M. Pepio and W. S. Sossin


Membrane Translocation of Novel Protein Kinase Cs Is Regulated
by Phosphorylation of the C2 Domain
J. Biol. Chem., February 2, 2001; 276(6): 3846 - 3855.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. Bittova, R. V. Stahelin, and W. Cho


Roles of Ionic Residues of the C1 Domain in Protein Kinase Calpha Activation and the Origin of Phosphatidylserine Specificity
J. Biol. Chem., February 2, 2001; 276(6): 4218 - 4226.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. NEUZIL, T. WEBER, A. SCHRDER, M. LU, G. OSTERMANN, N.


GELLERT, G. C. MAYNE, B. OLEJNICKA, A. NGRE-SALVAYRE, M. STCHA,
R. J. COFFEY, and C. WEBER
Induction of cancer cell apoptosis by {alpha}-tocopheryl
succinate: molecular pathways and structural requirements
FASEB J, February 1, 2001; 15(2): 403 - 415.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

C. Brodie, K. Bogi, P. Acs, P. Lazarovici, G. Petrovics, W. B. Anderson,

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and P. M. Blumberg
Protein Kinase C-{{epsilon}} Plays a Role in Neurite Outgrowth
in Response to Epidermal Growth Factor and Nerve Growth Factor
in PC12 Cells
Cell Growth Differ., March 1, 1999; 10(3): 183 - 191.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

P. J. Reddig, N. E. Dreckschmidt, J. Zou, S. E. Bourguignon, T. D.


Oberley, and A. K. Verma
Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Protein Kinase C{{epsilon}} in
Their Epidermis Exhibit Reduced Papilloma Burden but Enhanced
Carcinoma Formation after Tumor Promotion
Cancer Res., February 1, 2000; 60(3): 595 - 602.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

L. Smith, L. Chen, M. E. Reyland, T. A. DeVries, R. V. Talanian, S. Omura,


and J. B. Smith
Activation of Atypical Protein Kinase C zeta by Caspase Processing
and Degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System
J. Biol. Chem., December 15, 2000; 275(51): 40620 - 40627.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Ray, A. P. Fields, and B. K. Ray


Activation of Transcription Factor SAF Involves Its
Phosphorylation by Protein Kinase C
J. Biol. Chem., December 8, 2000; 275(50): 39727 - 39733.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. A. Graham, I. Rawe, D. A. Dartt, and N. C. Joyce


Protein Kinase C Regulation of Corneal Endothelial Cell
Proliferation and Cell Cycle
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2000; 41(13): 4124 - 4132.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

C. Bertolotto, L. Maulon, N. Filippa, G. Baier, and P. Auberger


Protein Kinase C theta and epsilon Promote T-cell Survival by a
Rsk-dependent Phosphorylation and Inactivation of BAD
J. Biol. Chem., November 17, 2000; 275(47): 37246 - 37250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Nowicki, M. S. Kruse, H. Brismar, and A. Aperia

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Dopamine-induced translocation of protein kinase C isoforms


visualized in renal epithelial cells
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 2000; 279(6): C1812 - 1818.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

H.-C. Huang, T. Nguyen, and C. B. Pickett


Regulation of the antioxidant response element by protein kinase
C-mediated phosphorylation of NF-E2-related factor 2
PNAS, November 7, 2000; 97(23): 12475 - 12480.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. Banky, M. G. Newlon, M. Roy, S. Garrod, S. S. Taylor, and P. A.


Jennings
Isoform-specific Differences between the Type Ialpha and IIalpha
Cyclic AMP-dependent Protein Kinase Anchoring Domains
Revealed by Solution NMR
J. Biol. Chem., November 3, 2000; 275(45): 35146 - 35152.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

I. Kronfeld, G. Kazimirsky, P. S. Lorenzo, S. H. Garfield, P. M. Blumberg,


and C. Brodie
Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase Cdelta on Distinct Tyrosine
Residues Regulates Specific Cellular Functions
J. Biol. Chem., November 3, 2000; 275(45): 35491 - 35498.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. Yano, J. R. Bauchat, M. B. Liimatta, D. R. Clemmons, and C. Duan


Down-Regulation of Protein Kinase C Inhibits Insulin-Like Growth
Factor I-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation,
Migration, and Gene Expression
Endocrinology, October 1, 1999; 140(10): 4622 - 4632.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

N. Fernandez, M. J. Caloca, G. V. Prendergast, J. L. Meinkoth, and M. G.


Kazanietz
Atypical Protein Kinase C-{zeta} Stimulates ThyrotropinIndependent Proliferation in Rat Thyroid Cells
Endocrinology, January 1, 2000; 141(1): 146 - 152.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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S. Migliaccio, T. F. Washburn, S. Fillo, H. Rivera, A. Teti, K. S. Korach,


and W. C. Wetsel
Modulation of Estrogen Receptor Levels in Mouse Uterus by
Protein Kinase C Isoenzymes
Endocrinology, November 1, 1998; 139(11): 4598 - 4606.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

M. A. Ansonoff and A. M. Etgen


Estradiol Elevates Protein Kinase C Catalytic Activity in the
Preoptic Area of Female Rats
Endocrinology, July 1, 1998; 139(7): 3050 - 3056.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

B. D. Saunders, E. Sabbagh, W. W. Chin, and U. B. Kaiser


Differential Use of Signal Transduction Pathways in the
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Mediated Regulation of
Gonadotropin Subunit Gene Expression
Endocrinology, April 1, 1998; 139(4): 1835 - 1843.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

M. L. G. Lamm, D. D. Long, S. M. Goodwin, and C. Lee


Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 Inhibits Membrane
Association of Protein Kinase C{alpha} in a Human Prostate
Cancer Cell Line, PC3
Endocrinology, November 1, 1997; 138(11): 4657 - 4664.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

L. Chen, L. Smith, M. R. Johnson, K. Wang, R. B. Diasio, and J. B. Smith


Activation of Protein Kinase C Induces Nuclear Translocation of
RFX1 and Down-regulates c-myc via an Intron 1 X Box in
Undifferentiated Leukemia HL-60 Cells
J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2000; 275(41): 32227 - 32233.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. N. A. H. Lewis and R. N. McElhaney


