Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Harshit Goyal
Sunayana Jayaram
1. Problem Description
To design the tower and rotor for a 100kW fixed-speed, stall-regulated, wind turbine system. The
design should have minimum cost and maximum energy production. The tower should have a
factor of safety of 1.25.
2. Data and Information Collection
The necessary data to solve the above problem involves, properties of the material used, efficient
output power of the turbine. To evaluate the structural stability of the tower we need to evaluate
buckling failure of the tower. In order to prevent failure of the wind turbine system due to
resonance the natural frequency of the tower and rotor should never be the same. The load on the
tower should be less than the critical loading.
a. Mass of the Wind turbine
= 2 ( 2 ) + 2 ( ) [kg]
b. Output Power of the Turbine
(152 )
) 3
+(15
8 )
= 8 2 3 [1 (
c.
7 15
6 ] +(158 ) [kW]
= [
+ ( )( )(2)
0.04(+0.5)
+ ( )( )(2)
2
sec (( ) [ ()(2)
] [1 +
])]
2
( 2 ) (3 )
2
)[ + ( )( )(2)]
[N]
= 0.02 sec ( [
f.
1) [m]
Yield Strength
0.375
(...)
[N/2 ]
g. Natural Frequency
= 3.181
3
3 [0.23( )( )(2)+ + 2 ]
2
[]
[N/2 ]
Notation Data
m
n
D
ka
C
t
P
-
GR
g
R
E
Pcr
FOS
kg
kg/m3
M
M
kg/m3
m
m
m
kW
kg/m3
m/s
rpm
degrees
N/
N
m/s2
m
N/m2
N
m
N/m2
Hz
4. Optimization Criterion
The merit of the design for the given problem is measured in its material weight and the efficiency
of the design is measured from the output power generated by the turbine. Hence the total weight
of the tower and energy produced serves as the cost function.
Minimize Mass,
=
4
( 2 ) + 2 (1 )2 3
2
Maximize Power,
7 154
2 2
(15 4 2 )
+(158 4 )
= 4 5 [1 (
) 3 6 ]
8
+ (15 8 4 )
5. Formulation of Constraints
Allowable stress Constraint
The stress of the tower should be less than the allowable stress of the
material used, so that the structure doesnt fail.
0
+ ( )( )(22 3 )
0.04(2 + 0.52 )
+ ( )(1 )(22 3 )
2
[
] [1 +
sec ((
])] 0
) [
()(22 3 )
22 3
2
Critical Loading
The loading on the tower should not exceed the critical loading to avoid buckling.
0
[ + ( )(1 )(22 3 )]
(2 ) (23 3 )
0
(41 2 )
Deformation Constraint
0
+ ( )( )(2)
0.02 sec ( [
] 1) 0
()(2)
Strength Constraint
0
0.375
0
(. . . )
3.181
3
3
2
3 [0.23( )( )(2)+ + 2 ]
Appendix
Function to input Objective functions
function f=mass(x)
%%%%%% Objective Functions%%%%
%%%%%%Design Variablea%%%%%%%%
%%%% x(1)= Hub Height(m) %%%%
%%%% x(2)= Mean Radius of the Thin Walled Tower (m) %%%%
%%%% x(3)= Thickness of the Tower (m) %%%%
%%%% x(4)= Rotor Diameter (m) %%%%
rho_r=1850;
%%%%%% Density of Rotor Blade- Fibre Reinforced Polymer (kg/m^3)%%%%%
rho_t=7895;
%%%%%% Density of Rotor Blade- Mild Steel (kg/m^3)%%%%%
l=1.38;
%%%%%% Chord Length of the Airfoil used -S806A %%%%%
Ka=0.6;
%%%%%% Constant For the calculation of area of the Airfoil %%%%%%%
rho=1.255;
%%%%%% Density of Rotor Blade- Fibre Reinforced Material (kg/m^3)%%%%%
tau=0.21;
%%%%%% Thickness to chord ratio fot the Airfoil S806A %%%%%%
C= [0.5 116 .4 0 0 6 21 .08 .035]; %%%%%% Constants for the calculation of Cp %%%%%
wgen=1800;
%%%%%% Rotor speed (rpm) %%%%%%
n=3;
%%%%%% Number of Blades %%%%%%
beta=0;
%%%%%% Pitch Angle (Degree) %%%%
GR=21.58;
%%%%%% Gear Ratio of the rotor %%%%%
hn=4;
%%%%%% Nacelle Height (m) %%%%%%
%%%%%%%% Objective Function to Minimize the weight of the Turbine%%%%%%%%%%
f1=((3*rho_r/2)*x(4)*(Ka*l^2*tau))+((rho_t*2*pi)*(x(1)-hn)*x(2)*x(3));
f(1)=(f1-fmin(1))/(fmax(1)-fmin(1)); %%%%%%% Weighted Sum Method %%%%%%%
%%%%%%%% Onjective Function to Maximize the Power of the Rotor %%%%%%%
f2=(1*pi*rho/8)*x(4)^2*x(5)^3*(C(1)*((C(2)*15*n*GR*x(4))/(wgen*pi+15*C(8)*n*GR*beta*x(4)))C(3)*beta-C(6)) ...
*exp((-1*C(8)*15*n*GR*x(4))/(wgen*pi+15*C(8)*n*GR*beta*x(4)));
f(2)=(f2-fmin(2))/(fmax(2)-fmin(2));
end
tau=0.21;
%%%%%% Thickness to chord ratio fot the Airfoil S806A %%%%%%
hn=4;
%%%%%% Nacelle Height (m) %%%%%%
Pn=1094.422* 1e3;%%%%%% Load Due to the wieght of the Nacelle %%%%%%
delta= 0.25;
%%%%%% Allowable Lateral DEformation (m) %%%%%%%
FOS=1.25;
%%%%%% Factor of Safety%%%%%%
wgen=1800;
%%%%%% Rotor speed (rpm) %%%%%%
%%%%%%% Normalized Constraints to prevent Buckling of the Tower %%%%%%%
%%%%%%% Stress Constraint %%%%%%
%g(1)= ((Pn+rho_t*2*pi*x(2)*x(3)*(x(1)-hn))/(2*pi*x(2)*x(3))*(1+((0.02*(x(2)+0.5*x(3)))/x(1))...
%*sec((sqrt(2)*x(1)/x(2))*sqrt((Pn+rho_t*2*pi*x(2)*x(3)*(x(1)-hn))/(E*pi*x(2)*x(3))))))-Sa;
%%%%%% Buckling Load Constraint %%%%%%
g(2)=1-((pi^2*(E*pi*x(2)^3*x(1)))/(4*x(1)^2*(Pn+rho_t*2*pi*x(2)*x(3)*(x(1)-hn))));
%%%%%% Deflection Consraint %%%%%%%
g(3)=(0.02*x(1))*sec(x(1)*sqrt((Pn+rho_t*2*pi*x(2)*x(3)*(x(1)-hn))/(E*pi*x(2)*x(3)))-1)-delta;
%%%%%% Radius to THickness Constriant %%%%%%
g(4)=x(1)-((0.375*x(3))*sqrt(E/fy));
%%%%%% Natural Frequncy%%%%%%
%g(5)=(((3.181)/wgen)*sqrt((E*pi*(0.5*x(2))^3*((x(2)x(3))/2))/((1.5*x(4))^3*((3/2)*rho_r*x(4)*(Ka*l^2*tau)+0.23*rho_t*(x(1)-hn)*(pi/4)*(x(2)^2x(3)^2)))))...
% -wgen;
geq=[];
end