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DESIGN codes
A General Ov erview

Presentation by:

Ar. Hanani Md Zain

WHAT is it? WHY is it important?

is it RESTRICTIVE?
how much does an
ARCHITECT
NEED TO KNOW?

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WHAT is it?
DESIGN codes

govern perimeters whereby design can take place within the respective sites

therefore significantly impact:

predominantly predetermined by:

the building plan

construction, and
final built form

the Uniform Building By-Law 1984 (UBBL),

Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974, and
the respective Local Authorities

serv e as a firm guide on:

building mass
building heights
building setbacks
fire exits, travel distances, building accessibility

is it RESTRICTIVE?
DESIGN codes
govern perimeters of design but are NOT RESTRICTIVE only when

the ARCHITECT innovates the perimeters to design advantage

To innovate, the ARCHITECT must first know, understand the

perimeters and reasons for the necessity for the design codes
implementation

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how much does an ARCHITECT

NEED TO KNOW?
EVERYthing !!!

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OBJECTIVE

basic understanding and knowledge of how design codes affect the built form

function and roles of Planning Department, Building Department and the Fire
Department.

trouble-shoot any misconceptions in relation to building codes.

planning jargons and technical aspects of design.

key building codes in graphical representation.

basic DEFINITIONS

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GROSS floor area

total built-up area

NETT floor area

total built in area, ie excluding serv ices, ancillary areas
often referred as sellable and/or rentable area

GROSS floor area vs NETT floor area

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BUILDING efficiency
percentage of NETT Area ov er GROSS Area.
Example:
Calculate the efficiency of a building of a total built-up of
20,000 sqm. The nett area is 18,000 sqm
Building Efficiency
= Nett Area
Gross Area

X 100%

= 18000 X 100%
20000
= 90%

PLINTH area
proportion of site to be cov ered by the base of the building, ie foot print
normally not exceeding 60%.

Example
Calculate the Plinth Area for a building with a footprint of 5000 sqm on
a land area of 8000 sqm
=

5000 x 100%
8000

62.5%

Ground Floor Area

(footprint)

Landscape/ road

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DENSITY
intensity of use of land expressed in number of persons per unit area
of the land, normally associated with residential use.
Example
Calculate the number of dwelling units for a building with density of
200 ppa (person per acre).
Each dwelling shall house a number of 5 person.
Land size is 20000 sqft
Density calculation
= 20000/43560 sqft x 200
= 91.83
= 92 people
Number of dwelling
= 92
5
=
=

18.36
18 units

*Note: 1 acre = 43,560sqft

PLOT ratio
ratio of the total built up floor area of a building to the area of the site
parking is excluded from the calculation
usually pre-determined by the planning guideline of the respectiv e local
authority
Example
calculate the Plot Ratio of a 20 000 sqft land
@ 1: 2 plot ratio
Max GFA allowable :
20,000 x 2 = 40,000 sqft
assuming floor plate of 10,000 SF @ 4 floors = 40,000 sqft GFA

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Overall Height
Control

Office Floors (A)

4 Floors

Parking Floors (B)

Not counted

Land Area (C)

Plot Ratio = A/C

VEHICLE parking requirement

depend on the classification of building and the location of the
building site. It is encouraged to check with the Local Authority
requirements for the calculations.
The calculation is normally based on the total nett area of the
building.
Example
Calculate the car parks required for a building with a 20,000 sqft nett
area of commercial space requiring one car park for ev ery 500 sqft.
=

20000 sqft
500 sqft

= 40 Car Parks required

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PLANNING requirements

Existing Boundaries
Existing Road
Road Reserv e 5

Original Lot Boundary

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LAND surrender
distance from the boundary facing a main road to be relinquished,
usually for road widening reasons.
pre-comp plan indicating the new boundaries has to be submitted to the
Planning Department for approv al before the Land Office.

New Boundary

10 Road Surrender

Land Surrender

LANDSCAPE provision
In DBKL, a determined 2m width of green perimeter required
exclusiv e of the usual 10% landscape prov ision requirement

Perimeter planting

Perimeter Planting

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BUILDING SETBACK line

distance from the boundary line or other established line within which no
buildings may be erected.
10 Side Setback
10 Rear Setback

10 Side Setback
20 Front Setback

Setback Line

VEHICLE access
internal perimeter road must be accessed by v ehicles, the side and
rear setbacks shall be 15
If Fire Appliance access is required, the setback shall be 20.
15 setback line for v ehicle
access
10% Planting
Prov ision
Building Line

Vehicle Access Road

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BUILDING line
Building line must be within the confines of the setbacks.