Calorimetric and Spectroscopic Studies of the Thermotropic Phase
Behavior of Lipid Bilayer Model Membranes Composed of a
Homologous Series of Linear Saturated Phosphatidylserines
Biophys. J., October 1, 2000; 79(4): 2043 - 2055.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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C. Yue, C.-Y. Ku, M. Liu, M. I. Simon, and B. M. Sanborn


Molecular Mechanism of the Inhibition of Phospholipase C beta 3
by Protein Kinase C
J. Biol. Chem., September 22, 2000; 275(39): 30220 - 30225.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. B. Nixon and L. C. McPhail


Protein Kinase C (PKC) Isoforms Translocate to Triton-Insoluble
Fractions in Stimulated Human Neutrophils: Correlation of
Conventional PKC with Activation of NADPH Oxidase
J. Immunol., October 15, 1999; 163(8): 4574 - 4582.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. H. Brumell, J. C. Howard, K. Craig, S. Grinstein, A. D. Schreiber, and


M. Tyers
Expression of the Protein Kinase C Substrate Pleckstrin in
Macrophages: Association with Phagosomal Membranes
J. Immunol., September 15, 1999; 163(6): 3388 - 3395.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. B. King, A. Norvell, and J. G. Monroe


Antigen Receptor-Induced Signal Transduction Imbalances
Associated with the Negative Selection of Immature B Cells
J. Immunol., March 1, 1999; 162(5): 2655 - 2662.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Giroux and A. Descoteaux


Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Macrophages: Modulation by
Protein Kinase C-{alpha}
J. Immunol., October 1, 2000; 165(7): 3985 - 3991.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. Goldfine, S. J. Wadsworth, and N. C. Johnston


Activation of Host Phospholipases C and D in Macrophages after
Infection with Listeria monocytogenes
Infect. Immun., October 1, 2000; 68(10): 5735 - 5741.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. N. A. H. Lewis and R. N. McElhaney


Surface Charge Markedly Attenuates the Nonlamellar PhaseForming Propensities of Lipid Bilayer Membranes: Calorimetric

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and 31P-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Mixtures of


Cationic, Anionic, and Zwitterionic Lipids
Biophys. J., September 1, 2000; 79(3): 1455 - 1464.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

A. Blaukat, A. Barac, M. J. Cross, S. Offermanns, and I. Dikic


G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Mediated Mitogen-Activated Protein
Kinase Activation through Cooperation of Galpha q and Galpha i
Signals
Mol. Cell. Biol., September 15, 2000; 20(18): 6837 - 6848.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

R. A. Hopper, C. R. Forrest, H. Xu, A. Zhong, W. He, J. Rutka, P. Neligan,


and C. Y. Pang
Role and mechanism of PKC in ischemic preconditioning of pig
skeletal muscle against infarction
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2000; 279
(2): R666 - 676.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

B. L.J. Webb, S. J. Hirst, and M. A. Giembycz


Protein kinase C isoenzymes: a review of their structure,
regulation and role in regulating airways smooth muscle tone and
mitogenesis
Br. J. Pharmacol., August 7, 2000; 130(7): 1433 - 1452.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

L. T. Knapp and E. Klann


Superoxide-induced Stimulation of Protein Kinase C via Thiol
Modification and Modulation of Zinc Content
J. Biol. Chem., July 28, 2000; 275(31): 24136 - 24145.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. C. Frasch, P. M. Henson, J. M. Kailey, D. A. Richter, M. S. Janes, V. A.


Fadok, and D. L. Bratton
Regulation of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity during Apoptosis
and Cell Activation by Protein Kinase Cdelta
J. Biol. Chem., July 21, 2000; 275(30): 23065 - 23073.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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A. Radominska-Pandya, G. Chen, P. J. Czernik, J. M. Little, V. M.


Samokyszyn, C. A. Carter, and G.{m. d.}y. Nowak
Direct Interaction of All-trans-retinoic Acid with Protein Kinase C
(PKC). IMPLICATIONS FOR PKC SIGNALING AND CANCER
THERAPY
J. Biol. Chem., July 14, 2000; 275(29): 22324 - 22330.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Mills and P. B. Reiner


Regulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleavage
J. Neurochem., February 1, 1999; 72(2): 443 - 460.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

U. Salli, S. Supancic, and F. Stormshak


Phosphorylation of Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate
(MARCKS) Protein Is Associated with Bovine Luteal Oxytocin
Exocytosis
Biol. Reprod., July 1, 2000; 63(1): 12 - 20.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

H. L. Roderick, J. D. Lechleiter, and P. Camacho


Cytosolic Phosphorylation of Calnexin Controls Intracellular Ca2+
Oscillations via an Interaction with SERCA2b
J. Cell Biol., June 12, 2000; 149(6): 1235 - 1248.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

K. Endo, E. Oki, V. Biedermann, H. Kojima, K. Yoshida, F.-J. Johannes, D.


Kufe, and R. Datta
Proteolytic Cleavage and Activation of Protein Kinase C {micro}
by Caspase-3 in the Apoptotic Response of Cells to 1-beta -DArabinofuranosylcytosine and Other Genotoxic Agents
J. Biol. Chem., June 9, 2000; 275(24): 18476 - 18481.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

X. Feng, K. P. Becker, S. D. Stribling, K. G. Peters, and Y. A. Hannun


Regulation of Receptor-mediated Protein Kinase C Membrane
Trafficking by Autophosphorylation
J. Biol. Chem., May 26, 2000; 275(22): 17024 - 17034.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

W.-H. Zheng, S. Kar, and R. Quirion

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Stimulation of Protein Kinase C Modulates Insulin-like Growth


Factor-1-induced Akt Activation in PC12 Cells
J. Biol. Chem., April 28, 2000; 275(18): 13377 - 13385.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. cs, M. Beheshti, Z. Szllsi, L. Li, S. H. Yuspa, and P. M. Blumberg


Effect of a tyrosine 155 to phenylalanine mutation of protein
kinase C{delta} on the proliferative and tumorigenic properties of
NIH 3T3 fibroblasts
Carcinogenesis, May 1, 2000; 21(5): 887 - 891.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Y.-Z. Wang and J. C. Bonner


