GAS LAW:

• Properties that describe a gas:

Property Description
Units
* Pressure (P) Force exerted by gas against the wall
1ATM=760 mmHg = 760 Torr
* Volume (V) Space occupied by the gas
Litter (L)
* Temperature (T) Determine the Kinetic energy and
K for calculation
rate of motion of the gas
* Amount (n) The quantity of gas present
moles (n) for calculation
in a container
Section: 5.2 ** Gas Pressure, its measurement and Units.

** The Barometer
The mass of 1 m2 column of air is equal to 104 kg air
F
** Pressure: By definition(Force per unit area): P = ---------
Where
A
Force = mass X acceleration: (F=ma) a = 9.8m/s2 (a = pull of gravity)= 1 = 1.
01325 x 10 5 Pa
A = to area : ( 1 column is 1 m2 in cross sectional area and extended to the
top of the atmosphere: m2 So, we can write:
F = 10,000 kg air X 9.8 m/s2 = 105 kg-m / s2 = 1 x 105 N We have N / m2 =
1 Pascal so we obtain = 1x105 Pa : Pa = kg / m s2
Units: ATM=760 mmHg = 760 Torr = 1.01325 x 105 Pa = 14.7 lb / in2
Section: 5.3** Bolyle’s Law, Charls’s Law and Avogadro’s Law: Ideal Gas Law: P
V = nRT
*** Lets see where PV = n RT is coming from?
- Bolyle’s Law PV = k at constant T and n:
P and V are inversely proportional
- Charls’s Law V/T = k # # P and n:
V and T are directly proportional
- Avogadro’s Law V/n = k # # T and P:
V and n are directly proportional
Add up these equations and you will obtain PV = n KT
V P = K
V = K T
V = K n

PV = nKT
Lets replace k with R in order not to make mistake with K (Kelvin Temperature).
R is universal Gas Constant and can be calculated as follow:
** Gas Behavior at STP: (Standard Temp. and Press,: T
= 0 C and P = 1 ATM) 1 mole of a gas has a volume of 22.4 L.
1 atm 22.4 L atm L
So At STP R = ------------------- = 0.0821 --------
1 mole . 273 K mol. K

Ex1 : What will be the volume of 2.30 mol of O2 : Ex 2: Ideal gas

law: Find the mass of of oxygen O2 in a 50.0 L tank :
A: At STP A: At 21 C and 15.7 atm
B: At 25.0 C and 752 torr B: At STP

Section 5.4: Application of Ideal Gas Law:

Calculating the Density, Molar Mass, Partial Pressure (mole Fraction) and collec
ting gas over water:
* Ideal Gas Equation in terms of Molar Mass and Density
Mass Mass
Mass
PV = n RT n = ------------- so we can write: PV = ------
---- RT we can also write: MM P = ---------- RT
MM MM
V
It can be expressed in terms of density (d) MM P = d RT
Ex: Find the density of O2 and N2 at STP.

* Partial Pressure and mole fraction: Dalton’s Law:

- Suppose there are three different gasses in a container: The Total press
ure is:
na Pa
PTotal = Pa + Pb + Pc Or Pt = ∑ p- Mole fraction χa =
--------- = -----
ntotal Ptotal
Ex: 2.00 g N2 and 5.00 g O2 are ompressed in 5.00 L tank at 25.0 C:
A; Find the partial pressure of ea h gas
B: Find the total pressure of the tank
C: Find the mole fra tion of ea h substan e
* Colle ting gas over water: Patm = Pgas + Pwater vapor So Pgas = P
atm – Pwater Vapor

Ex: Colle ting Gas over water:

In a de omposition pro ess, 2.00 g of impure KClO3 was de omposed at 22.0 C and
a total pressure of 750.0 torr. The volume of the oxygen obtained , over water,
was 0.500L. Suppose the Water Vapor Pressure is 19.80 at 22.0 C.
A: Suppose there was no loss of KClO3, find the mass of the pure potassium hlor
ate.
B: Find Per ent mass of the pure KClO3
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2(g
)
T = 22.0 + 273 = 295 K
V = 0.500 L 1 atm
PO2 = PT – Pvap = 750.0 torr – 19.80 torr = 730.2 torr x --------------- = 0
.9608 atm
760.0 torr
PV 0.9608 atm x 0.500 L
nO2 = ---------- = ------------------------------------------- = 0.0198 mol
of O2
RT 0.0821 atm L / mol K x 295
2mol KClO3 122.55 g KClO3
Mass of KClO3 = 0.0198 mol O2 x --------------------- X -------------------
-- = 1.62 g of KClO3
3 mol O2 1 mol KClO3
1.6
% KClO3 = ------------------- x 100 = 80 % purity
2.00
* Finding the Molar Mass of an unknown gas:
Ex An unknown liquid is vaporized and the following data is obtained:
V = 44.83 L P = 1140 torr T = 136.35 oC Mass of the empty ontainer = 10
0 g Mass of the ontainer + gas =136 g
Identify the unknown liquid ( hint: Find the molar mass of the liquid and ompar
e it with given mole ules:
1 atm
V= 44.83 L P = 1140 torr X ---------------- = 1.5 atm T = 136.35 C + 2
73.15 = 409.5 K Mass of the gas = 136 – 100 = 36 g
760 tor
m RT 36 g x 0.821 atm L/mol K x 409.5 K
Solution: MM = -------------- = -----------------------------------------
----- = 18 g / mol
PV 1.5 atm x 44.83 L
A: C2H5OH B: H2O ** C: C8H18 D: NH4OH E: C3H7OH
Se tion 5.5: GAS Stoi hiometry :
EX: What volume of CO2 an be produ ed if 15.0 g of CaCO3 (s) is heated at:
CaCO3 (s) CaO + CO2
A: STP B: 25.0 C and 753 torr.
Solution : At STP: V = ? T = 0 C = 273 P = 1 atm PV = nRT
1 mole CaCO3 1 mole CO2
Find n first : # Mole of CO2 = 15.0 g CaCO3 x ------------------ X ------
----------- = 0.150 mole of CO2 produ ed
100.09 g CaCO3 1 mole CaCO3

