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If you will refer to FIG 1, you should get a clear picture of what is meant by static head. Note
that we always measure from the center line of the pump to the highest liquid level
To calculate head accurately we must calculate the total head on both the suction and
discharge sides of the pump. In addition to the static head we will learn that there is a head
caused by resistance in the piping, fittings and valves called friction head, and a head caused
by any pressure that might be acting on the liquid in the tanks including atmospheric
pressure, called " surface pressure head".
Once we know these heads, we will then subtract the suction head from the discharge head
and the amount remaining will be the amount of head that the pump must be able to generate
at the rated flow. Here is how it looks in a formula:
System head = total discharge head - total suction head
H = hd - hs
The total discharge head is made from three separate heads:
hd = hsd + hpd + hfd
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Specifications:
1. Transferring 1000 gpm. weak acid from the vacuum receiver to the storage tank
2. Specific Gravity - 0.98
3. Viscosity -equal to water
4. Piping - All 6" Schedule 40 steel pipe
5. Discharge piping rises 40 feet vertically above the pump centerline and then runs 400 feet
horizontally. There is one 90 flanged elbow in this line
6. Suction piping has a square edge inlet, four feet of pipe, one gate valve, and one 90
flanged elbow all of which are 6" in diameter.
7. The minimum level in the vacuum receiver is 5 feet above the pump centerline.
8. The pressure on top of the liquid in the vacuum receiver is 20 inches of mercury, vacuum.
To calculate suction surface pressure use one of the following formulas:
inches of mercury X 1.133 specific gravity = feet of liquid
pounds per square inch X 2.31specific gravity = feet of liquid
Millimeters of mercury X 122.4 x specific gravity = feet of liquid
Now that you have all of the necessary information we will begin by dividing the system into
two different sections, using the pump as the dividing line.
Total suction head calculation
1. The suction side of the system shows a minimum static head of 5 feet above suction
centerline. Therefore, the static suction head is:
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hss = 5 feet
2. Using the first conversion formula, the suction surface pressure is:
hps = -20 Hg x 1.133/ 0.98 = -23.12 feet gauge
3. The suction friction head, fs, equals the sum of all the friction losses in the suction line.
Friction loss in 6" pipe at 1000 gpm from table 15 of the Hydraulic Institute Engineering Data
Book, is 6.17 feet per 100 feet of pipe.
in 4 feet of pipe friction loss = 4/100 x 6.17 = 0.3 feet
Friction loss coefficients (K factors) for the inlet, elbow and valve can be added together and
multiplied by the velocity head:
FITTING
K FROM TABLE
6" Square edge inlet 0.50 32 (a)
6" 90 flanged elbow 0.29 32 (a)
6" Gate valve
0.11 32 (b)
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The friction loss in the sudden enlargement at the end of the discharge line is called the exit
loss. In systems of this type where the area of the discharge tank is very large in comparison
to the area of the discharge pipe, the loss equals V2/2g, as shown in table 32 (b).
Friction loss at exit = V2/2g = 1.9 feet
The discharge friction head is the sum of the above losses, that is:
hfd = 27.2 + 0.6 + 1.9 = 29.7 feet at 1000 gpm.
4. The total discharge head then becomes:
hd = hsd + hpd + hfd = 40 + 0 + 29.7 = 69.7 feet, gauge at 1000 gpm.
c. Total system head calculation:
H = hd - hs = 69.7 - (-20.2) = 89.9 feet at 1000 gpm.
Our next example will be the same as the one we just finished except. that there is an
additional 10 feet of pipe and another 90 flanged elbow in the vertical leg. The total suction
head will be the same as in the previous example. Take a look at figure # 4
Nothing has changed on the suction side of the pump so the total suction head will remain
the same:
hs = -20.12 feet, gauge at 100 gpm.
Total discharge head calculation
1. The static discharge head "hsd" will change from 40 feet to 30 feet, since the highest liquid
surface in the discharge is now only 30 feet above the pump centerline.(This value is based
on the assumption that the vertical leg in the discharge tank is full of liquid and that as this
liquid falls it will tend to pull the liquid up and over the loop in the pipe line. This
arrangement is called a siphon leg).
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Specifications:
Capacity - 300 gpm.
Specific gravity - 1.3
Viscosity - Similar to water
Piping - 3 inch suction, 2 inch discharge
Atmospheric pressure - 14.7 psi.
Divide the heads into two sections again:
The discharge gauge head corrected to the centerline of the pump, in feet of liquid absolute is
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found by adding the atmospheric pressure to the gauge reading to get absolute pressure, and
then converting to absolute head:
hdg = (130 + 14.7) x 2.31 / (1.3 Specific Gravity + 4 ) = 261.1 feet, absolute
Note the 4 foot head correction to the pump centerline.
The discharge velocity head at 300 gpm. is found in table 9 of the Hydraulic Institute
Engineering Data Book
hvd = 12.8 feet at 300 gpm.
The suction gauge reading is in absolute terms so it needs only to be converted to feet of
liquid, absolute.
hgs = 40 x 2.3 / 11.3 +2 = 73.08 feet absolute
Note the 2 foot head correction to the pump centerline.
The suction velocity head at 300 gpm. is found in table 11 of the Pipe Friction Manual:
hvs = 2.6 feet at 300 gpm.
The total head developed by the pump is:
H = (hgd + hvd ) - ( hgs + hvs ) = (261.1 + 12.8) - (73.08 + 2.6)= 198.22 feet
absolute at 300 gpm.
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