Mechanism of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK)-1 and
ERK-2 Activation by Vanadium Pentoxide in Rat Pulmonary
Myofibroblasts
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., May 1, 2000; 22(5): 590 - 596.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

P. S. Lorenzo, M. Beheshti, G. R. Pettit, J. C. Stone, and P. M. Blumberg


The Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor RasGRP Is a High Affinity Target for Diacylglycerol and Phorbol Esters
Mol. Pharmacol., May 1, 2000; 57(5): 840 - 846.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Q. J. Wang, T.-W. Fang, D. Fenick, S. Garfield, B. Bienfait, V. E. Marquez,


and P. M. Blumberg
The Lipophilicity of Phorbol Esters as a Critical Factor in
Determining the Pattern of Translocation of Protein Kinase C delta
Fused to Green Fluorescent Protein
J. Biol. Chem., April 14, 2000; 275(16): 12136 - 12146.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. Yu, S. Mandlekar, T.-H. Tan, and A.-N. T. Kong


Activation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Pathways and
Induction of Apoptosis by Chelerythrine Do Not Require Inhibition
of Protein Kinase C
J. Biol. Chem., March 24, 2000; 275(13): 9612 - 9619.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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M. P. Coghlan, M. M. Chou, and C. L. Carpenter


Atypical Protein Kinases Clambda and -zeta Associate with the
GTP-Binding Protein Cdc42 and Mediate Stress Fiber Loss
Mol. Cell. Biol., April 15, 2000; 20(8): 2880 - 2889.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

J. Wang, L. Wang, J. Zheng, J. L. Anderson, and M. L. Toews


Identification of Distinct Carboxyl-Terminal Domains Mediating
Internalization and Down-Regulation of the Hamster alpha 1BAdrenergic Receptor
Mol. Pharmacol., April 1, 2000; 57(4): 687 - 694.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

I. L. PFAFF, H.-J. WAGNER, and V. VALLON


Immunolocalization of Protein Kinase C Isoenzymes {alpha},
{beta}I and {beta}II in Rat Kidney
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 1999; 10(9): 1861 - 1873.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

J. KAPOR-DREZGIC, X. ZHOU, T. BABAZONO, J. A. DLUGOSZ, T.


HOHMAN, and C. WHITESIDE
Effect of High Glucose on Mesangial Cell Protein Kinase C-{delta}
and - is Polyol Pathway-Dependent
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 1999; 10(6): 1193 - 1203.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

V. M. Berthoud, E. M. Westphale, A. Grigoryeva, and E. C. Beyer


PKC Isoenzymes in the Chicken Lens and TPA-Induced Effects on
Intercellular Communication
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2000; 41(3): 850 - 858.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

K. Katagiri, M. Hattori, N. Minato, S.-k. Irie, K. Takatsu, and T. Kinashi


Rap1 Is a Potent Activation Signal for Leukocyte FunctionAssociated Antigen 1 Distinct from Protein Kinase C and
Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH Kinase
Mol. Cell. Biol., March 15, 2000; 20(6): 1956 - 1969.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

K.-p. Liu, S.-c. Hsiung, M. Adlersberg, T. Sacktor, M. D. Gershon, and H.


Tamir

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Ca2+-Evoked Serotonin Secretion by Parafollicular Cells: Roles in


Signal Transduction of Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and the
gamma and zeta Isoforms of Protein Kinase C
J. Neurosci., February 15, 2000; 20(4): 1365 - 1373.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

R. Alcntara-Hernndez, J. Vzquez-Prado, and J. A. Garca-Sinz


Protein phosphatase-protein kinase interplay modulates {alpha}
1b-adrenoceptor phosphorylation: effects of okadaic acid
Br. J. Pharmacol., February 4, 2000; 129(4): 724 - 730.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

A. Vallentin, C. Prevostel, T. Fauquier, X. Bonnefont, and D. Joubert


Membrane Targeting and Cytoplasmic Sequestration in the
Spatiotemporal Localization of Human Protein Kinase C alpha
J. Biol. Chem., February 25, 2000; 275(8): 6014 - 6021.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. F. Oleksiak, S. Wu, C. Parker, S. I. Karchner, J. J. Stegeman, and D.


C. Zeldin
Identification, Functional Characterization, and Regulation of a
New Cytochrome P450 Subfamily, the CYP2Ns
J. Biol. Chem., January 28, 2000; 275(4): 2312 - 2321.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Witte, M. Villalba, K. Bi, Y. Liu, N. Isakov, and A. Altman


Inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase/AP-1 and NF-kappa B
Pathways by PICOT, a Novel Protein Kinase C-interacting Protein
with a Thioredoxin Homology Domain
J. Biol. Chem., January 21, 2000; 275(3): 1902 - 1909.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Yuan, L. Slice, J. H. Walsh, and E. Rozengurt


Activation of Protein Kinase D by Signaling through the alpha
Subunit of the Heterotrimeric G Protein Gq
J. Biol. Chem., January 21, 2000; 275(3): 2157 - 2164.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Q. J. Wang, D. Bhattacharyya, S. Garfield, K. Nacro, V. E. Marquez, and


P. M. Blumberg
Differential Localization of Protein Kinase C delta by Phorbol

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Esters and Related Compounds Using a Fusion Protein with Green


Fluorescent Protein
J. Biol. Chem., December 24, 1999; 274(52): 37233 - 37239.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Yu, J. Chen, S. Lin, J. Liu, C. C. Y. Chang, and T.-Y. Chang


Human Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase-1 Is a
Homotetrameric Enzyme in Intact Cells and in Vitro
J. Biol. Chem., December 17, 1999; 274(51): 36139 - 36145.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. C. Adams, J. D. Clelland, G. D.M. Collett, F. Matsumura, S. Yamashiro,


and L. Zhang
Cell-Matrix Adhesions Differentially Regulate Fascin
Phosphorylation
Mol. Biol. Cell, December 1, 1999; 10(12): 4177 - 4190.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

N. Verdaguer, S. Corbalan-Garcia, W. F. Ochoa, I. Fita, and J. C. GmezFernndez


Ca2+ bridges the C2 membrane-binding domain of protein kinase
Calpha directly to phosphatidylserine
EMBO J., November 15, 1999; 18(22): 6329 - 6338.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