0.150 mole x 0.08206 L atm/ mole K x 273 K

V =-----------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------= 3.30 L Volume at STP
1 atm

0.150 mole x 0.08206 L atm/ mole K x 298 K

V =-----------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------= 3.70 L Volume at 25 C and 753 torr
753 torr x 1 atm / 760 torr = 0.991 atm

Ex: STP: Combination Law: A sample of H2 gas o upies a volume of 1.37 L at ST

P. What volume, in liter, will it o upy at a pressure of 4.00 atm and a temper
ature of 340 oC.?
V1 = 1.37 T1 = 273 K P1 = 1 atm V2 = ? T2 = 340 + 273 K
= 613 K P2 = 4 atm
V1P1 V2P2
------- = ------- V2 = 0.769 atm
T1 T2

Se tion 5.6: Kineti Mole ular Theory of Gases : Law dose not explains why:
Explains the behavior of ea h individual gas parti le.
1: Gases onsist of tiny parti les alled atoms or mole ules
2: Size of ea h individual parti le ompare to its volume, is negligible.
3: In onstant random motion
4: No intera tion between them
5: The kineti Energy depend on the Temperature (K)
** The relationship between kineti energy and temperature:
** Root mean square speed of a gas and Mole ular Effusion and Diffusion:

** Root mean square speed of a gas: At higher temperature the mole ules move at
higher speed. The Root mean square (rms: u) an be al ulated by applying the fo
llowing equation:
3RT R = onstant and T = Temperature K
(Urms )2 = --------------
MM MM = Molar mass

3RT
(Urms )2 = ------- R = 0.0821 atm L / mol K L = 10-3 m3
R = 8.314 J / mol K 1 J = kg m2/ s2 Pa = kg / m s2
MM

A ording to Kineti Mole ular Theory, the average kineti energy of any olle t
ion of gas mole ules, ½ mu2, has a spe ifi value at a given temperature. So the
gas omposed of light parti les, su h as He, will have the same average kineti
energy as one omposed of mu h heavier parti les, su h as Xe, at same T.
Consequently, the lighter parti les has higher rms (u) than the one with heavier
parti les. Mole ular Speed:

Ex: What will be the rms speed of H2, O2 and Xe at 20.0 C: T = 20 + 273 = 293
K
3RT 3 x 8.314 kg m2/ s2 / mol K x 2
93
For H2 (Urms )2 = -------------- = ----------------------------
----------------- = U = 1902 m /s
MM 2.02 x 10-3 kg / mol

3RT 3 x 8.314 kg m2/ s2 / mol K x 2

93
For O2 (Urms )2 = -------------- = ----------------------------
----------------- = U = 478 m / s
MM 32 x 10-3 kg / mol

3RT 3 x 8.314 kg m2/ s2 / mol K x 2

93
For Xe (Urms )2 = -------------- = -----------------------------
---------------- = U = 236 m / s
MM 131.00 x 10-3 kg / mol
** Gas effusion and diffusions
• Gas Diffusion:

• Gas Effusion: Lighter gas effuses faster

** Rate of Effusion:

Rate of 235UF6 MM 238UF6

(------------------- )2 = -----------------
Rate of 238UF6 MM 235UF6
Ex: At a given pressure and Temperature, it takes 4.55 min for a 1.5 L sample o
f He to effuse through a membrane. How long does it take for 1.5 L of F2 to effu
se under the same ondition?
= = = = 3.08105 (unrounded)
Time F2
----------- = 3.08105
Time He
Time F2 = 3.08105 (time He) = 3.08105 (4.55 min) = 14.018786 = 14.0 min
Ex: A sample of an unknown gas effuses in 11.1 min. An equal volume of H2 in
the same apparatus under the same onditions effuses in 2.42 min. What is the M
M of the unknown gas?
= =
=
4.586777 = Molar Mass unknown = 42.41366 = 42.4 g / mol

2.42 2.016 5.8564 2.016 2.016 x

123.21
( --------- ) 2 = ----------- = --------------- = ------------ = Unk = -
-------------------- = 42.4 g /mol
11.1 Unk. 123.21 Unk. 5.8564

Se tion 5.7: ** Real Gas, Deviation from Ideal Gas: Van der Waals Equation:
By in reasing the pressure the volume should de rease so the same number of mole
s will be found in a smaller Volume. The gas behavior hanges.
PV
----- = n in Fig below; for 1 mole of ideal gas (n=1) the quantity
of PV/RT equals 1 at all P
RT
However at higher pressure the deviation from ideal behavior ( PV/RT = 1) is l
arge and is different for ea h gas.
Real Gas therefore, do not behave ideally at high pressure. The deviation from
ideal behavior also depend on Temperature.

** Van der Waals Equation: Real Gas at high pressure and Temperature

EX: Suppose 0.5850 kg of Cl2(g) has a volume 15.00 L at 225 C .

A: Find the pressure of this gas as ideal gas
B: Find the pressure of this gas by applying the Van Der Waal’s equation.
n = (0.5850 kg) (103 g/1 kg) (1 mol Cl2 / 70.90 g Cl2) = 8.251078 mol Cl2 (unrou
nded)
nRT
A) Using Ideal gas equation: PIGL=------ -- = = 22.4791 = 22.5 atm
V
B) Using Van der Waals Equation:
PVDW =

PVDW = = 21.23252 = 21.2 atm