Experiment No: 01

Group No.:
Submitted By: Puneet Tiwari
Branch: Chemical Engineering
Roll No.:35
Enr No.:231/07
Signature of Student: .............

AIM:- 1. To determine the overall conductance and compare it with the standard value.
2. To plot the temperature distribution in the direction of heat transfer.
THEORY: In heat transfer, conduction (or heat conduction) is the transfer of thermal energy between
neighboring molecules in a substance due to a temperature gradient. It always takes place from a
region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature, and acts to equalize temperature
differences. Conduction takes place in all forms of matter, viz. solids, liquids, gases and plasmas,
but does not require any bulk motion of matter. In solids, it is due to the combination of
vibrations of the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free electrons. In gases and
liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the molecules during their random
motion.
FORMULAE USED:Q
A

dT
dx

i =n
l
L
= i
kA i=1 k i Ai

RELEVANCE: By using Fouriers law we find the conductivity of different materials and can classify them as
conductors, insulators and semiconductors.
Also we can find the use of any material in industry based on the value of the conductivity
known from the experiment as in thermal insulators, coatings, heat exchangers.

DIAGRAM: -

Figure: 1.1

PROCEDURE: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

We will fix the value of voltage and current, and maintain a constant input heat flow rate.
The value of voltage and current is maintained constant throughout the experiment.
We take the value of the temperatures in the thermocouples.
Then for two successive readings for the same material we note the difference in the
value of temperature.
We have to see that the difference between the value in the temperature decreases.
If the difference goes on decreasing, it means steady state is reaching.
As we approach steady state we decrease the interval in which the readings are noted.
We will decrease the time interval first to fifteen and then to ten minutes so that the
temperature remains constant for different materials throughout that time interval.
This is the steady state and we will use readings at this point for our calculations.

SPECIFICATION: Slab Sizes

Cast Iron

: 300 mm diameter and 25 mm thickness

Bakelite

: 300 mm diameter and 19 mm thickness

Press Wood : 300 mm diameter and 12 mm thickness

OBSERVATION: Voltage: 160 volt

Current: 1.06 amp

Table 1.1
S. No.

Temperature
(0C)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Time
9:40a.m
11:10a.m
11:40a.m
12:10p.m
12:40p.m
1:10p.m
1:40p.m
2:10p.m
2:40p.m
3:10p.m
3:40p.m
3:50p.m
4:00p.m
4:20p.m
4:40p.m
5:00p.m
5:20p.m
5:40p.m
6:00p.m
6:20p.m
6:40p.m
7:00p.m
7:30p.m
7:50p.m
8:10p.m
8:30p.m
8:50p.m
9:10p.m

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

22
87
102
117
130
143
156
167
177
187
195
199
201
208
213
217
222
227
232
236
240
244
250
253
257
260
263
266

22
86
101
116
129
142
155
166
176
186
195
198
201
207
212
217
222
227
232
236
240
244
249
253
256
259
263
266

22
82
97
112
125
138
151
162
171
181
190
194
196
203
207
212
217
222
227
231
235
239
244
248
251
254
257
260

22
81
96
111
125
137
150
161
171
181
189
193
195
202
207
211
217
221
226
230
234
238
244
247
250
254
257
260

20
34
41
49
56
63
70
77
83
88
93
95
97
101
103
106
109
111
114
116
119
121
123
126
128
130
131
133

20
36
44
52
60
68
76
83
89
95
101
103
105
109
112
115
117
120
123
125
128
130
133
135
138
139
141
143

18
23
26
30
34
38
41
45
48
51
54
55
56
58
60
61
63
64
65
66
67
68
70
71
71
72
73
73

18
35
30
35
40
45
51
54
58
61
65
66
67
70
72
73
75
76
78
79
80
81
83
84
84
86
87
88

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

9:30p.m
9:50p.m
10:10p.m
10:30p.m
10:50p.m
11:10p.m
11:30p.m
11:50p.m
00:30a.m
00:50a.m
1:10a.m
1:30a.m
1:50 a.m
2:10a.m
2:30a.m
2:50a.m
3:10a.m
3:30a.m
3:50a.m
4:10a.m
4:30a.m
4:50a.m
5:10a.m
5:30a.m
5:50a.m
6:10a.m
6:30a.m
6:50a.m
7:10a.m
7:30a.m
7:50a.m
8:10a.m
8:30a.m
8:50a.m
9:10a.m
9:30a.m
9:50a.m
10:10a.m

269
272
275
277
280
282
285
287
290
292
298
300
302
305
307
309
311
313
315
316
318
319
320
321
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
329
330
331
330
332
333
333

268
271
274
277
280
282
285
287
290
292
298
300
302
305
307
309
311
313
315
316
318
319
320
321
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
329
330
331
330
331
332
333

263
266
269
271
274
276
279
282
284
287
292
294
297
299
301
303
305
307
309
310
311
313
314
315
316
318
319
320
321
321
322
323
324
325
324
325
326
327

263
266
269
271
274
276
279
282
284
287
292
294
297
299
301
303
305
307
309
310
312
313
314
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
323
324
325
324
325
326
327