K. Yamaki and K. Ohuchi


Participation of protein kinases in staurosporine-induced
interleukin-6 production by rat peritoneal macrophages
Br. J. Pharmacol., July 15, 1999; 127(6): 1309 - 1316.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

N. Meller, A. Altman, and N. Isakov


New Perspectives on PKC{theta}, a Member of the Novel
Subfamily of Protein Kinase C
Stem Cells, May 1, 1998; 16(3): 178 - 192.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

D.-H. Hong, G. Petrovics, W. B. Anderson, J. Forstner, and G. Forstner


Induction of mucin gene expression in human colonic cell lines by
PMA is dependent on PKC-epsilon

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Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, November 1, 1999; 277(5):


G1041 - 1047.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

A. Nakhost, J. R. Dyer, A. M. Pepio, X. Fan, and W. S. Sossin


Protein Kinase C Phosphorylated at a Conserved Threonine Is
Retained in the Cytoplasm
J. Biol. Chem., October 8, 1999; 274(41): 28944 - 28949.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Heinrich, M. Wickel, W. Schneider-Brachert, C. Sandberg, J. Gahr, R.


Schwandner, T. Weber, J. Brunner, M. Krnke, and S. Schtze
Cathepsin D targeted by acid sphingomyelinase-derived ceramide
EMBO J., October 1, 1999; 18(19): 5252 - 5263.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

D. RON and M. G. KAZANIETZ


New insights into the regulation of protein kinase C and novel
phorbol ester receptors
FASEB J, October 1, 1999; 13(13): 1658 - 1676.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

T. Quan and G. J. Fisher


Cloning and Characterization of the Human Protein Kinase C-eta
Promoter
J. Biol. Chem., October 1, 1999; 274(40): 28566 - 28574.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. F. Brown, Q. Chang, B. D. Soper, and B. L. Tepperman


Protein kinase C mediates experimental colitis in the rat
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, March 1, 1999; 276(3): G583 590.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. A. Matthews, E. Rozengurt, and D. Cantrell


Characterization of Serine 916 as an in Vivo Autophosphorylation
Site for Protein Kinase D/Protein Kinase C{micro}
J. Biol. Chem., September 10, 1999; 274(37): 26543 - 26549.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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N. Dzimiri
Regulation of beta -Adrenoceptor Signaling in Cardiac Function
and Disease
Pharmacol. Rev., September 1, 1999; 51(3): 465 - 502.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. L. Hansen, Y. Ikeda, G. S. Olsen, A. K. Busch, and L. Mosthaf


Insulin Signaling Is Inhibited by Micromolar Concentrations of
H2O2. EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF H2O2 IN TUMOR NECROSIS
FACTOR alpha -MEDIATED INSULIN RESISTANCE
J. Biol. Chem., August 27, 1999; 274(35): 25078 - 25084.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Segura, J. Stankova, and M. Gottschalk


Heat-Killed Streptococcus suis Capsular Type 2 Strains Stimulate
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin-6 Production by
Murine Macrophages
Infect. Immun., September 1, 1999; 67(9): 4646 - 4654.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Medkova and W. Cho


Interplay of C1 and C2 Domains of Protein Kinase C-alpha in Its
Membrane Binding and Activation
J. Biol. Chem., July 9, 1999; 274(28): 19852 - 19861.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. J. Coultrap, H. Sun, T. E. Tenner Jr., and T. K. Machu


Competitive Antagonism of the Mouse 5-Hydroxytryptamine3
Receptor by Bisindolylmaleimide I, a "Selective" Protein Kinase C
Inhibitor
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 1999; 290(1): 76 - 82.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

D. Strassheim, L. G. May, K. A. Varker, H. L. Puhl, S. H. Phelps, R. A.


Porter, R. S. Aronstam, J. D. Noti, and C. L. Williams
M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Regulate Cytoplasmic
Myosin by a Process Involving RhoA and Requiring Conventional
Protein Kinase C Isoforms
J. Biol. Chem., June 25, 1999; 274(26): 18675 - 18685.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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T. Pawelczyk and A. Matecki


Phospholipase C-{delta}3 binds with high specificity to
phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidic acid in
bilayer membranes
Eur. J. Biochem., June 1, 1999; 262(2): 291 - 298.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

R. Zeidman, B. Lfgren, S. Phlman, and C. Larsson


PKCepsilon , Via its Regulatory Domain and Independently of its
Catalytic Domain, Induces Neurite-like Processes in
Neuroblastoma Cells
J. Cell Biol., May 17, 1999; 145(4): 713 - 726.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

A. Virkamki, K. Ueki, and C. R. Kahn


Proteinprotein interaction in insulin signaling and the molecular
mechanisms of insulin resistance
J. Clin. Invest., April 1, 1999; 103(7): 931 - 943.
[Full Text]

R. T. Waldron, T. Iglesias, and E. Rozengurt


The Pleckstrin Homology Domain of Protein Kinase D Interacts
Preferentially with the eta Isoform of Protein Kinase C
J. Biol. Chem., April 2, 1999; 274(14): 9224 - 9230.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. Q. Dong, R.-b. Zhang, P. Langlais, H. He, M. Clark, L. Zhu, and F. Liu


Primary Structure, Tissue Distribution, and Expression of Mouse
Phosphoinositide-dependent Protein Kinase-1, a Protein Kinase
That Phosphorylates and Activates Protein Kinase Czeta
J. Biol. Chem., March 19, 1999; 274(12): 8117 - 8122.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. C. GADSBY and A. C. NAIRN


Control of CFTR Channel Gating by Phosphorylation and
Nucleotide Hydrolysis
Physiol Rev, January 1, 1999; 79(1): 77 - 107.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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V. Micol, P. Snchez-Piera, J. Villalan, A. de Godos, and J. C. GmezFernndez


Correlation between Protein Kinase C alpha Activity and
Membrane Phase Behavior
Biophys. J., February 1, 1999; 76(2): 916 - 927.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

G. Brooks and D. J. Hearse


Role of Protein Kinase C in Ischemic Preconditioning: Player or
Spectator?
Circ. Res., September 1, 1996; 79(3): 628 - 631.
[Full Text]

