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INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Foundation
are
essential
to
transfer
the
loads
coming
from
the
Df /B 1, the
Df
Most typical
examples of deep foundations are piles, drilled piers or caissons, and pile
raft systems.
In
inadequate
strength
subsurface
soil,
pile
foundation
are
The
The
The
The
stratum.
The availability of materials for piles.
The number of piles required.
The comparative in- place cost.
The durability required
The depth and kind of water, if any above the ground into
1.2
Definition
means of bearing resistance at the tip of the pile. In both the above cases
lateral loads are carried by the lateral resistance offered by the
surrounding soil.
While piles are most commonly used to carry compressive loading,
there are a number of situations where the piles may use to tensile load,
uplift force (pull out). The piles is under tension when it used as part of pile
group supporting a structure to which horizontal or moment loading is
applied. According to Knappett and Craig (2012), when loaded in tension it
is assumed that the pile resistance is due to shaft friction alone, the base
being lifted away from the soil beneath.
Practically, to resist uplift forces, the ultimate uplift capacity of piles
are depend to the shaft resistance devoted between the pile and soil.
Ultimate uplift capacity (Qu) is the maximum uplift force that a pile can
resist before soil shear failures. The embedment depth of a pile in to soil
(L) and diameter or width of pile ( d ) ratios, also one of the parameter
will affect ultimate uplift capacity of piles (Vanitha et al 2006). The skin
friction (Qf) is the maximum friction resistance generated on the shaft pile.
Figure 1.1 illustrated the key terms that used in pile foundation
1.3
Research Background