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1 Introduction
Increase in yield stress enables increase in operating
pressure and, thus in gas pipeline capacity without
weight growth which initiates a developing high
strength steels. Past decades of the studies pointed out
significant differences in results of yield stress
measurements for these steels using transverse round
bar and flattened full-section specimens. The reasons
of the difference are usually associated with work
hardening, Bauschinger effect and residual stresses.
While an opinion adopted in the 70th concerning
deficiency of softening during pipe forming using new
high strength (API 70 and higher) steels with
considerable amount of bainite or martensite in the
structure now needs to be corrected[1-5]. Nowadays
discussion of issues of yield stress measurement for
pipe steels is of special interest. The purpose of this
article is to generalize the known data and
experimental results of the effect during forming and
tests of high strength spiral welded pipes.
Experimental
Content of elements. wt %
C
Mn
SiNb
100 100
100 1000
15,7 5-6 150-157 26-29 49-60
V
Ti
Mo
N
1000 1000 1000 1000
71-72 3-9 186-226 7-8
18,7 6-9
69-73
155-156 19-23
50-52
8-16
220-220
6-9
6 ft
100%
l2
,
t
100%
2R
.
T.S.
600
660
L
D
640
620
600
580
560
540
560
600
640
680
560
600
/
transverce
/
longitudial
plate mill/ pipe mill
Y.S.
640
680
Yield stress (after bending), MPa
520
480
480
520
560
600
640
L
D
560
520
480
440
440
480
520
560
600
Engineering stress, P
550
1
2
3
500
450
400
350
0,2%
300
Engineering strain
600
middle
500
400
300
Engineering strain, %
Pipe
680
Plate
Specimen
Surface
Plate
700
1
2
3
1
2
3
Y.S.
615
550
520
600
555
525
660
620
600
580
Y.S.
560
1
plate before bending
plate after bending
pipe before bending
540
520
500
500
5 Conclusions
T.S.
640
2
3
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
reflects the real pipe strength rater than flattened fullsize specimens. The use of flattened full-size
specimens for high strength steels can lead to reduced
measurement result, and as a consequence, to increase
of pipelines weight and cost. To a certain extent the
observed yield stress reduction, resulting in
decrease of its ration to tensile strength, can be
considered positive in terms of criteria based on
pipeline strain limit. However this effect shall be
considered mainly as a measurement result rather than
physical phenomenon.
References:
[1] Glover A., et al. Yield strength and plasticity of
high strength pipelines. 4th Int. Conf. on Pipeline
Techn., Oostende. 2004. V.1.: 65-79.
[2] Millwood N.A., et al. The influence of tensile
testing method on the measured properties of high
strength steel linepipe. 4th Int. Conf. on Pipeline
Techn., Oostende. Belgium, 2004. V.4.:1857-1879.
[3] Shoemaker A.K. The effect of plate stress-strain
behaviour and pipemaking variables on the yield
strength of large diameter DSAW linepipe/
Eng.Mater.Techn., 1984.106(20):119-126.