J.-W. Soh, E. H. Lee, R. Prywes, and I. B. Weinstein


Novel Roles of Specific Isoforms of Protein Kinase C in Activation
of the c-fos Serum Response Element
Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 1999; 19(2): 1313 - 1324.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. A. McKay, L. J. Miraglia, L. L. Cummins, S. R. Owens, H. Sasmor, and


N. M. Dean
Characterization of a Potent and Specific Class of Antisense
Oligonucleotide Inhibitor of Human Protein Kinase C-alpha
Expression
J. Biol. Chem., January 15, 1999; 274(3): 1715 - 1722.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Y. Ishikawa and C. J. Homcy


The Adenylyl Cyclases as Integrators of Transmembrane Signal
Transduction
Circ. Res., March 1, 1997; 80(3): 297 - 304.
[Full Text]

W. Tsai, A. D. Morielli, T. G. Cachero, and E. G. Peralta


Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha participates in the
m1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-dependent regulation of
Kv1.2 channel activity
EMBO J., January 4, 1999; 18(1): 109 - 118.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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K. C. Das, X.-l. Guo, and C. W. White


Protein Kinase Cdelta -dependent Induction of Manganese
Superoxide Dismutase Gene Expression by Microtubule-active
Anticancer Drugs
J. Biol. Chem., December 18, 1998; 273(51): 34639 - 34645.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Kawamura, K.-I. Yoshida, T. Miura, Y. Mizukami, and M. Matsuzaki


Ischemic preconditioning translocates PKC-delta and -epsilon ,
which mediate functional protection in isolated rat heart
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 1998; 275(6): H2266 2271.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

O. Cachia, J. E. Benna, E. Pedruzzi, B. Descomps, M.-A. GougerotPocidalo, and C.-L. Leger


alpha -Tocopherol Inhibits the Respiratory Burst in Human
Monocytes. ATTENUATION OF p47phox MEMBRANE
TRANSLOCATION AND PHOSPHORYLATION
J. Biol. Chem., December 4, 1998; 273(49): 32801 - 32805.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Brodie, K. Bogi, P. Acs, P. S. Lorenzo, L. Baskin, and P. M. Blumberg


Protein Kinase C delta (PKCdelta ) Inhibits the Expression of
Glutamine Synthetase in Glial Cells via the PKCdelta Regulatory
Domain and Its Tyrosine Phosphorylation
J. Biol. Chem., November 13, 1998; 273(46): 30713 - 30718.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. F. Denning, Y. Wang, B. J. Nickoloff, and T. Wrone-Smith


Protein Kinase Cdelta Is Activated by Caspase-dependent
Proteolysis during Ultraviolet Radiation-induced Apoptosis of
Human Keratinocytes
J. Biol. Chem., November 6, 1998; 273(45): 29995 - 30002.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. Kawasaki, G. M. Springett, S. Toki, J. J. Canales, P. Harlan, J. P.


Blumenstiel, E. J. Chen, I. A. Bany, N. Mochizuki, A. Ashbacher, M.
Matsuda, D. E. Housman, and A. M. Graybiel
A Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor enriched highly in the
basal ganglia
PNAS, October 27, 1998; 95(22): 13278 - 13283.

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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. Iglesias, R. T. Waldron, and E. Rozengurt


Identification of in Vivo Phosphorylation Sites Required for
Protein Kinase D Activation
J. Biol. Chem., October 16, 1998; 273(42): 27662 - 27667.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Zhao, O. Renner, L. Wightman, P. H. Sugden, L. Stewart, A. D. Miller,


D. S. Latchman, and M. S. Marber
The Expression of Constitutively Active Isotypes of Protein Kinase
C to Investigate Preconditioning
J. Biol. Chem., September 4, 1998; 273(36): 23072 - 23079.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. J. Slater, F. J. Taddeo, A. Mazurek, B. A. Stagliano, S. K. Milano, M. B.


Kelly, C. Ho, and C. D. Stubbs
Inhibition of Membrane Lipid-independent Protein Kinase Calpha
Activity by Phorbol Esters, Diacylglycerols, and Bryostatin-1
J. Biol. Chem., September 4, 1998; 273(36): 23160 - 23168.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. M. Smyth, W. H. Li, and G. A. FitzGerald


Phosphorylation of the Prostacyclin Receptor during Homologous
Desensitization. A CRITICAL ROLE FOR PROTEIN KINASE C
J. Biol. Chem., September 4, 1998; 273(36): 23258 - 23266.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J.-H. Chang, J. C. Pratt, S. Sawasdikosol, R. Kapeller, and S. J. Burakoff


The Small GTP-Binding Protein Rho Potentiates AP-1 Transcription
in T Cells
Mol. Cell. Biol., September 1, 1998; 18(9): 4986 - 4993.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Y. Gokmen-Polar and A. P. Fields


Mapping of a Molecular Determinant for Protein Kinase C beta II
Isozyme Function
J. Biol. Chem., August 7, 1998; 273(32): 20261 - 20266.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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S. K. Lee, W. G. Qing, W. Mar, L. Luyengi, R. G. Mehta, K. Kawanishi, H.


H. S. Fong, C. W. W. Beecher, A. D. Kinghorn, and J. M. Pezzuto
Angoline and Chelerythrine, Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids That
Do Not Inhibit Protein Kinase C
J. Biol. Chem., July 31, 1998; 273(31): 19829 - 19833.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. M. Pepio, X. Fan, and W. S. Sossin


The Role of C2 Domains in Ca2+-activated and Ca2+-independent
Protein Kinase Cs in Aplysia
J. Biol. Chem., July 24, 1998; 273(30): 19040 - 19048.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Medkova and W. Cho


Mutagenesis of the C2 Domain of Protein Kinase C-alpha .
DIFFERENTIAL ROLES OF Ca2+ LIGANDS AND MEMBRANE
BINDING RESIDUES
J. Biol. Chem., July 10, 1998; 273(28): 17544 - 17552.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. E. Smithgall
Signal Transduction Pathways Regulating Hematopoietic
Differentiation
Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 1998; 50(1): 1 - 20.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H.-Y. Lin, P. M. Yen, F. B. Davis, and P. J. Davis