135
136
138
139
142
143
144
146
148
149
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
158
158
159
159
160
161
162
162
163
163
163
164
164
164
164
165
166
166
166
166
167

145
147
149
150
152
153
155
157
158
159
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
168
169
170
170
171
171
172
172
173
173
173
174
174
174
174
175
175
176
176
176
177

74
75
76
77
78
78
79
80
81
81
83
83
84
84
85
85
85
86
86
86
86
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
87
88
89
89
89
90

89
90
91
92
93
94
95
95
96
96
98
99
100
100
101
101
101
102
102
102
102
103
103
103
103
103
103
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
106
106
106
107

CALCULATION: Calculation For the observation table: 1.1

Q
A

i =n
li
L
=
kA i=1 k i Ai

dT
dx

Q= 84.8 watt
Q
A

VI
2 A

160 1.06
2 0.07065

1200.28

watt/m2,

(kci)1

Q dx
A dT

84.8 0.025
0.07065 6

5.001 watt/ m K

(kci)2

Q dx
A dT

84.8 0.025
0.07065 6

5.001 watt/ m K

(kb)1

Q dx
A dT

84.8 0.019
0.07065 160

= 0.142 watt/ m K

(kb)2

Q dx
A dT

84.8 0.019
0.07065 150

= 0. 152watt/ m K

84.8 0.012
0.07065 77

= 0.187 watt/ m K

84.8 0.012
0.07065 70

(kpw)1

Q dx
A dT

(kpw)2

Q dx
A dT

0.207watt/ m K

(Km)1

Q dx
A dT

(Km)2

Q dx
A dT

84.8 0.056
0.07065 243

= 0.276watt/ m K

84.8 0.056
0.07065 226

0.297 watt/ m K

l
l
l
L
= 1+ 2+ 3
K m k ci k b k pw
56
25
19
12
= +
+
0.2865 k ci 0.146 0.197
Kci = 5.66w/m K

Temperature Vs Thickness of composite slab

Temperature Distribution
350
300
250
200
Junction
temperature one side
Temperature ( C)
150

Junction temperature other side

100
50
0
0

10

20

30

40

Thickness of composite wall(mm)

Figure:-1.2

50

60

RESULT: Table: 1.2

Experimental

Value

of

Thermal Literature

Value

of

Thermal

Material

Conductivity k

Conductivity

at

Cast Iron
Bakelite
Press Wood

(watt/m K)
5.001
0.147
0.197

temperature k (watt/m K)
43
0.3
0.2

mean

Table: 1.3
Equivalent Conductivity by Fouriers Law (watt/ m K)
0.2865
Mean
Conductivity
(watt/m
K)
l
l
l
L
= 1+ 2+ 3
K m k ci k b k pw
Conductivity

of

l1
l
L l2
=
3
k ci K m k b k pw

0.287
Cast

Iron

(watt/

K)
4.72

DISCUSSION: The experimental values of thermal conductivity deviate from the theoretical values over
a certain degree.
The deviation may have caused due to radial losses through the composite walls. The
reason for this being that cotton is not a perfect insulator so heat losses through it may be
considered.
There is a difference in the temperature readings of the same material on the two opposite
sides of the heater. The reason for this deviation may be because the walls may not be
compact.
There may be a presence of air between the plates that has affected the final result.
The voltage change might have affected the final results.
The temperature sensor used in the setup gives us only integral values of the temperature
and hence the difference in results.

 There is a difference in the temperature readings of the same material on the two opposite
sides of the heater. The reason for this deviation may be because the walls may not be
compact.
Materials which are used in composite walls may be impure and we are looking
conductivities of these materials taking as pure form.
Practically there is no steady system as such.
As the conductivity of cast iron is high, the slope of its temperature gradient is less and
the slope of temperature gradient for Bakelite and press wood is higher as their
conductivity are relatively less. This behavior can be inferred from the graph.
CONCLUSION: The following experiment has been performed to calculate the thermal conductivity of the
given materials viz. Cast Iron, Bakelite and Press Wood.
The experiment is performed by heating the apparatus with the help of a heater by
supplying a constant voltage until the system reaches steady state.
Thereafter temperature readings are noted at regular intervals and conductivity is
calculated using the most accurate results.
The literature and experimental values may differ as the composite wall is not perfectly
insulated.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Ramesh K. Shah & Dusan P. Sekulic, Fundamental of Heat Exchanger Design
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION: 1. Heat exchangers are useful in transferring heat from hot fluid streams to colder ones and are
employed in a wide variety of thermodynamic devices including air-conditioners, refrigerators,
freezers, engines, electronic devices and in manufacturing. The use of composites provides
greater thermal conductivity, lower weight, and superior resistance to corrosion.
2. Fibrous refractory composite insulation tiles are used in space shuttle thermal protection
system.
3. Electric furnaces are made of double walls to minimize heat losses, low cost and high thermal
conductivity.
4. Composite cover glass are used in panels of solar cells and are formed of fused silica to
provide a sufficient mass for stopping high energy particles such as those which may be
encountered in a spaceship traveling through a Van Allen belt.
5. Laminated composite walls are used in industry for light and ultra-light recreational vehicles
and marine applications.