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1. A good Williamson synthesis of ethyl methyl ether would be
Proton transfer ( acid- base) reactions are much faster than almost
any other reaction. Methoxide will act as a base and remove a
proton from the oxygen much faster than methoxide will act as a
nucleophile and displace water.
2.
How could you synthesize isopropyl propyl ether, using isopropyl alcohol as
the only carbon-containing reagent?
The following figure does not represents resonance forms of the same allyl cation but a
chemical equilibrium because two forms can exist in equilibrium as equilibrating species
because it spent part of its time as allyl cation and part of its time as cyclopropyl cation.
Cross Conjugation
In a cross-conjugated compound, three groups are present, two of
which are not conjugated with each other, although each is conjugated with
the third. Some examples are benzophenone, triene and divinyl ether.
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Why the coupling reaction with benzene diazonium chloride occurs in case of N,N-dimethyl
Determine the partial negative charge on the oxygen atom in a bond. The
bond length is 1.22*and the bond dipole moment is 2.30 D.
If there were a full negative charge on the oxygen atom, the dipole moment
would be
Knowing that the dipole moment is 2.30 D, we calculate that the partial
negative charge on the oxygen atom is about 0.4
Formal charge
Formal charge is the charge assigned to individual atoms in a Lewis structure of a molecule or
polyatomic ion.
The formal charge is given by:
Formal charge = Number of valence electrons in neutral unbounded atom (number
of all unshared electrons + the number of all shared electrons).
The sum of the formal charges on each atom equals to the net charge on the
molecule.
For example, in methyl anion, carbon has four valence electrons, two nonbonding
electrons, and a share in three covalent bonds. Thus the formal charge will be:
Formal charge = 4- (2+ x 6) = 4-5 = -1. Therefore, the carbon must be negatively
charged.
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Indicate the most acidic hydrogen in each of the following molecules. Explain
your reasoning.
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There is no obvious reason why the dimethylamino group in 4-(N,Ndimethylamino)pyridine should be appreciably more basic than it is in N,Ndimethylaniline; it is the ring nitrogen of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine that
is more basic. Note that protonation of the ring nitrogen permits
delocalization of the dimethylamino lone pair and dispersal of the positive
charge.
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