Protein synthesis-dependent potentiation by thyroxine of antiviral
activity of interferon-gamma
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 1997; 273(4): C1225 - 1232.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

P. B. Dennis, N. Pullen, R. B. Pearson, S. C. Kozma, and G. Thomas


Phosphorylation Sites in the Autoinhibitory Domain Participate in
p70s6k Activation Loop Phosphorylation
J. Biol. Chem., June 12, 1998; 273(24): 14845 - 14852.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

W. Qi, E. Loh, G. Vilaire, and J. S. Bennett

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Regulation of alpha IIbbeta 3 Function in Human B Lymphocytes


J. Biol. Chem., June 12, 1998; 273(24): 15271 - 15278.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. Gozal, A. L. Roussel, G. A. Holt, L. Gozal, Y. M. Gozal, J. E. Torres, and


D. Gozal
Protein kinase C modulation of ventilatory response to hypoxia in
nucleus tractus solitarii of conscious rats
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 1998; 84(6): 1982 - 1990.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

C. Mineo, Y.-S. Ying, C. Chapline, S. Jaken, and R. G.W. Anderson


Targeting of Protein Kinase Calpha to Caveolae
J. Cell Biol., April 20, 1998; 141(3): 601 - 610.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

X. Feng, J. Zhang, L. S. Barak, T. Meyer, M. G. Caron, and Y. A. Hannun


Visualization of Dynamic Trafficking of a Protein Kinase C beta
II/Green Fluorescent Protein Conjugate Reveals Differences in G
Protein-coupled Receptor Activation and Desensitization
J. Biol. Chem., April 24, 1998; 273(17): 10755 - 10762.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. L. Dell'Acqua, M. C. Faux, J. Thorburn, A. Thorburn, and J. D. Scott


Membrane-targeting sequences on AKAP79 bind
phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
EMBO J., April 15, 1998; 17(8): 2246 - 2260.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. J. Searl and E. M. Silinsky


Increases in Acetylcholine Release Produced by Phorbol Esters
Are Not Mediated by Protein Kinase C at Motor Nerve Endings
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 1998; 285(1): 247 - 251.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

D. G. Watson, J. M. Watterson, and R. H. Lenox


Sodium Valproate Down-regulates the Myristoylated Alanine-Rich
C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) in Immortalized Hippocampal Cells:
A Property of Protein Kinase C-Mediated Mood Stabilizers

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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 1998; 285(1): 307 - 316.


[Abstract] [Full Text]

A. M. Parissenti, A. F. Kirwan, S. A. Kim, C. M. Colantonio, and B. P.


Schimmer
Inhibitory Properties of the Regulatory Domains of Human Protein
Kinase Calpha and Mouse Protein Kinase Cepsilon
J. Biol. Chem., April 10, 1998; 273(15): 8940 - 8945.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. Levy, J. Jing, D. Chikvashvili, W. B. Thornhill, and I. Lotan


Activation of a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor and Protein
Kinase C Reduce the Extent of Inactivation of the K+ Channel
Kv1.1/Kvbeta 1.1 via Dephosphorylation of Kv1.1
J. Biol. Chem., March 13, 1998; 273(11): 6495 - 6502.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. J. Savage, S. P. Trusko, D. S. Howland, L. R. Pinsker, S. Mistretta, A.


G. Reaume, B. D. Greenberg, R. Siman, and R. W. Scott
J. Neurosci., March 1, 1998; 18(5): 1743 - 1752.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

D. Koya, M. R. Jirousek, Y.-W. Lin, H. Ishii, K. Kuboki, and G. L. King


Characterization of Protein Kinase C beta Isoform Activation on
the Gene Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-beta ,
Extracellular Matrix Components, and Prostanoids in the
Glomeruli of Diabetic Rats
J. Clin. Invest., July 1, 1997; 100(1): 115 - 126.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

S. Nowicki, S. L. Chen, O. Aizman, X. J. Cheng, D. Li, C. Nowicki, A.


Nairn, P. Greengard, and A. Aperia
20-Hydroxyeicosa-Tetraenoic Acid (20 HETE) Activates Protein
Kinase C . Role in Regulation of Rat Renal Na+,K+-ATPase
J. Clin. Invest., March 15, 1997; 99(6): 1224 - 1230.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

F. Bornancin and P. J. Parker


Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase C-alpha on Serine 657Controls
the Accumulation of Active Enzyme and Contributes to Its

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Phosphatase-resistant State
J. Biol. Chem., February 7, 1997; 272(6): 3544 - 3549.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Y. Jia, C. J. Mathews, and J. W. Hanrahan


Phosphorylation by Protein Kinase C Is Required For Acute
Activation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance
Regulator by Protein Kinase A
J. Biol. Chem., February 21, 1997; 272(8): 4978 - 4984.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. A. Rotenberg and X.-g. Sun


Photoinduced Inactivation of Protein Kinase C by Dequalinium
Identifies the RACK-1-binding Domain as a Recognition Site
J. Biol. Chem., January 23, 1998; 273(4): 2390 - 2395.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. Bloom and H. R. Horvitz


The Caenorhabditis elegans gene unc-76 and its human homologs
define a new gene family involved in axonal outgrowth
and fasciculation
PNAS, April 1, 1997; 94(7): 3414 - 3419.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D.-F. Liao, B. Monia, N. Dean, and B. C. Berk


Protein Kinase C-zeta Mediates Angiotensin II Activation of
ERK1/2 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
J. Biol. Chem., March 7, 1997; 272(10): 6146 - 6150.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. J. Slater, M. B. Kelly, J. D. Larkin, C. Ho, A. Mazurek, F. J. Taddeo, M.


