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1. RATIONAL
- We assume that the managers decision making will be rational
- It means that manager will make logical and consistent choices to maximize value. After all
2.
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managers have all sorts of tools and techniques to help them be rational decision makers.
The rational assumptions are as follows :
A rational decision maker would be fully objective and logical.
Problem faced would be clear, unambiguous ( clear )
Decision maker would have a clear and specific goal to be achieved
Know all possible alternatives and consequences
Final choice are made in the best interests of the organization.
BOUNDED RATIONALITY
Managers make rational decisions but are bounded ( limitated ) by their ability to process
information.
Managers satisfice in which decision makers accept solutions that are good enough.
Meaning of satisfice I know you tak tau.. it meansdecide on and pursue a course of action satisfying
the minimum requirements to achieve a goal.
How to pronounce. altered from satisfy.
3. INTUITIVE DECISION MAKING
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What is intuition please see the diagram of exhibit 3-7 of your text book
1. Experienced based decisions managers make decisions based on their experience
Affect initiated decisions managers make decisions based on feelings or emotions
2. Cognitive based decisions managers make decisions based on skills, knowledge
3. Subconscious mental processing- use data from subconscious mind
4. Values or Ethics based decision make decisions based on ethical values or cultures.
2. UNPROGRAMMED DECISIONS
This decision is different from previous organizational decisions because the issue is new.
Series of interrelated sequential of steps that a manager can use when responding to a wellstructured problems.
The difficulty is identifying the problem, once problem has been identified then so is the
procedure.
2. RULES
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Statement that tells managers what they ought or ought not to do (limits on procedural actions.
3. POLICY
A general guide that establishes parameters for making decisions about recurring problems.
Example
The four organizational levels are : top, middle, and first-line managers and operative employees.
At which of these levels should decisions be made?
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Decisions are seldom fully programmed or fully non programmed. Few programmed decisions
can eliminate individual judgment completely; unusual decision-making situations can be helped
by considering programmed routines.
At the top of the organization, the programmed approach is not realistic. Most problems that top
management confronted are nonrecurring.
There are strong economic incentives for top management to create policies, standard operating
procedures, and rules to cut costs by minimizing the need for managers to exercise discretion
guide other managers,
The more nonprogrammed the decision, the greater the judgment required to make it.
A person has this style if they have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are efficient, rational, and
logical in their way of thinking.
They focus on the short term and are quick to make decisions, usually resulting in a decision that
has been made with minimal information and not carefully analysing other alternatives.
Dislike ambiguity and prefer rationality.
2. Analytic style
- A person with an analytic decision-making style has greater tolerance to ambiguity.
They are careful decision makers that like to be well informed and thoroughly assess their
options.
They usually have the ability to adapt or cope with unique and challenging situations
Those using the analytic style confront ambiguity by demanding more alternatives.
Prefer full information before making a decision.
3. Conceptual Style
- Generally very broad in their approach and consider all available alternatives.
- They are long-term oriented and are usually capable of formulating creative solutions to
problems.
- Individuals who tend to be very broad in outlook, to look at many alternatives, and to focus on the
long run and often look for creative solutions.
4. Behavioral styles
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Work well with others, are open to suggestions, and are concerned about the achievements of
their team.
They generally try to avoid conflict and place importance on their acceptance by others.
Work well with others and are receptive to suggestions.( willing to consider new ideas)
A group will bring a diversity of experience and perspectives to the decision process that an
individual, acting alone, cannot.
Groups also generate more alternatives, because of a greater quantity and diversity of
information.
Group decision making increases acceptance of a solution. If those who will be affected by a
solution and who must implement it can participate in making it, they will be more likely to accept
the solution.
Since group decision-making is consistent with democratic ideals, decisions made by groups are
perceived as being more legitimate than decisions made by a single person.
Group decisions are time consuming, and groups almost always take more time to make a
decision than an individual would take.
There may also be minority group domination, because group members will differ in many ways:
for example, status in the organization, experience, verbal skills, or assertiveness.
A minority group that dominates the group decision-making process will have an undue influence
on the final decision. Another problem focuses on the pressures to conform in groups.
This pressure can result in groupthinkgroup members withhold deviant, minority, or unpopular
views in order to give the appearance of agreement .
Finally, there is ambiguous responsibility. Since group members share responsibility, who is
actually responsible for the final outcome?
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths (strategic)
Internal resources such as capital, skills of workers, or patents that are available or things that an
organization does well.
Weaknesses
Opportunities (strategic)
Threats