Building Mass

Final Lot with Building

* Note: Car park provision is not included in the diagram

BUILDING line
Building line must be within the confines of the setbacks.
back lane

Existing Blocks

New Site

Existing Blocks

5 v erandahway

new 10 verandahway

buidling setback line

5 v erandahway

public walkway
main road

Urban Infill Lot Ground Floor

* Note: Car park provision is not included in the diagram

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BUILDING line
Building line must be within the confines of the setbacks.
back lane

Existing Blocks

New Site

Existing Blocks

public walkway
main road

Urban Infill Lot Upper Floors

* Note: Car park provision is not included in the diagram

OTHER matters for consideration

continuity of urban/streetscape and/or feature:

5 walkway. New projects to widen walkway to 10/3m in

general
Sky line considerations
Plot ratio requirements
Access for services:

Mechanical & electrical requirements:

TNB Substation or sub-compact? Switchroom?
Domestic water storage

Refuse collection

Loading and unloading

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FIRE PROTECTION guidelines

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means of ESCAPE
travel DISTANCE

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means of ESCAPE
STAIRCASE guidelines

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means of ESCAPE
PROVISION computation

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FIRE APPLIANCE access

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an EXAMPLE

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Suruhanjaya Tenaga Diamond Building

Presentation by:

Ar. Hanani Md Zain

urban design

Site Area

4,928.11 sq.m

Max. GFA

13,779.39sq.m

Plot Ratio

1 : 2.8

Max. Plinth Area

3,48sq.m (70.64%)

Max. Height Elev.

34m FFL.

Car parking req.

160 sq.m / bay

Building Typology

U-Shaped Courtyard

Others
:
west
HORIZONTAL CONTROL (GROUND

guideline

Streetwall faade to north and

LEVEL)
Jabatan Imigresen to the West

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urban design

guideline

HORIZONTAL CONTROL (GROUND

LEVEL)
Jabatan Imigresen to the West

urban design

guideline

Horizontal Control

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urban design

guideline

Vertical Control

design concept
Concept Form

Concept Plan

Concept Elevation

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design concept

A distinctive diamond form:

is prominent and unique
symbolizes value, quality, transparency & durability,
characterize STs role as a regulatory body
is an optimum passive design approach to achieve
energy efficiency

en er g y ef f icien t con sid er a t ion s

Characteristics of human Need for a Modern Office

Thermal Comfort
Lighting Comfort
Acoustic Comfort
Visual Comfort
Aesthetic And Atmosphere
Indoor Air Quality
Security And Safety
Information Technology

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en er g y ef f icien t con sid er a t ion s

t h er ma l comf or t

Current Thermal Environment

en er g y ef f icien t con sid er a t ion s

t h er ma l comf or t

A Typical Thermal Environment

39oC

25oC

39oC

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en er g y ef f icien t con sid er a t ion s

t h er ma l comf or t

An Ideal Thermal Environment

32oC

26oC

32oC

en er g y ef f icien t con sid er a t ion s

An Ideal External Environment

t h er ma l comf or t

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en er g y ef f icien t con sid er a t ion s b u ild in g en v elop e

Heat Reduction by Stratification In
Atrium

32oC

Outside Air Temp. 35oC

t h er ma l comf or t
Heat Conduction

38oC
32oC

32oC
27oC

25oC

25oC

25oC

25oC

26oC

25oC
25oC
25oC

25oC

25oC

25oC
25oC
25oC
25oC

25oC

en er g y ef f icien t con sid er a t ion s b u ild in g en v elop e

Tilting Faade in building
- to avoid direct sun rays into
building

t h er ma l comf or t

Direct Sun

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en er g y ef f icien t con sid er a t ion s b u ild in g en v elop e

t h er ma l comf or t

Tilted Glass In Building

- Direct radiation reflected by Tilted glass

the design

site pl an
PETROL
STATION

2G3

INGRESS
AND
EGRESS

TAMAN
PANCARONA

Axis from 2G4

View of Pancarona
Park

2G4
MAIN
ENTRANCE
AXIS TO 2G4

SECONDARY
ENTRANCE

AXIS

LEGEND
Pedestrian point and
external pedestrian
circulation
Pedestrian access to
building

BUS LAY BY
&SERVICES

Main entrance

Secondary Entrance

3C9
EXISTING
URBAN FORM

Vehicular circulation

3M6

ROAD

TRANSITIONAL ZONE

ROAD

PARK

Site Context Diagram

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the design

Ground Floor Plan

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diamond

buildin g

ty pical floor

(lev el 4)

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diamond

buildin g
facade

UPPER GLAZING
6mm heat
strengthened
reflective+1.52mm
clearPVB+4mm
tempered float glass
SPANDREL
6mm heat
strengthened
reflective+1.52mm
clearPVB+4mm
tempered float glass
With rockwool
insulation behind
4mm thick granite
finish alum. Composite
panel
VISION GLAZING
6mm heat
strengthened
reflective+1.52mm
clearPVB+4mm clear
softcoated tempered
float Low E glass

diamond

buildin g
section

Overall Cross Section

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the design

Level 8 Floor Plan (Green Roof)

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the END

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