D. Yeager, and C. D. Stubbs
Interaction of Alcohols and Anesthetics with Protein Kinase
Calpha
J. Biol. Chem., March 7, 1997; 272(10): 6167 - 6173.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Islas-Trejo, M. Land, I. Tcherepanova, J. H. Freedman, and C. S. Rubin


Structure and Expression of the Caenorhabditis elegans Protein

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Kinase C2 Gene. ORIGINS AND REGULATED EXPRESSION OF A


FAMILY OF Ca2+-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE C ISOFORMS
J. Biol. Chem., March 7, 1997; 272(10): 6629 - 6640.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

E. O. Harrington, J. Loffler, P. R. Nelson, K. C. Kent, M. Simons, and J. A.


Ware
Enhancement of Migration by Protein Kinase Calpha and
Inhibition of Proliferation and Cell Cycle Progression by Protein
Kinase Cdelta in Capillary Endothelial Cells
J. Biol. Chem., March 14, 1997; 272(11): 7390 - 7397.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

I. P. Udovichenko, A. C. Newton, and D. S. Williams


Contribution of Protein Kinase C to the Phosphorylation of
Rhodopsin in Intact Retinas
J. Biol. Chem., March 21, 1997; 272(12): 7952 - 7959.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Sloan-Lancaster, W. Zhang, J. Presley, B. L. Williams, R. T. Abraham,


J. Lippincott-Schwartz, and L. E. Samelson
Regulation of ZAP-70 Intracellular Localization: Visualization with
the Green Fluorescent Protein
J. Exp. Med., November 17, 1997; 186(10): 1713 - 1724.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

J. V. Gray, J. P. Ogas, Y. Kamada, M. Stone, D. E. Levin, and I.


Herskowitz
A role for the Pkc1 MAP kinase pathway of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae in bud emergence and identification of a putative
upstream regulator
EMBO J., August 15, 1997; 16(16): 4924 - 4937.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

R. J.H. Wojcikiewicz and J. A. Oberdorf


Degradation of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors during Cell
Stimulation Is a Specific Process Mediated by Cysteine Protease
Activity
J. Biol. Chem., July 12, 1996; 271(28): 16652 - 16655.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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Z. Szallasi, K. Bogi, S. Gohari, T. Biro, P. Acs, and P. M. Blumberg


Non-equivalent Roles for the First and Second Zinc Fingers of
Protein Kinase Cdelta . EFFECT OF THEIR MUTATION ON PHORBOL
ESTER-INDUCED TRANSLOCATION IN NIH 3T3 CELLS
J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 1996; 271(31): 18299 - 18301.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H.-W. Lee, L. Smith, G. R. Pettit, A. Vinitsky, and J. B. Smith


Ubiquitination of Protein Kinase C-alpha and Degradation by the
Proteasome
J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 1996; 271(35): 20973 - 20976.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

T. Chatila, K. A. Anderson, N. Ho, and A. R. Means


A Unique Phosphorylation-dependent Mechanism for the
Activation of Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase Type
IV/GR
J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 1996; 271(35): 21542 - 21548.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. K. DebBurman, J. Ptasienski, J. L. Benovic, and M. M. Hosey


G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase GRK2 Is a Phospholipiddependent Enzyme That Can Be Conditionally Activated by G
Protein beta gamma Subunits
J. Biol. Chem., September 13, 1996; 271(37): 22552 - 22562.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

N. E. Ward, K. R. Gravitt, and C. A. O'Brian


Covalent Modification of Protein Kinase C Isozymes by the
Inactivating Peptide Substrate Analog N-Biotinyl-Arg-Arg-ArgCys-Leu-Arg-Arg-Leu. EVIDENCE THAT THE BIOTINYLATED
PEPTIDE IS AN ACTIVE-SITE AFFINITY LABEL
J. Biol. Chem., September 27, 1996; 271(39): 24193 - 24200.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. A. Johnson, M. O. Gray, C.-H. Chen, and D. Mochly-Rosen


A Protein Kinase C Translocation Inhibitor as an Isozymeselective Antagonist of Cardiac Function
J. Biol. Chem., October 4, 1996; 271(40): 24962 - 24966.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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M. Glaser, S. Wanaski, C. A. Buser, V. Boguslavsky, W. Rashidzada, A.


Morris, M. Rebecchi, S. F. Scarlata, L. W. Runnels, G. D. Prestwich, J.
Chen, A. Aderem, J. Ahn, and S. McLaughlin
Myristoylated Alanine-rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS)
Produces Reversible Inhibition of Phospholipase C by
Sequestering Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate in Lateral
Domains
J. Biol. Chem., October 18, 1996; 271(42): 26187 - 26193.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Beltman, F. McCormick, and S. J. Cook


The Selective Protein Kinase C Inhibitor, Ro-31-8220, Inhibits
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 (MKP-1)
Expression, Induces c-Jun Expression, and Activates Jun Nterminal Kinase
J. Biol. Chem., October 25, 1996; 271(43): 27018 - 27024.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

W.-W. Tchou, W. N. Rom, and K.-M. Tchou-Wong


Novel Form of p21WAF1/CIP1/SDI1 Protein in Phorbol Esterinduced G2/M Arrest
J. Biol. Chem., November 22, 1996; 271(47): 29556 - 29560.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

C. Huang, W.-y. Ma, G. T. Bowden, and Z. Dong


Ultraviolet B-induced Activated Protein-1 Activation Does Not
Require Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor but Is Blocked by a
Dominant Negative PKClambda /iota
J. Biol. Chem., December 6, 1996; 271(49): 31262 - 31268.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

B. Peng, N. A. Morrice, L. C. Groenen, and R. E.H. Wettenhall


Phosphorylation Events Associated with Different States of
Activation of a Hepatic Cardiolipin/Protease-activated Protein
Kinase. STRUCTURAL IDENTITY TO THE PROTEIN KINASE N-TYPE
PROTEIN KINASES
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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. Hansra, F. Bornancin, R. Whelan, B. A. Hemmings, and P. J. Parker


12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced
Dephosphorylation of Protein Kinase Calpha Correlates with the

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Presence of a Membrane-associated Protein Phosphatase 2A


Heterotrimer
J. Biol. Chem., December 20, 1996; 271(51): 32785 - 32788.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

W. Yu, J. Liu, N. A. Morrice, and R. E.H. Wettenhall


Isolation and Characterization of a Structural Homologue of
Human PRK2 from Rat Liver. DISTINGUISHING SUBSTRATE AND
LIPID ACTIVATOR SPECIFICITIES
J. Biol. Chem., April 11, 1997; 272(15): 10030 - 10034.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

N. M. Greene, D. S. Williams, and A. C. Newton


Identification of Protein Kinase C Phosphorylation Sites on Bovine
Rhodopsin
J. Biol. Chem., April 18, 1997; 272(16): 10341 - 10344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. Hiregowdara, H. Avraham, Y. Fu, R. London, and S. Avraham


Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Related Adhesion Focal Tyrosine
Kinase in Megakaryocytes upon Stem Cell Factor and Phorbol
Myristate Acetate Stimulation and Its Association with Paxillin
J. Biol. Chem., April 18, 1997; 272(16): 10804 - 10810.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. V. Dekker and P. J. Parker


Regulated Binding of the Protein Kinase C Substrate GAP-43 to
the V0/C2 Region of Protein Kinase C-delta
J. Biol. Chem., May 9, 1997; 272(19): 12747 - 12753.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. Harris, N. Reiss, and Z. Naor


Differential Activation of Protein Kinase C delta and epsilon Gene
Expression by Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone in alpha T3-1
Cells. AUTOREGULATION BY PROTEIN KINASE C
J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 1997; 272(21): 13534 - 13540.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. Rosson, T. G. O'Brien, J. A. Kampherstein, Z. Szallasi, K. Bogi, P. M.


Blumberg, and J. M. Mullin

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Protein Kinase C-alpha Activity Modulates Transepithelial


Permeability and Cell Junctions in the LLC-PK1 Epithelial Cell Line
J. Biol. Chem., June 6, 1997; 272(23): 14950 - 14953.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Orita, A. Naito, G. Sakaguchi, M. Maeda, H. Igarashi, T. Sasaki, and Y.


Takai
Physical and Functional Interactions of Doc2 and Munc13 in
Ca2+-dependent Exocytotic Machinery
J. Biol. Chem., June 27, 1997; 272(26): 16081 - 16084.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. Herrera-Velit, K. L. Knutson, and N. E. Reiner


Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent Activation of Protein
Kinase C-zeta in Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-treated Human
Monocytes
J. Biol. Chem., June 27, 1997; 272(26): 16445 - 16452.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. C. Faux and J. D. Scott


Regulation of the AKAP79-Protein Kinase C Interaction by
Ca2+/Calmodulin
J. Biol. Chem., July 4, 1997; 272(27): 17038 - 17044.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. S. Edwards and A. C. Newton


Phosphorylation at Conserved Carboxyl-terminal Hydrophobic
Motif Regulates the Catalytic and Regulatory Domains of Protein
Kinase C
J. Biol. Chem., July 18, 1997; 272(29): 18382 - 18390.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. Minakami, N. Jinnai, and H. Sugiyama


Phosphorylation and Calmodulin Binding of the Metabotropic
Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 (mGluR5) Are Antagonistic in Vitro
J. Biol. Chem., August 8, 1997; 272(32): 20291 - 20298.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. Acs, K. Bogi, P. S. Lorenzo, A. M. Marquez, T. Biro, Z. Szallasi, and P.


M. Blumberg

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The Catalytic Domain of Protein Kinase C Chimeras Modulates the


Affinity and Targeting of Phorbol Ester-induced Translocation
J. Biol. Chem., August 29, 1997; 272(35): 22148 - 22153.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. G. Newlon, M. Roy, Z. E. Hausken, J. D. Scott, and P. A. Jennings


The A-kinase Anchoring Domain of Type IIalpha cAMP-dependent
Protein Kinase Is Highly Helical
J. Biol. Chem., September 19, 1997; 272(38): 23637 - 23644.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

M. J. Caloca, N. Fernandez, N. E. Lewin, D. Ching, R. Modali, P. M.


Blumberg, and M. G. Kazanietz
beta 2-Chimaerin Is a High Affinity Receptor for the Phorbol Ester
Tumor Promoters
J. Biol. Chem., October 17, 1997; 272(42): 26488 - 26496.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Arbuzova, J. Wang, D. Murray, J. Jacob, D. S. Cafiso, and S.


McLaughlin
Kinetics of Interaction of the Myristoylated Alanine-rich C Kinase
Substrate, Membranes, and Calmodulin
J. Biol. Chem., October 24, 1997; 272(43): 27167 - 27177.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

S. Tang, K. G. Morgan, C. Parker, and J. A. Ware


Requirement for Protein Kinase C theta for Cell Cycle Progression
and Formation of Actin Stress Fibers and Filopodia in Vascular
Endothelial Cells
J. Biol. Chem., November 7, 1997; 272(45): 28704 - 28711.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. Acs, Q. J. Wang, K. Bogi, A. M. Marquez, P. S. Lorenzo, T. Biro, Z.


Szallasi, J. F. Mushinski, and P. M. Blumberg
Both the Catalytic and Regulatory Domains of Protein Kinase C
Chimeras Modulate the Proliferative Properties of NIH 3T3 Cells
J. Biol. Chem., November 7, 1997; 272(45): 28793 - 28799.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

O. Traub, B. P. Monia, N. M. Dean, and B. C. Berk

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PKC-epsilon Is Required for Mechano-sensitive Activation of


ERK1/2 in Endothelial Cells
J. Biol. Chem., December 12, 1997; 272(50): 31251 - 31257.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. S. Lorenzo, K. Bogi, P. Acs, G. R. Pettit, and P. M. Blumberg


The Catalytic Domain of Protein Kinase Cdelta Confers Protection
from Down-regulation Induced by Bryostatin 1
J. Biol. Chem., December 26, 1997; 272(52): 33338 - 33343.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

N. Oka, M. Yamamoto, C. Schwencke, J.-i. Kawabe, T. Ebina, S. Ohno, J.


Couet, M. P. Lisanti, and Y. Ishikawa
Caveolin Interaction with Protein Kinase C. ISOENZYMEDEPENDENT REGULATION OF KINASE ACTIVITY BY THE
CAVEOLIN SCAFFOLDING DOMAIN PEPTIDE
J. Biol. Chem., December 26, 1997; 272(52): 33416 - 33421.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

L. Hilgenberg, S. Yearwood, S. Milstein, and K. Miles


Neural Influence on Protein Kinase C Isoform Expression in
Skeletal Muscle
J. Neurosci., August 15, 1996; 16(16): 4994 - 5003.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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